URBAN PLANNING-MODULE-04

Module IV
Basics of planning: Evolution of towns – problems of urban growth –
Benefits of planning - urbanization, industrialization and urban
development; push and pull factors; migration trends and impacts on
urban and rural development – beginning of town planning acts – ideal
towns – garden city movement – concept of new towns and conservative
surgery - comprehensive planning of towns. Basics of town planning
surveys – Land use surveys and analysis – Socio-economic surveys.

Basics of planning

Planning means pre thinking and pre-arranging things before an event

takes place so as to achieve good results in health, convenience,

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comfort and happiness of all living beings.
Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done, who
is to do it, how it is to be done and when it is to be done.
Planning is considered as a science and art of pre-thinking and pre-arranging
things before an event takes place so as to achieve good results in health,
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convenience, comfort and happiness of all living beings. By careful planning,
we can eradicate the mistakes of the past and be wiser in the future.
Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to
achieve a desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve
desired results. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such
as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. Planning predicts
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what the future should look like for multiple scenarios. Planning
combines forecasting with preparation of scenarios and how to react to
them. Planning is preparing a sequence of action of steps to achieve
some specific goal. If a person does it effectively, they can reduce the
necessary time and effort of achieving the goal.
Town is a place of urban living which consists of a built up area with a
name, defined boundaries, and local government that is larger than a
village but smaller than a city. Urban means an environment in which
natural surroundings have been dominated by artificial or man-made
surroundings, which man builds for himself- for his living, working and
recreation.
Town Planning is considered an art of shaping. guiding the physical
growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet various

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needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to

provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to
play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for
the majority of mankind.Though the term applies to planning of new
towns and cities on virgin land, it also equally takes into account their
development, improvement of the existing towns and their
extensions.Example of planned cities: Gandinagar.
Town planning leads to:
● Well balanced social and economic development
● Improvement of life quality
● Rational use of land
● Responsible administration of resources and environmental
protection

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The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various
components or units of a town in such a way that the town as such
attains the significance of a living organism.The town planning demands
active imagination and sharp common sense of the understanding of
various needs of the society occupying or likely to occupy the town.
Country Planning: The country is allowed to develop in an orderly
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manner and predetermined lines. There should be no haphazard
methods in the planning. The town should be linked with the surrounding
villages by suitable transport facilities. Scope should be given to village
industries in the form of poultry farms, dairies, weaving industries
maintaining a proper balance with the agriculture in the village
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development scheme.
Goals and Objectives of Town Planning
The main objective of town planning may be summarised in three words,
Health, Convenience and Beauty.
1. Health:
● To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all
people- rich and poor,to live, to work, to play or relax.
● To make the right use of land for the right purpose by proper
division of land called zoning such as residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional and recreational etc. in order to avoid the
encroachment of one zone over the other for smooth and orderly
development of the town or the city without causing future conflict.
2. Convenience:

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● The object of convenience is meant in the form of various needs

of the community such as social, economic, cultural, and
recreational amenities etc.
● Public amenities required for the proper up keep of the citizens
include water supply,sanitation, electricity, post telegraph, gas etc.,
proper sites for industrial, commercial,business enterprises to
encourage them in trade with cheap power, transport
services,drainage etc.
● Recreational amenities include open spaces, parks, gardens and
playgrounds for children,town halls, stadiums, community centres,
cinema houses, theatres for adults.
3.Beauty:
● To preserve the individuality of the town by developing it on its

m most suited natural conditions.

● Attained by taking the most possible advantages of the natural
condition surrounding the town and giving architectural finishes to
various components of the town.
● To preserve the aesthetics in design of all elements of town or city
plan, which include preservation of trees, natural greenery,
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improved types of domestic buildings, and buildings of civic dignity
and beauty, architectural control over public and semi-public
buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches etc.
Necessity of Town planning
Without town planning, the following evils will prevail:
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● The suburban sprawl has engulfed every town and city. The
people have to go to the country to get an open air breeze.
● The people have to take long uncomfortable journeys from their
place of residence to work. As such there is a waste of time,
money and energy.
● Every road has become a highway, increasing the traffic
congestion, resulting in ace
● Noisy traffic has almost disturbed the peace of the city dwellers.
● Indiscriminate siting of industries in the heart of the city has
resulted in producing smoke.
Evolution of planning
The works of archeologists show how the ancient cities were
planned.The primitive men used to stay in tribes and they formed groups

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for mutual protection for carrying out business activities and maintaining
a social life.
The town of the modern time has to be designed for problems which did
not exist in the ancient times.The two illustrations of ancient towns are
worth mentioning.Kahun in Egypt was conceived and built for a specific
purpose before 2500 B.C. It was designed to accommodate workmen
and officials engaged in the construction of the pyramid at Illahun.The
other notable example is from ancient India in the valley of the river
Indus in Sind, now in Pakistan and located 480 km north-west of
Karachi.
The name Mohanjo-Daro means the mound of the dead and it is
regarded as the cradle of Buddhism of the subcontinent.It is understood
that it was the most planned and developed city with an important

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trading centre in the Indus Valley around 2600 B.C. Its population is
estimated as 40000 to 60000 living off an agricultural economy. The
arrangements for houses,water supply and drainage systems in this
ancient town were supposed to be of very high standard. The rooms
were large and well ventilated and baths were attached to the rooms.As
the city stands today, it is divided into two mounds, one measuring 1183
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m x 546 m and the other measuring 364 m × 273 m.The city also
contained a huge public bath which in excellence and solidity of
construction cannot be improved upon by any modern builder. It
provided a social centre exhibiting the precision,craftsmanship and
imagination of the ancient builder.
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Principles of town planning

The town planning is an interdisciplinary subject which involves
planning,designing,engineering,surveying,economics etc and a town
should be developed so as to satisfies needs of future generation and
while planning .It should be kept mind that the town should be developed
in the dangerous fact and it involves following principles:-
1. GREENBELT - The provision of a greenbelt on the periphery of
town results in the limitation of its size and hence the final size of
town can well be anticipated.
2. HOUSING - Extreme care should be taken to provide housing
accommodation to various categories of people.It should be
observed that there is no development of slums and further, if

