COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
COMPILATION

Submitted by:
ASENTISTA, CINDY N.
CALDOZA, MARK GIL L.
DUTERTE, RANIELA C.
LOPEZ, JOMAR Y.
STA MARIA, AIRA KYLA SHYNN D.
Students

Submitted to:
ENGR. SHOWNA LEE T. SALES
Professor

In partial Fulfilment of the requirements in BCE 223L

Construction Materials and Testing
October 2023

1
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His shower of blessings
throughout our experiment and its successful completion.

We would also like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our course instructor, Engr.
Showna Lee Sales, for providing us with invaluable supervision, support, and direcitons
during the course of our lectures and laboratory experiments. We would also like to thank
her for her empathy, patience, and knowledge that she imparts unto us. It was a great
privilege to work and study under her guidance, and also to Mr. Reynaldo Sahagun, our lab
custodian, we thank him for assisting us with the set-up and providing us with the materials
we needed for our lab experiments.

Gratitude is also extended to our fellow groups whose cooperation was vital in ensuring the
seamless execution of our laboratory experiments. Their willingness to collaborate not only
facilitated the process but also enhanced our collective learning experience, turning this
term-long adventure into a memorable and enriching voyage.

Finally, our deepest appreciation goes to our beloved parents, whose boundless love and
unwavering support have made this journey possible. Their sacrifices, both financially and
emotionally, have paved the way for our dreams to flourish. Their words of encouragement
have been a source of strength, guiding us at every step. We acknowledge their profound
influence on our lives and cherish their unending belief in our abilities.

In expressing our gratitude to all these remarkable individuals, we acknowledge the unique
roles they have played in shaping our success. With humility and appreciation, we recognize
their contributions, paving the way for our achievements and molding us into the
individuals we are today.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

EXPERIMENTS
Experiment No. 1 Reducing Field Sample of Aggregates to Testing Size …….. 4-8

Experiment No. 2 Sieve Analysis of Aggregates to Testing Size ………………..… 9 - 18

Experiment No. 3 Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of CA … 19 - 26

Experiment No. 4 Determination of Moisture Content of CA …………………… 27 - 33

Experiment No. 5 Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of FA .. 34 - 41

Experiment No. 6 Determination of Moisture Content of FA …………………… 42 - 47

Experiment No. 7 Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of CA ……………. 48 - 58

Experiment No. 8 Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of FA ………….... 59 - 66

Experiment No. 13 Concrete Mix Design and Proportioning…………..……….... 68 - 77

Experiment No. 14 Fabricating Concrete Specimens for tests ……………….…. 78 - 83

APPENDIX
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………………………… 84 – 88

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Reducing Aggregate Field Samples to Test Samples
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C702-87
AASHTO T248-89
Introduction

Investigation of a large quantity of aggregates may sometimes become impractical,

thus, only a representative sample is obtained for specific tests. This sample, when obtained
and prepared properly is expected to possess the average characteristics of the entire
quantity of field sample.
Sampling methods introduced in this experiment can be used to reduce a large mass
of field samples into representative samples for succeeding aggregate tests. The Splitting
3"
Method is recommended for samples smaller than 45 mm ( 1 4 ). Sampler splitter with
3"
25mm openings is for aggregates having a maximum size of 19 mm (1 ). and the sampler
4
3"
splitter with 50 mm (2”) openings are for aggregates up to 45 mm (1 4 ). The Quartering
3"
Method is used for coarse aggregates larger than 45 mm (1 4 ).

Objectives:
1. To be able to learn how to obtain and prepare test samples from field samples
2. To understand the significance of aggregate sampling in civil engineering
projects

Apparatus/Materials:
Spade Containers Sieves(25mm,45mm,50mm)
Sample Splitter Trowel or Scoop Aggregates Field Samples

4
Procedure:

1. Take a representative sample of aggregates from the field. Refer to Table 1 for the
minimum requirements for field samples. The sample must be dry and free from roots
and debris. Wash the field samples as needed then dry allow to thoroughly dry before
reducing them to test size.
2. Mix the clean and dry field samples thoroughly until they appear to be homogeneous.
3. Use the following methods (Splitting and Quartering) for reducing the field samples
to testing size:
A. Splitting Method
1. Place the two catch pans under the splitter.
2. Part by part, pour the sample into the splitter uniformly allowing the
aggregates to pass through the splitter opening to the catch pans.
3. When full, empty the catch pans into a container. Two separate containers
must be used to store the two fractions of aggregates that passed the splitter.
4. Complete the pouring of the entire quantity of field sample into the splitter.
Use a brush to collect the samples from the splitter. Refer to Table 2 for the
minimum requirements for test samples.
5. Label the containers with which the test samples are placed.
B. Quartering Method
1. Place the field sample on a clear, smooth, and hard surface.
2. Mix the samples thoroughly until they appear homogeneous then form it into
a mound.
3. Flatten the mound by pressing it down carefully at its apex with a shovel until
a uniform thickness and diameter are obtained.
4. Using the shovel, divide the flattened mass into quarters. Include the fine
particles in the surface.
5. Collect in one container the aggregates in two diagonally opposite quarters
and in another container the other two quarters. Take note of the minimum
requirements shown in Table 2.

5
 Table 1
Recommended Size/quantity of Field Samples

Approximate Minimum Mass of Field

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates
Sample
Fine Aggregates
3.36 mm (#8) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
4.75 mm (#4) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
Coarse Aggregates
9.5 (3/8”) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
12.5 (1/2”) 15 kg (35 Lbs)
19.0 (3/4”) 25 kg (55 Lbs)
25.0 (1”) 50 kg (110 Lbs)
37.5 (11”) 75 kg (165 Lbs)
2
50 (2”) 100 kg (220 Lbs)
63 (21”) 125 kg (275 Lbs)
2
75 (3”) 150 kg (330 Lbs)
90 (31”) 175 kg (385 Lbs)
2
Source: Marotta & Harubin (1997).

Drawing:

6
Observations:
During experimentation, it was observed that the quartering method, used for reducing aggregate
samples, proves to be an efficient technique for reducing the size of a bulk aggregate sample.

Discussion of Results:
The utilization of the correct reduction method ensured a reasonable distribution of the sample.
However, during the process, when employing the No. 4 sieve, certain aggregates that are not
typically classified as coarse aggregates passed through. Consequently, both large stones and
smaller particles were collected.

Conclusion:
Comprehending different methods to minimize sample size for specific aggregates is crucial.
Insights gained from this experiment can be invaluable for future endeavors, aiding in the
selection of suitable aggregates tailored for specific project requirements.

Post-lab Questions:

1. Explain the difference between a) natural and manufactured aggregate, b) fine and coarse
aggregate.

A. Manufactured Aggregates: Derived from significant deposits like mountains, these are
obtained through quarrying and processing to add commercial value. Natural Aggregates: Easily
extracted from original natural deposits in unconsolidated sediments.
B. Coarse Aggregates: Larger construction filler elements. Fine Aggregates: Particles passing
through a 4.75 mm sieve but sticking to a 0.075 mm filter.

2. Weigh each of the test samples from the catch pans. Do their weights differ? By what
percentage?

Although there is a slight variation in weights, falling within an acceptable range of around 5%,
the fractions obtained through the quartering method closely approximate the 50% division
required, indicating a relatively accurate sample splitting process.

7
 3. Weigh the samples obtained by the quartering method. Does each of the two fractions
represent 50% of the total mass of field sample? Why or why not? Explain briefly.

Certainly Yes, when employing the quartering method, meticulous care is taken to ensure an even
division, creating a reasonable assumption that the resulting fractions represent 50% each.
Subsequent weighing typically confirms this assumption, validating the method's precision in
achieving equal portions.

Documentations:

8
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
https://youtu.be/Yp9Dt4WkTPw
Reference Standard:
ASTM C 136-84a
AASHTO T27-93
ASTM C33 / C33M-18
AASHTO T-27

Introduction
Sieving consists of shaking a sample through a stack of sieves arranged in progressively
decreasing sizes. The mass retained on each sieve is determined and the analysis is made to
produce a gradation curve that describes the particle-size distribution in the sample.

Suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order to secure

workability of the mixture and economy in the use of cement. Gradation or the distribution of
the particle size can be determined by plotting the graph of the percent finer. The range of
amounts retained on the sieves may indicate well-graded, uniformgraded, or gap-graded
samples. For asphalt concrete, suitable gradation does not only influence the workability of the
mixture and economy in the use of the asphalt but will also affect its strength and its important
properties.

