User Manual 4949832

KAIROS User Manual
Version 1.8
Radio Activity S.r.l.

Via privata Cascia, 11 - 20128 Milano- Italy – email: comm@radioactivity-tlc.it - www.radioactivity-tlc.com
Tel. +39.02.36514205 - FAX/Voicebox +39.1782.242408 - CCIAA Milano N° 1728248 - VAT Id. 04135130963
Summary
1 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 LOCAL LAWS RESTRICTIONS........................................................................................................................ 7
1.2 DOCUMENT COPYRIGHTS .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 MODIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2 PRODUCT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 8

2.1 RF EXPOSURE COMPLIANCE ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 IMPROPER USE ........................................................................................................................................ 9
2.3 POWER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 ANTENNA SYSTEM / LIGHTNING.................................................................................................................. 9
3 RADIO DESCRIPTION...................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 FRONTAL PANEL .................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 RADIO STATUS LED ................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.1 LINUX booting status ................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.2 DSP booting phase ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.3 Led during radio calibration ....................................................................................................... 14
3.2.4 Radio Led during regular function status................................................................................... 14
3.2.5 Maintenance status ................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 REAR PANEL .......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1 RX inputs specifications ............................................................................................................. 16
3.3.2 TX output specifications ............................................................................................................. 17
3.3.3 GPS antenna .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.3.4 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.5 I/O ports ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 OPTION BOARDS .................................................................................................................................... 26
Radio Activity S.r.l. 2 / 44

4 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................... 27
4.1 IMPROPER USE ...................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 THERMAL DISSIPATION............................................................................................................................ 27
4.3 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 ANTENNA ............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.4.1 Maximum permitted antenna gain for mobile usage................................................................ 29
4.4.2 Maximum permitted antenna gain for fixed usage ................................................................... 29
4.5 AF INTERFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 29
4.6 MANUAL SETTINGS ................................................................................................................................ 29
4.7 SELF-TEST PROCESS ................................................................................................................................ 29
4.8 PPS SIGNAL .......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.9 ON SITE CHECK LIST ................................................................................................................................ 30
4.10 IP DISCOVER...................................................................................................................................... 31
4.11 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................ 32
5 PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION AND REMOTE CONTROL ................................................................ 33

5.1 SIP/RTP GATEWAY ............................................................................................................................... 34
6 ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 35

KAIROS VS RA-XXX COMPARISON ......................................................................................................... 35
6.1 RADIO FREQUENCY................................................................................................................................. 36
6.1.1 Transmitter ................................................................................................................................ 36
6.1.2 Receiver...................................................................................................................................... 36
6.2 IP INTERFACING ..................................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.1 LAN protocols ............................................................................................................................. 37
6.2.2 Ports and connectors ................................................................................................................. 37
6.2.3 LAN requirements ...................................................................................................................... 38
6.2.4 Codec VoIP ................................................................................................................................. 38
6.2.5 SNMP protocol ........................................................................................................................... 38
6.3 GPS/GLONASS ANTENNAS .................................................................................................................... 38

6.3.1 GPS/GLONASS antenna requirements ....................................................................................... 38
6.4 FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................................ 39
6.5 BRANCHING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 40
6.5.1 TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power ........................................... 40
6.5.2 Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals ................................................................ 40
6.6 OTHER SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 40
6.6.1 Environmental parameters ........................................................................................................ 40
6.6.2 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 41
6.6.3 Mechanical characteristics ........................................................................................................ 41
6.6.4 Audio balanced interfaces ......................................................................................................... 41
7 REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE .......................................................................................................... 41

7.1 NOTICE FOR EC USERS ............................................................................................................................ 42
7.2 NOTICE FOR US USERS............................................................................................................................ 43
7.3 NOTICE FOR CANADIAN USERS ................................................................................................................. 43

KAIROS – User manual
Thank you for your purchase of this product.
KAIROS comes out from the best Italian tradition, where all details, also the invisible ones, are important and
need a care. Designing a mobile radio
infrastructure is an art, that needs a complete
knowledge of all the possible aspects to avoid
unexpected situations. Our long experience in
building infrastructure has generated this
professional transceiver: the right building
block for a number of applications ranging from
a simple standalone repeater to a national wide
system. We solved the complexity to ease your
creativity.
Main characteristics:
Model KA-080 KA-160 KA-350 KA-450 KA-500 KA-900

Available Models
MHz 66-88 136-174 350-410 400-470 450-527 806-941
Channelization 25/20/12,5/6,25 KHz
RF output power 1-25 W / 100% duty cycle / selectable per channel
Synthesis step 50Hz
Frequency stability 0,5 p.p.m. (without GPS or digital correction)
Synchronization sources Internal ref., GPS/GLONASS, Ethernet IEE-1588v2, 2 wire, Digital RX, External
Operating temperature -30°C ÷ +60°C
Power supply (negative Min. Typ. Max.

ground) 11V 13,2V 15V
Power consumption TX: 60 W @25W RF / RX: 5 W @Main+Div enabled
Dimensions & weight 160x200x45mm / 1.4Kg
Audio lines 2x 4 wires + E&M
LAN port Ethernet 10BT/100TX (auto MDI/MDI X) on an RJ45 socket
70 kb/s in analog to/from Master

IP multisite bandwidth
24 kb/s in DMR to/from Master (both DMR timeslots)

Max tolerable IP delay 960ms (round trip)
Alarm & control I/O 1xInput + 7xOutput
Auxiliary I/O 4xInput + 1xOutput + 1xAnalog input

1 Foreword
This manual is intended for use by experienced technicians familiar with RF and IP technology. It contains
information required for installation, setup and maintenance of a KAIROS based radio infrastructure.
1.1 Local laws restrictions
The use of this product is subjected to the local laws and in most cases requires a specific license. As example,
it may be prohibited in some RF bands or part of them, or may be limited in the RF power. Please, verify the
local law requirement before to use the equipment.
1.2 Document Copyrights
No distribution or duplication of this document or any portion of it shall take place without the express
written permission of Radio Activity. No part of this manual may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted
in any form for any purpose without the express written permission of Radio Activity.
1.3 Disclaimer
The information in this document are carefully controlled, up-dated and are believed to be entirely reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies. Furthermore, Radio Activity reserves the right to
make changes to any products herein to improve readability, function, or design. Radio Activity does not
assume any liability arising out of the applications or use of any product or circuit described herein; nor does
it cover any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others.
1.4 Modifications
CAUTION: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Radio Activity may void the user’s authority
to operate the equipment legally, as well as any warranty provided.

2 Product Safety
2.1 RF Exposure Compliance
FCC Guidelines described in the OET Bulletin 65, state limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) and
specify the maximum power density for “General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure”.
This limit is:
• In USA, according to FCC rules, 2 W/m² for VHF band (30-300 MHz);
• In Canada, according to IC rules, 1.291 W/m² for VHF band (30-300 MHz);
• and f/1500 mW/cm² for UHF band (300-1500 MHz).
It implies a constraint in terms of the minimum distance which people must keep from transmitting antenna,
in order to maintain the human exposure under the allowed limit.
With the assumption that a collinear omnidirectional antenna is used with a medium/high gain of 8dBi (=6.3
numeric) and that the transmitter is set at its maximum power (25W, with an additional 20% as possible
effect of tolerance), it is possible to calculate the minimum distance of people from the antenna by using the
following equation for RF power decay in free space (far field):
S = ( P x G / 4 x π r2 )
where:
S = maximum power density

P = maximum transmitted RF power
G = antenna gain
R = distance from antenna.
This gives:
r=√(PxG/Sx4xπ)
For VHF (150-174MHz) equipment the minimum safety distance is r = 2,75 m.
For UHF (407-470MHz) equipment the minimum safety distance is r = 2,36 m.
For 900MHz (806-941MHz) equipment the minimum safety distance is r = 1.67 m.
In particular for the following sub-bands, 406.1-430MHz (by IC and FCC), 450-512MHz (by FCC) 450-470 MHz
(by IC) with the maximum permitted (by IC and FCC) antenna gain of 9.1dBi (see par 4.4.2), the minimum
safety distance is 3.2m up to 470MHz; 3.1m from 470MHz up to 512MHz.
For further information on human RF exposure, contact your local health department. For example, Health
Canada’s Safety Code 6 provides a comprehensive set of guidelines.
For mobile usage, this transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna
or transmitter.