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slums are existing,they are cleared by the provision of some

alternative arrangement.
3. PUBLIC BUILDING-There should be a well-balanced grouping and
distribution of various public buildings throughout the town.
4. RECREATION CENTRES- Depend upon the size of town,enough
space should be reserved for the development as recreation
centres for the general public.
5. ROAD SYSTEM - The efficiency of any town is measured by the
layout of its roads.A nicely designed road system puts a great
impression in the minds of people,especially the visitors to the
town.
6. TRANSPORT FACILITIES- The town should be provided with
suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time

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7.
from place of work to the place of residence.
ZONING-The town should be divided into suitable zones such as
commercial zone,industrial zone,residential zone etc. and suitable
rules and regulations should be formed for the development of
each zone.
Urbanization
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Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban
areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. It is
predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and
become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.
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Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably,

urbanization should be distinguished from urban growth: urbanization is
"the proportion of the total national population living in areas classed as
urban", while urban growth refers to "the absolute number of people
living in areas classed as urban". Most developing countries experience
the process of urbanization, especially once they start becoming
industrialized. Cities and towns become hubs of trade and culture, and
more people start moving out of the country to gain access to some of
these social and financial benefits.
Causes:
● Urban areas have more jobs to offer and can lure people out of
rural areas with the promise of a better life and a higher-paying

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salary. People find more jobs in virtually every industry while

looking in cities and towns than they do searching rural locations.
● In developing countries, employment opportunities often open
rapidly through the process of industrialization. Every developing
country goes through a period of industrialization,where jobs move
from agriculture to production.
● People begin to move to cities and towns more frequently, adding
to the urbanization of that country.
● In urban areas, people have access to better schools, healthcare
facilities, better living standards, and increased trade opportunities.
● There is a long list of social benefits associated with moving to
urban environments. A lot of the time, people move to these areas
to start a family and offer their kids access to better schooling and

m health care possibilities.

Cities are more modern than rural environments, and people are
attracted to the fashion,food, and ideas flowing in the city.

Industrialization
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Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that
transforms a human group an agrarian society (any society whose
economy is based on producing and maintaining farmland) into an
industrial society, involving the extensive re-organization of an economy
for the purpose of manufacturing. As the Industrial Revolution was a shift
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from the agrarian society people migrated from villages in search of jobs
to places where factories were set up. This shifting of rural people led to
urbanization and rise in the population of the towns. The concentration of
labour into factories has increased urbanization and the size of
settlements, to serve and house the factory workers.
Urban development
Large cities, towns and even small neighbourhoods do not spring up
overnight. They are the result of careful planning by civil and design
engineers, project managers, architects, environmental planners and
surveyors. The integration of these disciplines is known as urban
development. Urban development is a system of residential expansion
that creates cities. Residential areas are the primary focus of urban

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development. Urban development occurs by expansion into unpopulated

areas and/or the renovation of decaying regions.
● Natural expansion: Population growth in major cities requires
expansion. Urban developers look to neighbouring natural
territories to build needed housing and recreational areas. Natural
expansion is the creation of residential areas in undeveloped or
underdeveloped regions.Natural expansion requires the
destruction of the wilderness. However, urban planners must work
closely with environmental protection agencies to ensure that
protected wildlife and plant life are not destroyed.
● Urban Renovation:In extremely populated areas natural expansion
is not always possible. If a large city is surrounded by other cities,
there is no place for the larger city to expand into. In this case

m urban planners look to renovate decaying neighbourhoods,

obsolete industrial districts, and other unused spaces. On a much
larger scale than natural expansion, urban renovation requires the
compliance of city-dwellers.
● .Sustainable Development:Sustainable development seeks to
establish a balance between human needs and environmental
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preservation. Urban planners consider maintaining sustainable
development in expanding and renovating urban areas. When an
urban area expands into wildlife regions, much care is taken to
integrate the wilderness with the developing city. Sustainable
development in urban expansion focuses on curtailing the city's
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production of pollution, increasing the availability of recycling

facilities, and focusing on the efficient usage of alternative
energies.
Push and Pull Factors
People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may fall under
these four Environmental, Economic, Cultural and Socio-political. Within
that, the reasons a 'push' or 'pull' factors.
1. Push Factors
Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and
in many cases,forced because the individual risk something if they stay.
Push factors may include conflict.drought, famine, or extreme religious
activity. Push factors are the negative factors forcing people to move
away from their country of origin.

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Some of the push factors are:

● Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities
● Race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance and
persecution of people who question the status quo
● Poor medical care
● Not being able to practise their own religion
● Loss of wealth
● Natural Disaster
● Threats to self or family
● Pollution
● Poor housing
● Landlord and bullying
● Poor chances of finding a partner

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2. Pull Factors
Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the
individual or group to leave their home. Those factors are known as
place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people.
Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life
often pull people into new locations. Sometimes individuals have ideas
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and perceptions about places that are not necessarily correct, but are
strong pull factors for that individual. As people grow older and
retire,many look for places with warm weather, peaceful and comfortable
locations to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard work and
savings. Such ideal places are pull factors too.
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Very often, people consider and prefer opportunities closer to their

location than similar opportunities farther away. In the same vein, people
often like to move to places with better
cultural, political, climatic and general terrain in closet locations than
locations farther away. It is rare to find people moving over very long
distances to settle in places that they have little knowledge of.
Some of the pull factors are:
● Job opportunities
● Better living conditions
● Political and/ or religious freedom
● Enjoyment
● Better education
● Better medical care

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● Security
● Family links

Migration
Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and
work. Movement of people from their home to another city, state or
country for a job, shelter or some other area called migration. Nowadays,
many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Eny opportunities
are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Except for
the opportunities, better education, construction of dams, globalization,
natural disaster drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to
migrate to cities. People who go from one place to another in search of
work or shelter are called migrants.

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Impacts of Migration
Migration is becoming a very important subject for the life of cities. Many
opportunities and The attraction of big cities pulls large numbers of
people to big cities. Migration can have positive as well as negative
effects on the life of the migrants.
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Positive Impact
● Unemployment is reduced and people get better job opportunities.
● Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.
● It helps to improve the social life of people as they learn about
new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve
brotherhood among people.
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● Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of

the region.
● Children get better opportunities for higher education.
● The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases.
Negative Impact
● The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of
output and development of rural areas.
● The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for the
job, houses, school facilities etc.
● Having a large population puts too much pressure on natural
resources, amenities and services.

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● It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas because in

urban areas there is no natural environment and pure air. They
have to pay for each and everything.
● Migration changes the population of a place, therefore, the
distribution of the population is uneven in India.
● Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated, therefore,
they are not only unfit for most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge
and life skills.
● Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy life. .
Children growing up in poverty have no access to proper nutrition,
education or health.
● Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many
problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc.

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● Sometimes migrants are exploited.
● Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear families
where children group without a wider family circle.

Types
1. Permanent migration: Permanent migration is when someone
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moves from one place to another and has no plans to return to
their original home.
2. Return migration: Circular migration or repeat migration is the
temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker
between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of
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employment.
3. Forced migration: Forced migration involves the migrant having no
choice but to move. In forced migration, a government or authority
forces someone to move. These people were not given a choice
where to move or if they should move.
4. Seasonal migration: Seasonal human migration is very common in
agricultural cycles. It includes migrations such as moving sheep or
cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape the heat and
find more forage. Human labour often moves with fruit harvest or
to other crops that require manual picking.
5. Migration for education: it is the migration that involves people
moving to other places to have access to better education or any
educational goal.

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6. Voluntary migration: Voluntary migration is where the migrant has

a choice whether or not to migrate. These people had a choice
where to move and if they should move at all.
7. Marriage migration: Migration where people move due to
marriage.
Rural-Urban Fringes (RUF)
Rural-Urban fringe is an important concept in settlement geography. The
rural-urban fringe is the boundary zone outside the urban area where
rural and urban land uses are intermixed. It is the area where the city
meets the countryside. It is an area of transition from agricultural and
other rural land uses to urban use. Located well within the urban sphere
of influence the fringe is characterised by a wide variety of land use
including dormitory settlements housing middle-income commuters who

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work in the central urban area. Over time the characteristics of the fringe
change from largely rural to largely urban. Suburbanization takes place
at the municipal boundary of the rural-urban fringe.The rural urban
fringes are also known as the urban outskirts, or urban hinterland or peri
urban hinterland.
Increasing demand for land in the rural urban fringes:
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● Land is cheaper -as the accessibility of the RUF is lower than that
of the inner city areas and most of the people have to travel to the
inner city for work, fewer people are willing to live in the RUF. Thus
the land prices are lower.
● There is less traffic congestion and pollution - as the area is a new
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development in the outskirts, and the population living in the area

is lesser than the inner city, the traffic congestion and pollution
levels are lesser.
● There is easier access and a better road infrastructure - as it is a
newer development with a lot of space available.
● There is a more pleasant environment with more open space - the
amount of open space decreases with time as the extent of
development increases, and so does the friendly environment.
Problems caused by developing the rural-urban fringe:
● Large areas of the countryside may be lost
● Buildings may be out of character with existing rural buildings.
Thus the loss of aesthetic sense
● Villages may become suburbanized

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● Traffic is likely to increase (both cars and lorries)

● there may be an increase in pollution (noise and air)

IDEAL TOWN
This is a theoretical concept for the development of a town with certain
development of a town with certain physical characteristics such as:-
➔ Availability of natural advantages
➔ Availability of electric power,means of communication.
➔ Climatic condition
➔ Contours of the area
➔ Development of the surrounding area,
➔ Drainage of the area
➔ Facility available for the sewage disposal

m ➔ Fertility of the soil

➔ Frequency of the flood
➔ Growth of trees
➔ Nature of soil
➔ Position of the streams and lakes
➔ Water resources
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GROWTH OF TOWNS
The towns grow during passage of time in a number of ways and various
forces which contribute to the overall development of a town are
transport facilities, installation of industries, expansion of factories,
provisions for defence or security, proximity of agricultural lands,
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availability of electric power,political importance, etc.

The towns and cities are not solely products of industrialization because
they existed many centuries before the Industrial Revolution. However,
the pre-industrial towns and cities have limited opportunities for
producing goods and rendering services and as such, they have less
relative importance.It is quite evident that the degree of urbanization
increases sharply as industrialization increases and the aspect of urban
growth has occurred practically throughout the world indicating the
terrible attraction of urban way of life in spite of certain imperfections in
the urban mechanism.
Some of the reasons why the people would like to stay close together in
urban areas can be enumerated as follows:

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(1) It is also quite likely that man has been often found to stay in groups
to facilitate defence against attack from hostile outsiders. Of course, as
time passes, the defensive element may go in the background.
(2) The man by nature is a social animal and he gets much of the
satisfaction of living a life in the company of his fellows.
(3) The size of urban aggregate exhibits considerable heterogeneity. An
urban man can develop contacts and friendships with like-minded
persons having common interests and at the same time, the urban
dweller can retain a very high degree of privacy.
(4) The urban area may provide a reliable water supply or a meeting
place for exchange of goods or a place of assembly for religious, political
or administrative purposes, etc.
The need of a man for employment and opportunities regarding

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education, recreation, business, marriage, etc. will add to the additional
functions of town growth and ultimately, a town provides a platform for a
variety of persons to perform specialised activities on different scales.
The growth of town, to a large extent, will depend on the economic
forces because it is found that an urban area is usually a centre of
specialised activities and hence, the size of a town will depend on the
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amount of goods and services supplied to outsiders i.e., its exports. The
economic base theory suggests that if there is an increase in the
demand of goods and services exported by the town, the growth of town
takes place and the rate of growth will naturally depend on the rate at
which demand for its exportable products increases. Moreover, the
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money earned by the export activities would provide a fund for

supporting the production of goods and services required by the
population of town.
The facilities of transport or communication increase the population and
such a tendency leads to the growth of towns.The means of transport
may take up the following forms:
(1) Aerial ports: In some cases, the important role in the growth of a
town.
(2) Railways: If town is connected with railways, there will be increase of
passengers and goods traffic even from long distances.
(3) Roadways: The neighbourhood area is connected with the town and
it leads to overall expansion of trade and industry.