Objectives:
1. To perform and learn the procedure for sieve analysis/ aggregate gradation.
2. To understand the importance of aggregate gradation to concrete and asphalt
mixes.
3. To determine particle size distribution of mass samples of fine and coarse
aggregates.

Apparatus/Material

Set of sieves Mechanical Shaker (optional)

Container Weighing Balance

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 4.75mm (No.4) 2.36 (No.8)

1.18mm (No.16) 600ᶣm (No.30)

150ᶣm (No.100)

Procedure:

1. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in Table 1.

2. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample

quantities prescribed in Table 2.
3. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.

4. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and turn
on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if the
sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time.
5. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in Table 1.

6. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample

quantities prescribed in Table 2.
7. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.

8. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and turn
on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if the
sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time.
9. Record the weights of the materials retained on each of the sieves, including
the weight retained on the pan. Use a weighing balance accurate to 0.1 g for
fine aggregates and accurate to 0.05 g for coarse aggregates. If the sums of
these weights are not within 2 percent of original sample weight, the

10
 procedure should be repeated. otherwise, use the sum of the weight retained
to calculate the percentage on each sieve.
10. Continue sieving until not greater than 1.0 mas’ percent of the residue on any
single sieve will pass the sieve during a 1.0 minute of continuous hand shaking.
11. Compute the cumulative percent retained and the percent of weights passing
each sieve.
12. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates from the
experiment.

11
 TABLE 1
SIEVE ANALYSIS

US Standard Sieve Sizes Clear Opening (mm)

3” 75.00
2” 50.00
11” 37.50
2
1” 25.00
3 19.00
”
4
1 12.50
”
2
3 9.50
”
8
No. 4 4.75
No. 8 2.36
No. 10 2.00
No. 16 1.18
No. 20 80 μm
No. 30 600 μm
No. 40 425 μm
No. 60 250 μm
No. 100 150 μm
No. 200 75 μm
Pan
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)

12
 TABLE 2
Minimum Sample Sizes or Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

Particle Size Minimum Sample Size (kg)

3” 100
1
2 ’’ 60
2
2” 35
1
1 ” 15
2
1" 10
3 3
”
4
1 2
”
2
3 1
”
8
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)

Drawing:

Observations:

What we observed in this experiment was that we placed our aggregates on a clear,
smooth, and hard surface. The aggregates were then mixed and piled using the shovel. The
piled aggregates are then flattened with a shovel. The quartering method was then used.
Finally, we collected the two diagonally opposite quarters to dry them outside to avoid fine
particle lump formation caused by aggregates moisture content, which could clog or block
the sieve holes. When we used the quartering method, we noticed that the aggregates are
not evenly distributed, where a section contains more aggregates than the other sections.
We make certain that each section of aggregates we weigh is approximately equal,
regardless of the unequal distribution.
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 Weight of Empty Weight of Sieve with Weight Retained
Sieve no. Sieve (grams) Aggregates (grams)
(grams)
A B B-A
2 in
1 ½ in
1 in 550 776 226
¾ in 556 2118 1562
½ in 548 4217 3669
3/8 in 539 1833 1294
No. 4 (4.75 mm)
No.8 (0.0937 in) 445 990 545
No.10(0.0787 in) 435 1077 642
No. 16 (1.18 mm) 375 1075 700
No. 20 (850 μm) 360 1645 1285
No. 30 (600 μm) 355 1576 1221
No. 40 (425 μm) 330 584 254
No. 60 (250 μm) 320 354 34
No. 100 (150 μm) 300 314 14
No. 200 (75 μm) 285 293 8
Pan 355 360 5
Data Analysis:

1. Percentage retained on each sieve:

Mass ratained on the individual sieve
%𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Total mass of sample

2. Percentage passing ( finer):

Total mass − Cummulative mass retained
%𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Total mass of sample

14
 3. Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu

𝑫𝟔𝟎
𝑪𝒖 =
𝑫𝟏𝟎

Where:
Cu= coefficient of uniformity
D60= particle size @ 60% finer
D10= particle size @ 10% finer

Coefficient uniformity:
𝑫𝟔𝟎 𝟑/𝟒"
𝑪𝒖 = = =𝟖
𝑫𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟕"

Results:
Initial Weight : 4.708 kg
final Weight : 3.56 kg

Fine Aggregates

SIEVE NUMBER PERCENT PASSING Size in mm Percent Retained

No. 8 88.43 2.38 11.57
No.10 74.79 2 25.21
No. 16 59.92 1.19 40.08
No. 20 32.63 0.841 67.37
No. 30 6.7 0.595 93.3
No. 40 1.3 0.4 98.7
No. 60 0.58 0.25 99.42
No. 100 0.28 0.149 99.72
No. 200 0.11 0.074 99.89
Pan 0 0 100

15
Gradation Curve:

16
Discussion of Results:

Utilizing the quartering method, we ensured the relevance of our samples to the overall
field sample, putting in the effort to maintain accuracy. Following the experiment, we
calculated the cumulative percent weight retained on each sieve from the obtained data.
Summing up the cumulative amounts on all sieves (excluding the pan) and dividing the total
by 100, we derived a fineness modulus of 3.45.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, we used the quartering method, and it is necessary to limit the size
of a field sample before proceeding to aggregate testing because it is critical to understand
how to use each approach efficiently and to select the best method for various aggregates
sizes. Testing the sampled aggregates is required to determine whether they are safe for
use in construction. Failure to fully execute the sample reduction techniques may result in
the creation of a non-representative sample for subsequent testing, which may result in
correct test results and aggregate failures to perform as required.

Post-lab Questions:

1. What are the main purposes of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates?

Sieve analysis of aggregates is a crucial method in civil engineering and construction to
determine the particle size distribution of granular materials like sand, gravel, and crushed
stone. It serves primarily to assess the suitability of aggregates for various construction
applications, such as concrete and asphalt production. By understanding the particle size
distribution, engineers can ensure proper mix proportions, optimize workability, and
enhance the overall quality and durability of construction materials. Additionally, sieve
analysis helps in evaluating the uniformity of aggregates, aiding in the identification of
potential segregation issues during handling and placement processes in construction
projects.

17
 2. What is the difference between coarse and fine aggregates?

Coarse aggregates and fine aggregates are both essential components of concrete mixtures.
Coarse aggregates are larger particles such as gravel or crushed stones, typically ranging
from 9.5mm to 37.5mm in size. They provide strength and support to the concrete mixture.
Fine aggregates, on the other hand, consist of smaller particles like sand. They fill the spaces
between coarse aggregates, enhancing workability and serving as a binder, which
contributes to the overall strength and durability of the concrete. While coarse aggregates
provide structural strength, fine aggregates improve the cohesion and workability of the
concrete mix.

Documentation/s:

18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates
https://youtu.be/DFCwMuzgyaE
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C127-88
AASHTO T85-91
Introduction

Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to
the weight of an equal volume of water. The variations of the definitions of specific gravity
depend upon the material and its purpose. In concrete work the term specific gravity
customarily refers to the density of the individual particle, not to the aggregate mass as a
whole. The most common definition of specific gravity in aggregate in concrete is specific
gravity in the saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD). The bulk (oven dry) specific gravity
and apparent specific gravity are used to a lesser degree.

Absorption, according to STM C127 and C1280, is a measure of the total pore
volume accessible to water. The absorption capacity of an aggregate is determined by
finding the weight of an aggregate under the SSD condition and the oven-dry sample
weight is the absorption capacity. Coarse aggregates are considered to be saturated
surface dry when have been wiped fee of visible moisture film with a cloth after the
aggregates have been soaked in water for 24 hours.

Objectives:

1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific gravity
and absorption of course aggregates.
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity
of aggregate
3. To determine the following properties of a coarse aggregate sample:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Bulk specific gravity in the oven dry condition
d. Absorption

19
 Apparatus/Materials:

Coarse aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram

Wire mesh basket Oven

Sieve Sample container

Procedure:

1. Prepare the sample of course aggregates obtained from Experiment 1. Refer to

Table 1 for prescribed quantities according to sample size. Perform the
sampling procedure of Experiment 1 if new test samples are to be tested.
2. Soak the test sample clean water for approximate 24 hrs. Specific gravity and
absorption of aggregates not oven-dried before soaking may be higher than
aggregates dried at room temperature.
3. Dry the aggregate sample to its saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD) by
wiping its surface dry using a towel.
4. After wiping its surface dry, weigh the test sample in air (B) to the nearest 1.0
gram. Do this quickly to prevent evaporation of moisture from the aggregate.
5. Place the weighed test sample in a wire mesh sample and dip it in water at a
temperature of 23± 1.7℃. Removed entrapped air in the aggregates by
shaking. Measure the weight of the sample in the basket while dipped in water
(C).
6. Removed the sample from the basket and allow to try in the oven at 110±5℃
to a constant weight (A).
7. From the values obtained above, calculate the specific gravities and absorption
of the aggregate.

