Formal Education

Education
-is the consciously controlled process whereby changes in behavior are produced in a person and
through the person in the group.
-is defined as a preparation for effective participation in social relations (Horton and Hunt, 1972)
According to Horton and Hunt, education is the preparation for effective participation in social relations
due to lots of social interactions that will be taking place in school. An individual might notice if he or she
is ‘fit’ in the group.
It says that females are highly represented in all three levels of education. The rates of failures, dropouts
and repetition are higher for males than females. Female graduates also outnumber males.
Females are expected to excel in education compared to males.
REASONS WHY FEMALES ARE HIGHY REPRESENTED IN ALL THREE LEVELS OF EDUCATION THAN MALES:
 Daughters receive more education but less land than sons.
 there are more opportunities for employment for males in the agricultural sector
 parents rely more on their daughters to study diligently
 Keep stable jobs and provide support in their retirement age.
Formal Education
-It sets definite objectives and goals reached through systematized, formal instruction methods.
It is normal schooling. Like in elementary, high school and college.
Non-formal Education
- consists of sets of definite learning goals and objectives, generally making use of a more flexible
curriculum, less rigid admission procedures, and more participative teaching methods.
More flexible than formal education like Alternative Learning System or Technical Vocational courses. In
a short span of time, you will be able to get the knowledge you need. It is flexible because if we are
going to compare it with formal education, it will not consume the whole 7 days of an individual. There
are schedules. And it will not consume a lot of hours per session. 3-4 hours is enough for it to call a day.
Education in early societies

In simple societies, the family provides education, assisted by elder members of the community who are
called specialists, like the magicians, witch doctors, shamans, or priests. Informal instruction is given to
prepare the youth for adult roles that will enable them to cope with the various demands of the
environment.
Mostly, our parents are the ones who teach us first. Before we enter kindergarten or grade 1, they are
the ones teaching us basic information like how we write our name, what is our name, how old we are
and so on and so forth.
But in early days of education in the Philippines, is not like that. Yes, they are teaching us basic
knowledge but mostly about how we are going to live. Like, household chores.
Functions of Education
 To transmit cultural heritage.

 To help individuals select social roles and to train them for the roles they have chosen.
 To integrate into the cultural mainstream the various subcultures and identities.
 To serve as source of social and cultural innovation.
Education in the Philippines
Educational systems reflect the economic, political, social, and religious values of society. Before the
coming of the Spaniards, a system of writing existed among ancient Filipinos, although the characteristic
of the syllabic writing is still a subject of contention of contemporary scholars (Jocano 1975:193-194).
Even before Spaniards came to the Philippines, we already had our writing system which is Baybayin.
The objective of education under the Spanish colonizers was to teach moral and religious subjects, using
the Spanish language as medium of instruction. Meanwhile, when the Americans took over the reign of
government in 1899, the emphasis on Christianity and the transmission of the Spanish culture towards
the development of new social patterns.
The curriculum in the primary level consisted of the English language, arithmetic, geography, singing,
drawing, physical education and character training. Grammar and social studies were included in the
intermediate grades. At the present, the Philippine educational system is bureaucratic system under the
supervision of the state.
Three Coordinate Systems

 Department of Education (DepEd)
- DepEd oversees all public and private elementary and secondary education institutions,
including alternative learning systems, and ensures the formation and maintenance of a
comprehensive, adequate, and integrated basic education system that contributes to national
development goals.
 Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
- The Commission on Higher Education is the Philippine government’s agency in charged with
promoting relevant and quality higher education, ensuring access to quality higher education,
and guaranteeing and protecting academic freedom for continuing intellectual growth,
advancement of learning and research, development of responsible and effective leadership,
education of high-level professionals, and enrichment of historical and cultural heritages.
 Technical Educational Skills and Development Authority (TESDA)
- The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is the government agency
tasked to manage and supervise technical education and skills development (TESD) in the
Philippines. It was created by virtue of Republic Act 7796, otherwise known as the “Technical
Education and Skills Development Act of 1994”. The said Act integrated the functions of the
former National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC), the Bureau of Technical-Vocational
Education of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (BTVE-DECS) and the Office of
Apprenticeship of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).
Key issues in the Philippine Education
 Quality education
- It is uncommon to hear college teachers decry the quality of students that come to them. They
lament the students’ inability to construct a correct sentence, much less a paragraph. Private
schools have been assailed as profit-making institutions turning out half-baked graduates who
later become part of the nation’s educated unemployed. All these are indications of the poor
quality of education.
- There are multiple factors which have led to low educational standards. Studies and fact-finding
commissions have shown that the deteriorating quality of education is due to the low
government budget for education; poor quality of teachers; poor management of schools; poor
school facilities such as laboratory and library facilities; poor learning environment; the content
of the curriculum; inadequate books and science equipment; the poor method of instruction;
shortages of classrooms; and others.
 Accessibility of education
- In both developed and developing countries children do not have access to an accurate
education due to the inequality among the countries. The origin of this inequality comes from
various factors, such as gender, social status, economy, race, and cultural identity. In addition,
the government does not have awareness of those factors, so the situation gets worse. As a
result, many children are not receiving the education which is necessary for their internal and
external development. Unemployment, a low level of health, sickness and lack of interest from
the parents are common factors that increase the probability of non-schooling and dropout
average twice. The truth is that most children from developing countries leave their education
back due to problems related to health and the economy.
 Government budget for education
- If there is a lack in funds, it is possible that creating and building classrooms is impossible. Yet, I
think the fund in education is enough to give quality services. Why? Because the budget for
them is too much. It can create lots of classrooms. However, it is not handled very well.
 Mismatch
- Results show that some of the perceived causes of education-job mismatch is weak economy
and inadequate job opportunities, field of study, and theory and practice misalignment. Thus,
the findings of this study suggest that education-job mismatch itself is caused by a weak
economy which also causes a weak economy.
Proposed Reforms
 Upgrade the salary scale of teachers.
 Budget per region is based on participation and unit costs.
 Expand the scholarship program to the poor students.
 Encourage the participation of the business and industry sector in higher education.
 Develop a rationalized apprenticeship program by the private sector.
Computers and Internet
It makes the accessibility of academic resources faster and more convenient.
- Nowadays, computers as well as internet make our lives, especially students and teachers,
easier and convenient. It makes education more possible and flexible even if there is a virus.
- I am not saying that books are irrelevant now in research. But, using computer and internet, it
makes the searching easier and not time consuming.

Formal Education

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Education

Education in early societies

 To transmit cultural heritage.

Education in the Philippines

Three Coordinate Systems

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