JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION OF INSTITUTION

To build Jeppiaar Engineering College as an institution of academic excellence in technology

and management education, leading to become a world class University.

MISSION OF INSTITUTION
 To excel in teaching and learning, research and innovation by promoting the principles of
scientific analysis and creative thinking.
 To participate in the production, development, dissemination of knowledge and interact with
national and international communities.
 To equip students with ethical values, and life skills that would enrich their lives and enable
them to meaningfully contribute to the progress of the society.
 To prepare students for higher studies and lifelong learning, enrich them with the practical
and entrepreneurial skills necessary to excel as future professionals and contribute to Nation’s
economy.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations
4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

1
 VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering strives to be a Centre of Excellence

in education and technical research, in the endeavour of which the Department will continually update
the teaching methodologies, progress in the emerging technologies and continue to play a vital role in
the development of the society.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To develop the ability to learn and work creatively that would enhance the ability of
M1
both students and faculty to do innovative research.
To create and maintain state-of-the art facilities which provide students and faculty
M2
with opportunities to analyse, apply and disseminate knowledge globally.
To impart the knowledge in essential interdisciplinary fields which will enhance the
M3 interpersonal skills, team work, professional ethics and make them work effectively
for their own benefit and the betterment of the society.
Prepare students for lifelong learning of theoretical and practical concepts to face
M4
intellectual, economical and career challenges.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Strengthen the knowledge in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to enable them
PEO 01
work for modern industries by promoting energy conservation and sustainability.
Enrich analytical, creative and critical logical reasoning skills to solve problems faced
PEO 02
by emerging domains of electrical and electronics engineering industries worldwide.
Develop effective communication and inter-personal skills to work with enhanced team
PEO 03 spirit in multidisciplinary projects with a broader ethical, professional, economical and
social perspective.
Prepare the students either to establish start ups or to pursue higher education at
PEO 04
reputed institutions.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSOs)

Professional Skills:
Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to solve real time
PSO 1
problems in the field of Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Power Systems, Control
Systems and Instrumentation.
Research and Innovation:
Analyze and synthesize circuits by solving complex engineering problems to obtain the
PSO 2
optimal solution using effective software tools and hardware prototypes in the field of
robotics and renewable energy systems.
Product development:
PSO 3 Develop concepts and products by applying ideas of electrical domain into other
diversified engineering domains.

2
EE6004 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS LTPC
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the reactive power control techniques
 To educate on static VAR compensators and their applications
 To provide knowledge on Thyristor controlled series capacitors
 To educate on STATCOM devices
 To provide knowledge on FACTS controllers

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Reactive power control in electrical power transmission lines - Uncompensated transmission

line -series compensation – Basic concepts of Static Var Compensator (SVC) –Thyristor
Controlled Series capacitor (TCSC) – Unified power flow controller (UPFC).

UNIT II STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) AND APPLICATIONS 9

Voltage control by SVC – Advantages of slope in dynamic characteristics – Influence of SVC

on system voltage – Design of SVC voltage regulator –Modelling of SVC for power flow
and fast transient stability – Applications: Enhancement of transient stability – Steady state
power transfer – Enhancement of power system damping.

UNIT III THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC) AND

APPLICATIONS
9
Operation of the TCSC – Different modes of operation – Modelling of TCSC – Variable
reactance model – Modelling for Power Flow and stability studies. Applications:
Improvement of the system stability limit – Enhancement of system damping

UNIT IV VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED FACTS CONTROLLER

9
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) – Principle of operation – V-I
Characteristics.Applications: Steady state power transfer-enhancement of transient stability -
prevention of voltage instability.SSSC-operation of SSSC and the control of power flow –
modelling of SSSC in load flow and transient stability studies.

UNIT V CO-ORDINATION OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

9
Controller interactions – SVC – SVC interaction – Co-ordination of multiple controllers
using linear control techniques – Control coordination using genetic algorithms.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. R.Mohan Mathur, Rajiv K.Varma, “Thyristor – Based Facts Controllers for Electrical
Transmission
Systems”, IEEE press and John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.
2. Narain G. Hingorani, “Understanding FACTS -Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission Systems”, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi- 110 006, 2011.
3. K.R.Padiyar,” FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution”, New Age
International(P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi, 2008.

3
REFERENCES:
1. A.T.John, “Flexible A.C. Transmission Systems”, Institution of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
(IEEE), 1999.
2. V.K.Sood,HVDC and FACTS controllers – Applications of Static Converters in Power
System,
APRIL 2004 , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
3. Xiao – Ping Zang, Christian Rehtanz and Bikash Pal, “Flexible AC Transmission System:
Modelling and Control” Springer, 2012.

4
 Course code& Name: EE6004 & Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Degree/Programme: B.E/EEE Semester: VII Section: A, B
Duration: JUNE – DEC 2018 Regulation:
2013/AUC
Name of the Staff: Ms.K.S.Kavitha Kumari & Mr.Kalanithi.C

AIM: Educate the students about the application of power electronics component in the
power system networks and to know about the importance of real and reactive power flow
in the network .

OBJECTIVES:
1. To introduce the reactive power control techniques
2. To educate on static VAR compensators and their applications
3. To provide knowledge on Thyristor controlled series capacitors
4. To educate on STATCOM devices
5. To provide knowledge on FACTS controllers

COURSE
OUTCOMES:

C Course Outcomes
C4 5.1 Understand the concept of flexible AC transmission and the associated problems
C4 5.2 Explain the operation of SVC controllers and its application.
C4 5.3
Explain the operation of TCSC controller and its application
C4 5.4 Explain the operation of UPFC and STATCOM and its modeling
C4 5.5 Under the concept of FACTS Co-ordination.

Mapping of Course Outcomes(COs), Course(C),ProgramSpecificOutcomes (PSOs)with Program Outcomes.

