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Design of spillway

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 SPILLWAY
1.2.1 Component of spillway
1.2.2 Selection of spillway
1.2.3 Types of spillway
1.2.3.1 Chute spillway
1.2.3.2 Stepped spillway
1.2.3.3 Bellmouth spillway
1.2.3.4 Siphon spillway
1.2.3.5 Side channel spillway
1.2.3.6 Overfall spillway
1.2.3.7 Ogee spillway
1.2.4 Design of bellmouth spillway
1.2.5 Components of the bellmouth spillway
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL
2.2 MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY “LADY BOWER” RESERVOIR
2.3 MONTICELLO DAM
2.4 ROADFORD DAM IN DEVON, SW ENGLAND
2.5 VAL NOCI DAM IN MANTOGGIO

3 STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTED

3.1 STUDY AREA

3.2 MANIMUTHAR RIVER
3.3 DATA COLLECTED

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3.3.1 Manimuthar dam

3.3.2 Manimuthar reservoir
3.3.3 Hydraullic particulars of the dam
3.3.4 Hydraullic particulars of the spillway

4 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

4.1 GENERAL
4.1.1 Hydrologic modeling of the spillway
4.1.2 Hydraullic design of the spillway
4.1.3 Structural design of the spillway
4.2 DESIGN OF THE BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY
4.3 CALCULATION BASED ON RAINFALL DATA
4.3.1 Dependable analysis of the rainfall
4.3.2 Result and discussion
4.3.3 Maximum inflow rate
4.3.4 Design disgharge
4.3.5 Hydraullic particulars of
the designed spillway
4.4 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT
LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.3.2 Dependability analysis of rainfall at

Manimuthar Rainfall Station
4.3.3 Values of C for use in Rational Method
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Typical cross section of the spillway

1.2.3.1 Chute spillway of Llyn Brainne Dam
in Wales

1.2.3.2 Stepped chute spillway of Yeoman Hey

Reservoir in England

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1.2.3.3 Lady Bower Reservoir in Deryshire, England

1.2.3.4 Typical cross section of the Volute Siphon

spillway
1.2.3.5 Union city dam, PA
1.2.3.6 Lower Nihotupu

1.2.3.7 Boonton Dam, Parsipany Troy hils, NJ

1.2.5 Layout of Bellmouth spillway
2.2 Schematic diagram of Lady Bower Spillway

2.3 Monticello Dam in Napa Country

2.4 Roadford Dam in Devon, SW England
2.5 Cross section of Morning Glory

( Val Noci Dam in Montoggi)

3.1 Water shed map of Tambaraparani river
3.2 Satellite view of Manimuthar river
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GCM -General Circural Models

IDF -Inflow Design Flood

PWD -Public Works Department
USBR -United State Bureau of Reclamation
IMD -Indian Metrological Department

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
A spillway is a structure used to release excess flow from a dam to the
downstream area during a high flood. The release of excess flow by the spillway
prevents the dam from damage due to overtop during high flood. The water normally
flows through the spillway only during the flood periods. In most of the spillways the
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flow can be controlled by providing gates. When the flood increases these gates will
suddenly open without warning under remote control.

Fig 1.1 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE SPILLWAY

1.2 SPILLWAY
A spillway is located at the top of the reservoir
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)] pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets
with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack
overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.
1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF A SPILLWAY
· A service spillway or primary spillway - passes normal flow.
· An auxiliary spillway releases the excess capacity of the service spillway.
· An emergency spillway is provided for extreme conditions, such as a serious
malfunction of the service spillway.
· A fuse plug spillway is a low embankment designed to be over topped and
washed away in the event of a large flood.
· Fuse gate elements are independent free-standing block set side by side on
the spillway which works without any remote control.
1.2.2 SELECTION OF SPILLWAY

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The Bureau of Indian Standards code IS: 10137-1982 “Guidelines for selection of
spillways and energy dissipaters” provide guidelines in choosing the appropriate type of
spillway for the specific purpose of the project. The general considerations that provide the
basic guidelines are as follows:
· Safety consideration consists with the economy
· Type of dam
· Purpose of dam and operation conditions
· Conditions downstream of the dam
· Nature and amount of solid material brought by the river

1.2.3 TYPES OF SPILLWAY

The spillways can be broadly classified into different categories based on their
hydrologic and topography of the spillway.
· Chute spillway
· Stepped spillway
· Bellmouth spillway
· Siphon spillway
· Side channel spillway
· Overfall spillway
· Ogee spillway

1.2.3.1 CHUTE SPILLWAY

Chute spillways are common and basic in design as they transfer excess
water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. Most often,
they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and
topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-
lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to
dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle
of concrete blocks but usually have a 'flip lip' and/or dissipator basin which creates
hydraulic jump protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.

