UNIT-1

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think
and act like humans. It involves the development of algorithms and computer programs that can perform tasks that
typically require human intelligence such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language
translation. AI has the potential to revolutionize many industries and has a wide range of applications, from virtual
personal assistants to self-driving cars.

Intelligence: The ability to learn and solve problems.

The most common answer that one expects is “to make computers intelligent so that they can act intelligently!”,

Intelligence is composed of:

 Reasoning

 Learning

 Problem-Solving

 Perception

 Linguistic Intelligence

Need for Artificial Intelligence

1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain,
and advise its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as algorithms in a
computer-friendly manner.

3. Improved efficiency: Artificial intelligence can automate tasks and processes that are time-consuming and
require a lot of human effort. This can help improve efficiency and productivity, allowing humans to focus on
more creative and high-level tasks.

4. Better decision-making: Artificial intelligence can analyze large amounts of data and provide insights that can
aid in decision-making. This can be especially useful in domains like finance, healthcare, and logistics, where
decisions can have significant impacts on outcomes.

5. Enhanced accuracy: Artificial intelligence algorithms can process data quickly and accurately, reducing the
risk of errors that can occur in manual processes. This can improve the reliability and quality of results.

6. Personalization: Artificial intelligence can be used to personalize experiences for users, tailoring
recommendations, and interactions based on individual preferences and behaviors. This can improve
customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Approaches of AI

There are a total of four approaches of AI and that are as follows:

 Acting humanly (The Turing Test approach): This approach was designed by Alan Turing. The ideology
behind this approach is that a computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after asking some written
questions, cannot identify whether the written responses come from a human or from a computer.

 Thinking humanly (The cognitive modeling approach): The idea behind this approach is to determine
whether the computer thinks like a human.

 Thinking rationally (The “laws of thought” approach): The idea behind this approach is to determine
whether the computer thinks rationally i.e. with logical reasoning.

 Acting rationally (The rational agent approach): The idea behind this approach is to determine whether the
computer acts rationally i.e. with logical reasoning.

 Machine Learning approach: This approach involves training machines to learn from data and improve
performance on specific tasks over time. It is widely used in areas such as image and speech recognition,
natural language processing, and recommender systems.

 Evolutionary approach: This approach is inspired by the process of natural selection in biology. It involves
generating and testing a large number of variations of a solution to a problem, and then selecting and
combining the most successful variations to create a new generation of solutions.

 Neural Networks approach: This approach involves building artificial neural networks that are modeled after
the structure and function of the human brain. Neural networks can be used for tasks such as pattern
recognition, prediction, and decision-making.

 Fuzzy logic approach: This approach involves reasoning with uncertain and imprecise information, which is
common in real-world situations. Fuzzy logic can be used to model and control complex systems in areas
such as robotics, automotive control, and industrial automation.

 Hybrid approach: This approach combines multiple AI techniques to solve complex problems. For example, a
hybrid approach might use machine learning to analyze data and identify patterns, and then use logical
reasoning to make decisions based on those patterns.

Forms of AI:

1) Weak AI:

 Weak AI is an AI that is created to solve a particular problem or perform a specific task.

 It is not a general AI and is only used for specific purpose.

 For example, the AI that was used to beat the chess grandmaster is a weak AI as that serves only 1 purpose
but it can do it efficiently.

2) Strong AI:

 Strong AI is difficult to create than weak AI.

 It is a general purpose intelligence that can demonstrate human abilities.

 Human abilities such as learning from experience, reasoning, etc. can be demonstrated by this AI.
3) Super Intelligence

 As stated by a leading AI thinker Nick Bostrom, “Super Intelligence is an AI that is much smarter than the
best human brains in practically every field”.

 It ranges from a machine being just smarter than a human to a machine being trillion times smarter than a
human.

 Super Intelligence is the ultimate power of AI.

An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent(e.g., human or robot) is anything that can
perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors. Intelligent agents must
be able to set goals and achieve them. In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only system
acting in the world, allowing the agent to be certain of the consequences of its actions. However, if the agent is not
the only actor, then it requires that the agent can reason under uncertainty. This calls for an agent that cannot only
assess its environment and make predictions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its assessment.

AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science, like:

 Search and optimization

 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning

 Classifiers and statistical learning methods

 Neural networks

 Control theory

 Languages

High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars), medical diagnosis,
creating art (such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing games (such as Chess or Go), search engines
(such as Google search), virtual assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, prediction
of judicial decisions[204] and targeted online advertisements. Other applications include Healthcare, Automotive,
Finance, Video games, etc

Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence :

1. Bias and unfairness: AI systems can perpetuate and amplify existing biases in data and decision-making.

2. Lack of transparency and accountability: Complex AI systems can be difficult to understand and interpret,
making it challenging to determine how decisions are being made.