(POs)– [Levels of correlation:3 (High),2 (Medium), 1(Low)]

Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
C4 5.1 1 - 2 - 2 3 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1
C4 5.2 1 - 2 - 2 3 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 3
C4 5.3 1 - 2 - 2 3 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 3
C4 5.4 1 - 2 - 2 3 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 3
C4 5.5 1 - 2 - 2 3 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 1

5
 UNIT - I INTRODUCTION Target Periods: 9

Book
CO Delivery Delivery Knowledge
Sl N o Contents Reference &
Statement method Periods Level
Page No

Reactive power control in electrical power C4 5.1 TB1:16 -39 Chalk & R&U
1 1
transmission lines board / PPT

C4 5.1 TB1:18-22 Chalk & R&U

2 Uncompensated transmission line board / PPT 2

C4 5.1 TB1:34-37 Chalk & R, U, An

3 series compensation board / PPT 1

C4 5.1 TB1:276 Chalk & R, U, An

4 Basic concepts of Static Var Compensator board / PPT 1

C4 5.1 TB1:277-280 Chalk & R, U, An

5 Thyristor Controlled Series capacitor (TCSC) board / PPT 2

C4 5.1 TB2:444-448 Chalk & R,U, A

6 board / PPT 2
Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

UNIT II STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) AND ALPPICATIONS Target Periods:9

CO
Book Delivery Delivery Knowledge
Sl No Contents Reference &
Statement method Hrs Level
Page No

Voltage control by SVC Chalk &

1 C4 5.2 TB1:142-145 board / PPT
1 R, A, An

C4 5.2
Chalk &
2 Advantages of slope in dynamic characteristics board / PPT 1
TB1:147-148 R, U, A, An
C4 5.2 Chalk &
3 Influence of SVC on system voltage board / PPT 1
TB1:149-152 R, U, A, An
C4 5.2 Chalk &
4 Design of SVC voltage regulator TB1:154-155 board / PPT
1 R, U, A, An

C4 5.2
5 Modelling of SVC for power flow and fast Chalk &
TB1:134-137 board / PPT 1
transient stability R, U, A, An
C4 5.2
6 Applications: Enhancement of transient Chalk &
TB1:224-229 board / PPT 2
stability R, A, An

C4 5.2 Chalk &

7 Steady state power transfer TB1:221 board / PPT
1 A, An, E

C4 5.2 Chalk &

8 Enhancement of power system damping TB1:232-236 board / PPT
1 R, U
UNIT III THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC) AND APPLICATIONS
Target Periods: 9

Book
CO Delivery Delivery Knowledge
Sl No Contents
Statement
Reference & method Hrs Level
Page No

Chalk & R, U, An
1 Operation of the TCSC C4 5.3 TB1:280-283 board / PPT
1

6
 C4 5.3 TB1:281 Chalk & R, U, A, An
2 Different modes of operation board / PPT 1

C4 5.3 TB1:304-311 Chalk &

3 Modelling of TCSC board / PPT 1 R, U, A, An

C4 5.3 TB1:304 Chalk & R, A,

4 Variable reactance model board / PPT 1

C4 5.3 TB1:315 Chalk & R, U, A,

5 Modelling for Power Flow and stability studies board / PPT 1

Applications: Improvement of the system C4 5.3 TB1:315-321 Chalk & R, U, A, An

6 board / PPT 2
stability limit
C4 5.3 TB1:322-334 Chalk & R, U, A, An
7 Enhancement of system damping board / PPT 2
UNIT IV VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS Target Periods:9

Book Deliver
CO Delivery Knowledge
Sl No Contents
Statement
Reference & y
Hrs Level
Page No method
TB1:413 Chalk &
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) - board /
1 C4.5.4 PPT 1 R, U

C4.5.4 TB1:414 Chalk &

2 Principle of operation board / 2
PPT R, U, A, An
C4.5.4 TB1:415-417 Chalk & R, U, A, An
3 V-I Characteristics board / 1
PPT
C4.5.4 TB1:221 Chalk & R, U, A, An
4 Applications: Steady state power transfer board / 1
PPT
C4.5.4 TB1:224 Chalk & R, U, A, An
5 Enhancement of transient stability board / 1
PPT
C4.5.4 TB1: 263 Chalk & R, U, A, An
6 Prevention of voltage instability. board / 1
PPT
SSSC-operation of SSSC and the control of C4.5.4 TB1:437-443 Chalk & R, U, A,
7 1
power flow board / An
Modeling of SSSC in load flow and transient C4.5.4 TB1:437 PPT
Chalk & R, U, A,
8 stability studies.
1
board / An
PPT
UNIT V CO-ORDINATION OF FACTS CONTROLLERS Target Periods:9
UNIT V TRANSIENTS IN INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM Book Target Periods: 9
CO Reference Delivery Delivery Knowledge
Sl No Contents
Statement & Page method Hrs Level
No
1 Controller interactions TB1:359-364 Chalk & board / R, U, A,
PPT
C4.5.5 2 An

2 SVC – SVC interaction C4.5.5 TB1:364-380 Chalk & board / R, U, A,

PPT
2 An

3 Co-ordination of multiple controllers using C4.5.5 TB1:401-408 Chalk & board / R, U, A,

PPT 3
linear control techniques An
4 Control coordination using genetic algorithms. C4.5.5 TB1:408 Chalk & board / R, U, A,
PPT
2 An

R- Remember, U- Understand, A- Apply, An- Analyze, E- Evaluate & C- Create.

Books:Text/Reference:

S.No Title of the Book Author Publisher Year

Based Facts Controllers for Electrical R.Mohan Mathur, IEEE press and John Wiley &
1 TB1 2002
Transmission Rajiv K.Varma Sons
Systems
7
 Understanding FACTS -Concepts and Narain G.
2 TB2 Standard Publishers Distributors
Technology of Flexible AC Hingorani
Transmission Systems”, New Age
FACTS Controllers in Power
TB3 K.R.Padiyar International(P) Limited, 2008
3 Transmission and Distribution
Publishers
Flexible A.C. Transmission Systems”,
4 RB1 A.T.John (IEEE), 1999
Institution of Electrical and Electronic
5 RB2 HVDC
Engineersand FACTS controllers V.K.Sood, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2004.
Applications
Flexible of Static Converters
AC Transmission System:in Xiao – Ping Zang,
6 RB3 Power System, Springer, 2012
Modelling and Control Christian Rehtanz
and Bikash Pal,
Comments Given by the
Scrutinizing Committee Members

Signature of the Scrutinizing

Signature of the HOD

8
 JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
EE 6004-FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (R2013)
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
PART – A

1. What is the need of the FACTS controller? (MJ-14)(ND-17)

1.Lack of fast controllers
2.Making transmission lines flexible by changing one of the base parameters.
3.Reduction of cost instead of constructing new transmission lines.
2. State the objectives of FACTS controller?(ND-12) (MJ-13) (MJ-17)
The main objectives of FACTS controllers are the following:
1.Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission routes.
2.Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to their thermal limits.
3.Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control.
4.Damping of oscillations that can threaten security or limit the usable line capacity.
3. What are the limitations of the AC system?
1.Stressing of transmission line due to loads
2.Stability problems
3.Not able to load the line up to thermal limits.
4. What are the types of FACTS controllers?
1. Series controller
2. Shunt controller .
3. Series-series controller
4. series-shunt controller
5. What is the difference between load and system compensation. ( ND-16)
In load compensation capacitors have to be provided in the load side to compensate the
reactive power losses and to maintain the constant voltage. In system compensation power
utility companies install compensators to overcome the reactive power losses to maintain
voltage constant at the receiving end.
6. Give an example of shunt connected FACTS device
The figure indicates a device of shunt connected FACTS device namely STATCOM

9
7. Give an example of series connected FACTS device
The figure indicates a device of series connected FACTS device namely SSSC

8. Give an example of shunt – series connected FACTS device

The figure indicates a device of series connected FACTS device namely UPFC

9. Compare the difference between series and shunt compensation.

Series compensation is used to control the real power flow between two buses (reactive power
control also possible) and shunt compensation is mainly used to control the reactive power to
maintain the voltage constant (real power control also possible).
Series compensation is costlier than the shunt compensation.
( Qse  0.072Qsh )
Protection problem is more in series compensation compare to shunt compensation.

