Ee Lab
Ee Lab
Ee Lab
II B.Tech-I SEMESTER
Name:__________________________________
H.T.No:_________________________________
Year/Semester:__________________________
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA
NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
To be a premier institute for professional education producing dynamic and vibrant force of
technocrats with competent skills, innovative ideas and leadership qualities to serve the society
with ethical and benevolent approach.
To create a learning environment with state-of-the art infrastructure, well equipped laboratories,
research facilities and qualified senior faculty to impart high quality technical education.
To facilitate the learners to foster innovative ideas, inculcate competent research and consultancy
skills through Industry-Institute Interaction.
To develop hard work, honesty, leadership qualities and sense of direction in rural youth by
providing value based education.
To produce professionally deft and intellectually adept Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
equip them with the latest technological skills, research & consultancy competencies along with
social responsibility, ethics, Lifelong Learning and leadership qualities.
To produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineers with strong core knowledge, design
experience & exposure to research by providing quality teaching and learning environment.
To train the students in emerging technologies through state - of - the art laboratories and thus
bridge the gap between Industry and academia.
To inculcate learners with interpersonal skills, team work, social values, leadership qualities and
professional ethics for a holistic engineering professional practice through value based education.
PEO 1: Provide sound foundation in mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to analyze,
formulate and solve complex engineering problems.
PEO 2: Have multi-disciplinary Knowledge and innovative skills to design and develop Electrical &
Electronics products and allied systems.
PEO 3: Acquire the latest technological skills and motivation to pursue higher studies leading to
research.
PEO 4: Possess good communication skills, team spirit, ethics, modern tools usage and the life-long
learning needed for a successful professional career.
On completion of the B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) degree, the graduates will
be able to
PSO-1: Higher Education: Apply the fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering to pursue higher education in the areas of Electrical Circuits, Electrical
Machines, Electrical Drives, Power Electronics, Control Systems and Power Systems.
PSO-2: Employment: Get employed in Public/Private sectors by applying the knowledge in the domains
of design and operation of Electronic Systems, Microprocessor based control systems, Power systems,
Energy auditing etc.
COURSE OUTCOMES
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
10 Swinburne's test
Additional Experiments
10 Swinburne's test
Additional Experiments
DO‘S
2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.
5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.
7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply
DONT‘S
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
Marks Awarded
Total
S.No Experiment Name Date Record Observation Viva Voce Attendance
30(M)
(10M) (10M) (5M) (5M)
11 Determination of Coefficient of
coupling.
12
Brake test on a DC Shunt Motor
EXP.NO:01 DATE
EXP.NO:01 DATE:
AIM: To verify resonant frequency, bandwidth & quality factor of RLC series
Resonant circuits.
APPARATUS:
(0 – 3M)Hz,
1 Signal generator - 1No
(0-20) VPP
Carbon
5 Resistors 1k Ω 2No
Composition
Required
8 Connecting wires - -
Number
PROCEDURE:
10. Draw a line parallel to X-axis, corresponding to 0.707 Imax, which cuts the curve at two
points.
11. The frequencies corresponding to those points are called as cut-off frequencies.
12. The difference between lower and upper cut-off frequencies gives the bandwidth.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the output voltage of the signal generator in zero volt position.
SERIES RESONANCE
Fig (1.1)
Tabular Column:
1 When R = 1KΩ
Resonant frequency, f0= .
2π LC
ωL 1 1 L
Quality factor, Q = = = =1
R ωCR R C
Band width =
Frequency, Current,
S. No
Resonant frequency, f0 = f (Hz) I (mA)
fo When R = 500Ω
Quality factor, Q=
f 2 − f1
Frequency, Current,
S. No
f (Hz) I (mA)
RESULT:
The resonant frequency, bandwidth and quality factor of the given series and parallel resonant
circuits are determined and compared with the theoretical values.
Values Values
Resonant
1
Frequency, fo
2 Band width
3 Quality factor
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Since the current at resonance is maximum, the series resonant circuit is called as
acceptor circuit.
2. As the resistance of the circuit decreases, the Q-factor increases and selectivity of the
circuit will be better.
3. Since the current at resonance is minimum, the parallel resonant circuit is called as
rejector circuit.
4. The variation of the resistance does not affect the resonant frequency.
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1) Define Resonance?
2) Define bandwidth?
3) What is resonant condition in series RLC circuit?
4) Define quality factor?
5) What is half power frequencies?
6) What is the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit?
7) What is the band width of series RLC circuit?
8) What are the half power frequencies of series RLC circuit?