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Fig.1.2.3.1 CHUTE SPILLWAY OF LLYN BRIANNE DAM IN WALES

1.2.3.2 STEPPED SPILLWAY

Stepped channels and spillway have been used for over 3,000 years. Recently,
new construction materials, (e.g. RCC, gabions) and design techniques (e.g.
embankment overtopping protection) have increased the interest in stepped spillways
and chutes. The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and
reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Research is still
active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection
systems, converging spillways and small weir design.

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Fig.1.2.3.2 STEPPED CHUTE SPILLWAY OF YEOMAN HEY RESERVOIR IN

ENGLAND
1.2.3.3 BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY

Bellmouth spillway is the one which is designed like an inverted bell in such a
way that the water can enter all around the perimeter of the spillway. These devices
are also called as morning glory, plughole or bellmouth spillways. These spillways can
be used in areas where the temperature is low that the surface level of the reservoir
may freeze. Normally the bellmouth spillway is fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to
prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.

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Fig.1.2.3.3 LADY BOWER RESERVOIR IN DERBYSHIRE, ENGLAND

1.2.3.4 SIPHON SPILLWAY

An enclosed spillway passing over the crest of a dam in which flow is
maintained by atmospheric pressure. The siphon spillway is a type of solid overflow
spillway. The discharge area of the spillway is like a closed canal. As soon as the water
flows over the higher point, an overhang permits automatic action of the siphon
spillway. In contrast to normal spillway, the flow takes within the pipe rather than free
flow. The utilization of the intake effect makes slow rate larger than rates of overflow
spillway possible. A ventilation valve is used to regulate the flow rate. The Plexiglas
experiment is placed on the bottom of the flume and attached with bolts. The
experiment setup is fixed with seals on insertion in the flume.
is shown below.

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Fig.1.2.3.4 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE VOLUTE SIPHON SPILLWAY

1.2.3.5 SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY

A dam spillway in which the initial flow and the final flow are approximately
perpendicular to each other. This spillway is also known as lateral flow spillway. A side
channel spillway consist of an ogee crest and is commonly used to release flow from a
reservoirs in sites where the side is steep and rises to a considerable height above the
dam. By this way, the water falls over the spillway crest into a channel, where the flow
is parallel to the crest in order to carry the water directly to the discharge channel.
Because of both, turbulence and vibrations originated in the side channel flow, a side
channel design is ordinarily no considered. However, it must be done where a good
foundation such as rock exists. A trapezoidal cross section is the most often employed
for the side channel throat. Besides, a control section is usually constructed
downstream from the side channel throat in order to produce a point of critical flow.

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Fig.1.2.3.5 UNION CITY DAM, PA

1.2.3.6 OVERFALL SPILLWAY
The free overfall spillway or the straight drop spillway is one wherein the flow
freely drops from the crest from the crest of weir wall that has a vertical or nearly
vertical downstream face. The weir crest may be sharp-crested or broad-crested. In
some designs, the crest may be extended in the form of overhanging lip to direct force
away from the downstream face of the wall. The underside of the nappe of the falling
jet of water is ventilated to prevent pulsation in the jet. The wall in which the weir crest
is located is typical a reinforced concrete retaining wall. This type of spillway shall be
limited to situations in which the differential head between the upstream water level
and the tail water level is less than 20feet. This is suitable for arch dams or dams with
downstream vertical faces; and this is suitable for small drops and for passing any
occasional flood.

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Fig.1.2.3.6 LOWER NIHOTUPU

1.2.3.7 OGEE SPILLWAY
It is most commonly used with gravity dams. However, it is also used with earth
and rockfill dams with a separate gravity structure; the ogee crest can be used as
control in almost all types of spillways; and it has got the advantage over other
spillways for its high discharging efficiency. Since the spillway crest have s-shape in
section ,this spillway is named as ogee. The profile of the spillway is made in
accordance with the shape of the lower nappe that obtained for the maximum head of
dam. The section of a dam that allows water to pass over its crest widely used on
gravity, arch, & buttress dam. In normal design there is no gap between the falling
water and the crest as in overfall type.