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 Table 1

Minimum Requirements for Test Samples

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample

<12.5 mm (1/2”) 2Kg
19.0 mm (3/4”) 3kg-
25.0 mm (1”) 4kg
37.5 mm (1 ½) 5kg
50 mm (2”) 8kg
63 mm (2 ½) 12kg
75 mm (3”) 18kg
90 mm (3 ½) 25kg
100 mm (4”) 40kg
Source: Marotta & Ilerubin (1997)

Drawing:

21
Observations:

Quantity Trial 1
Mass of the empty basket in air, g 500
Mass of the wire basket + SSD sample in air, g 4000
Mass of the SSD sample in air, g 3500
Mass of the basket +sample in water, g 2600
Mass of the empty container (used for oven-drying) in air, g 372
Mass of the container + oven-dried sample in air, g 3817
Mass of the oven-dried sample in air, g 3445

Data Analysis:

1. Apparent Specific Gravity

Ga = Mo ÷ [Mo - Mw]

2. Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)

Gssd = Mssd ÷ [Mssd – Mw]

2. Bulk Specific Gravity

Gb = Mo ÷ [Mssd – Mw]

3. Absorption

A = {[Mssd – Mo] ÷ Mo} x 100%

Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample
Mw = mass of sample in water

22
 Results:

Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate Nominal Size: 1 inch

Measure 1
Mass of the SSD sample in air 3500
Mass of SSD sample in water 2100
Mass of oven-dried ample in air 3445

Property Ave. value

Apparent specific gravity 2.56%
Bulk specific gravity 2.46%
Bulk specific gravity SSD 2.5%
Absorption 1.60%

Discussion of Results:

Using the data that we collected during trial 1 only, we solved their apparent gravity, which
is 2.56, Bulk Specific Gravity is 2.46, Bulk Specific SSD is 2.5 and lastly
absorption is 1.60.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, the mass volume of the coarse aggregates after on how effectively it can
absorb water. As a result of the material being pulled downward by gravity, the mass
measured in air is greater than the mass measured in water.

23
Post-lab Questions:

1. Define hygroscopic moisture.

Hygroscopic moisture is the capacity or amount of a substance to absorb water

vapor from the air. It depends on the relative humidity, porosity, and air temperature.

2. A 3.0-kg sample has a moisture content of 12%. Determine its dry weight.
Dry Weight:
3.0 kg x 12% = 0.36kg
= 3.0kg – 0.36kg
= 2.64kg

24
Documentation:

1. First, we soak the coarse aggregates for 24 hours. Then, we clean and strain them to
remove the dust that sticks to the aggregates.

2. Second, we dry the sample test that weighs 70 percent from our aggregates that we
soaked in. Dry the sample by wiping its surface with a towel then weigh it.

25
3. In the third we weighed based on the table above by using a spiral weight.

4. After we weighed based on the table above, we remove the sample from the basket
and allow it to dry in the oven. Then we weighed it to determine its oven - dry state
mass.

26
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates
https://youtu.be/TQOyPwryB3Y
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C566-96 AASHTO T255-92
Introduction

The amount of water in concrete mixes includes the amount of moisture necessary
to fill the voids in aggregates and to combine the concrete mix to produce a homogeneous
material. If the aggregates are absorbent, water in the mix should include water for the
cement matrix and water to coat the surface of the aggregates and to fill its voids.

Moisture of aggregates occurs in three conditions, namely: a) air dry, b) saturated-

surface dry (SSD), and c) oven-dry. In the air-dry condition, the aggregate appears dry but
contains some moisture and still may be able to absorb more. In the saturated-surface
dry condition, the surface of the aggregate is dry, but its voids are completely filled with
moisture. In the oven dry condition, the aggregate is totally dry in and out.

The amount of moisture present in aggregates is useful for determining the

adequate amount of water needed for concrete batches.

Objectives:

1. To learn the procedures for determining the amount of moisture in coarse

aggregates
2. To qualify the components of evaporable moisture in aggregates
3. To calculate and compare the total evaporable moisture with surface moisture.

Apparatus/Materials:

Coarse aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0-gram

Oven Sieve
Sample container
Procedure:

A. Total moisture content of coarse aggregates

1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.

27
 2. Weigh the test sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Due to this quickly to avoid
moisture loss.
3. Under controlled temperature, dry the sample in an oven. The sample is
completely dry when further drying would cause less than 0.1 percent
additional loss in weight.
4. Weigh the dry sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.
B. Free moisture content of coarse aggregate in the SSD condition
1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Soak the sample for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the wet sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Avoid moisture loss.
4. Using a towel, wipe the surface dry unit it loses its shine.
5. Immediately weigh the SSD sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.

Drawing:

28
Observations:

COARSE AGGREGATES
Trial 1
Original mass of the test sample, grams 1481.1

Mass of the SSD sample, grams 1413

Mass of the oven-dry sample, grams 1397

MC 6.02%

Average MC (Coarse) = 6.02%

Data Analysis:

1. Total Moisture Content

MC = [(Mt – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
2. Absorption
A = [(Mssd – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
3. Free Moisture or Surface Moisture
FM = Mt – A
Mt – Mo (1 + A/100)
= ---------------------------- 100%
Mo (1 + A/100)

Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample
Mt = original mass of test sample

Results:

Average MC (Coarse) = 6.02%

29
 Data Analysis:

Moisture Content: Absorption: Free Moisture:

𝑨
𝑴𝒕 −𝑴𝒐 𝑴𝒔𝒔𝒅 −𝑴𝒐 𝑴𝒕 −𝑴𝒐 (𝟏+ )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑪 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨= 𝑭𝑴 = 𝑨
𝑴𝒐 𝑴𝒐 𝑴𝒐 (𝟏+ )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏.𝟏𝟓%
𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟏.𝟏𝒈−𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒈 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑−𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒈 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟏.𝟏−𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑(𝟏+ )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑪 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨= 𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏.𝟏𝟓% 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒈 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒈 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑(𝟏+ )
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝑪 = 6.02 % 𝑨 = 1.15% 𝑭𝑴 = 6.01%

Discussion of Results

The following data are the data that we have calculated during our trial one, which are
6.02% for the moisture content, 1.15% for the absorption, and 6.01% for the free moisture
content.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, adding 6.02% water or moisture content to aggregate will result in a weak
concrete because the moisture content of aggregates can influence the final strength and
durability of concrete. Higher moisture content can dilute the cement paste, reducing its
strength. It can also lead to increased porosity, which can affect the concrete's long-term
durability, especially in freeze-thaw conditions.

30
 Post-lab Questions:

1. Determine the bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition, the
apparent specific gravity and percentage absorption of a sample with the
following data:

2. Will the immersion of the aggregates in water saturate its voids? Explain briefly.

Yes, there are certain number of voids in the aggregate that when immersed, enable water
to enter their pore spaces, providing the aggregate a measurement of its indirect porosity.
Moreover, when aggregates are immersed in water, some of the voids within the aggregate,
specifically the absorption voids, allow water to enter their pore spaces. This process allows
us to measure the indirect porosity of the aggregate. Indirect porosity refers to the
proportion of voids within the aggregate that can hold and store water.

3. Briefly discuss the significance and use of the specific gravity and absorption of
the aggregates.

To determine the volume of solids and the percentage of voids in an aggregate,

specific gravity is used which are crucial factor in determining its yield. The total
ratio in a concrete mix is established using the aggregate absorption.

In short, specific gravity and aggregate absorption are interconnected properties that
influence the volume of solids, voids, and yield in a concrete mix. Properly accounting for
these factors is essential for achieving the desired mix proportions, workability, and overall
performance of the concrete.