2.2 Improper use
It is recommended to install the equipment in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to
them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipment and to avoid accidental contact with hot
surfaces.
2.3 Power supply
The equipment requires a 13.2Vdc/5A, negative grounded, power supply. It is recommended to insert a 10A
fuse in the power supply cable near the power supply source (e.g.: a battery) to avoid dangerous damage
due to lightening event or to accidental short circuits along power supply cables.
The equipment is designed to be powered by a safe supply source which grants a double insulation of output
voltage from dangerous voltages. The electric plant must contain a switch to cut off power supply lines,
according to national law and directives.
Use only certified power supply devices and connect a ground cable to the GND Ø5MA nut to avoid lightning
and rescue problems. Remember that a lightning on the antenna system could pass the RF discharger arriving
to the chassis of the equipment. A robust GND cable short the energy preserving the other equipments in
the same site.
2.4 Antenna system / lightning
Providing adequate lightning protection is critical to a safe reliable communications site. Unless KAIROS has
got many protections, RF transmission cables, and AC and DC power lines must all be protected to prevent
excessive lightning energy from entering the site.
To reduce lightning problems, use lightning rod on the top of the radiating tower; anchor strongly the metallic
parts of the tower to the GND plane.
Insert, in coaxial cables coming from the antennas, adequate RF dischargers before to enter in the shelter
and connect them shortly to the extern GND plane.

3 Radio description
KAIROS is a very sophisticated digital transceiver, target for high performance professional use.
Its architecture provides the capability of supporting a number of features resulting in a extremely flexible
two-way radio communications solution. Due to its flexibility, the complete parameters programming is not
an easy task. To perform a perfect programming to match the desired application, it is required a very skilled
and expert technician. Radio Activity strongly suggest to require a complete programming of the equipments
from Factory before the expedition.
In the following we suppose that the equipments are already programmed for the application. Only the setup
of minor items will be described.
3.1 Frontal panel
The following picture shows the frontal panel of KAIROS.
In the frontal panel there are 2 connectors:
1. 10BT/100TX Ethernet connector for the remote control of the equipment and for data/audio packets
communication
2. optional RS232 (115.2Kbit/sec, 8,N,1) or USB serial port for remote controlling the equipment by a
PC or for special purposes. The USB/RS232 led indicate the presence and the activity of these serial
port.
In the frontal panel there are also the power on/off button and some dual color LEDs for monitoring the
status of the equipment:
∞ power on/off button; pressing this button once for 150ms to 4 seconds the equipment is powered
on. To switch off the equipment, press the button for at least 2 sec: the Radio Status led will start a
RED fast lamping for 2 sec to advise the user that the equipment is starting the shutdown procedure,
then the lamping becomes GREEN and slow to indicate that the equipment is ready to switch off.
Now, releasing the button, the equipment switches off. Note that the last on/off condition will be
saved also in case of power supply break therefore the equipment will automatically switch on after

a black out. At equipment switched off, pressing this button for at least 4 sec, the equipment goes in
“IP discover status”. See the related chapter for additional information.
∞ LAN Activity led; the LINK led green indicates the Ethernet signal presence, the ACT/SPEED led
indicates the LAN traffic and the Ethernet speed (green = 100Mb/s, red=10Mb/s).
∞ Supply led; when green it indicates that the equipment is correctly supplied. When the input voltage
is outside the equipment limits (too low or too high), this led becomes red. When off it indicates that
the equipment is switched off or an inverted polarity of power supply connection.
∞ IP network status led; the READY led becomes green when the LINUX O.S. and DSP are running
correctly and the equipment is ready for operation. The led NETWORK is:
o flashing slowly (1 sec) green when the equipment is correctly registered to its Master station
o flashing red when a Master station is defined but the equipment isn’t correctly registered to
it
o off when in standalone mode (e.g.: single repeater / mobile)
∞ Radio status led; these led reports many run time information about the status of the equipment.
During the regular functioning, Radio Led carry the following information:
Led Status
slow flashing green => warning, the startup loop test failed
green => the TX Timeslot 2 DMR is on air

TX 2
red => the equipment is performing the internal calibration/test
fast flashing red => fail: the TRX is not functioning
slow flashing green => warning, the Audio Loop test failed
green => the TX Timeslot 1 DMR is on air

TX 1
red => the equipment is performing the internal Audio Loop test
fast flashing red => fail: the TX is unlocked or not functioning
green => the RX Timeslot 2 DMR is busy (RX active) or the Squelch is open (a carrier is
detected)
RX 2
slow flashing red => warning: the time/frequency synchronization is lost
fast flashing red => fail: the RX diversity is not functioning
green => the RX Timeslot 2 DMR is busy (RX active) or the Tone code squelch is
RX 1
detected

slow flashing green => the PPS signal is present and locked (for 1 sec every 9 sec)
slow flashing orange => the PPS signal is present but not locked
slow flashing red => warning: the PPS signal is not present
fast flashing red => fail: the RX main is not functioning
ALL
orange for 1 sec every 9 sec => The TRX is not active (in a 1+1 assembly only)
LED
These led report also the equipment status during the boot/startup phase; see the paragraph below for a
detailed explanation.
3.2 Radio status led
The “RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2” led assume different meaning during the functioning. There are four main
conditions where they give different groups of information: 1) LINUX booting state, 2) DSP booting state, 3)
radio calibration/self test state, 4) regular function state, 5) switching off, 6) maintenance state.
3.2.1 LINUX booting status
Pressing the power on/off button for at least 250ms, the equipment is
powered on and starts to load programs.
The FPGA is the first internal device that starts its job testing all internal
clocks and other essential signals. The RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2 led, directly
managed by the FPGA, give indications about the HW status until the
LINUX processor is running when the Ethernet connection isn’t
available.
If all internal signals are ok, these led alternate green and red lamping, moving from right to left (red) and
vice versa (green) indicating the LINUX O.S. start up phase. This condition appears until the LINUX and DSP
SW are running.
In the case the running condition doesn’t appears (wait at least 10-15 seconds from the power on), and the
led continue to move left and right, the LINUX SW or the DSP SW may be corrupted or not valid, therefore
the equipment can’t operate.
If the condition that led continue to move left and right doesn’t appear in 1-2 seconds from the power on,
the FPGA has detected a fail in internal signals. In case of this situation, please contact the Technical
Assistance. For your knowledge, in this case these led are indicating the type of fail as follow:
RX1: a fast red/green flashing of this led indicates that there is at least one fail in the internal clock/signal.
The fail should be indicated by the other led as explained in the following.
RX2: it reports the 40MHz DPS clock status as follow:

Slow green flashing DPS clock is ok
Fast green flashing DPS clock is present but unlocked
fast red flashing DPS clock is absent
TX1: it reports the 20MHz LINUX clock status as follow:
Slow green flashing LINUX clock is ok
Fast green flashing LINUX clock is present but unlocked
fast red flashing LINUX clock is absent
TX2: it reports the 12,8MHz Reference clock status as follow:
Slow green flashing Reference clock is ok
fast red flashing Reference clock is absent
Finally, a correct equipment startup should happen as follow:
1) Supply led becomes green pressing the on/off button
2) RX1 flashes fast red/green for less than 1 sec
3) RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2 led continue to alternate on/off red/green, moving left and right for 10-15 sec
4) RX1 – RX2 – TX1 – TX2 led go off for 1 sec and then start to indicate the DSP booting phase as
described in the next paragraph
3.2.2 DSP booting phase
Once the LINUX O.S. is ready, the DSP starts. This condition is indicated by all Radio Led off condition and the
ending of the alternate on/off red/green, moving left and right indication.
DSP starts to check all its internal peripherals and report results on the Radio Led, step by step, as follow:
1. It verifies the FPGA to DSP communication and the status of all essential internal signals. If the result
is ok, the Radio Led “TX2” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step.
2. The DSP checks audio peripherals, closing them in both digital and analog loops. If the result is ok,
the Radio Led “TX1” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step. If the result is fail, the Radio
Led “TX1” becomes red and the DSP stops. The LINUX processor should start the DSP again in 5-10
sec. This condition (DSP continuous restarting) is maintained until this test is surpassed. If this
condition appears, it’s very probable an HW problem. Please contact Factory for repairing the unit.

