UNIT-1

Introduction Foundations of AI, the History of AI Intelligent Agent Agent

and Environment, Good Behaviour: The Concept of Rationality, Nature of
Environments, Structure of Agents- Problem Solving Agents -Example
Problems.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science

which has a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a
machine to work as a human.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create

intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based

skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine

to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI.
It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says
that as per Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in early days
which can work and behave like humans.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that

what is the importance of AI and why should we learn it.

Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices
which can solve real-world problems very easily and with
accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual
Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work
in an environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and
new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise
to its user.

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's

so vast and requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it.
To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence iscomposed,
so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception,
language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial

Intelligence requires the following discipline:
o Mathematics
o Biology
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Computer Science
o Neurons Study
o Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less error: AI machines or systems are

prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as
per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making; because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform
the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations
such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to
employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital
assistant to the users such as AI technology is currently used
by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human
in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and the same goes for
Artificial intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has
some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while
creating an AI system.

Following are the disadvantages of AI:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very

costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world
requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter
machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as
the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding
performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot
 make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can
imagine some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this
power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.

Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society.

It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex

problems with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial

Intelligence:
1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex
universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for
the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact
on this industry.

o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and

faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with
diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play
strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of
a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other.
The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot,
adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning
into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-
attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be
used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software
bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat
contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and
managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is
capable of doing various travel related works such as from
making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with
customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual
assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla
has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-

driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,
general robots are programmed such that they can perform
some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create
intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.

o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently

the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has
been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily
life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or
Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services
show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor,
money, and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is
becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for
farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry,
and it is becoming more demanding in the e-commerce
business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time
to teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a
teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for
students, which will be accessible easily at any time and any
place.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for
researchers. This technology is much older than you would imagine.
Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and
Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI
which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date
development.
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was

done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for
modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is
now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician
and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing
publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence,
called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the

"Logic
Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics
theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by
American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP,

or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at
that time.
The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms

which can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum
created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.

o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in

Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI

winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where
computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.

o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial

intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)

o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert

System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the
decision-making ability of a human expert.

o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American

Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford
University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI
Winter duration.

o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI

research as due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert
system such as XCON was very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess
champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to
beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006.
Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using
AI.
Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011- present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz
show, where it had to solve the complex questions as well as
riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural
language and can solve tricky questions quickly.

o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google

now", which was able to provide information to the user as a
prediction.

o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won

a competition in the infamous "Turing test."

o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex

topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely
well.

o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a

virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment
on call and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking
with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep

learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom.
Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are
working with AI and creating amazing devices.