31
Documentations:
A. For Moisture Content
1. Weigh the sample at nearest 1.0 grams.

2. Quickly dry the sample in the oven

3. Weigh the dry sample

32
B. For Free Moisture Content

1. After soaking the sample for 24 hours, weigh the sample then dry it by wiping
using a towel.

2. Weight the SSD sample to nearest to 1.0 g.

33
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates
Reference Standard:
AASHTO T 85

Introduction:
In Portland Cement Concrete the specific gravity of the aggregate is used in
calculating the percentage of voids and the solid volume of aggregates in computations of
yield. Absorption is important in determining the net water-cement ratio in the concrete
mix. Knowing the specific gravity of aggregates is also critical to the construction of water
filtration systems, slope stabilization projects, railway bedding and many other
applications. Specific gravity is important for several reasons. Some deleterious particles
are lighter than the “good” aggregates. Tracking specific gravity can sometimes indicate
a change of material or possible contamination. Differences in specific gravity may be
used to separate the deleterious particles from the good using a heavy media liquid.
Specific gravity is critical information for the hot Mix Asphalt Design Engineer.
This value is used in calculating air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids
filled by asphalt (VFA). All are critical to a well performing and durable asphalt mix. Water
absorption may also be an indicator of asphalt absorption. A highly absorptive aggregate
may result in a low durability asphalt mix.
Objectives:

1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific gravity and
absorption of fine aggregates.
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity of
aggregates
3. To determine the following properties of a fine aggregates:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Absorption

34
Apparatus
Balance Pycnometer
Mold Tamper

Procedure:
1. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size in accordance
with AASHTO T248 (Reducing field samples of aggregates to the test size). The sample
size for this procedure is approximately 1000g of material passing the no. 4 (4.75 mm)
sieve.

2. Dry test samples to constant weight in an oven set at 230±9⁰F (110±5⁰C). Cool the
sample at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the sand
in water at room temperature for a period of 15 to 19 hours. Instead of completely
immersing the sand in water, AASHTO considers sand to be “soaked” if the sand is
maintained at a moisture content of at least 6% for the prescribed period. This is the
recommended procedure to eliminate the need to time consuming and difficult, since
great care must be taken to avoid decanting some of the sample along with the water.
Additionally, the sand will be much closer to the SSD condition when soaked at 6%
moisture, which expedites the dry procedure.

3. Decant water from sample, avoiding loss of fines. Spread the sample on a flat, non-
absorbent surface. Stir the sample occasionally to assist in homogeneous drying. A
current of warm air may be used to assist drying procedures (Figure 20; however, fine
particles may be lost with this procedure if not careful.

4. Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test.

Note: Throughout the process of drying step 3, test the sand for SSD condition using the
cone method. Place the cone with the large diameter down on a glass plate. Fill cone to
overflowing with drying sand. Lightly tamp the fine aggregates into the mold with 25 light
drops of the tamper (Figure 3). Each drop should start about 1/5 in. above the top surface
of the fine aggregate. Remove loose sand from base and carefully lift the mold vertically.
If surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded shape. When
the sand achieves an SSD condition, the sand will slump.

35
5. Calibrate a specific gravity flask pycnometer by filling it with water at 73.4±3⁰F
(23±1.7⁰c) to the calibration line. Record this weight as the weight of the pycnometer
filled with water to the nearest 0.1 g.

6. Place the SSD sand into the pycnometer and fill with water (set at 73.4±3⁰F (23±1.7⁰c))
to 905 OF PYCNOMETER CAPACITY.

Manually roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate air bubbles. This procedure
should be repeated several times to ensure that any entrapped air is eliminated. Agitation
of the pycnometer does not have to be constant.

7. Bring the pycnometer to the pycnometer calibrated capacity with additional water.

If bubbles prevent the proper filling of the pycnometer, adding a few drops of isopropyl
alcohol is recommended to disperse the foam. Place the pycnometer in water in a water
bath at the regulated temperature and allow the sample to equalize.

8. Determine the total weight of pycnometer, specimen, and water. Record the weight to
the

Nearest 0.1 gas Weight of Pycnometer with sample and water.

Drawings:

36
Calculations:

Determine calculations based on appropriate formula for desired result as follows:

A. Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate
at a stated temperature ro the weight in air of an equal volume of gas free distilled water
at a stated temperature.

Gsb= A/ (B-C)

Where: A=Oven dry wt B= SSD wt. C=wt. in water

B. Bulk SSD specific gravity (Gsb SSD): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved by
submerging in water for approximately 15 hours, to the weight in air of an equal volume
of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.

Gsb SSD = B/ (B-C)

C. APPARENT Specific Gravity (Gsa): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the
IMPERMEABLE portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in aggregate)
to weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.

Gsa= A/ (B+A-C)

D. Absorption (% Abs): the increase in water of aggregate due to water in the pores of the
material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles.

%Abs = [(B-A)/A] x 100

Table:

A Wt. of oven dry specimen in air (g) 29

B Wt. of Pycnometer filled with water(g) 130
C Wt. of Pycnometer with Specimen and water (g) 155
S SSD wt (g) 30

TRIAL S A B C B+S-C B+A-C

1 30 29 130 155 5 4

37
 TRIAL BULK SSD (S/B+S-C) BULK A/B+S-C APPARENT A/B+A-C
1 6 5.8 7.25

Post-lab exercises

1. What is the purpose of conducting a water absorption test?

Water Absorption Test is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under
specified conditions and so its means that the Water Absorption Test is a fundamental
procedure used in the construction industry to assess the water-holding capacity of
aggregates, providing critical information for concrete mix design and quality control.

2. What are the limitations in determination of specific gravity using pycnometer?

Two main reasons for error in calculation are weighing inaccuracies and the presence of trapped
air. Entrapped air must be eliminated completely before testing the sample. The weighing balance
must be checked before conducting the test. The soil taken for testing must be completely oven
dried.

3. Define unit weight, bulk density?

Unit weight and bulk density are two related, but distinct terms used in the field of materials
science and engineering, often in the context of soil mechanics, geology, and construction
materials. Here are their definitions. Unit weight (γ) measures the weight of a material per
unit volume and includes the gravitational force, while bulk density (ρ_bulk) measures the
mass of a material per unit volume and considers the total volume, including void spaces.
Both unit weight and bulk density are important parameters in materials characterization
and engineering calculations.

4. Provide proofs of equations 1, 2 and 3.

𝑆 30
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) = 𝐵+𝑆−𝐶 = 30+130−155 = 𝟔

38
 𝐴 29
Bulk Specific Gravity = 𝐵+𝑆−𝐶 = 130+30−155 = 𝟓. 𝟖

𝐴 29
Apparent S.G = 𝐵+𝐴−𝐶 = 130+29−155 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟓

39
Documentations:
1. Soak the sample for 15-19 hrs.

2. Dry the sample to SSD condition.

40
 3. Determine if SSD condition is achieved using Slump Test.

4. Then we place the SSD sample in pycnometer with water.

41
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Determining of Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates
Reference Standards
ASTM C70 – 13
AASHTO T -84

SCOPE
This method describes several procedures for determining free moisture and absorption
of aggregates.

PROCEDURE B – FREE MOISTURE IN AGGREGATE BY MASS (WEIGHT) DIFFERENCE

This procedure is an alternative to using pycnometer and is also intended for
determining the moisture content for Portland Cement Concrete.

A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity of at least 5, 000 grams and accurate to 0.5 gram.

B. Preparation of Sample
1. Obtain a test sample of about 1000 grams of fine aggregate or about 2000
grams of coarse aggregate by the following method:
Place the field sample on a clean, hard non-absorbent surface. Mix the sample
thoroughly, form a miniature stockpile and obtain small increments of
materials from random locations from the stockpile until the desired sample
size is obtained.
NOTE: The moisture test should be completed as soon as possible after
obtaining the field sample to avoid moisture loss due to evaporation.
2. Weigh to the nearest 0.5-gram, a 1000-gram sample of fine aggregate, or
2000-gram. Sample of coarse aggregate. To avoid moisture loss due to
evaporation the weighing should be done immediately after obtaining the
test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the aggregate, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.

42
C. Test Procedure
1. Bring the weighed wet sample to a saturated-surface-dry condition in the
manner described in Materials IM 307 and weigh to the nearest 0.5 gram.
D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, based on wet mass (weight), to the nearest
0.1% as follows:
𝑊𝑡. 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑊𝑡. 𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋 100
𝑊𝑡. 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑
*A negative result is due to absorption of the aggregate rather than free
moisture.
2. The percent of moisture, based on saturated-surface-dry mass (weight), is
calculated to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:
% 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑆𝐷
% 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑
= 𝑋 100
100 − % 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑
Or
𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) − 𝑆𝑆𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑆𝑆𝐷) = 𝑋 100
𝑆𝑆𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

Mass (gram)
Mass of fine aggregate oven dry 736
Mass of fine aggregate in SSD 808
Mass of fine aggregate as receive 1004

43
Drawing:

CALCULATIONS:

Based on Wet Mass

𝑾𝒕. 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 − 𝑾𝒕. 𝑺𝑺𝑫
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒕. 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒 − 𝟖𝟎𝟖
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 19.52%

Based on SSD Mass

% 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − % 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑾𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕)𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅

𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟐
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟐

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆(𝑺𝑺𝑫) = 𝟏𝟗.52%

44
Post-lab Questions:

1. What is moisture content of fine aggregates?

The moisture content of fine aggregates refers to the amount of water present within the fine
aggregate particles. It is typically expressed as a percentage of the weight of the water in the
fine aggregates relative to the weight of the dry fine aggregates. In other words, it represents
the proportion of water by weight in the fine aggregates.