Circuit Diagram:
EXP.NO:02 DATE:
AIM: To verify resonant frequency, bandwidth & quality factor of RLC parallel
Resonant circuits.
APPARATUS:
(0 – 3M)Hz,
1 Signal generator - 1No
(0-20) VPP
Carbon
5 Resistors 1k Ω 2No
Composition
Required
8 Connecting wires - -
Number
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the output voltage of the signal generator in zero volt position.
SERIES RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Fig (1.2)
Resonant frequency, f0 ,
1 CR 2L − L Tabular Column:
f0= .
2π LC CR C2 − L
Frequency, Current,
S. No
1 f (Hz) I(mA)
∵ RL = RC, f0 = =.
2π LC
Quality factor, Q =.
fo
Q= =
f 2 − f1
RESULT:
The resonant frequency, bandwidth and quality factor of the given series and parallel resonant
circuits are determined and compared with the theoretical values.
Values Values
Resonant
1
Frequency, fo
2 Band width
3 Quality factor
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Since the current at resonance is maximum, the series resonant circuit is called as
acceptor circuit.
2. As the resistance of the circuit decreases, the Q-factor increases and selectivity of the
circuit will be better.
3. Since the current at resonance is minimum, the parallel resonant circuit is called as
rejector circuit.
4. The variation of the resistance does not affect the resonant frequency.
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1) Define Resonance?
DETERMINATION OF Z PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine open circuit impedance parameters (Z) of the given two port network.
BRIEF THEORY:
In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be expressed in
terms of input & output currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1, I2) V1& V2
are dependent variables whereas I1 & I2 are independent variables. Thus,
Here Z11& Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12& Z21 are the
reverse & forward transfer impedances.
APPARATUS:
Dual channel
1 (0 – 30)V - 1
Regulated power supply
2 Voltmeters (0-10) V MC 2
3 Ammeters (0-10m) A MC 2
1k Ω 2
Carbon
4 Resistors 2.2 KΩ 1
Composition
470Ω 1
5 Bread board - - 1
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer to zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Do not short-circuit the RPS output terminals.
Dept. of EEE, VEMU IT Page 11
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
PROCEDURE:
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value
(Say 10V).
3. Note down the corresponding current (I1) through the input port, 1-11 and voltage
(V2) across the output port, 2-21.
4. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate Z11 and Z21 using
the formulae, Z11=V1/I1 and Z21=V2/I1.
7. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate Z22 and Z12 using
the formulae, Z22=V2/I2 and Z12=V1/I2
DETERMINATION OF Z PARAMETERS
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
Fig.
Tabular Column:
S. V1 I1
V2 z11 = v1 kΩ z 21 =
v2
kΩ
I1 I1
No (Volts) (Volts) (mA)
S. V1 I2 v2 v1
V2 z 22 = kΩ z12 = kΩ
I2 I2
No (volts) (volts) (mA)
RESULT:
Open circuited impedance parameters are determined and are compared with theoretical
values.
1 Z11
2 Z12
3 Z21
4 Z22
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Since Z12 = Z21 the given circuit is reciprocal.
2. Since Z11 = Z22 the given circuit is symmetrical.
3. There is a small deviation between theoretical and practical values because internal
resistances of source and meters are not considered.
DETERMINATION OF Y PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine Short circuit admittance parameters (Y) of the given two port network.
BRIEF THEORY :
Here Y11& Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12&
Y21are the reverse & forward transfer admittances.
APPARATUS:
Dual channel
1 (0 – 30)V - 1
Regulated power supply
2 Voltmeters (0-10) V MC 2
3 Ammeters (0-10m) A MC 2
1k Ω 2
Carbon
4 Resistors 2.2 KΩ 1
Composition
470Ω 1
5 Bread board - - 1
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
PROCEDURE:
3. Note down the corresponding currents through the input port I1 and output port I2.
4. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate Y11 and Y21 using
the formulae,Y11=I1/V1 and Y21=I2/V1.
7. Note down the corresponding currents through the input port I1 and output port I2.
8. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate Y11 and Y21 using
the formulae,Y12=I1/V2 and Y22=I2/V2.
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
Tabular Column:
I1 I2
S. V1 I2 I1 Y11 = y 21 =
V1 V1
No (volts) (mA) (mA)
(mho) (mho)
b) To find y22&y12:
I2 I1
S. V2 I2 I1 y 22 = Y12 =
V2 V2
RESULT:
Open circuited impedance and short circuit admittance parameters are determined and are
compared with theoretical values.
