Q1.

The Carnot cycle is the most efficient theoretical cycle of changes for a fixed mass of gas in
a heat engine.
The graph below shows the pressure−volume (p−V) diagram for a gas undergoing a
Carnot cycle of changes ABCDA.

(a) (i) Show that during the change AB the gas undergoes an isothermal change.

(3)

(ii) Explain how the first law of thermodynamics applies to the gas in the change
BC.
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 ...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) Determine the ratio ,

where TA is the temperature of the gas at A and TC is the temperature of the

gas at C.

ratio .....................................................
(3)

(b) Show that the work done during the change AB is about 110 J.

(2)

(c) When running at a constant temperature, one practical engine goes through 2400
cycles every minute. In one complete cycle of this engine, 114 J of energy has to be
removed by a coolant so that the engine runs at a constant temperature. The
temperature of the coolant rises by 18 °C as it passes through the engine.

Calculate the volume of the coolant that flows through the engine in one second.

specific heat capacity of coolant = 3.8 × 10 3 J kg–1 K–1

density of coolant = 1.1 × 103 kg m–3

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 volume flowing in one second ................................................ m3
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Q2.The figure below shows a theoretical engine cycle in which a fixed mass of ideal gas is
taken through the following processes in turn:

isothermal compression from volume 1.20 × 10 –3 m3 and pressure

A→
1.0 × 105 Pa to a volume 0.25 × 10–3 m3 and maximum pressure of
B: 4.8 × 105 Pa.

B→
expansion at constant pressure with heat addition of 235 J.
C:

C→
adiabatic expansion to the initial pressure and volume at A.
A:

(a) (i) Show that process A → B is isothermal.

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 (2)

(ii) Calculate the work done by the gas in process B → C.

work done ........................................... J

(1)

(b) Complete the table. Apply the first law of thermodynamics to determine values of Q,
W and ΔU for each process and for the whole cycle. Use a consistent sign
convention.

Q/J W/J ΔU / J

process A → B –188

process B → C +235

process C → A +168

whole cycle +47 0

(3)

(c) The overall efficiency of an engine is defined as

net work output in one cycle

energy supplied by heating from an external source in one

cycle

Calculate the overall efficiency of the cycle.

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 overall efficiency ..............................................
(1)

(d) Describe two problems that would be encountered in trying to design a real engine
based on this cycle.

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........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3. A four-stroke diesel engine with four cylinders is running at constant speed on a test
bed. An indicator diagram for one cylinder is shown in the figure below and other test
data are given below:

measured output power of engine (brake power) = 55.0 kW

fuel used in 100 seconds = 0.376 litre
calorific value of fuel = 38.6 MJ litre–1
engine speed = 4100 rev min–1

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 (a) (i) Determine the indicated power of the engine, assuming all cylinders give the
same power.

answer = .................................... kW
(4)

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 (ii) Calculate the overall efficiency of the engine.

answer = ...........................................
(3)

(b) Account for the difference between the indicated power and brake power.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) What is represented by the line AB on the figure above?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4. The ram jet engine was used as a cheap and efficient propulsion unit for high speed
guided missiles. The figure below shows a section through this engine.

When moving at high speed, air enters the nose at A and its pressure increases up to
region B. At C, fuel is injected directly into the air stream where it is ignited, and the
burning gases are exhausted at high speed through the nozzle at D. This provides the
thrust.

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 The graph shows the pressure-volume diagram for 1.0 kg of air passing through the
engine. Note that the volume axis has units of m3 kg–1 i.e. the volume for every kg of air
that passes through the engine.

(a) (i) Use the graph to show that the work done for every kg of air that passes
through the engine is about 500 kJ.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

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 .............................................................................................................

(ii) The mass flow rate of the air through the engine is 9.9 kg s–1. Determine the
work done in one second in the engine. This is the equivalent of the indicated
power of the engine.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Because of the high speed of the air in the engine, there is significant
frictional heating amounting to a power loss of 430 kW. Determine the power
output of the engine (available for thrust).

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(b) The engine consumes fuel at the rate of 0.30 kg per second. The calorific value of
the fuel is 44 MJ kg–1. Calculate

(i) the input power to the engine,

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) the overall efficiency of the engine.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Q5. Test-bed measurements made on a single-cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine produced
the following data:

mean temperature of gases in cylinder during combustion stroke 820 °C

mean temperature of exhaust gases 77 °C
area enclosed by indicator diagram loop 380 J
rotational speed of output shaft 1800 rev min–1
power developed by engine at output shaft 4.7 kW
calorific value of fuel 45 MJ kg–1
flow rate of fuel 2.1 × 10–2 kg min–1

(a) Estimate the maximum theoretical efficiency of this engine.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Calculate the indicated power of the engine.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Calculate the power dissipated in overcoming the frictional losses in the engine.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Calculate the rate at which energy is supplied to the engine.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Calculate the overall efficiency of the engine.

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 ......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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