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Fig.1.2.3.7 BOONTON DAM, PARSIPPANY TROY HILLS, NJ

1.2.4 DESIGN OF BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY
Bellmouth spillway is the one which is designed like an inverted bell in such a
way that the water can enter all around the perimeter of the spillway. These devices
are also called as morning glory, plughole or bellmouth spillways. These spillways can
be used in areas where the temperature is low that the surface level of the reservoir
may freeze. Normally the bellmouth spillway is fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to
prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.

1.2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY

· Inlet funnel
· Conical transition shaft
· Bend
· Outlet tunnel
· A stilling basin

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Fig.1.2.5 LAYOUT OF BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY

The crest of the inlet funnel is generally circular in plan. There are also spillways
in Portugal with a polygonal and square crest. The crest of the shaft spillway at Oued
Sarno dam in Algeria is made to resemble marguerite flower, so as to increase the
spilling length considerably. The inlet funnel has different forms. The classical forms
are (a) the standard – crested type, the flat crested type. However, there are many
other forms, which are also in vogue. For example, Taf Fechan, Fountain Ketchil, Silent
Valley and Burnhope shaft spillways have their inlet funnels made up of circular
segments. Steps are provided in the inlet funnel of Lady Bower Shaft Spillway. Mae
and Jubilee shaft spillways have trumpet-shaped funnels. Reveris shaft spillway and
also Front shaft spillway are provided with stilling chambers directly beneath the shaft,
and the water flows from there with a free surface in the outlet tunnel.
Following guidelines are provided in eliminating damage due to cavitation.
· The concrete surface in the inlet funnel and the bend of the shaft spillway at
the Hungry Horse dam is made extremely smooth by grinding many times.
· Construction joints must be eliminated in the vicinity of the bend and the inlet
funnel. Misalignment must be avoided. Shaft spillways are lined with cast iron,
in order to avoid erosion.

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· For heads more than 60 cm which generally is the case, the entrained air is
forced through the outlet end of the spillway.
· Because of the assymetric conditions the non-uniform flow occurs and hence
the formation of a major vortex.
· The vortex formation reduces the discharging capacity, considerably which
results in a rise in reservoir level, and it causes also objectionable noise. The
reduction to be about 44%, about 74% for bell-mouthed inlets and about 90%
for cylindrical inlets.
· There are many artifices to prevent the formation of vortex.

1.3 IMPORATANCE OF STUDY

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The object of our project is to design the structural dimensions of the bellmouth spillway
of Manimuthar Dam in Tiruneveli District. The design is done based on the rainfall data
method. The inflow data of the Manimuthar Dam is collected from the Public Works
Department[PWD]. The inflow design includes three aspects
· hydrological modeling,
· hydraulic design, and
· structural design.
The maximum inflow of the dam is calculared from the dependable analysis of
annual rainfall of the manimuthar reservoir. The maximum inflow is calculated from the
rational method by using parameters like intensity of rainfall, catchment area and the
runoff coefficient.
The dimensions like the height of the shaft of the spillway is found the levels of
water in the reservoir. Diameter is calculated from the maximum inflow rate using an
empirical formula.
The reinforcement required for the structure is calculated for the structural
strength of the spillway.

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1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

The findings of the study are organized under four chapters. Brief literature
about similar designs related to Bellmouth spillway of various countries have been
reviewed in chapter 2. Study area particulars and data collection are given in
chapter 3. Methodology and design are given in chapter 4.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GENERAL
Most of the shaft spillways in the world were constructed in United States,
Portugal and Italy in earlier days. As the inlet funnel resembles the morning glory
flower, the spillway is termed as morning glory spillway in English - speaking countries.
The first of this kind was built in 1896 and was designed by James Mansergh for the
Blackton reservoir in England. The second and third spillways were constructed in the
years 1908 and 1911 for Front Reservoir in England and Taf Fechan reservoir in South
Wales respectively.
Shaft spillways are also constructed around this time in Krauserbauden and
Koenigreicherwalde reservoirs and Czechoslovakia. Italy also took to the construction
of these spillways in the year 1917 For the Bassono power canal and for San Dal
mazzo di Tenda reservoir
Bellmouth spillway is the one which is designed like an inverted bell in such a
way that the water can enter all around the perimeter of the spillway. These devices
are also called as morning glory, plughole or bellmouth spillways. These spillways can
be used in areas where the temperature is low that the surface level of the reservoir
may freeze. Normally the bellmouth spillway is fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to
prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound

2.2 MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY “LADY BOWER”

RESERVOIR
Ladybower Reservoir is a large Y-shaped reservoir
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)] , the lowest of three in the Upper Derwent
Valley [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Derwent_Valley] in Derbyshire
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire] , England [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England] . The

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River Ashop [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ashop] flows into the reservoir from the

west; the River Derwent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire] flows
south, initially through Howden Reservoir [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howden_Reservoir] ,
then Derwent Reservoir [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Reservoir_(Derbyshire)] , and
finally through Ladybower Reservoir. Its longest dimension is just over 3 miles, and at
the time of construction it was the largest reservoir in Britain.

Fig2.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LADY BOWER SPILLWAY

2.3 MONTICELLO DAM

The Monticello Dam is a dam in Napa County, California, United States
constructed between 1953 and 1957. It is a medium concrete-arch dam with a
structural height of 304 ft (93 m) and a crest length of 1,023 ft (312 m). It contains
326,000 cubic yards (249,000 m³) of concrete. The dam impounded Putah Creek to
cover the former town of Monticello and flood Berryessa Valley to create Lake
Berryessa, the second-largest lake in California. The capacity of the reservoir is
1,602,000 acre•ft (1,976,000 dam³). Water from the reservoir is supplied mostly to the
North Bay area of San Francisco. The dam is noted for its classic, uncontrolled
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spillway with a rate of 48,400 cubic feet per second (1370 m³/s) and a diameter at the
lip of 72 ft (22 m).

Fig2.3 MONTICELLO DAM IN NAPA COUNTRY

2.4 ROADFORD DAM IN DEVON, SW ENGLAND

The membrane of the dam has waterproofing element on the upstream face of
the Dam, Calliford, impounded in 1989 with a capacity of 37,000ML. The embankment
is 40m height and 430m long 1,000,000 cumec of low grade rock fill. The overall area
of the membrane is 22350 sq.m.

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roadford_tower_outlet

Fig.2.4 ROADFORD DAM IN DEVON, SW ENGLAND

2.5 VAL NOCI DAM IN MONTOGGIO

Mediterranea delle Acque operates the Val Noci reservoir in Montoggio (Italy) for
the water supply of the city of Genoa. The Val Noci reservoir is stored by a 56 m high
dam which impounds a volume of 3.3 Mio m3 usable storage. Three existing spillway
structures, i.e. a gated chute spillway, a middle and a bottom outlet serve to discharge
floods.

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Fig.2.5 CROSS SECTION OF A MORNING GLORY [VAL NOCI DAM IN

MONTOGGIO]

CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTED

3.1 STUDY AREA

The Thamirabarani River originates from the famous Agastyarkoodam peak in

hills of the Western Ghats [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats] above Papanasam
in the Ambasamudram [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambasamudram] taluk and flows
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through the Tirunelveli [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli] & Tuticorin

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorin] district of the Tamil Nadu
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu] state of southern India
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India] . It was called the Tamraparni
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamraparni] River in olden days and it is also associated with
Sri Lanka

Etymology: The Thamirabarani contains traces of copper

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper] , hence its name (Thamiram means copper in Tamil
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language] ). The copper content gives it a distinct reddish
shade. The river has also been historically known as Porunai.
Geography: Vanatheertham waterfalls. It originates 1,500 metres above sea-level
on a part of the Annamalai range [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalai_Hills] on the
eastern slopes of the Western Ghats [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats] in the
Tirunelveli District [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli_District] of Tamil Nadu, near the
peaks of Aduppukkal Mottai, Agastya Malai [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya_Malai] and
Cherumunji Mottai. The headwaters of the Thamirabarani River are at 8°35′32″N
77°16′12″E/ 8.59222°N 77.27°E/ 8.59222; 77.27
[http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?
pagename=Thamirabarani_River&params=8_35_32_N_77_16_12_E_] . It flows generally
east and enters the Gulf of Mannar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar] of the Bay
of Bengal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal] near Punnaikayal
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punnaikayal&action=edit&redlink=1] . The 40 metre
panatheertham waterfalls [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls] are located close to the
origin of the main river. The Papanasam Reservoir is 16 km downstream. It is fed both
by monsoons and by its tributaries. In the year 1992, there was an unexpected flood in
Thamirabarani, which claimed hundreds of lives. The river is mentioned in ancient
Sangam [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature] and Tamil
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_script] texts. There is an ancient script written as
Thamirabarani mahathmiyam
Tributaries: Distances indicate approximate distance along the main river where
the tributaries join.The Peyar, Ullar, Karaiar, Pambar, Servalar River (22 km).
Manimuthar River [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimuthar_River] (36 km) ,Gadana River
(43 km), Pachaiyar River [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachaiyar_River] (61 km) , Chittar
River [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittar_River] (73 km) .