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(4) Waterways: If facilities of waterways are available, the town can grow
as a harbour with possibility of foreign trade and business.
The above-mentioned means of transport have led to the horizontal
growth of town. But the availability of mechanical lifts, escalators and
elevators has made it possible to have vertical growth of town in the form
of skyscrapers.
The growth of towns and cities can be studied in the following two ways:
I. Growth according to origin
II. Growth according to direction.
I. Growth according to origin:
The growth of towns and cities according to the origin can be divided in
two categories:
(1) Natural growth

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(2) Planned growth.
(1) Natural growth: Most of the towns in the past have grown in a natural
way, that is, the development of the town as such has taken place
without any future planning. The men on the spot the interested parties
took decisions regarding the growth of the town for immediate comfort
and convenience of the residents.The provisions of various essential
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amenities such as road system parks,playgrounds etc.are made in an
irregular way without any consideration for future expansion of the town.
The natural Growth of town may be in divided in four types:-
1. Concentric Spread
2. Ribbon Development
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3. Satellite Growth
4. Scattered Growth
(i) Concentric spread:
It is the natural tendency of the people to be as near as possible to the
town or city and as a result of this tendency, the town develops in the
form of concentric rings with nucleus as town. Such a growth creates
many complicated problems such as traffic congestion, narrow streets,
concentration of population, improper houses, etc.
The town growth is represented by a series of concentric circles or rings.
The first zone embodies the central business district and it is the focal
point of commercial, social and civic life of the town area. It represents
the area of original settlement and land use in this zone takes the form of
shops,offices, hotels, theatres, etc. As the town grows, the persons who

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can afford more transport time and charges go away from the central
zone and thus low-income housing,better-class residences and
high-class residences are subsequently formed away from the central
business district respectively.
The idea of concentric spread is based on the fact that similar or
functionally related activities will be located at the same distance from
the centre of an urban area. Thus, the town grows radially from the
centre whereby each inner zone extends its area by invading the
adjoining zone towards the periphery of the town area.
(ii) Ribbon development:
It has been observed that because of improvement of road surface and
growth of motor traffic, it is the natural tendency of everyone to build as
near as possible to the main road.

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The building activity therefore expands in a natural way along the sides
of main road and along fingers or ribbons of houses,factories,shops etc.
develop as shown in fig-1
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If ribbon development is allowed without the enforcement of certain rules

and regulations, it leads to the following disadvantages:
1. As the houses extend in a long strip, there is increase in cost of
various basic utility services such as water supply, electricity,

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postal deliveries, telephone, etc. It thus results in wastage of

available resources.
2. The development of ribbons causes to lose and to scatter the
community so that there is lack of social life.
3. The future improvement becomes costly and difficult,if not
impossible.
4. The houses face heavy traffic associated with noise,dust and
undesirable smells.
5. The interior portion is left undeveloped which results in the
wastage of valuable land.
6. There are chances of traffic accidents and traffic delays because of
the presence of pedestrians on the main road.
7. The ribbon development is purely an urban formation which is

m thrust into the naturalness of a country and hence, it is

aesthetically faulty.
8. The ribbon development spoils the countryside and if it is carried to
the extreme, it would make it non-visible at least to the road user.
9. The through traffic of the main road is considerably affected by the
local traffic.
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10. The traffic capacity and efficiency of main roads are reduced.
Depending upon the number of main transport routes,especially the
fastest ones, the growth of town may even be in the form of a
star-shaped pattern and each arm of the star will correspond to the main
route leading to the town.
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The problem of ribbon development is very complex involving

socio-economic, political, technical and legal measures for its solution. It
requires a co-operative effort by legislators, town planners, traffic
department, judiciary, adjacent landowners and last but not the least, the
road-users themselves.Considering the various causes of ribbon
development and the resulting ill-effects, the requirements for legislation
exist in respect of the following:
I. control of advertisements and obstructions to view.
II. control of unfettered access to the highways;
III. creation of a competent authority to enforce the various legislative
measures;
IV. land-use zoning to check undesirable building activity in the vicinity
of highways

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V. regulation and control of traffic using the highways;

VI. removal of encroachments from the road right-of-way; etc.
The engineering measures to discourage ribbon development include
expressway facilities with completely controlled accesses,grade
separated crossings, controlling the access points, planning the roadside
amenities, etc.
(iii) Satellite growth:
When a town reaches a certain size, some sort of satellite growth is
bound to take place. The development of a satellite town is mainly due to
the metropolis and the term satellite is used to indicate a body under the
influence of a more powerful body but possessing its own identity. Fig.
1-2 shows the development of satellite towns around the parent city.
The features of a satellite town are as follows:

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(1) It has its own local government and corporate life.
(2) It is a town in the full sense of the word except that it depends to a
certain extent upon a nearby large town or city.
(3) It is connected to the parent city by local trains, buses, etc, in such a
way that men can reach the parent city without any difficulty.
(4) It is free to decide its economic,social and cultural activities.
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(5) It is generally situated beyond the green belt of the parent city.
(6) It is mainly a residential area having only local shops,schools for
children, etc. As no industries are permitted,the people will have to
depend on the parent city for employment opportunities.
(7) It is neither a village nor a suburb. A village has not to perform the
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functions of a town and a suburb is absorbed or is likely to be absorbed

into another community
(8) It need not have zoning regulations.
(9) Its size and development are controlled in such a way that it does not
become a rival to the parent town or city in future.
(10) The satellite may even be considered to be the part of the market
for some of the goods and services being produced in the parent city.
(11) The workers living in a particular satellite may belong to the labour
force of a certain industry and in that case,it will give a wider choice to
the employers of such industries for finding the best man for the job