10. Compare the difference between compensated and uncompensated power system.
In uncompensated system the control of real power and reactive power is not possible. In
Compensated system control both the real power and reactive power is possible. Ordered power
is possible in compensated system and it is not possible in case of uncompensated system.

10
11. What is a ill conditioned power system?
Power system with less stability margin, more reactive power flow in the line and more outages
are called ill conditioned power system.
12. What are the factors based on which the FACTS devices are selected?
1. Cost of the device
2. Range of control
3. Speed of operation of the device
4. How good the device is at damping oscillation
13. Why Shunt compensation is attempted always at midpoint? (ND-12) (MJ-17)
The Shunt compensation is attempted always at midpoint because voltage at the midpoint is
minimum when compared to the terminal voltage .
14. How is SVC modeled for load flow studies?
It is modeled as a PV bus with Qmin and Qmax.
15. Define TCR.
Shunt connected thyrister controlled inductor whose effective reactance is varied in a continuous
manner by partial conduction control of the thyrister valve.
16. Define TSC.
Shunt connected thyrister switched capacitor whose effective reactance is varied in a step wise
manner by full or zero conduction operation of the thyrister valve.
17. What is the purpose of series compensation?
Series capacitors are used to partially offset the effects of series inductance of lines. Series
compensation improves the maximum power transfer capacity of the line.
The net effect is to lower load angle for a given power transmission level and therefore higher
stability margin.
18. How is reactive power controlled in an electrical network? (ND-12)
Reactive power control is done by using SVC, STATCOM, UPFC, Synchronous condenser,
Static capacitor.
19. Distinguish between reactive power absorber and reactive power supplier?
In transmission applications, the SVC is used to regulate the grid voltage. If the power
system's reactive load is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use thyristor controlled reactors to
consume VARs from the system, lowering the system voltage. Under inductive (lagging)
conditions, the capacitor banks are automatically switched in, supplying reactive power and
boost system voltage.

11
20. What is meant by reactive power control in electric power transmission lines? (MJ-13)
The process of making up or taking away reactive power is called reactive power control in
electric power transmission lines.
21. What are the two basic approaches for controllable series compensation? (ND-12)
Thyristor controlled series capacitor ( TCSC ) is a thyristor based series compensator that
connects a thyristor controlled reactor ( TCR ) in parallel with a fixed capacitor. By varying
the firing angle of the anti-parallel thyristors that are connected in series with a reactor in the
TCR, the fundamental frequency inductive reactance of the TCR can be changed. This effect a
change in the reactance of the TCSC and it can be controlled to produce either inductive or
capacitive reactance.
Alternatively a static synchronous series compensator or SSSC can be used for series
compensation. An SSSC is an SVS based all GTO based device which contains a VSC. The
VSC is driven by a dc capacitor. The output of the VSC is connected to a three-phase
transformer. The other end of the transformer is connected in series with the transmission line.
Unlike the TCSC, which changes the impedance of the line, an SSSC injects a voltage in the
line in quadrature with the line current. By making the SSSC voltage to lead or lag the line
current by 90 °, the SSSC can emulate the behavior of an inductance or capacitance.
22. What is FACTS?
The term FACTS is an acronym for Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems In its
most general expression, the FACTS concept is based on the incorporation of power electronic
devices and methods into the high-voltage side of the network, to make it electronically
controllable
FACTS looks at ways of capitalizing on the many breakthroughs taking place in the area of
high-voltage and high-current power electronics, aiming at increasing the control of power flows
in the high-voltage side of the network during both steady-state and transient conditions
23. Classify FACTS Equipment

12
24. Write the list of FACTS devices to control the line power flows. (MJ-14)
 Serial Controllers: Static Synchronous Series Compensator SSSC, Interline Power
Flow Controller
IPFC, Thyristor Controlled Capacitor TCSC, etc.
 shunt Controllers: Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM, Static Synchronous
Generator SSG, Static Var Compensator SVC, etc.
 Serial - series controllers: Inter-line power flow controller
 Series - shunt controllers: Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC, Unified Controller
Phase Shifting Transformer TCPST, Interphase Power Controller IPC, etc.
25. Give some example of special purpose FACTS controllers.
Some of the special purpose FACTS controllers are
(a) Thyristor Controller Braking Resistor (TCBR)
(b) Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL)
(c) Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator (TCVR)
(d) Interphase Power Controller (IPC)
(e) NGH-SSR damping
26. Define FACTS by IEEE
FACTS is defined by the IEEE as “ a power electronic based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
27. Define apparent power?
The product of current and voltage ,regardless of their phase shift ,is called apparent
power ,denoted by the symbol S and unit of apparent power is volt ampere.
28. What is the use of shunt compensation?
Regulate the voltage magnitude
Improve the voltage quality
Enhance the system stability
29. What are the characteristics of SVC?
 Based on normal inductive and capacitive elements
 Not based on rotating machines
 Control function is through power electronics
30. Name some disadvantages of shunt capacitors?

13
 The biggest disadvantages of shunt capacitors are that the reactive power output drops
with the voltage squared. Thus, during the severe voltage delays these devices are not
efficient enough
31. What is the need for a reactor in basic single phase TSC diagram? (ND-16)
To overcome the stress on the thyristor switches a small damping reactor is added in
series with the capacitor
32. Define the term TCSC? (ND-16) (AM-14)
Thyristor controlled series capacitor is a series FACTS device which allows rapid and
continuous changes of the transmission line impedance.
33. What is meant by passive compensation? (ND-16) (ND-13)
When fixed inductors and /or capacitors are employed to absorb or generate reactive
power, they constitute passive control, External devices or subsystems that control
reactive power on transmission line are known as compensators. This type of
compensation is called as passive compensation
34. What are the two main reasons for incorporating FACTS devices in electric power
systems? (AM-15)(AM-14)
To provide reactive power support
To increase the power transfer
State the features of interline power flow controller? (AM-15)
1. Effective power flow management of multi –line transmission systems
2. To provide series compensation on selected transmission line
3. Transfer power from overloaded lines to under loaded lines
4. To effective control of real and reactive power
35. What are the applications of FACTS devices? (ND-14)

 power flow control,

 increase of transmission capability,
 voltage control,
 reactive power compensation,
 stability improvement,
 power quality improvement,
 power conditioning,
 flicker mitigation,
 Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.

