07 Elements of Literature and The Combined Arts Slides 1

HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
AND THE COMBINED ARTS
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS
Literature
Literature is defined as books and other written works,
especially those considered to have creative or artistic merit or
lasting value.
- Literature intensifies ordinary language, deviates

systematically from everyday speech
- Just as architecture is the art form that arises out of the

human ability to create buildings, literature is the art form that
arises out of the human ability to create language
- At present, not all written works can be considered literature
- The medium of literature is language

Objectives of a Writer
1. To strive in raising the level of the reader’s humanity
2. To accomplish the purpose of making a man a better

person, giving him a high sense of value
Elements of Literature
1. Emotional appeal
2. Intellectual appeal
3. Humanistic value
Elements of Literature // Emotional Appeal

- also known as pathos (Greek word for “suffering”)
- is achieved when the reader is emotionally moved or touched
by any literary artwork
- example:
• How do I Love Thee? by Elizabeth Browning
• Tonight I Can Write the Saddest Lines by Pablo Neruda
Elements of Literature // Intellectual Appeal

- also known as logos (Greek word for “word”)
- refers to the internal consistency of the message — the
clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the
effectiveness of its supporting evidence
- its impact on an audience is sometimes called the
argument’s logical appeal
- example: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Jose Rizal
Elements of Literature // Intellectual Appeal

“on consecration to a great idea,” he said:
“don’t you realize that it is useless life which is not

consecrated to a great idea? It is a stone wasted on the fields
without becoming part of any edifice”
(Simoun to Basilio)
Elements of Literature // Humanistic Value

- can be attained when a literary work makes a reader an
improved person with a better outlook in life and with a clear
understanding of his/her inner self
- example:
• Foreigner by Amado V. Hernandez
• The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant
• Gospel of St. John 3:16

Finds faults with things that are native — customs and
living, food and dress — were it not for his brown skin you’d
think he was foreign and born somewhere else.
excerpt from Foreigner by Amado V. Hernandez

translation in English by Cirilio F. Bautista

What would have happened if she had never lost those
jewels?
Who knows? Who knows? How strange life is, how fickle!
How little is needed to ruin or to save!
excerpt from The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant


For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten
Son, so that whoever believes in Him should not perish, but
have everlasting life.
Gospel of John 3:16

2 Classifications of Literature
1. Escape literature
2. Interpretative literature
2 Classifications of Literature // Escape

- for entertainment purpose, that is to help us pass the time in
an agreeable manner
- takes us away from the real world and enables us to
temporarily forget our troubles
- objective is pleasure
2 Classifications of Literature // Interpretative

- to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life
- takes us through imagination, deeper into the real world
and enables us to understand our troubles
- objective is both pleasure and understanding
Uses of Literature
1 // Moralizing literature. Here, the purpose of literature is to
present moral values for the reader to understand and
appreciate; the moral may be directly or indirectly state.
Literature can either be for entertainment or for the purpose

of moralizing. This may make the reader understand,
appreciate, and make the reader a better person.
Uses of Literature
2 // Propaganda literature. This kind of literature is found not
only in history books and advertising and marketing books
but also in some books describing one’s personal success
and achievements in life.
Uses of Literature
3 // Psychological continuum of the individual — therapeutic
value. It could be looked on as a sophisticated modern
elaboration of the idea of catharsis (an emotional relief
experienced by the reader thereby helping him recover from a
previous pent-up emotion.
ELEMENTS OF
POETRY
Poetry
- a challenging form of writing using proper choice of words or
grammar, denotative and symbolical meaning of sounds.
Elements of Poetry
1 // Denotation / Connotation. Denotation is the actual
meaning of a word derived from the dictionary. Connotation is
the related or allied meanings of a word. Example: Thoughts by
Czarina Roldan
2 // Imagery. This may be defined as the representation of

sense experience through language. Example: Change by G.
Burce Bunao
Elements of Poetry
3 // Figurative language. The most commonly used snd most
important of the figurative language are the simile and the
metaphor. The only distinction between them is that in a simile, the
comparison is expressed by the use of some words or phrarses
such as like, as, than, similar to, resemble or seem; in a metaphor,
the comparison is implied, that is, the figurative term is substituted
for or identified with a literal term. Examples: Our Children by Lucia
Zabarte, I Gave Myself to Him by Emily Dickinson
Elements of Poetry
4 // Rhythm and meter. Rhythm is a part of our lives as there is
rhythm in the way we walk, the way we talk, the way we swim and
other similar activities. Meter, in language, is the accents that are so
arranged as to occur at apparently equal intervals of time. Examples:
Invictus by William Ernest Henley, On Being a Person by Lory Jao
• verse - metrical language