3. Job displacement: AI has the potential to automate many jobs, leading to job loss and a need for reskilling.

4. Security and privacy risks: AI systems can be vulnerable to hacking and other security threats, and may also
pose privacy risks by collecting and using personal data.

5. Ethical concerns: AI raises important ethical questions about the use of technology for decision-making,
including issues related to autonomy, accountability, and human dignity.
The Future of AI Technologies:

1. Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement Learning is an interesting field of Artificial Intelligence that focuses on
training agents to make intelligent decisions by interacting with their environment.

2. Explainable AI: this AI techniques focus on providing insights into how AI models arrive at their conclusions.

3. Generative AI: Through this technique AI models can learn the underlying patterns and create realistic and novel
outputs.

4. Edge AI:AI involves running AI algorithms directly on edge devices, such as smartphones, IoT devices, and
autonomous vehicles, rather than relying on cloud-based processing.

5. Quantum AI: Quantum AI combines the power of quantum computing with AI algorithms to tackle complex
problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers.

Historical Foundations of AI:

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in
1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.

o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between
neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.

o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950.
Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can
check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which was
named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and
more elegant proofs for some theorems.
 o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at
the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for
AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems.
Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.

o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time
period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.

o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

boom of AI (1980-1987)

o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed
that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.

o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held
at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.

o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not efficient
result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the
first computer to beat a world chess champion.

o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.

o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix
also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex
questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve
tricky questions quickly.

o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.

o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
 o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also
performed extremely well.

o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken
hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are now
trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and
creating amazing devices.

key elements of AI

The key elements of AI include:

Natural Language Processing

NLP is a branch of AI that allows machines to use and understand human language. It is built into products such as
automatic language translators used in multilingual conferences, text-to-speech translation, speech-to-text
translation, and knowledge extraction from text. This technology is used to scan data in the form of raw language
such as handwriting, voice, and images into contextually relevant structures and relationships that can easily be
integrated with other structured data for more efficient analysis in subsequent processes. Unstructured data are
rarely used since they were originally meant only for use by humans. Hence, there is a need to utilize, understand,
and unlock the vast wealth of valuable information hidden in them. Recent applications of NLP in the oil and gas
industry include:

 Extracting structured data from free text embedded in drilling, well planning, PVT laboratory, safety, and
mineral mine failure summary reports

 Extracting information from plant equipment reports as input to systems that automatically place orders for
parts to fix or replace

 Extracting information from the details of production, which can be used to improve operational efficiency

 Interacting with machines to troubleshoot unexpected problems in a timely and accurate manner

The above-mentioned applications can make maintenance work safer and easier, in addition to significantly reducing
asset downtime due to unforeseen circumstances.
Expert Systems

Expert systems are machines or software applications that provide explanation and advice to users through a set of
rules provided by an expert. The rules are programmed into software to reproduce the knowledge for nonexperts to
solve a range of actual problems. Examples of this are found in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, law, food science,
and engineering, and maintenance. In the oil and gas industry, expert systems have been used from exploration
through production, from research through operations, and from training through fault diagnosis.

Examples of expert system applications in the oil and gas industry include:

 Dipmeter interpretation to translate tadpoles into strata and formations

 Electrofacies determination

 Reservoir characterization

 Blowout prevention

Robotics

Intelligent robots are mechanical structures in various shapes that are programmed to perform specific tasks based
on human instructions. Depending on the environment of use (land, air, and sea), they are called drones and rovers.
In the petroleum industry, they have been used in innovative and beneficial ways: in production; to connect
different segments of drill pipes during drilling, in underwater welding to conduct underwater maintenance and
repair tasks; in exploration to map outcrops for building digital models for geologists; and in field operations to
inspect remote sites and challenging terrains that are potentially dangerous for humans to navigate.

Some of the benefits derived from the use of robots in the oil and gas industry include improving safety, increasing
productivity, automating repetitive tasks, and reducing operational costs by diminishing downtime.

Intelligent Agents

Multi-agent systems (MAS) is a subfield of AI that builds computational systems capable of making decisions and
take actions autonomously. These systems are capable of maintaining information about their environment and
making decisions based on their perception about the state of the environment, their past experiences, and their
objectives. Agents can also interface with other agents to collaborate on common goals. They emulate human social
behavior by sharing partial views of a problem, enabling collaboration, and cooperating with other agents to make
appropriate and timely decisions to reach desired objectives. Agents have been implemented successfully, mostly in
the manufacturing industries, and are proven to have potential benefits in the petroleum industry. Uses of MAS
include:

 Managing supply chain

 Addressing various production- and maintenance-related tasks

 Processing and managing the distributed nature of the oil and gas business

 Verifying, validating, and securing data streams in complex process pipelines

 Getting insights from data to increase operational efficiency

 Scheduling maintenance

 Preventing theft and fraud

Computational Intelligence

Computational Intelligence is the computational aspect of AI that focuses on utilizing and deriving value from data. It
uses the knowledge-discovery and data-mining processes to develop ML workflows to learn from historical data and
predict future events. There are several algorithms designed to build ML models. Examples are artificial neural
networks, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, fuzzy logic types I
and II, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (popularly known as ANFIS), Gaussian-process regression, Bayesian
belief network, and K-nearest neighbor. Data science can be defined as the new and continuously evolving field that
uses various scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge, patterns, or insights from
data.