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m
m
The main disadvantage of satellite growth is the necessity of the long
journey to work. However, this fact is sometimes over-stated or
over-estimated. It may be that a long journey in distance does not
necessarily mean a long journey in time and further, a long journey is not
invariably more uncomfortable than a short one. However, this drawback
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of satellite growth has to be accessed by considering the efficiency of
the different modes of transport.
It is also sometimes pointed out that the satellite may be deprived of
entertainment and cultural activity and this factor may be responsible for
preventing the development of a community spirit. This drawback also
seems to be over-emphasized because the absence of community
activities may be due to certain other reasons such as absence of
community centres and halls.
(iv) Scattered growth:
In this case, the growth of a town takes place in a very irregular way. It
results in traffic congestion, encroachment of industries on residential
areas, slums, lack of parks and various other problems which prove to
be too difficult to be solved in future.

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(2) Planned growth:

In case of a planned growth, a town develops in a predetermined line as
conceived by the town planner. The overall growth of the town is
controlled by the enforcement of suitable rules and regulations. Such an
orderly growth avoids the clashing of manifold activities to which a
normal town has to undergo. There is a rational distribution of various
blocks such as residential, industrial, commercial, etc.The provision of
various amenities such as widths of streets,drainage lines, water supply
lines, parks, playgrounds, etc. is made to meet with the future
requirements. The modern concepts of town planning can very well be
seen and appreciated in some of the recent new towns in many parts of
the world.
II. Growth according to direction:

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With respect to direction, the growth of towns and cities can take place in
the following two ways:
(1) Horizontal growth
(2) Vertical growth.
Each of the above types of growth will now be briefly described.
(1) Horizontal growth:
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In case of horizontal growth, the town expands and develops
horizontally in all directions. It is clear that such a growth will be possible
at places where land is available in plenty at nominal cost.
The advantages of horizontal growth are as follows:
(1) In general, there will be savings in cost as the buildings will usually
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consist of two or three storeys.

(2) It does not require the services of high technical personnel.
(3) It is possible to make the maximum possible use of natural light.
(4) The density of population can be restricted.
(5) There is an economy of floor space as the provision of columns, lifts,
etc. will not be required.
(6) The surrounding marginal space can be utilized for developing
gardens.
The disadvantages of horizontal growth are as follows:
(1) It requires the use of more land and hence, it will prove to be
uneconomical where land values are very high.
(2) The foundation cost per unit area will be more.
(3) There will be absence of group living.

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(2) Vertical growth:

In case of vertical growth, the buildings of the town are designed and
developed as multi-storeyed flats.It is quite evident that such a growth
will be possible at places where land is costly.
The advantages of vertical growth are as follows:
(1) As many people will be staying and using the common amenities of
the same building,the sense of group living will develop.
(2) As the foundation cost will be distributed between all the floors, the
foundation cost per unit area will be in the reasonable limit.
(3) For floors above a certain height, the natural sceneries such as sea
view, river view, etc. can be enjoyed in a better way.
(4) It will be possible to make the maximum use of the modern
construction techniques such as fire-proofing, sound-proofing, heat

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insulation, air-conditioning, high speed lifts, etc.
(5) There is considerable saving in land and hence, will prove to be
economical where land values are very high.
(6) There will be economy in construction cost as the buildings will be
designed as framed structures with repetition of a typical floor plan at
each floor level.
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The disadvantages of vertical growth are as follows:
(1) In case of natural calamities such as earthquake or fire, it will be
difficult for the inhabitants of the upper floors to escape safely.
(2) The density of population will be more.
(3) The design of flats will be stereo-typed and there is no scope for
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personal likes or dislikes.

(4) The evils of group living will have to be tolerated.
(5) The failure of lift, pump to raise water, etc. will cause great
inconvenience.
(6) The people staying on the upper floors will be deprived of natural
living near the ground level.
(7) There will be some wastage of floor space as lifts, supporting
columns, etc. will have to be provided.

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GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

Concept of garden city was introduced by EBENEZER HOWARD

(London 1898) in his small remarkable book”To-morrow”(later
republished as Garden cities of To-morrow.
He wanted to design an alternative for overcrowded and polluted
industrial cities of that century. His solution centred on developing
smaller “ garden cities” linked by canal and transit covered by permanent
green belt.
He founded gardencity association (later known as Town and Country
Planning Association-TCPA)which created the first garden city.Ltd in
1899 to create the garden city of Letchworth and welwyn.
Principle of Garden City

m● Co-operative holding of land.so as to ensure the advantage of

appreciation of land value goes to the community and note to the
private community.
● Economic and Social advantages of large scale planning.
● Establishment of cities in limited sites at the same time processing
a balanced agricultural and industrial economy.
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● Urban decentralisation.
● Use of surrounding greenbelt to serve as agricultural,recreational
area and all so to assist the extension of limit.
Theory of Garden city
The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-
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contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing

proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The idea
was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. A
Peaceful Path to Real Reform, described how 'the advantages of the
most energetic and active town life, with all the beauty and delight of the
country, may be secured in perfect combination'. The" Garden City ", an
expression introduced by Sir Ebenezer Howard in 1898 into his work:
"To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform". In this work Howard
proposes a political, economic and social reform of the 19th century
English society.
Features of garden city.
1. accommodate 32,000 people.
2. 6,000 acres (2,400 ha),