3. The DSP programs and checks IF peripherals. If the result is ok, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes green
and the DSP go to the next step. If the result is fail, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes red and the DSP
stops. The LINUX processor should start the DSP again in 5-10 sec. This condition (DSP continuous
restarting) is maintained until this test is surpassed. If this condition appears, it’s very probable an
HW problem on RX parts. Please contact Factory for repairing the unit.
4. The DSP calibrates the IF and internal DAC/ADC.
5. DSP requests to LINUX the EEP saved setup parameters. When all parameters are correctly received,
the Radio Led “RX1” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step.
6. Radio Led test. This test may be useful to check the real functioning of all led. All Radio Led are
switched on green for 1 sec. Then they are all switched on red for 1 sec, and again all switched on
green for 1 sec.
7. DSP startup phase is ended and the Radio Led are switched off.
The next operation of the startup is the radio calibration as described in the following paragraph.
3.2.3 Led during radio calibration
When LINUX and DSP programs are running and all the internal signals are checked by the FPGA, the
equipment starts the calibration/self test procedure. The procedure executes always a minimum set of
measurements to check the equipment basic functionalities (fast TX=>RX loop test). Many other automatic
tests can be required (distortion, audio response, deviation accuracy, XTAL filter responses, …) but, since they
blocks the equipment for some tens of seconds, their use has to be required via the setup tool. If these
optional tests are not required, the setup tool indicate the last value registered.
The self tests can be required at every time, not only after a reset, via the setup tool.
During the calibration/self test phase the Radio Led “TX2” indicates that:
∞ Red color, slow flashing => test is running
∞ Green color, slow flashing => test is finished with fail result
∞ Off => test is finished ok
If the result of a test isn’t good, the “TX2” led maintains the green flashing status also when the calibration
is finished to indicate a warning condition.
Note: a calibration fail is not necessary a failure indication. Since these test are very accurate and selective,
in many cases a failure indication can be due only to local disturbs received from the antenna or from a
temporary condition. Therefore this indication should be considered as warning state not as fail state. In case
of doubt, try to repeat the calibration test or contact Factory.
3.2.4 Radio Led during regular function status
Once booting and calibration/test phases are ended, the equipment starts normal operation. The default
channel is loaded into PLLs and the equipment search the other radio Network elements (e.g.: the Master

station). At the same time the DSP synchronizes the internal time and clock on the defined source (e.g.: GPS
receiver).
See the main paragraph “Frontal Panel” for the table explaining the meaning of these led during the regular
functioning.
Note: Special version or customized SW may differ in indications.
3.2.5 Maintenance status
See the “IP discover procedure” described in a following paragraph to enter into the maintenance status and
the related led signaling.
3.3 Rear panel
The following picture shows the rear panel of KAIROS.
In the rear panel there are (up to) 7 connectors:
∞ RX diversity/main – female SMA-type connector. They are the input of the diversity/main channels
of the receiver. they are ground referred to discharge eventual static voltage, 50 Ohm of RF
impedance. Don’t apply continuous voltage to these inputs.
∞ TX – female SMA-type connector. It is the output of the transmitter. It is ground referred, 50 Ohm of
RF impedance. Don’t activate the transmitter without a proper load (50 Ohm) at this connector.
∞ GPS Antenna – female SMA-type connector (optional). A 5Vcc @ max 100mA is superimposed into
this connector to supply an external amplified GPS antenna. See the antenna details in the related
paragraph.
∞ I/O interface - 25 pin D-SUB. This connector holds a 12Vdc power supply, the balanced audio
interfaces, alarm I/O and some signals useful to interface KAIROS with external devices. For further
information about the use of these I/O see the related paragraph.

∞ Expansion connector - 6 pins. This connector holds the signals for GPS interfacing and for 1+1
assembly realizations. For further information about the use of these I/O see the related paragraph.
∞ Power supply – 2 pins. A 13,2Vdc @5A max should be applied to this connector. The polarity is
indicated in the panel.
Finally don’t forget to connect a ground cable to the GND Ø5MA nut to avoid lightning and rescue problems.
3.3.1 RX inputs specifications
KAIROS has got two RX inputs, one named “main” and the other named “diversity”. The contemporary use
of both receivers gives excellent performances over fading events. For further information, see the “ENB33 -
Soft diversity reception” document.
Both inputs have the following characteristics (typical):
Nominal impedance 50 Ohm

Operating maximum input -10 dBm
Maximum input without permanent damages +10 dBm
Received signal band 0..5000 Hz
Blocking level (>1MHz far from RX frequency) -32 dBm
RSSI measurement range -130 to -60 dBm
Synthesis step 50 Hz
Connector type SMA
In duplex applications an external duplexer filter is requested. Using standard European duplex spacing, this
filter must attenuate at least 75dB between TX and RX to avoid noise and TX/RX instability during transitions.
For lower duplex spacing or when an external power amplifier is used, increase the attenuation to assure the
maximum levels indicated in the KAIROS manual.
When KAIROS operates in simplex/half duplex mode, it is needed to mount the internal TX/RX RF switch as
indicated in the following figure. Note that this switch can’t be enabled/installed outside Factory. This feature
must be requested directly at order. In this case the TX connector assumes the role of Antenna connector
and the RX main is internally switched to the antenna when the TX isn’t active. The RX diversity in such
condition can be used regularly as diversity channel:

The internal isolation between the Diversity channel and the TX is around 80dB. This allow special realization
like a duplex/simplex station:
This realization allow to operate like a normal duplex station on f1=f_rx and f2=f_tx, and also in simplex/direct
mode at f2. The soft diversity feature, obviously, in this special application is lost. More details can be asked
to Factory.
3.3.2 TX output specifications
Direct and reflected output powers are measured by a directional coupler. Power control circuit acts in a
closed loop and keeps constant the total power at MOSFET drain. If reflected power or mosfet temperature
exceeds protection threshold, regulation circuit will lower output power up to safe levels for transmitter.
Even though the TX implements many internal protections, it is recommended to connect a 50 Ohm load to
the TX port before to transmit.
An impedance mismatch at this port may produce unwanted intermodulation products or instability. So it is
recommended to verify accurately the branching system tuning before to place in service the equipment.
Play attention: a ports reversal between TX and RX or transmitting in a channel outside the branching tuning,
may destroy the RX and damage the TX!
Connector type SMA

Nominal impedance 50 Ohm
Output power at the connector 1/5/10/15/20/25 W
RF final transistor protection to high temperature 85°C +/- 5°C progressively reducing the RF power
Maximum power dissipation 50W
Modulation bandwidth 0 .. 5000 Hz
Transmitting duty cycle Continued 100%
ROS protection Min.10’ in short circuit as well as in open circuit
Frequency stability (without GPS) 0.5 p.p.m.
-20dBm to avoid intermodulation products
Max reverse input signal
+20dBm no damage

Power amplifier works in C class and ensures a very high efficiency, lowering the needed power from supply
system and lowering the thermal dissipation inside the cabinet. When used at full power and high duty cycle
rate, the temperature of the equipment can increase some tens of °C over the ambient temperature. Inside
KAIROS a thermal sensor is hosted and it is directly connected to the internal microcontroller which enables
the command for air forced cooling fan of the cabinet if the temperature rises over 85°C. For heavy duty
applications it is recommended to assure appropriate ventilation and to protect users to accidentally touch
the equipment when hot.
The current flowing into final amplifier transistor is continuously monitored by microcontroller to verify the
correct functioning and to reveal an eventual efficiency degradation.
KAIROS is equipped with an harmonic filter to lower spurious emissions under required levels by existing
regulations.
In some applications, for example in multi carriers assembly or in sites with many transmitters, it is
recommended to use isolators/circulators to reduce possible intermodulation problems. Note that an
isolator assures only a limited isolation bandwidth: it can’t isolate a VHF TX from a UHF one! In similar cases
diplexers or cavity filters should be used.
Unless the TX has got a built-in protection to a load mismatching, it is strongly recommended to achieve at
the TX output connector a VSWR (referenced to 50 Ohm) between 1 to 1.3.
3.3.3 GPS antenna
KAIROS may be (optionally) equipped with an embedded receiver for GPS service, with high precision Pulse
Per Second (PPS) output function in order to synchronize the station. Only an external active antenna is
required.
The specifications of the external GPS antenna are:
Connector (RF + remote power supply) SMA

Impedance 50 Ohm
Sensitivity Tracking up to -159 dBm
From 20 to 45 dB, depending on cable length, to obtain a total gain
Antenna gain between 12 dB and 26 dB (assumes a 3 dBic patch antenna).
A typical value of 25 dB is best in most cases.
Frequency band GPS L1 1575.42 +/- 10 MHz
Maximum Noise Figure < 2.5 dB including pre-selector
DC Voltage 5Vcc @ max 100mA superimposed into the SMA RF connector
Out of Band Rejection -60 dB @ +/- 50 MHz off center frequency
Lightening Protection 90 V, 20 kA, 8/20 -S
Suggested model GPS-TMG-SP-40N from PCTEL Broadband Technology
The GPS quality and the effective antenna efficiency can be checked connecting to the equipment through
the setup tool:

The PPS acquire time is around 1 minute with good GPS signals (the frontal led “RX1” flashes red until the
PPS is ready). Once the PPS is acquired (the frontal led “RX1” flashes orange), another minute is request to
synchronize in time and frequency the equipment (than the frontal led “RX1” flashes green synchronously
with the arriving PPS).
KAIROS has the ability to automatic switch the synch source selecting the best available. The synch priority
is settable using the synch mask of the setup tool:
In multi equipment assembly like a multicarrier trunking application, it is possible to use only 1 GPS receiver
shearing the PPS signals to the other equipments via the 6pin connector placed in the back of the equipment
as shown in the following paragraphs.
3.3.3.1 In site GPS sharing

A special technique is implemented to allow also the use contemporary 2 or more GPS receivers for
redundancy. The follow figure explain how to share the PPS:

In the example above, 4 KAIROS are assembled in the same cabinet. Two GPS antennas are used realizing a
1+1 redundancy in the synchronization source. The timing signal, sent out from both KAIROS equipped with
the GPS receiver, is used from all the other ones. A special protocol on the 1-wire timing bus allows automatic
1+1 redundancy management.
Since the timing bus (pin2-PPS and pin6-GND) carries a very high precision signal, this cable must be as short
as possible and placed away from high power RF antennas. Strong RF signals applies near this cable may
corrupts the synchronization integrity.
Since the frontal led “RX1” flashes green synchronously with the PPS signal, this led should flash in the same
instant on all the equipments connected together. This immediately gives a feedback about the right
connection in the rack.
This configuration requires the following setup in the equipments:
KAIROS “A” and “D”:
1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS)
2nd choice External PPS (full)
3rd choice Internal PTP (if this protocol is supported by the IP network)
4th choice Internal ref (full)
PPS to rear plug Internal ref
KAIROS “B” and “C”:
1st choice External PPS (full)
2nd choice Internal PTP (if this protocol is supported by the IP network)

3rd choice Internal ref (full)
4th choice Internal ref (full)
PPS to rear plug Insulated
3.3.3.2 GPS sharing in RF linked stations

The main synchronization source in a RF linked simulcast network should be the GPS. In case of GPS failure,
the link transceiver is able to recover a time and frequency reference from the DMR signaling coming from
the Master station. This reference isn’t as precise as the GPS one but it is enough accurate to assure simulcast
operation with small degradations in the overlap area.
KAIROS has the ability to automatic switch the synch source selecting the best available. The GPS sharing
configuration is identical of the previous figure “GPS/PPS sharing example” where:
Slave Master
A Link transceiver Link transceiver
B Broadcast simulcast transceiver Broadcast simulcast transceiver
C - Additional link receivers
D Broadcast simulcast transceiver Broadcast simulcast transceiver
The Broadcast transceiver can be equipped of the GPS receiver in case it is needed a redundancy in the GPS
signal (position “B” of the previous table).
Since the frontal led “RX1” flashes green synchronously with the PPS signal, this led should flash in the same
instant on all the equipments connected together. This immediately gives a feedback about the right
connection in the rack.
This configuration requires the following setup in the equipments:
KAIROS “A”:
Slave Master
1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS)
2nd choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full)
3rd choice RF link (DMR) Internal ref (full)
4th choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full)

PPS to rear plug Internal ref Internal ref
KAIROS “B” and “C”:
Slave Master
1st choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full)
2nd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full)
3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full)
PPS to rear plug Insulated Insulated
KAIROS “D”:
Slave Master
1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS)
2nd choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full)
3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full)
PPS to rear plug Internal ref Internal ref
3.3.4 Power supply
The equipment requires a 13.2Vdc nominal power supply with negative to ground. KAIROS switches off when
a polarity inversion or an out of range Vdc values are detected to its power supply input.
An internal circuit protects the equipment during fast voltage transients (e.g.: in mobile application) and
during accidental short circuit. It allows also a “soft start” limiting the in-rush current during the power-on
phase.
KAIROS implements also a non-restoring protection (internal fuse) to save the equipment from heavy
transients due to lightening. This protection acts absorbing the excess energy incoming from the power
supply cable. Note that, after a lightening event, this protection may short the power supply input. Therefore
it is recommended to insert a 10A fuse in the power supply cable near the power supply source (e.g.: a
battery) to avoid dangerous damage due to lightening event or to accidental short circuits along power supply
cables.

Internal power supply is not isolated. KAIROS must be supplied by an isolated power supply (from mains)
with a minimum isolation equal to the one of an IEC 61558-2-6 compliant safety transformer or equivalent.
The power supply input has the following characteristics:
Input Voltage 10.8 – 15.6 Vdc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.2V

Max ripple 30 mVpp
Polarity reversal protection up to -70 V
Electronic protection with automatic restore for overvoltage and
Power supply protections
undervoltage events
Short-circuit protection Electronic protection with automatic restore
Power supply connector 2 pole model Phoenix Contact
Power off : 1mA
GPS Receiver (without external antenna) : 30mA
LINUX & LAN (no TRX active): 150mA
Power consumption @160MHz LINUX & LAN + RX main on : 260mA

13.2Vdc – typical values for both DMR LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity on : 310mA
timeslot used LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @1W : 1A
LINUX & LAN + RX main + RX Diversity + TX @5W : 1.8A
The DMR TIER 2 standard doesn’t require a continuous transmission from the repeater. Thus it’s easy to
calculate the battery’s autonomy as the following example:
Considering a simple KAIROS repeater operating at 10W for the 25% of time, the mean power requirement
is: I_mean=2,5*25% + 0,310*70% = 625 + 230 = 855mA
In case of a main power supply failure, a small 65Ah battery pack gives more than 3 days of full operation.
3.3.5 I/O ports
KAIROS provides some I/O ports fitted into the 25 pin D-SUB connector and the 6 pins connector placed in
the back. Some of these I/O are specialized (e.g.: PTT_out or ALRM_out) but can be re-defined for special
applications.
I/O contacts are not isolated from ground, they are referred to ground and pre-polarized by +3.3V. Due to
this configuration, for safety reason, they can be connected to very low voltage external circuits only.
Here following it is descripted the standard applications of these auxiliary pins.

3.3.5.1 Digital I/O
The I/O output pins (PWR_GOOD, M_1, M_2, PTT_OUT_conn, I/O_OUT_1, ALR_OUT, FAN,
OUT_1+1_MNG_CONN) are open collector type able to switch up to 20mA/40Vdc. A 470 Ohm resistor limits
the maximum current and a 47K resistor refers the output to the internal 3.3V.
The I/O input pins (REMOTE_OFF, E_1, E_2, I/O_IN_2, I/O_IN_3, ALR_IN1, ALR_IN2, PPS_IN_CONN) are
internally pull-upped to the 3.3V. A pair of diodes protect the input from voltage below zero. This input switch
on closing it to GND.
The function of such pins are:
REMOTE_OFF : [IN] it is equivalent to push the on/off button in the front of the equipment. When KAIROS is
in on condition, closing this pin to GND for at least 3 seconds produces a switch off condition. When in off
condition, closing this pin to GND for at least 250 milliseconds produce a switch on. See the Power on/off
button description for further details using this pin.
PWR_GOOD : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the equipment is regularly switched on
E_1, E_2 : [IN] closing them to GND advise the equipment that a valid audio signal is incoming from the Line
(like a PTT signal)
M_1, M_2 : [OUT] they are closed to GND when a valid audio signal is sent to the Line (like a SQUELCH advise)
I/O_IN_2, I/O_IN_3 : [IN] general purpose inputs; they can be used in special applications that need to acquire
external status like: opening cabinet detection, opening site door, main power supply presence (with external
switch)
I/O_OUT_1 : [OUT] general purpose output; it can be used in special applications that need to set an external
device/relays
ALR_IN1, ALR_IN2 : [IN] alarm input; closing them to GND produces an alarm advise to the Supervisor Centre.
Each alarm can be configured via the setup tool; it is possible to define a DMR TXT message or a SNMP trap
for the 0 to 1 transition and for the 1 to 0. Typical application is the open site/cabinet event.

ALR_OUT : [OUT] it is open from GND when the equipment detects an alarm condition. Power off is an alarm
condition.
FAN : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the temperature of the internal RF power amplifier rises above the
threshold (typ 65°C). It can be used to switch on cooling fans in a cabinet.
PTT_OUT_conn : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the transmitter goes on air. It is possible to insert a pre-time
to allow the right switching on time to an external RF power amplifier.
PPS_IN_CONN : [IN/OUT] this pin supports an external PPS signal or can share the internal PPS (from GPS
receiver or from the PTP or from other sourced synch). As described previously, a bus connection between
different co-located KAIROS realizes a multiple GPS reception with automatic backup. This pin can also be
configured to accept an external synchronous clock or an external pulse per second signal. Contact Factory
for further details.
IN/OUT_1+1_MNG_CONN : [IN/OUT] these pins support a simple protocol to allow two KAIROS to
functioning as 1+1 (main and spare) equipment.
V_ext_1 : [IN analog] not isolated inputs for voltage sensing (10KOhm / 0..24V referred to ground); the value
of this voltage can be seen via the remote control tool.
+12Vcc_TO_EXT : [OUT aux supply] this pin provides 13.2V, limited at 400mA, to supply a general purpose
external device
3.3.5.2 Audio I/O

KAIROS provides two 2/4 wires + E&M balanced interface for external audio devices like consoles or phone
lines. These audio ports carry analog or DMR communications (in this case the AMBE codec option is
requested).
The inputs are IN_1A/IN_1B for the Audio Line 1 and IN_2A/IN_2B for the Audio Line 2 (Z_in = 20KOhm
differential / 10KOhm single ended). The outputs are OUT_1A/ OUT_1B for the Audio Line 1 and OUT_2A/
OUT_2B for the Audio Line 2. These two outputs have different impedance:
∞ Audio Line 1 Z_out = 600 Ohm differential / 300 Ohm single ended.
∞ Audio Line 2 Z_out = 150 Ohm differential / 75 Ohm single ended.
These IN/OUT ports are balanced and ground referred (NOT FLOAT! don’t apply to these pins more than
20Vdc). For long line use, it is recommended to insert an external 1:1 transformer in order to isolate the port
from static voltage difference that can be arise between the line ends.
They can be used as balanced (suggested method) or as single ended using only one of the IN/OUT pin. The
nominal level of the audio signal in/out is -10dBm and can be regulated via setup tool between -20 and 0
dBm (-14 to -6dBm in single ended).
These Audio ports, in conjunction with the E_1, E_2, M_1, M_2 I/O signals described before, realize a double
4Wire+E&M interface.
In analog communications the standard settings of these ports are:

∞ Audio Line 1 is the audio port for Console; it is a PM (phase modulated = the incoming audio is
emphasized) audio port
∞ Audio Line 2 is the audio port for External modem (e.g.: paging interface); this port is a FM (frequency
modulated = the incoming audio is “flat”) audio port
In digital communication, if the AMBE option board is installed, these ports have the following roles:
∞ Audio Line 1: this port is connected to the DMR timeslot 1.
∞ Audio Line 2: this port is connected to the DMR timeslot 2; it is needed the dual AMBE option
Note that the audio port can be configured in many different modes. For example the Audio Line 1 can be
used to synchronize two base stations through a 2 wire long line.
The audio line settings (levels, filters, PM/FM in-out, …) are modifiable with the setup tool, using the “LINE
setup” mask.
3.4 Option boards
KAIROS has got two internal connectors for placing option boards. The main option boards are:
∞ GPS receiver: embedded receiver for GPS/GLONASS service, with high precision Pulse Per Second
(PPS) output function in order to synchronize the station. Only an external active antenna is required.
This option is required for simulcast and special operations. Place it in “OPTBOARD B” position.
∞ AMBE codec: two DSP, one per timeslot, perform the cross-coding of linear audio (mu-law coded) to
a DMR audio and vice versa. This option is required for SIP/RTP-IP and local audio applications. This
option board can be ordered for 1 or for 2 audio. Place it in “OPTBOARD B” position.
∞ USB port: it allow to connect to KAIROS standard USB devices like Flash Keys and the remote control
modem. Place it in “OPTBOARD A” position.
∞ RS232 port: it allow to connect to KAIROS standard RS232 serial devices like external data logger.
Place it in “OPTBOARD A” position.

The option boards are automatically detected and recognized at the equipment power on.
4 Installation and maintenance
4.1 Improper use
It is recommended to install the equipments in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to
them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipments and to avoid accidental contact with hot
surfaces.
4.2 Thermal dissipation
The repeater may be installed in any location suitable for electronic communications equipment, provided
that the environmental conditions do not exceed the equipment specifications for temperature and
humidity. Humidity conditions should not exceed 95% relative humidity at 50 °C (122 °F).
The temperature, measured in close proximity to the equipment, should not exceed -30 °C (-22 °F) to +60 °C
(+140 °F). Therefore, if the equipment is mounted in a cabinet, the temperature within the cabinet should be
maintained within this range.
When planning the installation, observe the following ventilation guidelines:
∞ Outlet cabinet containing the equipments should be designed to ensure a good internal air flux for
heating dissipation. A free slot of at least 1TU is recommended between two adjacent equipments.
∞ If several equipments are installed in a single cabinet, ensure adequate cooling/ventilation to each
equipment. The cabinets should be equipped with ventilation slots or openings in the front (for air

entry) and back or side panels (for air to exit). The cabinet must have a least 15 cm (6 inches) of open
space between the air vents and any wall or other objects.
∞ In case RF transmitter is set for its maximum power, it is active with a duty-cycle near to 100% and
ambient temperature could be above 40°C, a larger respect area must be considered around the rack
and an air forced cooling system should be eventually designed (“FAN” contact of the equipment can
be used to switch on and off an external cooling system). The transmitter is protected against over-
temperature: if the RF mosfet temperature arises over 85°C, the microprocessor will automatically
decrease the generated RF power in order to make the amplifier work in safety conditions. The
nominal RF power will be restored as soon as the mosfet temperature will decrease below 60°C.
4.3 Power supply system
Internal power supply voltage is nominally set to 13.2V dc from battery, with negative pole connected to
ground, and it is protected against polarity inversion, over-voltage, under-voltage, short-circuits.
It is recommended to use power supply sources with low impedance output stage to make the hot swap
controller of PSU properly work. For example, if the power supply line is very long a capacitor should be
added in parallel in order to reduce the resulting output impedance.
The power supply input has a built-in RF filter that reduce the in out noise. A ferrite bead should be inserted
in the power supply cable for very low noise applications or for cable length that exceeds 3 meters.
Note: use cable with adequate section and don’t insert inductive devices because they could produce extra-
voltage that activate internal electronic protections giving on/off instability.
Power supply cable dimensions must be calculated for a maximum current absorption of 5A @13.2V DC, in
order to avoid significant voltage drop, especially after fast transient. They must be protected by a fuse or a
short circuit protection system which should be placed as near as possible to each power supply source
(AC/DC and battery).
It is also recommended to connect a good ground reference to the rack, to its metal components and to
KAIROS by using the screw on the rear side of the equipment.
4.4 Antenna
Antenna discharger are recommended to prevent damages due to eventual atmospheric discharges. These
devices should be placed on antenna connection cable, just before equipment installation shelter, and they
must be connected to an good ground reference.
Attention must be paid also to connect the eventual diversity receiver to the radiant system: the input of this
receiver is directly connected to a SMA connector on the back side of the rack, without any filter. The
corresponding antenna must be placed far enough from the transmitting antenna in order to avoid receiver
desensitization and to get the correct isolation. To avoid any problem, it is recommended to insert a notch
or a pass-band cavity to protect the receiver.