• free verse - no particular rhyme and meter
Elements of Poetry
5 // Meaning and idea. The meaning of a poem is the experience
it expresses. Here we can distinguish between the “total meaning”
of a poem which is only a part of the total experience it
communicates. The value and worth of the poem are determined
by the value of the total experience, not by the truth or the nobility
of the idea itself. Prose meaning does not necessarily have to be an
idea itself. It may be a story, a description, a statement of emotion,
a presentation of human character or a combination of these.
ELEMENTS OF THE
SHORT STORY
Short Story
- classified under interpretative literature
- a story becomes interpretative as it illuminates some aspects
of human life or behavior
- an interpretative story presents us with an insight — large or
small — into the nature and condition of our existence. It gives
us a keener awareness of what it is to be a human being in a
universe that is sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile.
- helps us understand our neighbors and ourselves
Elements of the Short Story

1 // Plot. Plot in a short story means the sequence of incidents
or events of which a story is composed or the arrangement of
action or imagined events or series of events.
2 // Character. Reading for a character is more difficult than

reading for a plot because a character is much more complex,
varied and ambiguous. Most short stories are focused on or
evolves in just one character.

3 // Theme. Theme is the controlling idea or the central insight in
a literary work. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or
implied by the story.
4 // Symbol and irony. A literary symbol is something that

means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation,
an action or some other item that has a literal meaning in the
story but suggests or represents other meanings as well.

Irony is a term with a range of meanings, all of them involving some
sort of discrepancy or incongruity. It is a contrast in which one term
of the contrast in some way mocks the other term. There are three
kinds of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony, and irony of the situation.
5 // Language and style. Language refers to the idiom used and

how it is used. Style, on the other hand, is a term which may refer
to the precise use of language, both literally or figuratively.
ELEMENTS OF
THE ESSAY
Essay
- a literary composition on a particular subject, usually short
and expresses the author’s personal thoughts, feelings,
experiences, or observations on a phase of life that has
interested him
- essays can be roughly grouped as formal (heavy, informative,
and intellectually stimulating) and informal (light, humorous,
and entertaining)
Elements of the Essay

1 // The issue introduced. This reflects the actual purpose of the writer.
2 // The writer’s viewpoint and thought. The final stand of the author,
whether he is for or against the issue he has discussed.
3 // The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. This refers
to the reader’s perception, responsiveness, and enjoyment of the theme.
ELEMENTS OF
THE NOVEL
Novel
- particularly applicable to a long work of prose fiction dealing
with characters, situations, and scenes that represent those
of real life and setting and action in the form of a plot
- the purpose of fiction, whether in a novel or a short story, is
to recount a narrative which gives us moral lessons and
bring us pleasure
Elements of the Novel

1 // Setting. The setting of a novel covers the time, the place,
and the background. It involves not only geography but also the
entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of a particular region
and historical period. Sometimes it emphasizes a certain
locality. It is essential that the setting is in keeping with the story
that is told.

2 // Plot. The plot is the skeleton or framework which gives
shape and proportion to the novel. It can also be described as
the story itself, the actual events or happenings in the novel, the
most important substance which concerns human activity and
the changes which occur from the beginning to the end of the
story

2 // Plot.
• conflict - important element of plot, it may be caused by the physical

environment like hostile nature, social environment like the
conventions, customs or traditions that exist in a cultural community,
other characters, or it may be a physical, emotional, and mental
handicap within the main character himself
• motive - we should also determine the ideals, motives, ambitions or

aspirations of the main character to understand the plot better

3 // Theme. The theme of the novel is the universal truth found in
the novel, the main idea or the topic. A theme does not mean
moral value, for the latter is the message that teaches the reader.
4 // Character. The characters are the moving spirit of the novel.

They do not only act but also manifest the moral, emotional, and
intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author.