1 Y11
2 Y12
3 Y21
4 Y22
CONCLUSIONS:
6. There is a small deviation between theoretical and practical values because internal
resistances of source and meters are not considered.
AIM: To determine transmission parameters (ABCD) of the given two port network.
BRIEF THEORY:
V1=AV2+B(-I2)
I1 = CV2 + D(-I2)
Here “A” is called reverse voltage ratio, “B” is called transfer impedance “C” is
called transfer admittance & “D” is called reverse currentratio.
APPARATUS:
Dual channel
1 (0 – 30)V - 1
Regulated power supply
2 Voltmeters (0-10) V MC 2
3 Ammeters (0-10m) A MC 2
1k Ω 2
Carbon
4 Resistors 2.2 KΩ 1
Composition
470Ω 1
5 Bread board - - 1
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
Given Circuit
Fig.
Tabular Column:
V1 I1
S. V1 I2 I1 B= D=
I2 I2
No (volts) (mA) (mA)
(kΩ)
Fig.
Tabular Column:
S. V1 V2 I1 A= C=
PROCEDURE:
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 10V).
3. Note down thecorresponding current (I1) through the input port, 1-11 and voltage (V2)
across the output port, 2-21.
4. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate A and C using the
formulae, A=v1/v2 and C=I1/V2.
7. Note down the corresponding current (I2) through the output port 2-21 and voltages (V1&
V2) across the input port 1-11& output port 2.21resp’y.
8. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate B and D using the
formulae, B=V1/I2and D=I1/I2
10. Vary the R.P.S. output voltage to 5V, 10V and 15V.
11. Note down the corresponding currents through the input port I1 and output port I2.
12. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate h11 and h21 using the
formulae,h11=V1/I1 and h21=I2/I1.
14. Vary the R.P.S. output voltage to 5V, 10V and 15V..
15. Note down the corresponding currents through the input port I1 and output port I2.
16. Reduce the voltage to zero, disconnect the circuit and calculate h22 and h12 using the
formulae,h22=I2/V2 and h12=V1/V2.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
RESULT:
Transmission parameters are determined and are compared with theoretical values.
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
DETERMINATION OF H PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine hybrid parameters (h) of the given two port network.
BRIEF THEORY:
In ‘h’ parameters of a two port network, voltage of the input port and the current
of the output port are expressed in terms of the current of the input port and the
voltage of the output port. Due to this reason, these parameters are called as
‘hybrid’ parameters, i.e. out of four variables (i.e. V1, V2, I1, I2) V1, I2 are
dependent variables.
Thus,
H21 and H12 are forward current gain and reverse voltage gain.
APPARATUS:
Dual channel
1 (0 – 30)V - 1
Regulated power supply
2 Voltmeters (0-10) V MC 2
3 Ammeters (0-10m) A MC 2
1k Ω 2
Carbon
4 Resistors 2.2 KΩ 1
Composition
470Ω 1
5 Bread board - - 1
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
Given Circuit
∴ h11 = V1 =
I1
I2
∴ h21 = =
I1
Fig.
Tabular Column:
V1 I2
S. V1 I2 I1 h11 = h21 =
I1 I1
No (volts) (mA) (mA)
(kΩ)
V1
h12=
V2
I2
h22 =
V2
Fig. (3.4)
S. V1 V2 I2 V1 I2
h12 = h22 =
V2 V2
No (volts) (volts) (mA)
PROCEDURE:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
RESULT:
Hybrid parameters are determined and are compared with theoretical values.
1 h11
2 h12
3 h21
4 h22
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Since Z12 = Z21 and Y12 = Y21 the given circuit is reciprocal.
2. Since Z11 = Z22 and Y11 = Y22 the given circuit is symmetrical.
3. There is a small deviation between theoretical and practical values because internal
resistances of source and meters are not considered.
Circuit Diagram:
Apparatus:
Precautions:
Procedure:
Tabular Columns:
Model Graphs:
Armature Controlled Method:
Result:
Circuit Diagram:
Apparatus:
Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Potential Divider must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the Motor Generator Set to rated speed value by adjusting motor
field rheostat.
5. Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and
note down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7. Again decrease the excitation in the same steps till field current is zero by adjusting
the potential divider noting down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
8. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Column:
Eg(V) Eg (V)
S. No. If (A)
Increasing Decreasing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Model Graph:
Result:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
Tabular Column:
Wattmeter
Line Line Spring Balance Input
Readings Speed
S. voltage current Reading Power Torque power Output ŋ
(W) N %Slip
No. VL IL Factor (N-m) (w) (W) (%)
(rpm)
(V) (A)
W1 W2
S1 S2 S1~S2
(W) (W)
Formulae:
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
Circuit Diagram:
Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-300)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-20)A MC 2
2 Ammeter
(0-5)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 2
3 Rheostat
100Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Field rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Armature rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
4. DPST Switch on the generator side must be kept open.
5. Initially load must be in OFF position.
6. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor-generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat and bring the motor to its rated speed and by varying
the field rheostat of the generator apply the rated voltage of the load and close the
DPSTS2 switch.
5. Now load the generator in steps till maximum rated current of the generator and note
down all the meter readings.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Columns:
Eg = V + IaRa
S. No. V (V) IL (A) If (A) Ia = IL + If (A)
(V)
1
2
3
Model Graph:
Result:
Circuit Diagram:
O.C Test:
S.C Test:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
Tabular Columns:
O.C Test: S.C Test:
Vo Io Wo = W X M.F VSC ISC WSC = W X M.F
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W)
cosθ = cosθ =
Cu Loss Output Input Efficiency Cu Output Input Efficiency
Load (W) (W) (W) (%η) Loss (W) (W) (%η)
(W)
Model Calculations:
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
1. Define transformer.
2. Distinguish the statically induced EMF and dynamically induced EMF.
3. Which losses can be determined from the O.C Test and S.C Test.
4. What is the main AIM’s to conduct the O.C and S.C tests?
5. Define efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer.
6. Why the O.C Test is conduct on L.V side.
7. Why the S.C Test is conducted on H.V side.
8. What is the difference between U.P.F and L.P.F wattcmeters?
9. No load power factor angle of transformer is around………
10. For which type of load negative voltage regulation occurs.
11. For which type of load maximum voltage regulation occurs.
Circuit Diagram:
SWINBURNE’S TEST
Aim:
To predetermine the efficiency of a D.C Shunt Machine when run both as generator
and motor.
Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-300)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-2)A MC 1
3 SPSTS - Knife 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
4 Rheostat
100 Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. SPST Switch must be kept in closed position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Adjust the speed of motor to its rated value by adjusting field and / or armature
rheostat.
4. Now open the SPST Switch & note down all the meter readings.
5. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
To find Armature Resistance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the rheostat in its maximum resistance position close the DPST Switch and
switch ON 220V D.C Supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat for different values of current note down the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Columns:
Supply Voltage Line Current Shunt Current
S. No.
(V) IL (A) If (A)
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Formulae:
Motor:
Ia = IL - If
Input = VLIL
WC = VLIL - Ia2Ra
WCu = Ia2Ra
WT = WCu + WC
Output = Input - WT
Ŋ = (Output/Input) X 100
Generator:
Ia = IL + If
Output = VLIL
WC = VLIL - Ia2Ra
WCu = Ia2Ra
WT = WCu + WC
Input = Output + WT
Ŋ = (Output/Input) X 100
Model Graph:
Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
APPARATUS:
S.
Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
No
Single phase
1 230V / 115V, 2KVA - 1No
transformer
3 Ammeter (0-2) A MI 1 No
Required
7 Connecting wires - -
number
PROCEDURE:
12. Calculate the equivalent inductance, LA of the windings with the help of above
readings.
13. Disconnect the circuit and connect the circuit as per the fig .
14. Apply 115V across the differentially coupled windings by varying the knob of 1-
φautotransformer slowly.
15. Note down the corresponding voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter readings and
disconnect the circuit.
16. Calculate the equivalent inductance, LB of the windings with the help of above
readings.
17. Calculate Mutual inductance M, and coefficient of coupling K, using the values of L1,
L2, LA, LB.
PRECAUTIONS:
Tabular column:
V1 I1 W1 V1 W1 X L1
S.N Z1 = Ω R1 = Ω X L1 = Z 12 − R 12 Ω L 1 = H
(Volts (amp (Watt I1 I 12 2π f
o
) ) )
Tabular column:
V2 I2 W2
S.No
(Volts) (amp) (Watt)
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
The coefficient of coupling, K of the given 1-φ iron cored transformer is less than unity.
Circuit Diagram:
Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
3 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some
Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat bring the motor to its rated speed.
5. Now load the motor in steps to its full load and note down all the meter readings.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Column:
Spring Balance
S. VL IL N Torque Input Output ŋ
Reading
No. (V) (A) (rpm) (N-m) (kW) (kW) (%)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Formulae:
Torque = 9.81 X (S1-S2) X R N-m
Input = VL IL kW
Output = (2∏N)τ/60 kW
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100
Model Graph:
Result: