Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac Cycle
Dr. Jayshree Kharche

Associate professor
Department of Physiology
• PY 5.3- Discuss the events occurring
during the cardiac cycle
• SLOs
1.Describe various events taking place
during cardiac cycle
2.Discuss pressure and volume changes
during cardiac cycle
Cardiac Cycle
• The cardiac events that occur from the
beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of
the next are called the cardiac cycle.
• The total duration of the cardiac cycle, including
systole and diastole, is the reciprocal of the
heart rate.
• Normal Duration : 0.8 Sec at heart rate of 75/
min
Diastole and Systole
• The events includes
1. Atrial Systole
2. Atrial Diastole
3. Ventricular Systole
4. Ventricular Diastole
• Changes in cardiac cycle
1. Changes in the pressures in different chambers of the heart
2. Changes in the volume in different chambers of the heart
3. Changes in the aortic, pulmonary arteries
4. Heart sounds
5. ECG changes
Cardiac Cycle
Atrial Systole
• Duration – 0.1 sec
• Adynamic phase – 0.05 sec
• Dynamic phase – 0.05 sec
• 80% of the blood flows directly through the atria
into the ventricles, even before the atria contract.
• Then, atrial contraction usually causes an
additional 20% filling of the ventricles.
• Atrial contraction increases pressure to 4-6 mm
of Hg in right and 7-8 mm of Hg in left atrium
Atrial Diastole
• Duration – 0.7 sec
• Coincide with Ventricular Systole & most
of the ventricular diastole.
• Atria Relax – gradual filling of atria
Atrial Diastole…
• At the beginning of ventricular systole, bulging
of atrioventricular valve into the atrium results
in increase in atrial pressure that produces ‘c’
wave in JVP.
• Venous return increases atrial volume and
increases atrial pressure. This produces ‘v’
wave in JVP
Phases of Cardiac Cycle
Ventricular Systole : 0.3 sec
 Isovolumetric contraction:0.05 sec
 Rapid ejection: 0.1 sec
 Slow ejection: 0.15 sec
Ventricular Systole
• Isovolumetric contraction phase (0.05 sec)
– Rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves (1st
heart sound – “lubb”)
– Ventricles are contracting but no blood is pumped out
– Ventricular pressure not great enough to open semilunar valves
– In this phase although contraction is occurring in the ventricles
ventricular volume remains same, therefore phase is called as
isovolumetric venricular contraction.
Major events in isovolumetric contraction
1. Begins from the peak of QRS complex in ECG.
2. First heart sound appears in phonocardiogram
3. Sudden rise in ventricular pressure: zero to 80 mm

Hg in left ventricle and to 8 mm Hg in right ventricle.
4. As valves remain closed; ventricular pressure

increases without any change in volume.
5. No change in ventricular volume and aortic blood flow

is nil.
6. This phase ends with the opening of the semilunar

valves when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure.
Ventricular Systole
• Ventricular ejection phase

– Semilunar valves opens
– Rapid Ejection (70% blood)
– Slow ejection (30% blood)
Rapid Ejection Phase
1. This phase starts with opening of aortic valve.
2. Steep increase in aortic blood flow.
3. Steep fall in ventricular volume.
4. Ventricular pressure increases further (LV: 120 mmHg;
RV <25mmHg).
5. Aortic pressure also increases but remains just below the
ventricular pressure.
6. Atrial pressure falls in the early part, but slowly
increases thereafter.
7. The ‘c’ wave is produced in JVP.
8. This phase corresponds to ST segment in the ECG.
Reduced Ejection Phase
• Ventricular & aortic pressure decrease, but aortic
pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.
• Blood flow continues from ventricle into the aorta due
to the momentum of forward flow of blood caused
during the rapid ejection phase.
• Aortic blood flow is greatly decreased.
• Ventricular volume is further decreased.
• Atrial pressure continues to increase slowly due to blood
returning to atria (atria relax throughout the ventricular
systole).
• ‘T’ wave in ECG appears in this phase.
• The phase ends with closure of aortic valve
Ventricular Diastole (0.5 sec)
• Protodiastole: 0.04 sec

• Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation: 0.08 sec
• Rapid filling phase: 0.1 sec
• Slow filling (Diastasis): 0.18 sec
• Last rapid filling phase: 0.1 sec
Protodiastole : 0.04 sec
• Sudden drop in ventricular pressure
• Short period in the cardiac cycle between

the end of systole and the closure of the
aortic valve marking the start of diastole.
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
: 0.08 sec
• Ventricle starts relaxing: steep fall in left ventricular
pressure.
• No change occurs in ventricular volume as this period
is placed between the closure of aortic valve and the
opening of mitral valves.
• Therefore, this phase is known as isovolumic
relaxation phase.
• This is also called isovolumetric relaxation phase, as
apparently there is no change in ventricular muscle
length.
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation…
• Aortic blood flow is almost nil.

• Second heart sound appears in the first half of
this phase.
• Atrial pressure continues to rise, and the peak
of ‘v’ wave of JVP appears towards end of this
phase.
• This phase ends with opening of mitral valve.
Rapid filling phase: 0.1 sec
1. This phase starts with opening of mitral valve,
which corresponds to the peak of ‘v’ wave in JVP.
2. Rapid increase in ventricular volume.
3.Decrease in ventricular & atrial pressure

(atrial pressure is just above the ventricular
pressure).
4. Third heart sound appears in PCG in the initial

part.
Slow filling (Diastasis): 0.18 sec
• This is the phase of slow filling of the ventricle.
• It is due to continues venous return filling both atrium
and ventricles.
• Ventricular pressure and atrial pressure almost remain
unchanged.
Last rapid filling phase: (0.1 sec)
• It is due to atrial systole.

• Fourth heart sound is produced in this
phase.
Volume changes in ventricles
• Atrial systole pushes final 25-30 ml blood (20%)
• After atrial contraction, 120-140 ml in each
ventricle (End-diastolic Volume: EDV)
• Contraction ejects ~70 ml (stroke volume output: 70-
80 ml)
• Thus, 40-50 ml remain in each ventricle (End‐
systolic volume)
• The fraction ejected is then ~65% of EDV (ejection
fraction)
• Ejection fraction is important indicator of ventricular
contractility.
Pressure-Volume Relationship
The pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle
plotted in a graphical form forms the pressure-volume
loop. Pressure-volume loop has four phases.
Duration of Cardiac Cycle
• The duration of cardiac cycle is 0.8 sec when heart rate is 75/min. The duration
of systole is 0.3 sec and diastole is about 0.5 sec.
• In Increased Heart Rate: When heart rate is increased to about 200/min,
duration of cardiac cycle is 0.3 sec with the systole about 0.16 second and
diastole about 0.14 second.
• In Decreased Heart Rate: When heart rate decreases to about 40/min,
duration of cardiac cycle is 1.5 s with the systole about 0.37 s and diastole
about 1.13 s.
• Change in length of cardiac cycle occurs mainly by alteration of duration of
diastole.
• Therefore, in tachycardia ventricular filling is greatly compromised due to
decreased time of diastole.
• Resting tachycardia compromises cardiac output
Thank You

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Cardiac Cycle

Dr. Jayshree Kharche

of atrioventricular valve into the atrium results

in increase in atrial pressure that produces ‘c’

• Venous return increases atrial volume and

increases atrial pressure. This produces ‘v’

2. First heart sound appears in phonocardiogram

3. Sudden rise in ventricular pressure: zero to 80 mm

4. As valves remain closed; ventricular pressure

5. No change in ventricular volume and aortic blood flow

6. This phase ends with the opening of the semilunar

• Ventricular ejection phase

• Protodiastole: 0.04 sec

• Short period in the cardiac cycle between

• Aortic blood flow is almost nil.

2. Rapid increase in ventricular volume.

3.Decrease in ventricular & atrial pressure

4. Third heart sound appears in PCG in the initial

• It is due to atrial systole.

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