Unit 1 - Lecture 3 - 4

UNIT 1:
Fundamentals of DC and AC circuits

Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Law
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• However, when it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s two laws, we have a
sufficient, powerful set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric
circuits.
• These laws are:
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• It states that:
“the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero”.
OR
“ Sum of currents entering a node = Sum of currents leaving a node “
• Based on Law of Conservation of Charge.
• Mathematically, ∑ 𝐼 = 0
QUICK QUIZ
KCL equation for the given network is:
A. 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
B. 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3
C. 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
D. -𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• It states that:
“algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.”
OR
“ Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises.”
• Based on Law of Conservation of Energy
• Mathematically, ∑ 𝑉 = 0
Sign Convention for KVL
Let us Recall!
• Taking Clockwise direction (Def. 1):
+𝑉1 − 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 − 𝑉5 = 0
• Taking Anti-clockwise direction(Def. 1):

−𝑉4 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + 𝑉5 = 0
• Voltage rise = Voltage drop

+𝑉1 + 𝑉4 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉5
Voltage Division Rule
• The important relations are:
Example for Voltage Division Rule
Current Division Rule
• The important relations are:
QUICK QUIZ
Find current across two resistors?
A. 𝐼1 = 4 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 16 𝐴
B. 𝐼1 = −2 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 1 𝐴
C. 𝐼1 = 4 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 1 𝐴
D. 𝐼1 = 1 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 4 𝐴
Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• They can be used to analyze any electrical circuit.
• Computation of current and voltage of complex circuits.
Limitations of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• The limitation of Kirchhoff’s both laws is that it works under the assumption
that there is no fluctuating magnetic field in the closed loop.
, and the current flows only through conductors and wires.
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between
two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit
NOTE:
• Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently
carry the same current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
independent loops = b − n + 1
QUICK QUIZ
How many branches, nodes and
independent loops are present in
the given circuit?
A. b=3, n=5, l=6
B. b=5, n=3, l=6
C. b=5, n=3, l=3
D. b=3, n=5, l=3
Energy Sources
Source
Voltage Source Current Source
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent
Voltage-Dependent Voltage-Dependent
Current- Dependent Current- Dependent

Independent and Dependent Sources
• Independent sources are those which does not depend on any other quantity in the circuit.
They are two terminal devices and has a constant value, i.e. the voltage across the two
terminals remains constant irrespective of all circuit conditions.
The Independent sources are represented by a circular shape.
• Dependent or Controlled sources are those whose output voltage or current is NOT fixed but
depends on the voltage or current in another part of the circuit. When the strength of voltage
or current changes in the source for any change in the connected network, they are called
dependent sources.
The dependent sources are represented by a diamond shape.
Independent and Dependent Sources
• Independent • Dependent
QUICK QUIZ
Identify the type of dependent source used in the network:
A. VCVS
B. CCCS
C. VCCS
D. CCVS
Ideal and Practical Voltage/Current Source
•Ideal is one where internal resistance does NOT exist. NOTE:
1. For a voltage source, internal resistance must be ZERO.
2. For a current source, internal resistance must be INFINITY.
• Practical is one where internal resistance is present.
Source Transformation (V-> I and I->V)
Quick Quiz
Quick Quiz

Unit 1 - Lecture 3 - 4

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UNIT 1:

Fundamentals of DC and AC circuits

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• Taking Anti-clockwise direction(Def. 1):

• Voltage rise = Voltage drop

Voltage Source Current Source

Independent Dependent Independent Dependent

Current- Dependent Current- Dependent

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