14
36. Define reactive power (ND-14)
Reactive power is the component of power that oscillates back and forth through the lines
being exchanged between electric and magnetic fields and not getting dissipated.
It is denoted by the symbol Q and reactive power is measured in VAR (also written
Var),for volt amphere reactive.Its magnitude is given below and the angle ø is the phase
difference between voltage and current
37. Define the term IPFC? (ND-13)
The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC), with its exclusive capability of series
compensation, is a powerful device which can provide the power flow control of multiple
transmission lines
38. Distinguish between reactive power absorbers and reactive power supplier (MJ-13)

Sl.No Absorber Supplier

1 Inductor act as a absorber Capacitor act as a supplier

2 Responsible for Lagging Responsible for Leading power factor

power factor

39. What is the necessity of compensation? (AM-18)

Compensation is used to control the real and reactive power between two buses to
maintain the voltage constant.
40. Which compensator is used for both active and reactive power control? (AM-18)
Unified power flow controller and Interline power flow controller is used for controlling
both active and reactive power control.

Part B Questions
Unit I
1. Explain the various basic types of FACTS controllers in detail.
2. Explain the reactive power compensation at the sending, midpoint and receiving ends
of the transmission lines
3. What are FACTS controllers and what is the need for FACTS controllers?
4. What is the need for reactive power compensation?
15
 5. Compare the fixed series compensation and fixed shunt compensation.
6. Explain about various type of shunt controller
7. With neat derivation explain the shunt and series controller in detail?
8. What are the objectives of line compensation? Explain the effect of shunt and series
compensation on power transmission capacity of a short symmetrical transmission
line(Nov/Dec-17)
9. Draw the phasor diagram illustrating the concepts of various power –flow control
functions by the use of UPFC. Also explain the modeling procedure of UPFC for
power flow studies(Nov/Dec-17)
10. Explain the Uncompensated Transmission line(April/May 2016)
11. Explain the shunt and series compensation line (April/May 2016)
12. Explain how a 3-phase delta connected TCR is used to compensated the reactive
power of a transmission line with neat diagrams and waveforms(April/May 2018)
13. (i)Discuss how the power transfer capability of a transmission line can be improved
by using series compensation(April/May 2018)
(ii)Discuss briefly the power flow model of UPFC (April/May 2018)

UNIT II - STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

PART – A
1. What are the various controller parameters
The various controller parameters are
1. control of line impedance
2. control of angle
3. receiving end voltage
2. What is use of SVC in electrical power system networks?
A rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can continuously provide the reactive power
required to control dynamic voltage swings under various system conditions and thereby
improve the power system transmission and distribution performance. Installing an SVC at one
or more suitable points in the network can increase transfer capability and reduce losses while
maintaining a smooth voltage profile under different network conditions.
3. List the application of SVC regulator (Nov/Dec 2012)
The applications of svc regulator are

16
 1. stabilization of voltage
2. reduction of harmonics
3. minimum flicker disturbance
4. minimum malfunction of protective devices
5. What is a SVC

A static var compensator (or SVC) is an electrical device for providing fast-acting reactive
power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. SVCs are part of the Flexible AC
transmission system device family, regulating voltage and stabilizing the system. The term
"static" refers to the fact that the SVC has no moving parts
6. State the principle of SVC
Typically, a SVC comprises a bank of individually switched capacitors in conjunction with a
thyristor-controlled air- or iron-core reactor. By means of phase angle modulation switched by
the thyristors, the reactor may be variably switched into the circuit and so provide a
continuously variable MVAR injection (or absorption) to the electrical network. In this
configuration, coarse voltage control is provided by the capacitors; the thyristor-controlled
reactor is to provide smooth control. Smoother control and more flexibility can be provided with
thyristor-controlled capacitor switching.

7. Draw the Single-Line Diagram of the SVC

8. What is the advantage of SVC?

The main advantage of SVCs over simple mechanically-switched compensation schemes is their
near-instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason they are often
operated at close to their zero-point in order to maximize the reactive power correction they can
rapidly provide when required.

17
They are, in general, cheaper, higher-capacity, faster and more reliable than dynamic
compensation schemes such as synchronous condensers.
9. What is the use of SVC?
A Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a device which compensates for the reactive power of the
load connected to a power system. Because of its fast response it can stabilize the busbar voltage
even during fast changes of the load. An SVC is usually directly connected to a medium voltage
power system.
10. What are the economic benefits of SVC?
The economic benefits of SVC are
1. Energy savings
2. Increase in productivity
3. Reduction in consumption of electrodes
4. Reduction of heat losses
5. Increase lifetime of furnace inside lining
11. What are the characteristics used in SVC voltage control?
The characteristics used in SVC voltage control are Dynamic characteristics and Steady state
characteristics
12. Draw the configuration of SVC (May/June 2014)

13. What are the functional benefits of SVC?

The functional benefits of SVC are
1. Flicker reduction
2. Voltage stabilization
3. Reactive power compensation
4. Reduction of harmonics
14. How the voltage stability is maintained using SVC in power system?
The static var compensator (SVC) is frequently used to regulate the voltage at dynamic loads.
But also, it is used to provide a voltage support inside of a power system when it takes place
small gradual system changes such as natural increase in system load, or large sudden

18
disturbance such as loss of a generating unit or a heavily loaded line. These events can alter the
pattern of the voltage waveform in such a manner that it can damage or lead to mal function of
the protection devices. Generally, there are sufficient reserves and the systems settles to stable
voltage level. However, it is possible, (because a combination of events and systems
conditions), that the additional reactive power demands may lead to voltage collapse, causing a
major breakdown of part or all system.
The SVC can improve and increase significantly the maximum power through the lines. This is
achieved, if the SVC is operated an instant after of a disturbance providing the necessary flow of
power. Therefore, if the approach of maximum transmitted power, is of voltages, it is possible to
increase the power flow. In the studied case, it is seen that the transmitted power rise enough
according to the used approach, keeping the voltage magnitude within the range of 0.8-1.2 p.u..
15. List the various parameters which depend on the performance of SVC voltage control
The performance of SVC voltage control is critically dependant on
1. Influence of network resonance
2. Transformer saturation
3. Geomagnetic effects
4. Voltage distortion
16. List the advantages of the slope in the SVC dynamic characteristics (MJ 13) (ND-
16)(AM-17) (AM-18)
The advantages of the slope in the SVC dynamic characteristics are
Substantially reduces the reactive power rating of the SVC for achieving nearly the same control
objective
Prevents the SVC from reaching its reactive power limits too frequently
Facilities the sharing of reactive power among multiple compensators in parallel
17. List the two ways of modeling voltage regulator using SVC
The two ways of modeling voltage regulator using SVC are
1. Gain time constant representation
2. Integrator current droop model
18. List the various factors which limit the power transfer capability in a transmission line
The various factors which limit the power transfer capability in a transmission line are
1. Thermal limit
2. Steady state stability limit
3. Transient stability limit
4. System damping
19
 19. Draw the block diagram of svc voltage regulator in Integrated Current droop form.
(May/June 2013)