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RIVER.jpg

Fig.3.1 WATERSHED MAP OF TAMBARAPARANI RIVER

3.2 MANIMUTHAR RIVER
Manimuthar River originates on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats] in Tirunelveli District
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli_District] of the state of Tamil Nadu
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu] in southern India
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_India] . It is a major tributary of the Tambaraparani

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River [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaraparani_River] . It arises from the dense forest a

top Senkutheri in Ambasamudram taluk at the height of about 1300 m. from The
tributaries of the Manimuthar are the Keezha Manimuthar (lower or eastern
Manimuthar) and the Varattar. The river runs from its source for a distance of 9 km.
and confluences with the Tamiraparani near Kallidaikurichi. In its 9km. course, it makes
minor cataracts. The river contributes a lot, as tributary, to enhance the water level of
Tamiraparani as it is always in full spate and perennial. In the year 1957 , Manithar
anaicut was built across the river just 3 km. above its conflunce with
tamiraparani

mani.jpg

Fig.3.2 SATELLITE VIEW OF MANIMUTHAR RIVER

3.3 DATA COLLECTED

3.3.1 MANIMUTHAR DAM

Lat:8 39’ 30”N long:77 26’E
General:
· River - Manimuthar
· Basin - Thambaraparani
· Nearest town - Ambasamudram

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· District - Tirunelveli
· Construction period - 1951-1958
· Cost - Rs.505 lakhs
3.3.2 MAIMUTHAR RESERVOIR
· Catchment area - 161.61sq.km
· Design flood - 1699.20cumecs
· F.R.L - +109.12m
· M.W.L - +109.12m
· Area at F.R.L - 9.40sq.km
· Capacity at F.R.L gross - 156.07Mcum
· Capacity at F.R.L net - 156.07Mcum
3.3.3 HYDRAUIC PARTICULARS OF THE DAM
· Type Earthdam
· Top of roadway +112.17m
· Maximum height 45.72m
· Length: Earthdam 2552.7m
Masonry 273.1m
· Top of the dam (+)368.00ft. Or 112.30m
· Maximum water level (+)358.00Ft. or 109.15m
· Full reservoir level (+)358.00Ft. Or 109.15m
· Spillway crest level (+)343.00Ft. Or 104.57m
· Minimum drawdown level (+)240.00Ft. Or 73.15m
· Sill of source sluice (+)240.00Ft. Or 73.15m
Sill of flume
· River bed level (+)236.00Ft. Or 71.93m
· Deepest foundation level (+)218.00Ft. Or 66.45m
Capacity of dam
· Full reservoir capacity 5511 Mcft.
· Maximum water level capacity 5511 Mcft.
· Dead storage capacity 08.20 Mcft

3.3.5 HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS OF THE SPILLWAY

— Type of the spillway Ogee
— Type of the gate vertical
— Number of gate and size 7Nos. Size 40 Ft.x 15ft
— Crest +104.55m
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— Designed maximum flood 1709 cumec

— Spillway discharge capacity 1709cumec

CHAPTER 4
METHODOGOLY AND DESIGN

4.1 GENERAL
The bellmouth spillway is designed under three categories. They are
· Hydrological modeling of spillway
· Hydraulic design of spillway
· Structural design of spillway

4.1.1 HYDROLOGIC MODELLING OF SPILLWAY:

Hydrologic models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of

the hydrologic cycle [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cycle] . They are primarily used
for hydrologic prediction and for understanding hydrologic processes
The concept of using regional hydrological models for assessing the impacts of climatic
change has several attractive characteristics
1. Models tested for different climate/ physiographic condition, as well as models
structured for use at various spatial scales and dominant process representations, is
readily available.
2. Hydrologic models can be tailored to fit the characteristics of available data.
3. Regional scale hydrologic models are considerably easier to manipulate than general
circulation models.
4. Such regional models can be used to evaluate the sensitivity of specific watersheds to
both hypothetical changes in climate and to changes and to changes predicted by large
scale GCMs.
5. Methods that can incorporate both detailed regional hydrologic characteristics and
output from large scale GCMs.
The hydrological aspects relevant to the spillway design are:
1. Estimation of inflow design flood (IDF)
2. Selection of spillway design flood
3. Determination of spillway outflow discharge
4. Determination of frequency of spillway use