If an external branching is connected to the equipment, it must be designed to ensure minimum reflected
power at the TX port (VSWR referenced to 50 Ohm less than 1.3) and the needed isolations between
transmitter and receivers. See the branching paragraph in the engineering specification appendix.
4.4.1 Maximum permitted antenna gain for mobile usage
Please note that there is an ERP limit in both SRSP-500 specifications by IC and in FCC Part 90 I, equal to 30
Watts (that is 44.8dBm) ERP, for mobile equipment. As Kairos can generate a maximum RF power of 25W
(44dBm), the margin between maximum radiated ERP power and transmitted power is 0.8dB (corresponding
to 3dBi). The consequence is that for mobile usage of Kairos, the maximum permitted antenna gain (by IC
and FCC) is 3dBi.
4.4.2 Maximum permitted antenna gain for fixed usage
Please note that there is an ERP limit in both SRSP-500 specifications by IC and in FCC Part 90 I, equal to 125
Watts (that is 51dBm) ERP, for fixed equipment. As Kairos can generate a maximum RF power of 25W
(44dBm), the margin between maximum radiated ERP power and transmitted power is 7dB (corresponding
to 9dBi). The consequence is that for fixed usage of Kairos, the maximum permitted antenna gain (by IC and
FCC) is 9dBi.
4.5 AF interface
These IN/OUT ports are balanced and ground referred (NOT FLOAT! don’t apply to these pins more than
20Vdc). For long line use, it is recommended to insert an external 1:1 transformer in order to isolate the port
from static voltage difference that can be arise between the line ends.
A 2/4W telephone line can be connected to the equipment only using an external circuit with high isolation
and with discharges to prevent damages due to eventual atmospheric discharges on the line.
4.6 Manual settings
No manual settings are required for KAIROS repeaters.
4.7 Self-test process
During self-test process internal parameters of modulator and demodulators are tuned by generating a signal
through the synthesizer of the transmitter, by automatically connecting its output to the input of the receiver
and by analyzing the received signal. If a strong signal is received by the external antenna during self-
calibration, it is possible that the process ends with errors (a corresponding “warning” alarm will be displayed
on both frontal leds and monitor of PC for remote control). In this case the DSP will load from flash memory
the previously saved parameters without any problem for the transceiver.
To obtain better results from self-test process, it is recommended to set the calibration frequency as near as
possible to the transmitter frequency; if there is a range of allowed frequencies for transmission, it is
recommended to set the centre of this range as the calibration frequency.

4.8 PPS signal
For applications in simulcast networks where the source of synchronization is the PPS signal by GPS, if this
signal is missing, the radio coverage of the areas which are reached by several repeaters with the same field
strength, is not ensured. Attention must be paid in choosing and placing the GPS antenna.
The GPS quality and the effective antenna efficiency can be checked connecting to the equipment through
the setup tool.
4.9 On site check list
Once the equipment is placed in the transmission site it is a good practice to measure some parameters to
be sure that the site is ready and for future reference.
The main measures should be:
∞ Power supply voltage; it should be 13,2Vdc measured at the KAIROS input. The internal monitor,
accessible via the setup tool, should indicate around 13,2V +/- 300mV in standby; this standby value
should not decrease for more than -600mV in TX @10W and -800mV in TX @25W (values valid for
VHF model). Be sure that, at the nominal RF power, the power supply be at least 12Vdc. Remember
that noisy power supply may produce unwanted disturbs both in TX and in RX.
∞ TX power to the antenna; keeping in account the branching loss, it should be within +/-1 dB (+/-2W
@10W) respect to the nominal power set.
∞ Antenna and branching system; verify the reflected power at the TX output and at the branching
output to the antenna. Unless the TX has got a built-in protection to a load mismatching, it is strongly
recommended to achieve at the TX output connector a VSWR (referenced to 50 Ohm) between 1 to
1.3. In presence of higher value of VSWR, the system performance will be degraded. In this case a
variety of symptoms might appear, like:
1. The reflected power might change varying the length of cable between transmitter and the
branching system.
2. The transmitter might generate spurious radiations.
3. The transmitter might increase its floor noise; this can produce de-sensitivity on the receiver
path.
4. The transmitter output power might become erratic, either too high or too low as measured on
a wattmeter.
In case of a poor branching system, the use of a ferrite isolator at the output of the transmitter should
solve the reflected power problem.
∞ RX sensitivity; since KAIROS is a digital transceiver, the sensitivity should be measured in digital.
Anyway, considering that the digital demodulation is only a SW algorithm, it is enough to measure
the sensitivity in analog. The sensitivity should be measured on both channels, Main and Diversity,

with the branching filters. The S/N should be better than 20dB with a RF field of -110dBm @12.5KHz
of channelization.
∞ RX de-sensitivity; this measure verify the RF pollution that influences the antenna. Connect the RX
input to the antenna inserting a directional coupler. The sensitivity measured with the antenna and
substituting it with a dummy load should differ for few dB (typical value: 2-6 dB @160MHz, 1-3dB
@450MHz). If the measured value is not satisfactory, you can try to insert a band pass cavity filter.
∞ RX de-sensitivity when the TX is on; this measure verify the correct isolation of the TX/RX filter
system. Connect the antenna input to a duplex test set analyzer. The sensitivity with the TX on
respect when off, should differ for less than 3 dB (this value may vary with the TX/RX band
separation). ). If the measured value is not satisfactory, the TX/RX isolation of the branching filter
should be increased; the problem may be also in the noise of the power supply when the equipment
is in TX.
∞ Verify the IP network functionality (if the equipment is a part of a network); if the Master station is
present, a KAIROS slave should register itself to the master within 1 minute. The led “NETWORK” in
the frontal panel should blink green. Verify all the signal path: a signal received locally must arrive to
the Master (see its voter mask), must be selected in the master and must be transmitted locally. Be
sure that the signal re-transmitted is effectively the signal coming from the Master and not a local
copy.
∞ At the end remember to save on your PC all configuration parameters of the base station; these
parameters can be very useful to clone a substituting unit in case of fail.
4.10 IP discover
When KAIROS is placed in field or coming back from a site, maybe a problem to connect to it if the IP address
is unknown. A simple way to discover the IP is switching on KAIROS with the following procedure.
1. Switch off the equipment
2. At equipment switched off, press the on/off button for at least 4 sec (all Radio Led will be orange),
until the Radio Led start to flash orange slowly
3. Release the on/off button => the Radio Led start to flash green fast
4. Press again the on/off button within 4 seconds => the equipment goes in “IP discover status”
5. KAIROS performs all the setup procedure but its IP becomes: 172.33.16.140/16; during this status
the Radio Led flash orange every 2 seconds to advise that the equipment is in a maintenance status
6. Connect the setup tool to 172.33.16.140/16 address to see/change the IP currently in use in the
equipment
7. At the end of the procedure switch off the equipment pressing the on/off button for at least 2 sec as
usual
At the next power on, the equipment will assume the last IP saved.

4.11 Preventive Maintenance
KAIROS does not require a scheduled preventive maintenance program; however, periodic visual inspection
and cleaning is recommended. Check that the external surfaces of the radio are clean, and that all external
controls and switches are functional. It is not recommended to inspect the interior electronic circuitry.

5 Parameters configuration and Remote Control
Working parameter of the station are completely programmable through a SW package and a PC connection.
The visible (and programmable) parameters set is very wide and extends from radio channel setting to tuning
voltage measure of each local oscillator. The software is called KAIROS_Manager for single base-stations or
DMR_NetControl for network systems.
Remote diagnostic of radio stations from PC can be performed through the Ethernet interface of the station.
This interface is absolutely standard and very diffused, so relatively simple to be remoted. Radio Activity
stations can be equipped with an external GPRS modem which will provide remote access to the station, if
the installation site is covered by this service and if the Mobile Provider allows the machine to machine
connection. Each operation can be remotely performed, exactly the same as in local connection, including
FW down-loading, configuration Down-loading and up-loading, station check, parameters changing.
Communication and supervision unit can spontaneously transmit diagnostic messages if defined “self-
alarming” events happen. This is useful to automatically check the stations.
Here following an example of remote control forms:
For further details about remote control software, refer to proper documentation (SW user manuals).

5.1 SIP/RTP Gateway
KAIROS can run an optional “DMR Gateway” agent to interface Analog and DMR radio systems to several
external networks (the AMBE codec option board is requested). It allows radio users to easily communicate
and interoperate with:
∞ External telephone applications like conventional PSTN equipments (external interface needed) and
VoIP systems (SIP PABX, SIP Hardphones, Softphones, Open Source SIP platforms).
∞ Dispatching systems and control room applications like analog 4-wire + E&M consoles, RTP based
consoles, SIP based dispatching systems for control room applications, to connect a Base Station (or a
radio network) to a local operator desk.
∞ Other users under different radio networks/repeater (Wide Area Mobility).
The DMR Gateway Agent translates Voice (full duplex audio streams from/to DMR coded audio to G.711 µ-
law or a-law) and Data streams, along with the associated signaling (for example SIP Requests DMR or
DTMF DMR) to provide the interconnection between these communication systems.
The DMR Gateway Agent runs into the KAIROS engine without the need of an external PC. This Agent is
compatible with the DTI/DMR Gateway module of the RA-XXX family of DMR Base Station (blue series) and
can be used in the same system.
These Agent manages one or two DSP processors for audio encoding/decoding (vocoders). A lot of
applications may be available by using the extremely compact coded bandwidth and the powerful built-in
functionalities. The applications are targeted to the DMR radio communication Dispatching Room.
This audio can be easily managed using standard audio program and application on a PC. Radio Activity will
provide the protocol descriptions to allow his partners to develop their own applications.
See the SIP/RTP Gateway document for more details.