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3.Planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and

six radial boulevards,120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre.
4. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full
population, another garden city would be developed nearby.
5. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a
central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail .
DETAILED NOTE IN PPT
concept of new towns and conservative surgery
PATRIK GEDDES who is regarded as regional planner who is sociologist
and town planner from scotland.he laid emphasis on survey before
planning.that is to diagonalise before treatment.he introduced
importance of physical and social economic survey in town planning and
he is the first to introduce sociological concept in town planning.His

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flames quote “think globally and Act locally”.He established organic
relationship between folkwork and place.
In conservative surgery Patric Geddes compared the region to be
planned to a living origin in human being.He identified slums in a city as
cancer cells as in human organ and proposed that it is to be destroyed
for the proper functioning of town.He recommended replacing such
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slums or to move the smallest and most badly dilapidated house and
turning the ground .they covered in to little squires to afford more light
and air to the remaining residents of that area.He advanced schemes for
slum clearance,conservations of historic buildings etc.
Geddes has been considered by some as the father of city planning in
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modern times. He believed that town planning was not mere ‘place’
planning, it was essentially ‘people’ planning. For Lewis Mumford, his
disciple, this was an important lesson. Mumford acknowledged that as
town planners they were accustomed to deal with place, but Geddes
showed there was no point in planning place except for the benefit of
people who had to earn their livelihood by work, and who had other
needs such as worship, education, recreation which had to be
accommodated and provided for. George Pepler, in The Town Planning
Review remarked: “…the blessing was that Geddes was at hand to
illuminate us, at the moment when town planning was about to be made,
for the first time in our country, a function of government”

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Comprehensive planning of towns

To maintain the continuity in planning.There are 5 forms of planning to
be conducted.
1. Local Planning-
This development plan is prepared by keeping in mind the local
conditions of a town or a city,which include
Proper distribution of population densities
Traffic regulations
Location of shopping and recreational centres
Provision of greenbelt
Zoning

2.Country Planning /Village Planning

m Generally a town is surrounded by a village and that for the country

planning becomes necessary for the proper functioning of the town
also.For this the village should linked with suitable transport facilities and
encouragement should be given for farming,agriculture,development of
small scale industries such as poultry farm,Diary,weaving etc.A proper
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balance between agriculture and industry should be maintained without
affecting the actual character of rural area.The town and country
planning should be complementary each other.
3.Regional Planning
Regional Planning includes the tertiary lying within easy reach
such as 15 to 50 kms and it contains a number of villages,townships,etc.
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In this area the interact will be more intense.This planning includes

proposals in a region for the distribution of population,industry,transport
facility,small scale village industries etc.It helps in controlling and
reshaping the growth of major towns in region.Regional planning include
Most profitable utilization of resources
Avoid wasteful duplication of facilities
Grands mutual control over the areas in the preparation of
base development plan
Plan and Harmonious development of national economy
Service has link co-operation and co-ordination between the
areas.

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Some modern practices included in regional planning are

development,agriculture region,industrial area,large hydroelectric power
stations,resources and recreational areas.
4.National Planning
This includes planning at national levels and it takes into consideration
the various potential of a nation as a whole .It helps to utilise national
resources in the best possible way for national development.Examples
-Railways,heavy industries,hydroelectric,Large irrigation
project,Transportation etc.
Development at various levels that is from top to bottom and vice versa.
Various economic sectors such as agriculture,fishing,mining etc are
given importance in the development plan.
5.International Planning

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It is established with the help of UNO with the fund IMD,world bank,etc.It
promotes good will and co-operation between different countries of the
world and It causes many problems on an international level,such as
Health,education etc.The agency of UNO first make difference survey in
the field of education,health ,housing etc. and this helps to extend the
development to the needy nations.
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Basics of town planning surveys – Land use surveys and analysis –
Socio-economic surveys
The surveys are carried out by looking for facts already recorded by
other investigators and authorities and by original field works on the
spot. The latter may be necessary because an item has never been
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studied before or because facts and figures need to be brought

up-to-date. The surveys establish ultimately the present state of the town
and indicate the measures for its improvements.
It may be mentioned that the surveys do not necessarily mean the work
carried out usually by a land surveyor, namely,measurement of
distances, levels and topography. The chief subjects of surveys for the
town planning are as follows:
(i) the people, their interests and occupations and how they follow them;
and
(ii) the land and buildings and how they serve their interests.The data
collected in surveys are properly analysed in relation to the area under
consideration and they are recorded on maps,charts, schedules and
sometimes on models.

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The term civil survey is sometimes used to refer to the planning surveys
carried out for re-planning of an existing town. The pioneering work with
respect to the civic survey was carried out by Patrick Geddes
(1854-1932). He carried out the civic survey of Edinburgh and prepared
reports on Indian towns and villages.It is said that statistics is an
invaluable tool in the hands of a town planner. It is defined as the
collection, tabulation and presentation of quantitative data. The town
planner, of course, is not expected to be an expert in statistics. But at the
same time, he must have an elementary knowledge of statistics so that
he is able to find out when the data will be useful, their scope limitations.
The town planner, as such, is very much concerned with prediction i.e.,
obtaining the desired results or preventing the undesirable ones and the
data supplied by statistics help him in a great way to achieve the main

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aim of town planning.
It must be remembered that a planning survey does not start just of its
own accord. It has to be organised with meticulous care from beginning
to end and various processes concerned
with such a survey are to be suitably collected, processed, arranged and
interpreted without bias and with integrity, honestly and objectively. Thus,
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the essential ingredient of a purposeful planning survey is to arrange the
facts of investigation in the
best possible scientific manner.
NECESSITY
The two main advantages of a fully documented and vividly illustrated
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survey are as follows:

(1) The survey draws attention to the inter-relation between various
complicated activities of a town life.
(2) The survey stresses the local requirements and appropriate
treatment to be given socially, conveniently and artistically. It works as a
diagnosis before treatment of the disease.
Thus, the role played by survey in the science of town planning is as
follows:
(1) to evaluate the effects of development;
(2) to present detailed reasoned reports;
(3) to provide the necessary understanding before decisions for
development are made;
(4) to study the situation objectively and factually

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COLLECTION OF DATA
Following four surveys are carried out to collect data and other relevant
information, required in the process of town planning:
1. Functional survey
II. Social survey
III. Territorial survey
IV. Vital survey.
The type of information collected in each of the above survey will now be
briefly described.
1. Functional survey:
The functional aspects of a town life are studied under this survey. The
items which are to be included consist of means of communication,
conditions of industries and commerce, implementation of the plan and

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financial aspects of the scheme. The type of information collected in the
functional survey can be enlisted as follows:

(1) roads including history of roads, traffic survey, details of width of

roads and tree planting;
(2)railways with positions of level-crossings, passenger stations and
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goods sheds;
(3) airports and seaports;
(4) waterways and canals;
(5)routes of services by bus, tram, ferry and suburban railway;
(6) facilities provided for access to the town;
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(7) local industries, their classification and location, availability of raw

materials and type of labour employed;
(8)mines and their location;
(9) conditions of commercial activity; and
(10) probable cost of planning scheme, sources of raising funds,
preparing schedule of taxes and chalking out a line of implementation of
the scheme.
II. Social survey:
The social aspects of a town life are studied under this survey. The items
which are to be included consist of community structure, history,
architecture, health conditions, housing and public services. The type of
information collected in the social survey can be enlisted as shown
below:

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(1) ancient ruins;

(2) architectural character of the locality including local usages;
(3) history of growth from the study of old maps;
(4) conditions favourable for preservation of wild life and spots of natural
beauty;
(5)birth rates, death rates and charts of diseases;
(6)residential areas including historical studies, types of buildings, slums
and suburban development;
(7) historical buildings and public buildings, their location and
classification;
(8) parks and playgrounds, their size and number in relation to the
residential areas; and
9) public services comprising of water supply, sewerage, drainage,

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electricity, telephone, street lighting, cemeteries and fire protection.
III. Territorial survey:
The physical aspects of a territory are studied under this survey. The
items which are to be
include physical features, agricultural soil, forests, climatic conditions
and types of soil. The type of information collected in the territorial
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survey can be enlisted as follows:
(1) geology showing arrangements of underlying rocks and method
responsible for formation of topography;
(2) contours of the land surface showing both the actual heights and
variations of surface;
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(3) rivers, oceans, streams and lakes;

(4) climatic conditions including temperature range, rainfall and direction
and intensity of winds;
(5) types of soil including areas of first class agricultural soil;
(6) forests and other natural vegetation; and
(7) areas which are low-lying and are likely to submerge.
IV. Vital survey:
The population aspects of the town under consideration are studied
under this survey. The items which are to be included consist of actual
population, future population, growth of town, density of population and
occupations of people.The type of information collected in the vital
survey can be enlisted as follows:
(1) history of the past growth of population;

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(2) characteristics of the present population;

(3) factors which may influence the future rate of growth of the town such
as migration, decentralisation, development of new local industries, etc.;
and
(4) density of population.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
The various surveys conducted for town planning schemes can broadly
be divided into the following four types:
I. Preliminary survey
II. National survey
III. Regional survey
IV. Civic survey.

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1. Preliminary survey:
The preliminary survey is in the form of restricted inquiries made for the
town planning schemes. The data collected in the preliminary survey are
of a fairly general nature and it is the usual practice to conduct the
preliminary survey prior to national, regional or civic surveys. The main
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object of the preliminary survey is to decide approximately the boundary
of the area to be planned and to find out the problems requiring further
attention. The preliminary
survey ascertains the features to be emphasised in planning so as to
promote economic stability. The topics which are usually covered in the
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preliminary survey are as follows:

(1) Electric power: It includes the study of the sources and distribution of
power and location of power supply units.
(2) General amenities: It includes the study of civic art,
parks,playgrounds, etc.
(3) Highways: The conditions of the existing roads with respect to their
construction and maintenance problems are studied.
(4) Housing: It includes the study of the existing housing conditions with
respect to lighting, ventilation, sanitation, conveniences and amenities.
(5) Industries: The industrial development including the arrangement and
classification of various industries, location and distribution of the
manufacturing units, etc. are considered.

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(6) Land use: The density and character of structures, divisions and uses
of land, etc. are studied.
(7) Railways: The existing routes and volume of goods traffic together
with the future requirements with the growth of town are considered.
(8) Water supply and sewerage: The existing facilities as well as the
future requirements are studied.
(9) Waterways: It includes the study of the highest water level, yearly
and seasonal variations, navigation possibilities, etc.
II. National survey:
A study of national resources and potentialities gives a broad vision for
the requirements of town planning schemes. The policies and
procedures adopted by the nation as a whole considerably affect the
proposals of town planning schemes. For instance, if it is decided on a

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national level that industries should be decentralised, it should be seen
while re-planning big cities that there are no additional industries
developing in the town. The topics which are usually covered in the
national survey
are as follows:
(1) Administration: The aspects of land ownership and general
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administration of the country are considered.
(2) Agriculture: It includes the study of type of agricultural soil, the crop
patterns and number of crops per year.
(3) Communication facilities: The existing modes of transport such as
roads, railways, waterways and air routes are studied.
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(4) Economic development: The overall situation of economic conditions

of the nation including availability of raw materials and labour force,
types and location of industries, etc. are considered.
(5) Geography: The geological conditions, the extent of sea coast, etc.
are considered.
(6) Natural resources: The availability of natural resources in the form of
oil, minerals, gas, water, etc. are studied.
(7) Urban settlement: It includes the study of distribution and density of
population.
III. Regional survey:
The regional survey is conducted on a slightly bigger scale as compared
to the civic survey. The purpose of regional survey and civic survey is
the same, namely, to investigate the economical, physical and social

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conditions of the area to be covered up under the town planning

schemes.The investigations made under the regional survey are of
general nature. It is quite evident that the town to be planned should fit
into the conditions prevailing in the region. The topics to be covered in
the regional survey are more or less the same as those of the civic
survey.
IV. Civic survey:
The civic or town survey is conducted with special reference to the
conditions prevailing in and around the town to be planned. The topics
which are usually covered in
the civic survey are as follows:
(1) Communication amenities: The means of communication such as
roads, railways, airways and waterways are studied together with their

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inter-relationship. A study of the characteristics of traffic and its density is
also made. The study of the amount of money and time spent in journey
to work is utilised for segregation of traffic, resort to decentralisation and
recentralization, provision of other means of communication, etc.
(2) Contour: The study of contours of the area helps in deciding the
gradients of roads, location of waterworks and sewage plants,etc. The
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information regarding contours of the area is also utilised in the location
of public buildings which require commanding sites
and of airports which require a levelled ground.
(3) Existing land uses and land values: It includes the study of
agricultural lands, residential and commercial areas, parks, open
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spaces, location of airports, etc. The study of land values is useful to get
an idea of the compensation required to be paid to private owners for the
acquisition of land for public purposes. It also helps in deciding the
amount of betterment charges and in getting an overall picture of the
financial implications or liabilities
in planning a town.
(4) Historical background: It includes the study of general historical
development of the town, present policy of administration,physical and
social aspects of the area, etc.
(5) Housing: The characteristics of houses, distribution and relation of
people to houses, etc. are studied.
(6) Industries: The character, distribution, types and special
requirements of the local industries are studied.

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(7) Population: It includes the study of the present and future population
to be served by the town planning scheme, family structure, density of
population, migration tendencies, etc.
(8) Preservation of natural features: The buildings, open spaces and
spots of natural beauty, which are to be preserved, are considered.
(9) Public buildings: It includes the study of buildings to be used by the
common people.
(10) Public health: A study is made of the general health of inhabitants,
death rate, causes of special diseases, etc.
(11) Public services: A study of the public services such as water supply,
sewerage, telephone, gas, electricity, etc. is made.
(12) Topography: The topography of the area is studied with reference to
climatic conditions, locations of rivers and streams, etc.

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USES OF SURVEYS
The data and information collected during the survey work are useful in
the following respects:
(1) To give the town planner some basis for his thinking and working.
(2) To provide the relevant information regarding the community to be
served by the town planning scheme.
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(3) To suggest the means for developing public opinion and appreciation
in favour of the town planning scheme.
. METHODS ADOPTED TO COLLECT DATA
The data and information of various surveys are collected partly by the
field work and partly by analysing the reports prepared by other bodies.
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For this purpose, the youth organisations,

Social workers, service organisations and similar other voluntary bodies
can be contacted with advantage to collect the statistical data of the
surveys.
The methods adopted to collect data for the surveys can be summarised
as follows:
(1) A questionnaire form may be prepared and information may be
collected by house to house investigation. Alternatively, the
questionnaire may be inserted in a local newspaper or journal of any
organisation or it may be sent out to interested parties and returned by
post.The survey is speedier and cheap and it is possible to have
extensive coverage at a low total cost. The questions should be simple

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and self-explanatory and as far as possible, ambiguity should be

avoided.
The element of non-response should be reduced to a minimum by taking
suitable measures. For instance, a forwarding letter indicating the
purpose of survey accompanied by a stamped
The addressed envelope will encourage the respondent to reply
immediately. The questionnaire should be standardised and it should be
short, presented in a pleasing manner and avoid the
duplication of questions. If there is too much non-response, second, third
and fourth copies of the questionnaire can be despatched in the form of
reminders
(2) The interviews may be arranged with individuals organizations having
special knowledge in specific fields. The interviews will vary substantially

m
according to the type of person or organisation being interviewed. The
most frequent form of conducting an interview is by personal contact. But
in advanced countries, it can be conducted over telephones. The
personal contact enables the purpose of the survey to be explained fully
and questions can be framed to suit the knowledge of the person being
interviewed. However, the interviews are costly because of time and
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travelling expenses involved in the process.
(3) The specialists may be employed in some cases to supply the
information on topics relating to their work.
(4) The records and reports maintained by the government offices, police
department, municipal offices, revenue department,etc. can be studied
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and analysed.
(5) The town planner himself carries out surveys and collects the
necessary information on spot examination with the help of his staff. The
observation can be carried out for many subjects such as physical
potential of land for building purposes,generation of traffic, etc. The
observation and recording of data in a field note-book are carefully
carried out by the town planner. It is not merely a casual inspection, but
the objects are viewed critically and accurately and all the details are
fully recorded without leaving any aspect to memory.
DRAWINGS
The data and information collected in survey work are assembled and
illustrated on maps, drawings, charts and diagrams.
The preparation of drawings helps in the following two ways:

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(1) The task of the town planner of designing the future town becomes
easier.
(2) The final proposals of the town planner are to be accepted by people
in general and by the authorities in particular. The representation of such
proposals on drawings assists in easy understanding of the ideas of the
town planner.The maps and drawings may be prepared in convenient
sizes and standard scales, colours and symbols may be framed to have
uniformity in the work. The number and type of drawings to be prepared
will depend upon the nature of work and data collected. In general, the
following drawings are prepared:
(1) Contour map showing contours at suitable vertical intervals of say 2
m to 3 m.
(2) Land use map showing the existing uses of land and broad features

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of the town such as parks, built-up areas, open spaces, etc.
(3) Net population density map showing density of population per
hectare.
(4) Program map of town showing development in the first five years and
also subsequent developments.
(5) Town map showing proposals of different zones.
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REPORT
The drawings are accompanied by a detailed report on the proposed
town planning scheme and if necessary, the models of some specific
proposals included in the scheme are prepared to express the ideas of
the town planner. The report contains the arguments in favour of the
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proposed scheme and it mentions the advantages and results of the

proposed scheme.The contents of the report prove useful to the
authorities to give their approval and also to develop public opinion in
favour of the proposed scheme. The implementation of the scheme
starts after the report is accepted by the concerned authorities.

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