20. Draw the power angle curve of SMIB system with midpoint SVC.(May/June 2013)

Power angle curve of SMIB system: curve (a) for uncompensated case; curve (b) with an ideal
midpoint-connected SVC; curve (c) with a midpoint-connected fixed capacitor; and curve (d)
with a midpoint-connected fixed inductor.
21. How is SVC modeled for load flow studies?
It is modeled as a PV bus with Qmin and Qmax.
22. What is the effect of mismatched TSC-TCR in SVC operation? (June/July 2013)
The compensator cannot stabilize the system voltage to 1 p.u. Characteristics shows
discontinuous system and problems in control.
23. Write the factors to be considered for designing SVC to regulate mid-point voltage.
(May/June 2014) (April/May 2018)
 Effective Short Circuit Ratio (ESCR)
 Choice of regulator gain
 Slope of Control characteristics
 Steady state change in SVC voltage

20
24. Draw the IEEE basic model of SVC.

25. Draw the control characteristic of SVC.

26. What are the main components of SVC?

Coupling transformer
Thyristor valve
Reactors
Capacitors
27. What is the advantage of SVC?
Used to achieve improved transient stability of system
Used to change the susceptance of passive devices to control reactive power
28. How the performance of generator oscillations is characterized in power systems?
Characterized by two torque components
Synchronizing torque
Damping Torque

21
 29.How will you consider influence of SVC on system voltage with considering
transformer?
The representation of the SVC including coupling transformer creates a low voltage bus
connected to the SVC and the transformer reactance Xt is separated from source side
reactance
29. Name the basic SVC schemes?
TSC,TCR, FC-TCR, TSC-TCR
30. What is PSDC?(ND-16)
Power system damping controller for SVC. It is used for securing requisite levels of
electrical damping in power system.
31. Define effective short circuit ratio of SVC?(AM-17)
ESCR=1/ (-ΔVSVC/ΔISVC)\
=1/XS= BS
Where BS= The equivalent system susceptance
Part-B Questions
Unit II
1. Compare the performance of SVC with fixed compensation
2. In-detail explains the operation of the SVC (FC+TCR and TSC+TCR) and derive the
equations used. Explain how the SVC is able to regulate the
3. Design a voltage regulator of the SVC for a given sample system.
4. Write the various applications of SVC.
5. Compare the difference between current source inverter and voltage source inverter.
6. Explain the influence of the SVC on the system voltage when coupling transformer is
ignored.
7. What is the need for variable series compensation compared to fixed series
compensation?
8. Show that with SVC transient stability margin can be improved by enhancing
synchronizing torque. Derive the necessary equations
9. Draw the IEEE basic model for the SVC control system and explain each block.
10. Describe the working principle of the two types of Static Var Compensators SVC
with neat schematic diagrams (ND-17)
11. Explain in detail about the role of SVC in enhancing the steady state power limit and
power system damping (ND-17)

22
 12. Discuss in detail about the static and dynamic V-I characteristics of SVC(April/May
2016)
13. Explain how the SVC can be used to enhance the power transfer capacity of the
transmission line (April/May 2016)
14. Derive the voltage and power expression in SVC(Nov/Dec 2014)
15. Explain the prevention of voltage instability(Nov/Dec 2014)
16. Describe the working principle of the two types of Static Var Compensators(SVC)
with neat Schematic Diagrams.(April/May 2018)
17. A 400KV,50 Hz,600 km long symmetrical line is operated at the rated voltage.
(i)What is the theoretical maximum power carried by the line ? what is the midpoint
voltage corresponding to this condition ? (ii) A series capacitor is connected at the
midpoint of the line to double the power transmitted. What is its reactance ? (iii) A
shunt capacitor of value 450 ohms is connected at the midpoint of the line. If the
midpoint voltage is 0.97, compute the power flow in the line corresponding to this
operating point. Data : L=1 mH/Km, C= 11.1 *10-9 F/km.(April/May 2018)

UNIT III - THYRISTOR AND GTO THYRISTOR CONTROLLED

SERIES CAPACITOR

PART – A
1. Define TCSC
A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of series capacitor banks shunted by a thyristor
controlled reactor in order to provide smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
2. What is thyristor controlled series compensation?
An inductive reactance compensator which consists of a series reactor shunted by a thyristor
controlled reactor in order to provide smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
3. Define TCVL
Thyristor controlled voltage limiter is a thyristor switched metal oxide varistor (MOV) used to
limit the voltage across its terminal during transient conditions.
4. What are the advantages of series compensation?
With series capacitor the reactive power increases as the square of line current, whereas in shunt
compensation the reactive power is produced square of the line voltage. For achieving the same
system benefits the shunt capacitors are three to six times more reactive power rated then series

23
capacitors. Shunt capacitors must be connected at the line midpoint where as no such
requirements exist for series capacitors.
5. Write the equation that represents the relationship between the series and shunt
capacitor?

6. What is the need for variable series compensation?

1.Enhanced load ability of series compensated line
2.Increased responsiveness of power flow in the series compensated line from outage of the
other lines in the system
7. State the advantages of TCSC (April/May 2017) (April/May 2018)
1. Rapid continuous control of the transmission line series compensation level
2. Dynamic control of power flow in selected transmission line
3. Damping of power swings
4. Suppression of sub synchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations
5. Enhanced level of protection of series capacitors.
8. What are the protective devices employed with the TCSC module?
MOV, Circuit Breaker, Current limiting inductor, ultra high speed contact and spark gap
9. Name the different modes of operation of TCSC (Nov/Dec 2012) (ND-16)
1.Bypassed thyristor mode,
2.blocked thyristor mode and
3.partially conducting thyristor mode
10. Differentiate TSSC and TCSC
TSSC permits discrete control of capacitive reactance and TCSC offers continuous control of
capacitive reactance
11. What are the losses in a TCSC?
Series capacitor losses, the reactor conduction loss and switching losses
12. What is the TCSC model used for transient and oscillatory stability studies?
Variable reactance model
13. State the different models of TCSC
Variable reactance model, Long term stability model, an advanced transient stability model and
a model for SSR studies
14. State the functions of damping control of a TCSC
The functions of damping control of a TCSC are