2. How do you measure moisture content of aggregates?

Avoid incorporating the total weight of both the sample container and the aggregate. Instead,
divide the weight of the moisture retained by the aggregate by the weight of the adequately
dried sample. Then, scale this result by a factor of 100.

3. What is free moisture?

Free moisture is moisture that can be eliminated through the influence of gravity. The
assessment of free moisture in both coarse and fine aggregates will occur no later than two
hours before each day's batching. We will acknowledge the presence of free moisture if a dry
cloth, when wiped over the surface, turns damp.

45
Documentation:
1. Soak the sample then remove the water.

2. Weigh the sample.

46
3. Dry the sample until SSD condition.

4. Do the Slump test to determine if SSD condition is achieved.

47
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates
https://youtu.be/FEKr-X_5d9w
Reference Standards
ASTM C 29/29M-91a
Introduction

The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight per unit volume. Unit
weight may also be used to determine mass-volume relationships and in selection
proportions for a mixed design. This test method determines the unit weight of an
aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of aggregates.
Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, sjape and surface texture of
aggregate, gradation, moisture content and compaction.

Objectives:

1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate

2. To visualize how certain aggregate properties influence the voids in

aggregates.

3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing.
Apparatus/ Materials:

A. Calibration of the Measure

1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the

aggregate sample.
2. Weigh the empty measure.

3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.

48
 5. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water
required to fill the measure by its density.
6. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.

B. Unit Weight Determination

1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to

200% of the volume of the measure.

For aggregates <= 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates > 37.5 mm but

<150 mm, used the jigging procedure.

2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping
evenly over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step2. Only enough
force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last
layer of aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling
the tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do not
compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute
the unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree within one
percent.
Table 1
Capacity of Measures
Nominal Size of Aggregates (mm) Capacity of Measure (m3)
12.5 0.0028

25.0 0.0093

37.5 0.0140

75.0 0.0280

112.0 0.0700

150.0 0.1000

49
The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregates of a maximum nominal size
equal to or smaller than that listed.

Table 2

Unit Weight of Water

Temperature (oC) Unit Weight (kN/m3) Density (kg/m3)

0 9.805 999.490

5 9.807 999.694

10 9.804 999.388

15 9.798 998.776

20 9.789 997.860

30 9.764 995.311

40 9.730 991.845

Source: de La Fuente (1991)

Drawing:

Observations:

Total
Item
1 2 3
Total Weight (measure + sample) 17.750 kg 17.900 kg 17.810
Mass of Measure 8.580 kg 8.580 kg 8.580 kg
Mass of Aggregates 9.17 kg 9.32 kg 9.23 kg
Volume of Measure 5.301 × 10−3 5.301 × 10−3 5.301 × 10−3

50
Data Analysis

1. Density

M= MT - Mm

V
Where: P = unit weight of the aggregate (kg/m3)

MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)

Mm =mass of the measure (kg)

V = volume of the measure (m3)

2. Unit Weight

Y= WT - Wm

Where: Y = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3) Wm = weight of measure (kN)

WT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)

V = volume of the measure (m3)

3. Void Content

% Voids = [Gs(dry) x Pw – Pagg] x 100 Gs

(Dry)(Pw)

Where:

Pagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)

Pw = density of water (kg/m3)

Gs(dry) = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis

Note: Use Gs (dry) of Expt. 2

51
Calculations:

DENSITY

For Trial 1
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.750−8.580
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝟑
For Trial 2
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.900−8.580
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝟑
For Trial 3
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.810−8.580
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟖
𝒎𝟑
𝒌𝒈
Ave. Density = 1743.07𝒎𝟑
UNIT WEIGHT
For Trial 1
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.750−8.580
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1729.86 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1729.86 3 𝑥 9.81 2 = 16969.93 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟕 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
For Trial 2
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.900−8.580
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1758.16 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1758.16 3 𝑥 9.81 2 = 17241.65 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟒 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
For Trial 3
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
17.810−8.580
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1741.18 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1741.18 3 𝑥 9.81 2 = 17080.98 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
𝑲𝑵
Ave. Density = 17.10 𝒎𝟑

52
 VOID CONTENT

For Trial 1
[𝐺𝑠(𝑑𝑟𝑦)𝑥 𝑃𝑤−𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑔] 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100 , where Gs = 2.46 (Bulk Dry S.G) and Pw = 1000 𝑚3
𝐺𝑠(𝑑𝑟𝑦)𝑥𝑃𝑤
[2.46𝑥 1000 − 1729.86]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
2.46𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗 . 𝟔𝟖 %

For Trial 2
[2.46𝑥 1000 − 1758.16]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
2.46𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟖 . 𝟓𝟑 %

For Trial 3
[2.46𝑥 1000 − 1741.18]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
2.46𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟐𝟐 %

Ave. Void Content = 29.14%

Results:

COARSE
Item
1 2 3
Total Weight (measure
17.750 kg 17.900 kg 17.810
+sample)
Measure Weight 8.580 kg 8.580 kg 8.580 kg
Weight of aggregates 9.17 kg 9.32 kg 9.23 kg
Measure Volume 5.301 × 10−3 5.301 × 10−3 5.301 × 10−3
𝐊𝐍 𝐊𝐍 𝐊𝐍
Unit Weight 16.97 𝐦𝟑 17.24 𝐦𝟑 17.08 𝐦𝟑
kg kg kg
Density 1729.86 1758.16 1741.18
m3 m3 m3
% Voids 29 .68 % 28 .53 % 29.22 %

𝑲𝑵
Average unit Weight for Coarse: 17.10
𝒎𝟑

53
 Discussion of Results:

We have computed and averaged the results from three trials to obtain data on the density,
unit weight, and void content of a particular coarse aggregate. The calculated averages are
as follows: the average density is 1743.07 kg/m³, the average unit weight is 17.10 kN/m³,
and the average void content is 29.14%.

Conclusion:

Based on our calculation for our void content it explains that A void content of 29.14% in a
coarse aggregate indicates that nearly 29.14% of the total volume of the aggregate is
composed of voids or open spaces between the aggregate particles. This information has
several implications and can impact the performance of concrete or other construction
materials in which the coarse aggregate is used the the desired properties, workability,
strength, and durability of the concrete are achieved.

54
 Post-Lab Questions:

1. What conditions call for recalibration and replacement of the measure?

The calibrated equipment process is considered a crucial procedure in quality management. It

ensures that all measurement and test instruments used in the design, manufacture, and testing of
components, in-process subcomponents and finished products or devices are accurate and effective.

Moreover, measuring instruments require recalibration or replacement due to factors like frequent
usage, environmental extremes, physical damage, wear, and tear, changing requirements, and
compliance with industry standards, legal regulations, and manufacturer recommendations,
ensuring accuracy and reliability through adherence to guidelines and regular maintenance.

2. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is YSSD calculated?

The ratio of the weight of a specific absolute volume of material, along with the weight of the
water inside the pores, to the weight of an equivalent volume of distilled water is the bulk
specific gravity saturated surface dry. Broadly defined, it's the saturated material's unit
weight divided by the water's unit weight. Bulk specific gravity saturated surface dry is
expressed as
GSSD=(1+Absorption)×Gdry
The volume of a granular substance, which includes the volume of solid particles as well as
the voids volume between them is known as bulk volume. The water volume displaced by
the aggregate in the condition of saturated, surface-dry is the aggregate's bulk volume. The
bulk volume is expressed as
Bulk volume=WSSD/GSSD×γSSD
The value of γSSD is generally 1. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, bulk
specific gravity saturated surface dry test should be used.

3. What makes the oven-dry unit weight distinct from the saturated-surface-dry
unit weight?
Saturated surface dry unit weight is calculated w.r.t. saturated surface dry weight of
aggregate which is the weight of the sample taken after submerging the aggregates in water
and drying only the surface of aggregate. It is a condition in which the surface remains dry

55
but inner particle voids remain saturated. Moreover, Oven dry unit weight is calculated w.r.t.
oven dry weight of aggregate which is the weight of the sample taken after oven drying the
aggregate. It is a condition in which aggregates lose all of the water from surface as well as
inner voids.