6 Engineering specifications
KAIROS VS RA-XXX COMPARISON

The main differences between the RA-XXX and the KAIROS families are:
KAIROS RA-XXX
Mechanic Single module Multi module assembly
Weight 1,3 Kg 6 Kg
Operative System LINUX LINUX
Internal Memory (RAM/FLASH) 128Mbyte/64Mbyte 32Mbyte/32Mbyte
Diversity RX Always present Option
Power supply 13,2Vdc (11 to 15V) 12Vdc; 24 – 48 Vdc as option
RX power consumption <5W <8W
TX Power 25W (15W at 900MHz band) 25W
Simulcast Yes (as option) Yes (as option)
Channelization 25/20/12,5/6,25 KHz 12,5 KHz; 25/20 KHz as option
66-88; 136-174; 350-410; 400-470;
Bands 68-88; 146-174; 400-470 MHZ
450-520; 806-941 MHZ
Dual mode DMR/Analog Yes (as option) Yes
DMR TIER 3 Yes (as option) Yes (as option)
FDMA duplex / half duplex / Direct FDMA duplex / half duplex (as base
Operation
mode (2TS)/TDMA duplex station)
Vehicular/mobile repeater Yes No
Built in audio lines 2 (Timeslot 1 and 2 DMR ) 1
User I/O 4 not insulated 4 insulated
Internal GPS Receiver Option Option
Internal GSM for remote
No Option
Control
Internal Option or external DTI
SIP/RTP Gateway external DTI module needed
module
1+1 (Main/Spare) operation Yes (as option) Yes (as option)
RS232 Serial port Yes (as option) Yes (included in the I/O module)
USB Port Yes (as option) No
Design year 2014 2007

6.1 Radio frequency
Radio Transceiver model KA080, KA160, KA350, KA450, KA500, KA900, typical values.
6.1.1 Transmitter
Output power at the connector 1/5/10/15/20/25 W

Connector SMA
RF final transistor protection to high
85°C +/- 5°C progressively reducing the RF power
temperature
Available modulation FM, PM, GFSK, 4FSK, 2DFSK
Modulation bandwidth 0 .. 5000 Hz
Transmitting duty cycle Continued 100%
ROS protection Min.10’ in short circuit as well as in open circuit
Adjacent channel noise -75 dBc @25KHz / -65 dBc @12.5KHz
FM distortion < 1.5 %
Noise -56 dBp @25KHz / -47 dBp @12.5KHz
Frequency stability (without GPS) 0.5 p.p.m. (without digital correction)
-20dBm to avoid intermodulation products
Max reverse input signal
+20dBm no damage
4FSK Digital Modulation (DMR)
12.5 KHz Data Only: 7K60FXD
12.5 kHz Data and Voice: 7K60FXE
Emission Designator (ITU) FM Modulation
12.5 kHz: 11K0F3E (voice); 11K0FXD (data)
25 kHz: 16K0F3E (voice); 16K0FXD (data)
20 kHz: 14K0F3E (voice); 14K0FXD (data)
6.1.2 Receiver
-116 dBm @20 dBp SINAD

Maximum sensitivity -118dBm @5% BER without diversity
-121dBm @5% BER with diversity
Operating maximum input -10 dBm
Maximum input without permanent
+10 dBm
damages
Reception mode Vector I & Q
Received signal band 0..5000 Hz
Co-channel protection 8 dB @25 KHz / 12 dB @12.5KHz
Adjacent channel selectivity 73 dB @25 KHz / 63 dB @12.5 KHz

Blocking protection 80 dB
Intermodulation protection 75 dB
Intercept 3° order IP3in +15 dBm
Distortion <2 % @1KHz
Noise -53 dBp @25 KHz / -47 dBp @12.5 KHz
Frequency stability 0.5 p.p.m. (without digital correction)
6.2 IP interfacing
6.2.1 LAN protocols
Proprietary between base stations or Audio Gateway (RA-TI-XXX):

UDP/IP (ipv4), unicast (from Slave or RA-TI-XXX to master) and
selectable from multicast/unicast/broadcast (from master to Slave
Protocols for voice packets or RA-TI-XXX), with DSCP set to “EF” (Telephony service class),
according to RFC 4594
Between the Audio Gateway and SIP/Dispatching applications:
RTP (Real Time Protocol) according to RFC 3550
Protocols for BS “internal” network UDP/IP (ipv4), unicast and multicast, with DSCP set to “CS6”
control (Network Control service class), according to RFC 4594
Protocols for remote control, setup and UDP/IP and TCP/IP (ipv4) unicast and broadcast with DSCP set to
surveillance “AF13” (High-Throughput Data service class), according to RFC 4594
It delivers the highest level of precision clock synchronization for
PTP Precision Time Protocol over IP
real time industrial connectivity based on the IEEE 1588 standard
Audio format between Master and Analog: 64 kb/s – 8 bit x 8 KHz selectable linear or mu-law coded
Salves or RA-TI-XX DMR: AMBE II+TM (Advanced Multi-Band Excitation)
Analog: 30 ms – 240 bytes/samples
Audio frame block net payload DMR selectable single/double timeslot: 60 ms – 27 bytes each
timeslot
Audio format between RA-TI-XX and
RTP 64 kb/s – 8 bit x 8 KHz selectable A or mu-law coded
PC/SIP application
Messaging format between RA-TI-XX
variable length RTP for text messaging according to RFC 4103
and PC/SIP application
6.2.2 Ports and connectors
UTP LAN Port Ethernet 10BT/100TX (auto MDI/MDI-X) on an RJ45 socket

Optical LAN Port (option) Ethernet 100FX on SC-SC socket (not yet available)
Serial control Port RS232 V.24 asynchronous 600 ÷ 115200 bps (optional)
USB control Port (optional)

6.2.3 LAN requirements
Jitter (deviation of averaged packet The Base Station is able to compensate Jitter delay up to 200 ms.
time delay) The total delay averaged + jitter must not exceeds 400ms (each way)
The Base Station is able to compensate round trip delay less then
Maximum delay
900ms (jitters included)
Packet loss < 0.1 %
SLAVE or RA-TI-XX:
70 kb/s in analog to/from Master
24 kb/s in DMR to/from Master (both timeslots)
MASTER to serve N SLAVES or RA-TI-XX (both timeslots):
Minimum bandwidth (network
Using multicast (preferred method) or broadcast:
signaling and remote control polling
70 kb/s in analog to Slaves, 70 kb/s x N from Slaves
inclusive)
24 kb/s in DMR to Slaves, 24 kb/s x N from Slaves
Using unicast:
70 kb/s x N in analog to Slaves, 70 kb/s x N from Slaves
24 kb/s x N in DMR to Slaves, 24 kb/s x N from Slaves
6.2.4 Codec VoIP
Uncoded audio source 64 kbps – 8bitx8KHz

Net bit-rate (1CH) 2450 bps
FEC Coded bit-rate (1CH) 3600 bps
Audio frame block 20ms
Coder algorithm AMBE II+TM (Advanced Multi-Band Excitation)
DMR compatibility Motorola (Mototrbo series), Hytera, Sepura
6.2.5 SNMP protocol
Version compatibility 2.0

Maximum number of managed server
8
ports
Traps description On MIB file included in the standard SW package
6.3 GPS/GLONASS antennas
6.3.1 GPS/GLONASS antenna requirements
Connector (RF + remote power supply) SMA

Impedance 50 Ohm
Sensitivity Tracking up to -159 dBm
From 20 to 45 dB, depending on cable length, to obtain a total gain
Antenna gain between 12 dB and 26 dB (assumes a 3 dBic patch antenna).
A typical value of 25 dB is best in most cases.
Frequency band GPS L1 1575.42 +/- 10 MHz
Maximum Noise Figure < 2.5 dB including pre-selector
DC Voltage 5Vcc @ max 100mA superimposed into the SMA RF connector
Out of Band Rejection -60 dB @ +/- 50 MHz off center frequency
Lightening Protection 90 V, 20 kA, 8/20 -S
Suggested model GPS-TMG-SP-40N from PCTEL Broadband Technology
Note: It is necessary only 1 antenna per site independently from the number of base stations. The pps signal
received from one base station can be shared to the other ones in the same cabinet via the 6-pins bus on the
back of KAIROS.
6.4 Frequency bands
Model Frequency band