24
 1. Stabilize both post disturbance oscillations and spontaneously growing oscillations during
normal operations
2. Obviate the adverse interaction with high frequency phenomena in power systems, such as
network resonances
3. Preclude local instabilities within controller bandwidth
4. Be reliable and robust
15. State the applications of TCSC (ND-17)
Improvement of system stability, damping power oscillations, alleviations of SSR and
prevention of voltage collapse.
16. State the different closed loop control techniques to model a TCSC
Constant current control, constant angle control, constant power control and enhanced power
control
17. What is BANG-BANG control IN TCSC?(May/June2013) (AM-17)
It is a discrete control in which thyristors are either fully switched on or fully switched off. It’s
employed to mitigate large disturbance to improve the transient stability.
18. What are local signals employed for modulating TCSC impedance?
The line current, real power flow, bus voltages and local bus frequency
19. What are remote signals employed for modulating TCSC impedance?
The rotor angle and speed deviation of remote generator, the rotor angle difference across the
system and real power flow on adjacent lines
20. What does a singular Jacobian matrix indicate?
It indicates the voltage collapse in the system
21. State the criteria for SSR mitigation by the TCSC
TCSC should be able to damp the SSR effects simultaneously on all turbine generators
When it is unable to damp the SSR, it must remove the capacitor from transmission line
22. What is the method of including finite delay associated with firing control in TCSC
modeling?(May/June 2013)
Equidistant firing scheme is the most commonly employed in TCSC control. In some special
situations in which the damping of the electrical self excitation mode is needed, individual firing
control is used.
23. What are the capabilities of GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor?
An elementary GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor consists of a fixed capacitor with a
GTO thyristor valve that has the capability to turn on and off upon command.

25
24. Compare GCSC and TCSC ( May/June 2014)
GCSC utilizes a smaller capacitor, does not need any reactor and, differently from the TCSC,
does not have an intrinsic internal resonance. For these reasons, the GCSC may be a better
solution in most situations where controlled series compensation is required.
25. State some applications of GCSC
The GCSC could be typically used in applications where a TCSC is used today, mainly in the
control of power flow and damping of power oscillations. The GCSC may operate with an open
Ioop configuration, where it would simply control its reactance, or in closed loop, controlling
power flow or current in the line, or maintaining a constant compensation voltage.
26. What is the firing angle for different modes of TCSC? (June/July 2013)
Bypassed thyristor mode – conduction angle of 180 degrees
Blocked thyristor mode - no firing pulses
Vernier mode- varied from minimum value to 180 degrees.
27. What is the method of controlling the voltage across the capacitor in TCSC?
(June/July 2013)
High voltage across the capacitor is prevented by surge gap and protective devices. The
voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle of the thyristor.

28. Draw the equivalent circuit of TCSC for two modes. (May/June 2014)

29. What are the operational limits in capability curves in TCSC?

Voltage limits
Current limits
Firing angle limits
30. What is the role of TCSC in transmission system?
Operation and control of power systems such as enhancing power flow
Limiting fault current
Enhancing transient and dynamic stability

26
31.Draw the variable reactance model of TCSC? (AM -2018)

PART B
1. What are the various modes of TCSC operation.(April/?May 2016)
2. Draw and explain the block diagram of the variable reactance model of TCSC and
hence derive transient stability and long term stability models.(ND-17)(April/May
2018)
3. The particulars of a transmission line are V=220 V,f=60Hz, X = 12Ω and Pp =56 Kw.
The particulars of the TCSC are δ=800. C=20μF and L= 0.4mH.
Find:
i)The degree of compensation r
ii) The compensating capacitance reactance Xcomp
iii) The line current I
iv) The reactance power Qc
v)The delay angle α of the TCSC if the effective capacitive reactance is XT =-50Ω and
vi) Plot XL(α) and XT(α) against the delay angle α. (ND-17)
4. Explain the modelling of TCSC for constant current and constant angle control
5. Applications of TCSC
6. Explain the analysis of TCSC,With a neat block diagram
7. Explain the power flow model of TCSC?
8. With neat diagram explain the analysis of TCSC?
9. Analyze the capability of TCSC in damping the oscillation of power
system(April/May 2016)
10. Derive the expression of TCSC for the time interval (-β≤wt≤β)

27
 UNIT IV - VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS

PART – A
1. State a few emerging FACTS controllers
STATCOM, DSTATCOM, UPFC, IPFC and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
2. Define STATCOM
A SSC is a shunt compensated reactive power compensation device that is capable of generating
and/or absorbing reactive power and in which output can be viewed to control the specific
parameters of an electric power system
3. Briefly explain the operation of SSSC
It is in general a solid state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing
independently controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when fed from an
energy storage device at its input terminal.
4. State the areas in which SSSC can be applied to improve the performance of power
system
Dynamic voltage control
Power oscillation damping
Transient stability improvement
Voltage flicker control
Real and reactive power control
5. What are the advantages of STATCOM over synchronous machines?(AM-17)
Small footprint, modular, factory built equipment, less commissioning time and less
environmental impacts
6. How is SSC able to control both real and reactive power?
Because it has got the capacity to rapidly change the amplitude as well as the phase angle of the
bus voltage to which it’s connected.
7. How is a STATCOM modeled?
It’s modeled as a adjustable voltage source behind a reactance.
8. What is the difference between the steady state and dynamic state operation of
SATCOM?
In steady state the STATCOM operates at fundamental frequency to reduce switching losses and
during transient condition caused by line fault a pulse width modulated mode is used to prevent
fault current from entering Voltage source converter.