56
 Documentation/s:

1. 2.

3. 4.

57
5. 6.

7.

58
 Experiment NO. 8
Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Fine Aggregates
Reference Standard:
ASTM C29 / C29M
AASHTO T 19M/T 19

Introduction:

Determination of the unit weight of fine aggregates in a compacted condition. The

unit weight so determined is necessary for the design of a concrete mixture by the
absolute value method. The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight per
unit volume. Unit weight may also be used to determine mass-volume relationships and
in selecting proportions for a mix design. This test method determines the unit weight of
an aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of aggregates.
Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, shape and surface texture of
aggregate, gradation, moisture content, and compaction.

Objectives:

1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate

2. To visualize how certain aggregate properties influence the voids in

aggregates.

3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing.

Apparatus or Materials:

Tamping Rod Straight Edge

Cylindrical Metal Measure Shovel or Scoop

Weighing Balance

Procedure:

A. Calibration of the Measure

1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the aggregate
sample.
2. Weigh the empty measure.

59
 3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass plate
to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Weigh the measure filled with water. Make the necessary calculations to
determine the mass of the water that filled the entire volume of the measure.
The actual volume of the measure shall be at least 95% of the nominal volume
in the table.
5. Take the temperature reading of the water used to fill the measure and
determine its density using Table 2. Interpolation as necessary.
6. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water required
to fill the measure by its density.
7. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.
B. Unit Weight Determination
1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to 200% of
the volume of the measure.
For aggregates < 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates > 37.5
mm but < 150 mm, use the jigging procedure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping evenly over
the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step 2. Only enough force
should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer of
aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the
tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do not
compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute the
unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree within one %.

60
 Nominal size of Aggregates Capacity of Measure
(mm) (m3)
12.5 0.0028
25 0.0093
37.5 0.0140
75 0.0280
112 0.0700
150 0.1000

The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregate of a maximum

nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed.

Temperature Unit Weight Density

0C (kN/m) (kg/m)
0 9.805 999.490
5 9.807 999.694
10 9.804 999.388
15 9.798 998.776
20 9.789 997.860
30 9.764 995.311
40 9.730 991.845

Drawing:

61
Observation:

TOTAL
ITEM
1 2 3

Total Weight (measure + sample) 13.030 kg 13.085 kg 13.140 kg

Mass of Measure 8.290 𝑚3 8.290 𝑚3 8.290 𝑚3

Mass of Aggregates 4.74 kg 4.795 kg 4.85 kg
Volume of Measure 3.004 × 10−3 3.004 × 10−3 3.004 × 10−3

Data Analysis

1. Density

MT - Mmm
M = -----------------------------------
V
Where:

P = unit weight of the aggregate

MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)

Mmm= mass of the measure (kg)

V = volume of the measure (m3)

2. Unit Weight

WT – Wmm
ɣ = ---------------------------------
V
Where:

ɣ = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3)

MT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)

Wmm = weight of measure (kN)

V = volume of the measure (m3)

62
 3. Void Content

[Gsgdry x рw – рagg]
%Voids = -------------------------------------------
Gsgdry(рw)
Where:

Рw = density of water (kg/m3)

рagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)

Gsgdry = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis

Calculations:

DENSITY

For Trial 1
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
13.030−8.290
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
3.004 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟐
𝒎𝟑
For Trial 2
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
13.085−8.290
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 3.004 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝟑
For Trial 3
𝑀 −𝑀
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑚
𝑉
13.140−8.290
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 5.301 𝑥 10−3
𝒌𝒈
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟑
𝒎𝟑
𝒌𝒈
Ave. Density = 1716.13 𝒎𝟑
UNIT WEIGHT
For Trial 1
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
13.030−8.290
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.004 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1577.82 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1577.82 3 𝑥 9.81 2 = 15473.13 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
For Trial 2
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
13.085−8.290
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.004 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1956.13 𝑚3

63
 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1956.13 3
𝑥 9.81 2 = 19183.08 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟖 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
For Trial 3
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑉 𝑚
13.140−8.290
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.004 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1614.43 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑁 1000 𝐾𝑁 𝐊𝐍
1614.43 3 𝑥 9.81 2 = 15832.15 3 ÷ = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝟑
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑁 𝐦
𝑲𝑵
Ave. Density = 16.83 𝒎𝟑

VOID CONTENT

For Trial 1
[𝐺𝑠(𝑑𝑟𝑦)𝑥 𝑃𝑤−𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑔] 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝐺𝑠(𝑑𝑟𝑦)𝑥𝑃𝑤
𝑥 100 , where Gs = 5.8 (Bulk Dry S.G) and Pw = 1000 𝑚3
[5.8𝑥 1000 − 1577.82]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
5.8𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 %

For Trial 2
[5.8𝑥 1000 − 1956.13]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
5.8𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟕 %

For Trial 3
[5.8 𝑥 1000 − 1614.43]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 100
5.8𝑥1000
% 𝑽𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 %

Ave. Void Content = 70.41 %

Results:

FINE
Item
1 2 3
Total Weight (measure + sample) 13.030 kg 13.085 kg 13.140 kg
Measure weight 8.290 𝑚3 8.290 𝑚3 8.290 𝑚3
Weight of Aggregates 4.74 kg 4.795 kg 4.85 kg
Measure volume 3.004 × 10−3 3.004 × 10−3 3.004 × 10−3

Unit weight 15.47 Kn/𝑚3 19.18 Kn/𝑚3 15.83 Kn/𝑚3

Density 1577.82 Kg/𝑚3 1956.13 Kg/𝑚3 1614.43 Kg/𝑚3

%Voids 72.80% 66.27% 72.17%

Average unit weight: 16.83 Kn/𝒎𝟑

64
 Discussion of Results:

We have computed and averaged the results from three trials to obtain data on the density,
unit weight, and void content of a particular coarse aggregate. The calculated averages are
as follows: the average density is 1577.82 kg/m³, the average unit weight is 16.83 kN/m³,
and the average void content is 70.41%.

Conclusion:

The calculated void content of 70.41% in a fine aggregate signifies that approximately
70.41% of the total volume consists of voids or open spaces between particles. This finding
holds significant implications, directly influencing the performance of concrete and other
construction materials utilizing the coarse aggregate. It plays a vital role in determining
properties, workability, strength, and durability, ensuring the desired qualities are
achieved in the final concrete product.

Post-lab questions:

1. What is concrete and how it is made?

Concrete is a flexible building substance created by blending cement, water, and aggregates
like sand, gravel, or crushed stone. This mixture forms a liquid that can be shaped into
different forms. After solidifying, concrete transforms into a robust and resilient material
widely utilized in construction, including buildings, bridges, roads, and sidewalks.

2. What is the fineness modulus value of a fine sand?

The fineness modulus of fine sand denotes the average particle size of its grains. It's computed by
adding up the weight percentages retained on specific sieves and dividing this sum by 100. Fine
sand usually has a fineness modulus between 2.2 to 2.6, indicating its particle size distribution.
While values might vary slightly based on the sand source, this range provides insight into the sand's
overall grain size.

3. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is ɣ calculated?

The unit weight of a soil sample in the Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) condition is determined
by saturating a representative sample, allowing excess water to drain, and then calculating
the unit weight (γ) using the formula γ=V/W, where W is the weight of the SSD soil sample,
and V is its volume. This parameter is vital for geotechnical engineering calculations,
playing a key role in soil mechanics and foundation engineering analyses.
65
 DOCUMENTATIONS:

1. 2.

3.

66
4. 5.

6.

67
 EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Concrete Mix Designing and Proportioning
Reference Standard:
ASTM C-150

Introduction
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, and possibly an
admixture.
Proportions of each ingredient are adjusted to produce a well-balanced mix.
Concrete Sets in as few as 10 hours and continues to harden and cure as long as moisture
and Anhydrate cement are present. However, most of the increase in strength occurs
within a few weeks. Usually, the concrete mixture is cast with steel reinforcing,
Forming a composite material called reinforced concrete. The reinforcing steel is
Designed to resist tensile stresses, and the concrete resists the compressive stresses
Within the structure.

