Unit I

Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
Contents

 Introduction
 History of AI
 Applications of AI
 Objectives of AI
 Artificial Intelligence Programming
 Criticism of AI
 Future of AI
Introduction
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to replicate
or enhance human intellect, such as reasoning and learning
from experience. Artificial intelligence has been used in
computer programs for years, but it is now applied to many other
products and services.

 The aim of artificial intelligence(AI) is in some way to make

computers perform tasks that humans tent to be good at. In a
sense it is an investigation into the attempt to make computers
behave in a smarter manner.

 The actual name Artificial Intelligence was coined by John

McCarthy in the 1960s. He was the designer of the LISP language
What is Artificial Intelligence?

 In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in

touch with different new technologies day by day.

 Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial

Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by
making intelligent machines.

 The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working

with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-
driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting,
etc.

 AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science

which has a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine
to work as a human.
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where
Artificial defines "man-made," and
intelligence defines "thinking power", hence
AI means "a man-made thinking power."
Why Artificial Intelligence?
 Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know
that what is the importance of AI and why should we learn it.
Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
 With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such
as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
 With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
 AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
 Computers have outperformed people in the many
tasks. A sample of these tasks is as follows:
 Numerical computations
▪ Computers are definitely faster and more accurate than humans when
it comes to numerical computations.
 Information storage
▪ Computers can store very huge amount of information. The volume
being limited only by the availability of information. This is contrast
to the human beings wherein it seems that only a certain amount of
knowledge can be stored
 Repetitive operations
▪ It goes without saying that human beings get bored and commit
mistakes .
Why Artificial Intelligence?

 To respond to situations very flexibly

 To make sense of ambiguous or erroneous
messages
 To assign relative importance to elements for a
situation
 To find similarities even though the situations
might be different
 To draw distinctions between situations even
though there may be many similarities between
them
Why Artificial Intelligence?

 Following is a list of tasks that demand

intelligence
 Speech generation and understanding
 Pattern recognition
 Motion in a dynamic obstacle filled space
 Mathematical theorem proving
 Reasoning
Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
 Following are some main advantages of Artificial
Intelligence:
 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are
prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as
per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can
perform the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in
situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
where to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital
assistant to the users such as AI technology is currently used
by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human
in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial
Intelligence
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as
it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with
AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that
work for which they are trained, or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,
but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of
emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for
users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,
people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some
new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Symbolic and Non-Symbolic
Representation
 Symbolic AI:
 Symbolic AI refers to the fact that all steps are based on symbolic human readable
representations of the problem that use logic and search to solve problem.
 Key advantage of Symbolic AI is that the reasoning process can be easily understood – a
Symbolic AI program can easily explain why a certain conclusion is reached and what the
reasoning steps had been.
 A key disadvantage of Symbolic AI is that for learning process – the rules and knowledge
has to be hand coded which is a hard problem.
 Non-symbolic AI:
 Non-symbolic AI systems do not manipulate a symbolic representation to find solutions to
problems. Instead, they perform calculations according to some principles that have
demonstrated to be able to solve problems without exactly understanding how to arrive at
the solution.
 Examples of Non-symbolic AI include genetic algorithms, neural networks and deep
learning.
 A key disadvantage of Non-symbolic AI is that it is difficult to understand how the system
came to a conclusion. This is particularly important when applied to critical applications
such as self-driving cars, medical diagnosis among others
History of AI – Alan Turing
Test
 In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check
whether a machine can think like a human or not,
this test is known as the Turing Test. In this test,
Turing proposed that the computer can be said to
be an intelligent if it can mimic human response
under specific conditions.
 Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950
paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence,"
which considered the question, "Can Machine
think?"
History of AI – Alan Turing
Test
 The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game," with some
modifications. This game involves three players in which one player is Computer,
another player is human responder, and the third player is a human Interrogator,
who is isolated from other two players and his job is to find that which player is
machine among two of them.
 Consider, Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an
interrogator. Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he needs to
identify this on the basis of questions and their responses.
 The conversation between all players is via keyboard and screen so the result
would not depend on the machine's ability to convert words as speech.
History of AI – Alan Turing
Test
 The test result does not depend on each correct answer, but only how
closely its responses like a human answer. The computer is permitted to do
everything possible to force a wrong identification by the interrogator.
 The questions and answers can be like:
 Interrogator: Are you a computer?
 PlayerA (Computer): No
 Interrogator: Multiply two large numbers such as (256896489*456725896)
 Player A: Long pause and give the wrong answer.
 In this game, if an interrogator would not be able to identify which is a
machine and which is human, then the computer passes the test
successfully, and the machine is said to be intelligent and can think like a
human.
The Chinese Room
Argument
 There were many philosophers who really disagreed with the complete
concept of Artificial Intelligence. The most famous argument in this list
was "Chinese Room."