4 // Character. Characters involve two qualities: morality and personality.
• morality - this will tell us the good guys from the bad guys
• personality - includes speech, hairstyle, hobby, attitude toward work,
and all of the complex attitudes and feelings that define the individual
The consistency of character traits is essential in the story but this does
not mean that a character cannot change as a result of the circumstances
through which he passes.
ELEMENTS OF
DRAMA
Drama
- is written primarily to be performed, not read
- it normally presents its action:
1. through actors
2. on a stage
3. before an audience
Elements of Drama
1 // Plot. Plot may also mean a summary of a play’s story. At
the beginning of a play, the author briefly and quickly introduces
the characters and provides information about the earlier
events and the present situation.
This introduction is called the exposition.

Elements of Drama
2 // Character. Characters are shaped to fit the needs of the
plot. Each one has a role in the story. Either he or she is a
protagonist or an antagonist.
3 // Thought. Thoughts include the ideas and emotions

implied by the overall meaning of the play, sometimes the
theme.
Elements of Drama
4 // Language. Language, also called dialogue, is a means of
expressing the character and the thoughts dramatically. In
theater, language refers to the dramatic dialogue which may be
in prose or in verse.
• dialogue - is the conversation between two or more

characters in the play
Elements of Drama
4 // Language.
• prose dialogue - may be naturalistic or rhetorical

• naturalistic dialogue - is the actual way people talk
• rhetorical dialogue - popularly described as high flown,
florid, and oratorical
• verse dialogue - makes use of the conventions of poetry for
the purpose of drama
Elements of Drama
5 // Theme. Theme is what a story means, a conviction about the real world
we live in, and may be stated in several ways. The theme is enacted
throughout the plot.
6 // Climax / Denouement
• climax - the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated
suspense, and that stirs the most intense feelings or emotions.
• denouement - the final part of the play, where the playwright brings the
conflict to an end and explains how and why everything turned out the
way it did.
Elements of Drama
7 // Music and spectacle. Music and spectacle are an integral part of a
performance. These intensify emotions by heightening the atmosphere,
whether of vitality or terror or sorrow, through speech and movement.
8 // Costume and make-up. Worn by characters; it helps them be in

character.
9 // Scenery and lighting. The proper backdrops, props, and lighting

can add a great deal to the realism of the play.
Importance of Reading Literary Works

- entertain or give pleasure
- we learn moral values that can improve our lives
- help us acquire knowledge and information particularly the
individual’s progress and achievement, thus serving as
inspiration
Seatwork
ELEMENTS OF
POETRY Analyze the elements
1. Denotation & of poetry in the poem
Connotation Invictus.
2. Imagery
3. Figurative Language copy & paste on
4. Rhythm & Meter 1 whole yellow pad
5. Meaning & Idea
Quiz

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HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION

- Literature intensifies ordinary language, deviates

- Just as architecture is the art form that arises out of the

- At present, not all written works can be considered literature

- The medium of literature is language

2. To accomplish the purpose of making a man a better

Elements of Literature // Emotional Appeal

Elements of Literature // Intellectual Appeal

Elements of Literature // Intellectual Appeal

“don’t you realize that it is useless life which is not

Elements of Literature // Humanistic Value

Elements of Literature // Humanistic Value

excerpt from Foreigner by Amado V. Hernandez

Elements of Literature // Humanistic Value

excerpt from The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant

Elements of Literature // Humanistic Value

Gospel of John 3:16

2 Classifications of Literature // Escape

2 Classifications of Literature // Interpretative

Literature can either be for entertainment or for the purpose

2 // Imagery. This may be defined as the representation of

• verse - metrical language

Elements of the Short Story

2 // Character. Reading for a character is more difficult than

Elements of the Short Story

4 // Symbol and irony. A literary symbol is something that

Elements of the Short Story

5 // Language and style. Language refers to the idiom used and

Elements of the Essay

Elements of the Novel

Elements of the Novel

Elements of the Novel

• conflict - important element of plot, it may be caused by the physical

• motive - we should also determine the ideals, motives, ambitions or

Elements of the Novel

4 // Character. The characters are the moving spirit of the novel.

Elements of the Novel

This introduction is called the exposition.

3 // Thought. Thoughts include the ideas and emotions

• dialogue - is the conversation between two or more

• prose dialogue - may be naturalistic or rhetorical

8 // Costume and make-up. Worn by characters; it helps them be in

9 // Scenery and lighting. The proper backdrops, props, and lighting

Importance of Reading Literary Works

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