28
9. What is a VAR compensating system?
A combination of different static and rotating VAR compensators whose outputs are coordinated
10. Define UPFC. State the functions of UPFC (June/July 2013)
A unified power flow controller is a combination of static synchronous compensator and a static
synchronous series compensator which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional
flow of real power between the series output terminals of the S3C and the shunt output terminal
of the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line
compensation without an external electric energy source.
11. State the advantages of UPFC over other FACTS devices.
It has got all encompassing capabilities of voltage regulation, series compensation and phase
shifting. It can independently and very rapidly control both real and reactive power flows in a
transmission line.
12. Why UPFC is called the most versatile converter?
Conventional thyristor controlled power controllers employ traditional power system
compensation and control schemes in which mechanical switches are replaced by thyristor
values. Each scheme is devised to control a particular system parameter affecting power flow.
Thus Static Var Compensator are applied for reactive power and voltage control, controllable
series compensators for line impedance adjustment and tap changing transformer for phase shift.
UPFC can handle practically all power flow control and transmission line compensation
problem uniformly, using solid state voltage sources exclusively instead of switched capacitors
and reactors or tap changing transformers.
13. State the purpose of series converter in UPFC
Series converter injects a voltage phasor Vpq in series with the line, which can be varied from 0
to 360 degree. In this process series controller can exchange both real and reactive power with
the transmission line.
14. State the purpose of shunt converter in UPFC
Shunt converter is used to mainly to supply the real power demand of series converter which it
derives from the transmission line itself.
15. State the various power flow control of UPFC
The various power flow control of UPFC are
1.Series voltage injections
2.Terminal Voltage regulation
3.Terminal Voltage and line impedance regulation
4.Terminal voltage and phase angle regulation
29
16. What are the various constraints with which UPFC operates?
1. The series injected voltage magnitude
2. Line current through series converter
3. The shunt converter current
4. The minimum line side voltage of the UPFC
5. The maximum line side voltage of the UPFC
The real power transfer between the series converter and the shunt converter
17. How is UPFC modeled for load flow studies?
UPFC connected in between two buses is modeled as power injections at each of the buses.
18. What are inherent limitations of conventional FACTS devices?
Physical size, relatively high cost which is increasingly dominated by that of non electronic
components and labor.
19. Explain the two basic concepts incorporated into UPFC?
One is that all transmission line compensations (shunt or series) can be provided by the same
solid state inverter functioning as controllable AC voltage source with internal VAR generation
capability and other one is that two of these basic inverters can be combined into a single unit to
provide all power flow compensation involving both real and reactive power
20. Explain the hardware design of UPFC
UPFC is a single power electronic hardware building block, the voltage source inverter. This
inverter can be constructed from a standard six pulse modules, using GTO values in a flexible
harmonic neutralized structure for virtually any desired rating.
21. List some application of STATCOM (May/June 2013)
The application of STATCOM are
1. Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution system;
2. Power-oscillation damping in power transmission systems;
3. The transient stability;
4. The voltage flicker control; and
5. The control of not only reactive power but also active power in the connected line requiring
a dc energy source.
22. State the function of converter 1 in UPFC. (May/June 2013).
The shunt connected converter 1 is used mainly to supply real power demand of converter 2
which it derives from transmission line itself. The shunt converter maintains constant voltage of
the dc bus. In addition, the shunt converter functions like a STATCOM and independently

30
regulates the terminal voltage of the interconnected bus by generating/absorbing a requisite
amount of reactive power
23. Draw the basic scheme of UPFC and its vector diagram

24. What is the role of dc link in UPFC. (Nov/Dec 2012)

The dc voltage for converter 1 and converter 2 in UPFC is provided by dc link. Although the
reactive power is internally generated/absorbed by the series converter, the real power
generation/absorption is made feasible by the dc energy storage device (dc link-capacitor).
25. Distinguish between UPFC and IPFC (Nov/Dec 2012)
UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller) IPFC (Interline Power Flow Controller)

It is a shunt-series FACT device It is a series-series multiline FACT device

UPFC can perform voltage regulation, series IPFC address the problem of compensating
compensation and phase shifting number of transmission line at a given sub-
station

26. Draw the schematic diagram of two converters IPFC

27. Define IPFC

Combination of two or more static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled
via a common DC link to facilitate bi directional flow of real power between a AC terminal of
SSSC and are controlled to provide independent reactive power compensation for the
adjustment of real power flow in each line and maintain the desired distribution of reactive
power flow among the lines.

31
28. Define SSSC
A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric energy source as a
series compensator whose output voltage is in quadrature with and controllable independently
of, the line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop
across the line and thereby controlling the transmitted electric power.
29. Draw the VI characteristics of STATCOM (June/July 2013) (ND- 16)

30. Draw the block diagram of SSSC. (ND- 16)

31. Differentiate STATCOM and SSSC

STATCOM SSSC

Shunt compensation device of FACTs Series compensation device of FACTs

family family

The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt- A series capacitor compensates the

connected reactive-power compensation transmission line inductance by presenting
device that is capable of generating and/ or a lagging quadrature voltage w.r.t voltage
absorbing reactive power and in which the appearing across the transmission line
output can be varied to control the specific inductance, which has the net effect of
parameters of an electric power system reducing the line inductance

32
 Used for voltage improvement Used to enhance the power flow and to
provide power oscillation damping

32. What is meant by SSR? (AM-17) (AM-18)

Sub synchronous resonance is an important aspect of SSSC and it assists in the damping
of sub synchronous oscillations caused by other series capacitors inserted in the
transmission network.

PART-B

1. Compare the performance between STATCOM and SVC.

2. Explain the constant current controller model of TCSC with block diagram.
3. Write the applications of STATCOM in power system.
4. . Explain the operation of UPFC with vector diagrams.
5. Discuss in detail about the modeling of SSSC in load flow and transient stability
studies(ND-17)
6. Explain the principle of operation and VI characteristics of STATCOM with neat
sketch.(April/May 2016)(April/May 2018)
7. Explain the basic operating principle and the control capability of UPFC.(April/May
2016)
8. With neat sketches ,explain the operating principle and V-I characteristics of Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) (ND-17)
9. Explain the basic operating principle and the control capability of UPFC.
10. Show that with Power-angle curve the STATCOM can enhance the transient stability
margin..
11. Define UPFC, draw its circuit diagram and explain the working principle.
12. Explain the protection of UPFC and derive the expression of UPFC connected at the
mid point (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. Explain the application of UPFC for real power control through a transmission line.\
14. Discuss in detail about the modeling of SSSC in load flow and transient stability
studies(April/May 2018)

33
 UNIT V-CONTROLLERS AND THEIR CO-ORDINATION

PART – A
1. Mention the possible combinations of controller interactions or Classify the FACTS
controller interactions. (Nov/Dec 2012,June/July 2013) (ND-16) (AM 17)
The various combinations of controller interactions are
1. Multiple FACTS controllers of a similar kind
2. Multiple FACTS controllers of a dissimilar kind
3. Multiple FACTS controllers and HVDC controllers
2. List the various frequency ranges classification of different control interactions (ND-
16)
The various frequency ranges classification of different control interactions are
1. 0 Hz for steady state interactions
2. 0 – 3/5 Hz for electromechanical oscillations
3. 2 – 15 Hz for small signal or control oscillations
4. 10 – 50/60 Hz for sub synchronous resonance interactions
5. >15 Hz for electromagnetic transients
3. List the basic procedure for the controller design
The basic procedure for the controller design is
1. Derivation of the system model
2. Enumeration of the system performance specifications
3. Selection of the measurement and control signals
4. Coordination of the controller design
5. Validation of the design and performance evaluation
4. List the broad categories of Coordination techniques of FACTS controllers
Coordination techniques of FACTS controllers are classified in three broad categories as
1. sensitivity based methods,
2. optimization based method, and
3. artificial intelligence based techniques
5. Draw the impedance magnitude of the SVC frequency response

