Artificial Intelligence

Unit -1
1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?

In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with different new
technologies day by day.

Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence which is ready to
create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent machines. The Artificial Intelligence is now
all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such
as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in future.
AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave

like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning,
and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that
you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI.

It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek myth, there
were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave like humans.

1.1.2 Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI and
why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.

o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
 o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

1.1.3 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:

o Proving a theorem

o Playing chess

o Plan some surgical operation

o Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

1.1.4 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of other
factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following
discipline:

o Mathematics

o Biology

o Psychology

o Sociology

o Computer Science

o Neurons Study

o Statistics

1.1.5 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that
AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.

o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.

o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

1.1.6 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so
advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while
creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.

o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.

o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.

1.1.7 Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for today's
time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable and
fast.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

Figure 1.1: Application of AI

1. AI in Astronomy

o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology
can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare

o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.

o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI
can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming

o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance

o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security

o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in
the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.

6. AI in Social Media

o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag,
and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel
related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry

o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:

o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can
create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.

o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid
robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
 o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show
the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture

o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce

o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more

demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:

o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place.

1.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is flow
diagram which explain the types of AI.
 Figure 1.2: Types of AI

1.2.1 AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.

o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.

o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range
of functions.

o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.

o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce

site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.

o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think
like a human by its own.

o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.

o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.

o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.

3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.

o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such

systems in real is still world changing task.
 Figure 1.3:Types of AI

1.2.2 Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.

o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.

o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.

o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.

o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars
can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.

o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

o These machines will be smarter than human mind.

o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

1.3 Types of AI Agents

Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and capability.
All these agents can improve their performance and generate better action over the time. These are
given below:

o Simple Reflex Agent

o Model-based reflex agent

o Goal-based agents

o Utility-based agent

o Learning agent

1.3.1 Simple Reflex agent

o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions on the basis
of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.

o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.

o The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history during their decision
and action process.

o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the current
state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.

o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:

o They have very limited intelligence

o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state

o Mostly too big to generate and to store.

o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.

 Figure 1.4:Simple Reflex Model

1.3.2. Model-based reflex agent

o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and track the
situation.

o A model-based agent has two important factors:

o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is called a Model-
based agent.

o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.

o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the model they
perform actions.

o Updating the agent state requires information about:

o How the world evolves

o How the agent's action affects the world.

 Figure 1.5:Model based reflex agent.

1.3.3. Goal-based agents

o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for an
agent to what to do.

o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.

o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the "goal"
information.

o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.

o These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding
whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called
searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.
 Figure 1.6:Goal based agent

1.3.4. Utility-based agents

o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra component of utility
measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of success at a given state.

o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.

o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an agent
has to choose in order to perform the best action.

o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each action
achieves the goals.
 Figure 1.7:Utility based agent

1.3.5. Learning Agents

o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences, or it has
learning capabilities.

o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.

o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:

1. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from

environment

2. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well the
agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.

3. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action

4. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that will
lead to new and informative experiences.

o Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways to
improve the performance.
Figure 1.8:Learning Agent