KA-900 UHF – HH => 806-941 MHz
KA-500 UHF – H => 450-527 MHz
KA-450 UHF – M => 400-470 MHz
KA-350 UHF – L => 350-410 MHz
KA-160 VHF – H => 136-174 MHz
KA-080 VHF – L => 66-88 MHz
KA-040* VHF – LL => 30-40 MHz
* please, ask to Factory the availability

6.5 Branching requirements
6.5.1 TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power
RX main TX
Band +/-40MHz +/-9MHz +/-4.5MHz +/-3MHz +/-1.5MHz +/-0.8MHz

UHF – HH 75dB
UHF – H/L 75dB 76dB
VHF – H 75dB 75dB 76dB 78dB 81dB 85dB
VHF – L 75dB 75dB 75dB 75dB 78dB 81dB
6.5.2 Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals
RX main TX
Band +/-1MHz +/-500KHz +/-100KHz +/-50KHz +/-25KHz +/-12.5KHz

UHF – HH -32dBm -43dBm -45dBm -47dBm -49dBm -58dBm
UHF – H/L -32dBm -41dBm -43dBm -44dBm -48dBm -56dBm
VHF – H -32dBm -40dBm -42dBm -43dBm -47dBm -54dBm
VHF – L -32dBm -36dBm -38dBm -40dBm -43dBm -50dBm
6.6 Other specifications
6.6.1 Environmental parameters
Operating Temperature -30 ÷ +60 °C

Storage Temperature -40 ÷ +70 °C
Relative Humidity
Max 80% not condensed
(operating and storage)

6.6.2 Power supply
Input Voltage 10.8 – 15.6 Vcc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.2V

Max ripple 30 mVpp
Polarity reversal protection up to -70 V
Electronic protection with automatic restore for overvoltage and
Power supply protections
undervoltage events
Short-circuit protection Electronic protection with automatic restore
Power supply connector 3 pole model Phoenix Contact
A Ø5MA nut on the rear side of the base station
Ground connections
The central contact on the power supply connector
TX: 60 W @25W RF
Power consumption
RX: 4.5 W (with both RX main and diversity enabled)
6.6.3 Mechanical characteristics
Dimensions (including connectors) 48 x 197x 220 mm

19” Rack mount assembly for up to 2
87 (2TU) x 426 x 220 mm
transceivers
19” Rack mount assembly for up to 6
215 (5TU) x 426 x 220 mm
transceivers
Weight (1 transceiver) 1.350 g
6.6.4 Audio balanced interfaces
Interface type 2x4+E&M balanced lines

Line isolation 25 V / (1500V with external phone line interface)
Used audio bandwidth 300÷3400 Hz
Line1 => 600 Ohm differential / 300 Ohm single ended
Input/output Impedance
Line2 => 150 Ohm differential / 75 Ohm single ended
Side tone reflection < - 20 dB
Output nominal level -30 .. 0 dBm
Input nominal level -30 .. 0 dBm
Level adjust software by 0.1dB step
Ring detect (with external phone line
60..120 Vpp @25Hz
interface)
Release tone detection(with external
3 pulses of 425Hz @50% duty 250ms/250ms
phone line interface)
7 REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE
KAIROS is compliant with the existing regulations, in particular:

∞ EN 300 086-2: Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment for analogue speech.
∞ EN 300 113-2: Technical characteristics and test conditions for non speech radio equipment for the
transmission of data.
∞ FCC: Part 90; subpart I
∞ IC: RSS119
∞ ETSI TS 102361 (part 1;2;3): Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) Systems. The equipment is able to manage OSI stack layers 1–2–3 of the
DMR protocol, offering an active interaction with mobile terminals.
∞ EMC : EN 301489-1; EN 301489-5
∞ EMF: EN50385
∞ EMC for bus & train: EN 50498; EN 50121-3-2; EN 50155
∞ Safety : EN 60065 A1
The product is conformed to the Directive 1999-5-CE.
The product is conformed to the Directive 2002/95/CE - RoHs (“ro-has”). It doesn’t contain
concentrations exceeding the permitted limits for the following substances:
∞ Lead (Pb)
∞ Mercury (Hg)
∞ Cadmium (Cd)
∞ Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI))
∞ Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
∞ Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
The use of this equipment may be subject to the specific authorization by the national authority responsible
for spectrum management, and it should operate under the local government laws.
Please refer to the document “Declaration of conformity KA-xxx.doc” (where “xxx” is the specific model,
which is referred to) for signed certification of compliance of the KAIROS to normatives.
7.1 Notice for EC users
KAIROS products have been certified according to the essential requirements stated by Directive
2014/53/EU. It satisfies the following standards:
- EN 60065:2014 and EN 50385:2002
- EN 301489-1 V2.1.1 and EN 301489-5 V2.2.0
- EN 300113 V2.2.1 and EN 300086 V2.1.2
Please make sure to have the needed permissions by local Authorities to work on the desired frequencies:
some frequency ranges of the full usable band may be not permitted in some Countries for any application.

The following table shows the list of EU Countries where the equipment is intended to be used:
AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES
FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU
LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK
TR
7.2 Notice for US users
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standards.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired
operation.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses,
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the
interference at his own expense.
Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by Radio Activity may void the FCC
authorization to operate this equipment.
7.3 Notice for Canadian users
Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio
exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes:
1. l'appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et
2. l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est
susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.

7.4 Notice for Chinese users
China ROHS caution :

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KAIROS User Manual

Radio Activity S.r.l.

1.2 DOCUMENT COPYRIGHTS .......................................................................................................................... 7

1.3 DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................ 7

1.4 MODIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 7

2 PRODUCT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 8

2.2 IMPROPER USE ........................................................................................................................................ 9

2.3 POWER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 ANTENNA SYSTEM / LIGHTNING.................................................................................................................. 9

3.2 RADIO STATUS LED ................................................................................................................................. 12

3.2.1 LINUX booting status ................................................................................................................. 12

3.2.2 DSP booting phase ..................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.3 Led during radio calibration ....................................................................................................... 14

3.2.4 Radio Led during regular function status................................................................................... 14

3.2.5 Maintenance status ................................................................................................................... 15

3.3 REAR PANEL .......................................................................................................................................... 15

3.3.1 RX inputs specifications ............................................................................................................. 16

3.3.2 TX output specifications ............................................................................................................. 17

3.3.3 GPS antenna .............................................................................................................................. 18

3.3.4 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 22

3.3.5 I/O ports ..................................................................................................................................... 23

3.4 OPTION BOARDS .................................................................................................................................... 26

Radio Activity S.r.l. 2 / 44

4.2 THERMAL DISSIPATION............................................................................................................................ 27

4.3 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 28

4.4 ANTENNA ............................................................................................................................................. 28

4.4.1 Maximum permitted antenna gain for mobile usage................................................................ 29

4.4.2 Maximum permitted antenna gain for fixed usage ................................................................... 29

4.5 AF INTERFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 29

4.6 MANUAL SETTINGS ................................................................................................................................ 29

4.7 SELF-TEST PROCESS ................................................................................................................................ 29

4.8 PPS SIGNAL .......................................................................................................................................... 30

4.9 ON SITE CHECK LIST ................................................................................................................................ 30

4.11 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................................ 32

5 PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION AND REMOTE CONTROL ................................................................ 33

6 ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 35

6.1.1 Transmitter ................................................................................................................................ 36

6.2 IP INTERFACING ..................................................................................................................................... 37

6.2.1 LAN protocols ............................................................................................................................. 37

6.2.2 Ports and connectors ................................................................................................................. 37

6.2.3 LAN requirements ...................................................................................................................... 38

6.2.4 Codec VoIP ................................................................................................................................. 38

6.2.5 SNMP protocol ........................................................................................................................... 38

6.3 GPS/GLONASS ANTENNAS .................................................................................................................... 38

Radio Activity S.r.l. 3 / 44

6.4 FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................................ 39

6.5 BRANCHING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 40

6.5.1 TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power ........................................... 40

6.5.2 Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals ................................................................ 40

6.6 OTHER SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 40

6.6.1 Environmental parameters ........................................................................................................ 40

6.6.2 Power supply .............................................................................................................................. 41

6.6.3 Mechanical characteristics ........................................................................................................ 41

6.6.4 Audio balanced interfaces ......................................................................................................... 41

7 REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE .......................................................................................................... 41

7.2 NOTICE FOR US USERS............................................................................................................................ 43

7.3 NOTICE FOR CANADIAN USERS ................................................................................................................. 43

Radio Activity S.r.l. 4 / 44

Model KA-080 KA-160 KA-350 KA-450 KA-500 KA-900