34
6. List the various Artificial Intelligence based techniques for the coordinated control of
FACTS controllers
The coordinated control of FACTS controllers based on various Artificial Intelligence based
techniques such as
1. genetic algorithm (GA),
2. expert system (ES), artificial
3. neural network (ANN),
4. tabu search optimization,
5. ant colony optimization algorithm,
6. simulated annealing approach,
7. particle swarm optimization algorithm, and
8. fuzzy logic based approach.
7. What is the major advantage of the AI based optimization methods?
The major advantage of the AI based optimization methods is that they are relatively versatile
for handling various qualitative constraints. AI methods can find multiple optimal solutions in
single simulation run. So they are quite suitable in solving multi-objective optimization
problems for coordination of FACTS controllers in multi-machine power system..
8. State the various FACTS applications to steady state power system problems
The various FACTS applications to steady state power system problems are
1.FACTS Applications to Optimal Power Flow
2.FACTS Applications to Deregulated Electricity Market
9. Compare the various FACTS controller with respect to their performance
SSSC STATCOM TCPSTTCSC TSSC UPSC

Voltage Control –

Transient Stability

Damping Power Oscillations

Reactive Power Compensation – – –

Power Flow Control –

SSR Mitigation – –

35
10. How the UPFC is used in power system?
A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most promising device in the FACTS concept. It
has the ability to adjust the three control parameters, i.e. the bus voltage, transmission line
reactance, and phase angle between two buses, either simultaneously or independently. A UPFC
performs this through the control of the in-phase voltage, quadrature voltage, and shunt
compensation.
11. What is meant by FACTs controller interaction.
Controller interactions can occur in the following combinations:
1. Multiple FACTS controllers of a similar kind.
2. Multiple FACTS controllers of a dissimilar kind.
3. Multiple FACTS controllers and HVDC converter controllers.
Because of the many combinations that are possible, an urgent need arises for power systems to
have the controls of their various dynamic devices coordinated.
The term coordinated implies that the controllers have been tuned simultaneously to effect an
overall positive improvement of the control scheme
12. Define the term coordination
In an interconnected or coordinated power system, when the controller parameters of a dynamic
device are tuned to obtain the best performance
13. State the various issues arises due to FACTS devices installation
The various issues arises due to FACTS devices installation are
1. Location and Feedback Signals
2. Coordination among Different Control Schemes
3. Performance Comparison
14. State the various methods available for the placement of FACTS devices
The various methods available for the placement of FACTS devices are
1. Conventional methods (Local Optima)
2. Heuristic Search methods (near Global Optima)
3. Sensitivity based methods
15. State the various modes of SVC – SVC Interactions
The various modes of SVC – SVC Interactions are
1.Uncoupled SVC buses
2.Coupled SVC buses
16. Who is the pioneer for Sub Synchronous Damping ?
Narain G.Hingorani, is the pioneer for Sub Synchronous Damping
36
17. What is sub-synchronous resonance interactions? (June/July 2013)(N0v/dec2017)
Sub- synchronous oscillations may be caused by the interaction between the generator torsional
system and the series compensator transmission lines , HVDC converter controls, the generator
excitation controls. These oscillations are in the frequency range of 10-50 Hz.
18. Why is coordination of FACTS controller required? (AM-18)
The coordination of FACTS controller is required because the different FACTS controllers
interact among themselves and also with the power system controllers.
19. What are the disadvantages of using linear control techniques?
Because power system is mathematically modeled as a non linear system, because the
linearization of non linear equation is difficult
20. How is coordination of FACTS controller carried out? (Nov/ Dec 2012)
Coordination of FACTS controller carried out by using
1. linear control techniques
2. global coordination using non linear constrained optimization
3. control coordination using genetic algorithm
21. State the use of frequency response curve in the interaction analysis(May/June 2013)
The frequency response curve is used in controller design and coordination. It is also used in
validation of the design and performance evaluation.
22. What is electro-mechanical oscillation interactions
Electro-mechanical oscillation interactions between FACTS controllers involves synchronous
generators, compensator machines and associated power system stabilizer controls. The
oscillation include local mode oscillation in the range of 0.8-2 Hz and inter area mode
oscillations in the range of 0.2-0.8 Hz.
23. What is small signal oscillations?
Control interaction between individual FACTS controllers and the network or between the
FACTS controllers and HVDC links may lead to the onset of oscillations in the range of 2-15
Hz.
24. Give the mathematical representation of control coordination problem to be solved by
GA (June/July 2013)

Where n is number of modes to be damped, m is the number of possible operating conditions

and the damping ratio of the closed eigen value

37
25. Write the various control interactions based on frequency ranges.
The frequency ranges of the different control interactions have been classified
as follows
26. What is the roll of Fast control associated with FACTS controllers?
Fast control associated with FACTS controllers provide system improvements but they
also can interact adversely with one another
27. List the controller design procedure for FACTS POD?
Selection of the proper feedback signal
Design of the controller using the residue method
Test the controller under wide range of operation conditions
28. What is meant by genetic Algorithm(GA)
GA s is search procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural
genetics. They are develop to allow computers to evolve solutions to difficult problem such
as function, optimization and artificial intelligence
29. Name the two kinds of power oscillation damping controllers in power systems?
 PSS
 FACTS POD Controllers
30. What is the role of Fast controls associated with FACTS controllers?
They provide system improvements but also can interact adversely with one another
31. What is the main problem with multiple SVCs in a power system network?(AM-18)
Interruption in power supply
Unreliability
Voltage Instability

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 UNIT V
1. What is the need for co-ordination of FACTS controllers.
2. Explain the co-ordinated tuning of FACTS controllers using Genetic Algorithm
for damping power system oscillation.(Nov/Dec 2017)(April/May 2018)
3. Compare the FACTS controllers
4. Discuss in detail about SVC-SVC interaction(April/May 2016)
5. Discuss the coordination procedure of multiple controllers using linear control
techniques in detail(April/May 2016)(April/May 2018)
6. Discuss Linear quadratic regulator based techniques, Global coordination using
nonlinear constrained optimization., Control coordination using genetic
algorithms in detail
7. Explain the various control attributes for different FACTS controllers(nov/Dec
2017)
8. Explain the Quantitative Treatment in FACTS Controller (Nov/Dec 2016)

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