Objective:
To produce concrete of the specified properties
Materials/Apparatus:
Sample Aggregates Slump Cone
Cement Base Plate
Tamping Rod Graduated Scale
Mixing Pan Shovel
Procedures:
1. * Choice of Slump = 75 to 100 mm

*Design Strength 20 Mpa or 3000 psi @ 28 days

2. *Choice of Nominal Size (MSA)

MSA = 1 ½ in or 37.5 mm
3. Estimating of Mixing Water and Air Content

68
 From Table 2 (Table 1 and 2.pdf)
* Non-Air Entrained

Per 1 m3 of concrete = Water = 181 kg

Illustration:
Cement 303.69 kg
Water 181 kg
1 ½ CA 1124.18 kg
FA 1587.25 kg
Air 1%

4. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio

Compute the require average compressive strength on concrete (MPa or psi), fcr.’

fcr’ = fc’ + ps

Where:

fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa or psi)

69
s = standard deviation

Standards of Concrete Control, choose the standard.

Choose value of ps from value of ps

70
For water-cement ratio,

Calculation of Cement Content

Water = 181 kg
W/C = 0.596 (from water cement ratio)
181/ 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =; Cement = 303.69 kg

5. Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Content

Fine Modulus of the sand = 3.45

71
For Blending of Aggregates

CA = Volume of Dry-Rodded CA per unit volume (0.5 (dry rodded unit weight of 1 ½
Coarse Aggregates) + 0.5 (dry rodded unit weight of ¾ Fine Aggregates))

6. Estimation of Fine Aggregates Content (FA)

By Weight (dry rodded)
Water (net mixing) = 181 kg
Cement = 303.69 kg
CA (1 ½) = 1124.18 kg
Total =1608.87 kg
From Table 4 and 5.

Fresh Unit Weight of Concrete – Fine Aggregates Content = Fine Aggregates (dry)

7. Adjustment of Aggregate Moisture

Free moisture Content = Moisture content – Absorption

Water = Water - (Dry Rodded 1 ½ CA) (Free Moisture Content) - (Dry Rodded ¾
CA) (Free Moisture Content) - (Dry Rodded FA) (Free Moisture Content)
Adjusted: Moist Condition
8. Concrete Proportion at Moist Condition
Cement = Cement/ Specific Gravity
Water = 80.234 kg
Coarse Aggregates = (1 ½ CA)/ Specific Gravity + (3/4 CA)/Specific Gravity
Fine Aggregates = FA / Specific Gravity
9. Start the mixer.

10. Carefully add all the cement with the mixer running. Try not to make a lot of dust!

11. Mix until all the cement is blended in.

12. Mix for three minutes, followed by a three-minute rest, followed by a two-minute
final mixing.
13. Perform a slump test using the procedure given below. If the results are
satisfactory, skip to the next step.

72
Computations:

(1) Choice of Slump = 75mm to 100mm

Design Strength = 20MPa / 3000psi
(2) Nominal Size (MSA)
37.5 mm or 1 and ½ inches

(3) Non-air entrained = 1%

Water = 181kg

(4) 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐′ + 𝑝𝑠

= 20 + 2.32 (4.1) − 3.5

w/c = 0.596

(5) Water = 181kg

W/C = 0.596

Cement = 303.69 kg

(6) Fineness Modulus (Sand) = 3.45

Volume of dry rodded CA/V = 0.645

(7) Water = 181kg

Cement = 303.69kg

Coarse Aggregate = 1124.18 kg

Total = 1608.87 kg
Fresh Unit Weight of Concrete = 2410 kg
Fine Aggregates Content = 1608.87 kg
2345 – 1553.98 = 801.13kg

73
II. Absolute Volume

181
Volume of water = 1000 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝟑
303.69
Volume of cement = (3.15)1000 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟑
1124.18
Volume of CA = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑
(2.46)1000

Air content = 1% = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟑

Total = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝟑
Estimation of FA= 1 - 0.744 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝟑
Mass of FA = 0.256 (5.8 x 1000) = 1484 .8 kg

Summary Table :

(8) Free moisture Content ( CA )

= 6.02 % - 1.6 % = 4.42 %
Free moisture Content ( FA )
= 6.89% - 3.45 % = 3.44 %
Table :

MC - A Free moisture
CA 6.02– 1.6 4.42
FA 6.89 – 3.45 3.44

Water = 181 – 1124.18 (0.0442) – 1484.8 (0.0344)

= 80.234 kg

Adjusted: Moist Condition

CA = 1124.18 (1.06) = 1191.63 kg

FA= 1484.8 (1.069) = 1587.25 kg
303.69
Cement = (3.15)1000 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟑
1124.18
Fine Aggregates = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑
(5.8)1000

74
Concrete Proportion at Moist Condition

303.69 𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟔
Cement = (3.15)1000 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟔 = 1
80.234
Water = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝑳𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
1000
1191.63 𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟕
Coarse Aggregates = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑 = = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟒
(2.46)1000 𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟔
1587.25 𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝟒
Fine Aggregates = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝟑 = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓
(5.8)1000 𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟔

Concrete Proportion is 1 : 2.85 : 5.04 @ 80.234 L.

Final Measurements
( Calculation for weight to be used in pouring in pavement blocks )

1𝑚3 Kg/ 𝑚3
Cement 303.69kg 7.59 kg
Coarse Aggregate 1124 kg 28.1 kg
Fine Aggregate 1484.8 kg 37.12 kg
Water 181kg 4.525 kg

Discusion of Results:

Based on the computed data of our concrete mix design and proportions, the nominal size is
37.5 mm with an estimated mixing water of 181 kg, a non-air entrained of 1%, giving us a
water-cement ratio of 0.596%. The design strength that we have to reach is 20 MPa or 3000
psi.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the mixing proportion that we have is 1:2.85:5.04 @ 80.234 L of water. This means
that we need 37.12 kg of Fine Aggregate, 28.1 kg of Coarse Aggregate, the water content of
4.525kg, and 7.59 kg of cement for the three-cylinder sample with a volume of 0.025 𝑚3 and a
cross-sectional area of 0.0177 m².

75
 Post-lab Questions:

1. What is concrete mix proportioning?

Mix Design, often referred to as concrete mix proportioning, is a meticulous and multifaceted
process that encompasses two intricately connected steps: firstly, meticulously selecting the
most suitable materials from a plethora of options available in the construction industry,
including aggregates, cement, water, and additives; and secondly, precisely determining their
optimal relative ratios to fabricate concrete that possesses the desired workability, strength,
and durability characteristics while also ensuring economic viability. This methodical
approach to concrete formulation is pivotal in the construction realm, as it not only demands
a profound understanding of material properties but also requires a keen eye for balancing
technical specifications with cost-efficiency, resulting in structures that not only meet
rigorous quality standards but also remain within budgetary constraints.

2. What is water cement ratio calculation?

Calculations involving the water-to-cement ratio are crucial as they directly influence the
quality of concrete, impacting its strength positively or negatively. To establish the
appropriate water-to-cement ratio for a specific type of concrete, we first determine the
required average compressive strength. Additionally, we calculate the standard deviation to
understand data variability. Once these details are gathered, a provided formula is applied to
compute the ratio. Then, a correlation table is consulted to find the corresponding value
indicating the relationship between the water-to-cement ratio and concrete's compressive
strength.

3. What is the best ratio for concrete mix?

The ideal concrete mixture ratio is 1 part cement, 3 parts sand, and 3 parts coarse aggregate,
commonly referred to as a 1:3:3 mix. This combination results in a concrete mix with an
average compressive strength of 3000 pounds per square inch (psi). This strength level is
suitable for various construction applications, including concrete slabs, footings, steps, and
foundation walls.

76
Documentations:

77
 EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Fabricating Concrete Specimen for Tests
Referenced Standard:
` ASTM C 192-90a ASMT C 143-90a
AASHTO T 126-93 AASHTO T 119-93

Introduction

The production of quality concrete involves the preparation of the adequate

proportion of its component materials. Proper handling and the use of appropriate
mixing methods. Proper proportioning and mixing methods result in workable mix,
adequate properties, and concrete strength. Since cement achieves its strength through
hydration, water-cements ratio is the principal factor that controls the compressive
strength of concrete. Concrete ingredients are proportioned according to standard
structural requirements. For accuracy, the ingredients are weighed and combined rather
than using the volumetric method. It is therefore necessary to design the trial mix before
the manufacture of concrete.

Objectives:

1. To use the trial mix method to determine optimum proportion of aggregates,

cement, and water for a design concrete strength.
2. To learn concreting practice in laboratory
3. To observe the characteristic properties of fresh concrete.

Apparatus/Materials:

3 - 6” x 6” x 18” Beam Molds Two Trowels

3 - 6” x 12” Cylindrical Molds Containers for aggregates
Tamping Rod Large Mixing Pan
12” Ruler Scale Sensitive to 0.01 lb.
Stump Cone Apparatus

78
Procedure:

**Consult your laboratory instructor for specifications**

A. Slump Test
1. In testing the slump, the mold shall be firmly held down against the pan. Fill the
slump cone with concrete in three layers, each approximately one-third of the
volume of the mold. Each layer shall be rod with 25 strokes, distributed uniformly
over the cross-section of the cone. The rod shall lightly penetrate the previous
layer. After the top layer has been rodded, the surface of concrete shall be struck
off with a trowel so that the cone is exactly filled. Raise the cone carefully within
3-7 seconds. Slump test must be done within. 2.5 minutes. Refers to your concrete
mix design for the slump.
2. Before filling the concrete into a mold, determine the weight of each cylinder mold
and record the weight. Line the interior surface of the mold with used oil. The
cylindrical concrete specimen shall be formed by placing the concrete in the mold
in two/three layers of approximately equal volumes. Consolidate the concrete and
expel air bubbles by tamping and rodding. Each layer should be rodded with 25
strokes using a tamping rod. The strokes should be distributed uniformly over the
cross-section of the mold. Using a trowel strike out the surface of the concrete.

B. Making Cylinders – Rodding

1. For the standard 150 mm (6 in.) by 300 mm (12 in.) specimen, fill each mold in
three approximately equal layers, moving the scoop or trowel around the perimeter
of the mold to evenly distribute the concrete. For the 100 mm (4 in.) by 200 mm (8
in.) specimen, fill the mold in two layers. When filling the final layer, slightly overfill
the mold.
2. Consolidate each layer with 25 strokes of the appropriate tamping rod, using the
rounded end. Distribute strokes evenly over the cross section of the concrete. Rod the
first layer throughout its depth without forcibly hitting the bottom. For subsequent
layers, rod the layer throughout its depth penetrating approximately 25 mm (1 in.)
into the underlying layer.
3. After rodding each layer, tap the sides of each mold 10 to 15 times with the mallet
(reusable steel molds) or lightly with the open hand (single-use light-gauge molds).

79
 4. Strike off the surface of the molds with tamping rod or straightedge and begin initial
curing.
Note 1: Floating or troweling is permitted instead of striking off with rod or straight
edge.

C. Making Flexural Beams – Rodding

1. Fill the mold in two approximately equal layers with the second layer slightly
overfilling the mold.
2. Consolidate each layer with the tamping rod once for every 1300 mm2 (2 in2) using
the rounded end. Rod each layer throughout its depth, taking care to not forcibly
strike the bottom of the mold when compacting the first layer. Rod the second layer
throughout its depth, penetrating approximately 25 mm (1”) into the lower layer.
3. After rodding each layer, strike the mold 10 to 15 times with the mallet and spade
along the sides and end using a trowel.
4. Strike off to a flat surface using a float or trowel and begin initial curing.

Table 1
Sample Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures

Class of Cement Water- Coarse Aggregate Compressive

Consistency
Concrete Content Cement Size Strength
Range in
per m2 Ratio (std. Sq. Opening) 6”x12”
Slump
(min.) (max) (mm Cylinder
(mm)
(kg/kg) (28 days)
A 360 kg 20.7 MPa
(9 bags) 0.53 50-100 37.5 - 4.75 (3000 psi)
16.5 MPa
B 320 kg 0.53 50-100 50 - 4. 75
(9 bags) (2500 psi)

380 kg 20.7 MPa

C (9.5 bags) 0.55 50-100 12.5 - 4.75 (3000 psi)

440 kg 100 37.7 MPa

P 0.49 19 - 4.75
(11 bags) maxes (5000 psi)
Seal 380 kg 20.7 Mpa
(9.5 bags) 0.58 100-200 25 - 4.75 (3000 psi)

Source: ACI Standard 211

80
 Drawing:

Observation:

For Concrete Pavement Blocks

Exposure Conditions (Wet/Dry): WET

Proportion/Mixture used: 1 : 2.85: 5.04 @ 80.234 Liters.
Type of water used: Tap Water
Type of Cement used: TYPE 1 Portland Ordinary Cement
Water/Cement Ratio used: 0.596.

Weight of Volum
Specimen Weight of
Mold with e of
Type of Mold Empty Mold
No. (kg) concrete Mold
(kg) (m3)
1 Paver Blocks 1.745 14.040 0.00675
2 Paveer Blocks 1.505 14.045 0.00675

81
Calculations :

𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝑲𝑵

𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝑲𝑵
𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟔
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 1 = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝑲𝒏⁄ 𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟐
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 2 = = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝒏⁄ 𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒎

𝐴𝑉𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝑲𝒏⁄ 𝟑

𝒎

Results:

Measured Slump: 2 inches or 50.8 mm Workability Description: Medium

Water/Cement Factor: 0.596 Total Water Content: 5 liters
Unit Weight of Concrete: 18.092 𝑲𝒏⁄ 𝟑
𝒎
Percentage of Fine Aggregate to total Aggregate: 56.92 %
Weight of Cement in the batch: 7.59kg
Weight of Sand in the batch: 37.12kg
Weight of Gravel in the batch: 28.1 kg

Discussion of Result:

A slump of 2 inches indicates that the concrete mix has a low level of workability. A low
slump in value signifies that the concrete is relatively stiff and may be difficult to mold
and shape. So, in this case we add more water to make the concrete exact and more
compatabilty.

On the other hand, the unit weight of the concrete is 18.092 pounds per cubic foot. This
value indicates the density of the concrete mix. Concrete with a higher unit weight is
denser and usually stronger because it contains more aggregate (such as sand and gravel)
and less void space. A higher unit weight is often desirable in structural applications as it
provides better strength and durability.

82
 Conclusion:
In summary, our concrete mix has a low slump (indicating stiffness and low workability) and a

relatively high unit weight (indicating density and strength). The specific application of this

concrete mix would depend on the construction requirements, with considerations for both

workability during placement and the structural strength of the cured concrete.

Documentation/s:

83
Mark Gil L. Caldoza
STUDENT

Current Address: Pindasan, Mabini, Davao de Oro

Email Address : m.caldoza.489182@umindanao.edu.ph

Academic History:
Tertiary Level
2020 – Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Structural
University of Mindanao

Secondary Level
2018 – 2020 Senior High School
Tagum National Trade School
Strand – “TVL (Industrial Arts)”

2014 – 2018 Junior High School

Pindasan National High School

Primary Level

2008 – 2014 Pindasan Elementary School

____________________________________
Name and Signature

84
Raniela C. Duterte
STUDENT

Current Address: : Tagdangua, Pantukan, Davao de Oro

Email Address : r.duterte.529703@umindanao.edu.ph

Academic History:
Tertiary Level
2021 – Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Structural
University of Mindanao

Secondary Level
2019 – 2021 Senior High School
Pantukan National High School
Strand – “ STEM “

2015 – 2019 Junior High School

Bongabong National High School

Primary Level

2009 – 2015 Tagdangua Elementary School

____________________________________
Name and Signature

85
Aira Kyla Shynn D. Sta Maria
STUDENT

Current Address: : Surallah South Cotabato

Email Address : a.stamaria.530241@umindanao.edu.ph

Academic History:
Tertiary Level
2021 – Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Structural
University of Mindanao

Secondary Level
2019 – 2021 Senior High School
University of Cabuyao
Strand – “ STEM “

2015 – 2019 Junior High School

Allah Valley Academy

Primary Level

2009 – 2015 Purok Sison Elementary

____________________________________
Name and Signature

86
Cindy N. Asentista
STUDENT

Current Address: Banlag Monkayo, Davao de Oro

Email Address : c.asentista.519742@umindanao.edu.ph

Academic History:
Tertiary Level
2019 – Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Structural
University of Mindanao

Secondary Level
2017 – 2019 Senior High School
Assumption Academy of Monkayo
Strand – “Tvl(Computer System Servicing)”

2013 – 2017 Junior High School

Monkayo National High School
Primary Level

2007 – 2013 Moria Elementary School

____________________________________
Name and Signature

87
Jomar Y. Lopez
STUDENT

Current Address: Davao City, Davao Del Sur

Email Address : j.lopez.523248@umindanao.edu.ph

Academic History:
Tertiary Level
2021 – Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Transportation
University of Mindanao

Secondary Level
2018 – 2021 Senior High School
Sta. Ana National High School
Strand – “GAS (General Academic Strand)”

2014 – 2018 Junior High School

Cabantian National High School

Primary Level

2008 – 2014 Kapitan Tomas Monteverde Elementary School

____________________________________
Name and Signature

88
89