 In the year 1980, John Searle presented "Chinese Room" thought

experiment, in his paper "Mind, Brains, and Program," which was
against the validity of Turing's Test. According to his argument,
"Programming a computer may make it to understand a language,
but it will not produce a real understanding of language or
consciousness in a computer."

 He argued that Machine such as ELIZA and Parry could easily pass the
Turing test by manipulating keywords and symbol, but they had no real
understanding of language. So it cannot be described as "thinking"
capability of a machine such as a human.
Applications of AI

 Artificial Intelligence has various applications

in today's society.
 It is becoming essential for today's time
because it can solve complex problems with
an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education,
etc.
 AI is making our daily life more comfortable
and fast.
Applications of AI
Applications of AI
 AI in Astronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex
universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
 AI in Healthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous
for the healthcare industry and going to have a significant
impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and
faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with
diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
Applications of AI
 AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.
 AI in Finance
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
 AI in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your
data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better
way.
Applications of AI
 AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a
very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts
of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends,
hashtag, and requirement of different users.
 AI in Travel & Transport
 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is
capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes
to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response.
Applications of AI
 AI in Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to
their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot,
an intelligent virtual assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
which can make your journey more safe and secure.
 AI in Robotics:
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general
robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task,
but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.
Applications of AI
 AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
 AI in Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and
time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid
and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful
for farmers.
 AI in E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.
Applications of AI

 AI in education:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have
more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual
tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at
any time and any place.
Objectives of AI
 The main objectives of AI research are:
 Understand human cognition
▪ How do humans solve problems? Try to obtain deep knowledge of human
memory, problem solving abilities, learning, decision making etc.
 Cost-effective automation
▪ Replace humans in intelligent tasks. Have programs which perform as well
as humans currently doing the job?
 Cost-effective intelligent amplification
▪ Builds systems to help humans think better, faster, deeper
 Superhuman intelligence
▪ Build programs to exceed human intelligence
 Coherent discourse
▪ Communicates with people using natural language. Carries out an intelligent
dialogue.
Objectives of AI
 The main objectives of AI research are:
 General problem solving
▪ Solves broad range of problems. Systems with breadth of mind
 Autonomy
▪ Has intelligent systems acting on own initiative. Must react to the
real world.
 Learning
▪ The system should be able to gather own data and how.
Generalize, hypothesize, apply/learn heuristics; reason by analogy
 Store information
▪ And know how to retrieve it.
AI Programming

 There are many AI programming languages

amongst which are List processor (LISP),
French for programming in logic (PROLOG),
Python, JAVA, C++ and ADA.
 LISP is a computer programming language
with a long history and a distinctive, fully
parenthesized prefix notation.
Future of AI
 The future main directions of research and development
in AI can be bundled up in three terms:
 Information creation
▪ AI has made a substantial contribution to this technology which is
commercially used in recent years and is usually called data mining for
non formatted data also text mining, web mining or image mining.
 Autonomy
▪ The property of autonomy creates a new relationship between agents-
whether they are realized as robots or as software systems and humans
that has the quality of partnership.
 Situatedness
▪ A situated system has to solve two main problems, namely how to sense
the situation and how to choose an appropriate reaction.