Supervised Machine Learning

Supervised ML algorithms learn patterns from historical examples (called training data) to generate the outcome of
future events. It involves building and training a model for a specific application using a set of input data with their
corresponding target values. The model is able to predict outcomes for new inputs after sufficient training. An
example is to build a relationship between wireline logs as input and a specific reservoir property (such as porosity)
from historical data to predict the porosity values for a new or uncored well. Typical applications of this method are
regression and classification.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

In contrast to supervised, unsupervised ML algorithms make inferences from events without prior classification or
labels. They infer a function, usually based on some distance metric, to discover a hidden structure from unlabeled
data. An expert can thus derive meanings that lead to new insights. An example is to use historical wireline log data
to compartmentalize a reservoir into zones based on the density of the data points. An expert may then interpret
the sections as different lithologies. A typical application of this is clustering.

Hybrid Machine Learning

Hybrid or mixed ML algorithms combine supervised and unsupervised methods to solve a problem especially where
there are uncertainties in human knowledge. Either one could come first. A typical application could start with
supervised learning and the predicted output could then be clustered to reveal certain hidden patterns. Another
application could start by assigning clusters to an input data to generate an output that will form the basis for a new
prediction to achieve a supervised learning objective.

Generally, the main challenge of ML is to maintain a delicate balance between underfitting (low variance with high
bias) and overfitting (high variance with low bias). This is the core of the optimization process.

Characteristics of Intelligent Algorithms:

An intelligent algorithm, in simple terms, is a set of instructions or rules designed to solve a problem or make
decisions in a way that exhibits smart behavior. These algorithms often mimic human-like reasoning to achieve a
specific goal. Let's use a real-life example to illustrate this concept:

Example: Route Planning Algorithm

Imagine you have a smart GPS navigation system in your car. The system's intelligent algorithm is responsible for
finding the best route from your current location to a destination, considering factors like traffic, road conditions,
and estimated travel time.
Characteristics of Intelligent Algorithms:

1. Learning Capability: Intelligent algorithms can adapt and improve based on experience or new data. In the
route planning example, the algorithm might learn from historical traffic patterns to suggest more efficient
routes over time.

2. Problem Solving: These algorithms excel at solving complex problems by analyzing various factors and
making decisions to achieve a specific objective, like finding the shortest and fastest route in the navigation
system.

3. Adaptability: Intelligent algorithms can adjust to changes in their environment or input data. For the GPS
algorithm, it should be adaptable to real-time traffic updates, construction zones, or accidents, and
dynamically alter the recommended route accordingly.

4. Decision-Making: They make decisions based on a set of rules or criteria. In the route planning algorithm,
decisions might involve prioritizing faster routes, avoiding congested areas, or considering user preferences.

5. Efficiency: Intelligent algorithms are designed to perform tasks efficiently, often outperforming traditional
methods. The GPS algorithm aims to find the optimal route quickly by considering multiple variables
simultaneously.

6. Autonomy: Many intelligent algorithms can operate independently, making decisions without constant
human intervention. The navigation system can continuously update your route without requiring you to
input every detail.

7. Prediction: Some intelligent algorithms can predict future outcomes based on historical data or patterns. In
the context of route planning, the algorithm might predict traffic conditions during specific times of the day.

In summary, intelligent algorithms possess learning capabilities, excel at problem-solving, adapt to changes, make
informed decisions, operate efficiently, can function autonomously, and often incorporate predictive elements.
These characteristics collectively contribute to their ability to mimic intelligent behavior in various applications.

AI Application Area :

Artificial Intelligence has many practical applications across various industries and domains, including:

1. AI in Astronomy

o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare

o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a
significant impact on this industry.

o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors
with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient
before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming

o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine
needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance

o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing
automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security

o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital
world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media

o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be
stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can
analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works
such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for
better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry

o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance.
Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more
safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:

o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that
they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.

o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as
Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment

o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as
Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture

o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a day's
agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce

o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the e-
commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.

13. AI in education:

o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with
students as a teaching assistant.

o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place