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4.1.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF THE SPILLWAY

Morning glories or shaft spillway utilize the crest circular in shape. The out flow is
carried by a vertical or sloping shaft to a horizontal tunnel at approximately streambed
level. The capacity of the spillway is limited by the size of the circular crest that can be
fitted to the topography and by the head on the crest. Under various hydraulic
conditions, the flow may be controlled by the crest, the throat or the friction of the entire
system flowing under pressure. A recent design of the USBR includes a inclined shaft
with a vertical bend at the bottom that has a radius five times the diameter. The USBR
recommends the horizontal tunnel of these spillways to be designed to flow only 75%
full to eliminate instability

4.1.3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF THE SPILLWAY

The following aspects to be considered while designing the spillway.
a. The primary function of a spillway is to release surplus water from reservoirs
and to safely bypass the design flood downstream in order to prevent overtopping and
possible failure of the dam. Spillways are classified as controlled (gate) or uncontrolled
(ungated). The overflow (ogee) spillway is the type usually associated with concrete
gravity dams. Other less common spillway types such as chute, side channel, morning
glory, and tunnel are not addressed in this manual.
b. An overflow spillway profile is governed in its upper portions by hydraulic
considerations rather than by stability requirements. The downstream face of the
spillway section terminates either in a stilling basin apron or in a bucket type energy
dissipator, depending largely upon the nature of the site and upon the tailwater
conditions. The design of the spillway shall include the stability and internal stress
analysis and the structural performance. Loadings should be consistent with those
discussed in Chapter 4. Operating equipment should be designed to be operational
following a maximum credible earthquake.
c. Discharge over the spillway or flip bucket section must be confined by
sidewalls on either side, terminating in training walls extending along each side of the
stilling basin or flip bucket. Height and length of training walls are usually determined
by model tests or from previous tests of similar structures. Sidewalls should be of
sufficient height to contain the spillway design flow, with a 2-foot freeboard. Negative
pressures (see EM 1110-2-1603) due to flowing water should be considered in the
design of the sidewalls, with the maximum allowance (see EM 1110-2-2400) being
made at the stilling basin, decreasing uniformly to no allowance at the crest. Sidewalls
are usually designed as cantilevers projecting out of the monolith. A wind load of 30
pounds/square foot or earthquake loading should be assumed for design of reinforcing
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in the outer face of the walls. The spillway section surfaces should be designed to
withstand the high flow velocities expected during peak discharge and reduced
pressures resulting from the hydrodynamic effects.
d. The dynamic loads occurring in the energy dissipaters will include direct impact,
pulsating loads from turbulence, multidirectional and deflected hydraulic flows, surface
erosion from high velocities and debris, and cavitation. The downstream end of the
dissipator should include adequate protection against undermining from turbulence and
eddies. Concrete apron, riprap, or other measures have been used for stabilization

4.2 DESIGN OF THE BELLMOUTH SPILLWAY

The dimensions of the spillway is determined from the maximum inflow rate of
the manimuthar reservoir.The calculation of runoff is based on the following methods
— Methods based mainly on flow data
— Methods based mainly on rainfall data
The method of rainfall data is considered for the calculation of the runoff.

4.3 CALCULATION BASED ON RAINFALL DATA

The annual rainfall data of the manimuthar reservoir is collected from the Public
Works Department. The capacity of the inflow of the reservoir is calculated from the
dependable analysis.

4.3.1 DEPENDABLE ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL

Procedure:
· Collect the rainfall data for last certain years.
· To compute the maximum expected rain gauge, the given rainfall data should
be arranged in descending order.
· To compute the minimum expected rain gauge, the given rainfall data should
be arranged in ascending order.
· Find the ranks of arranged data M (1,2,3,…..).
· Find out recurrence interval by relation,
T=N+1/M………………..(1)

Where,
N – No of years of record;
M – Rank of arranged data.
T – recurrence interval
· Find out the percentage of reoccurance interval
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%P=(1/T)*100………….(2)

4.3.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The daily rainfall is summed to obtain the annual rainfall. The annual rainfall is
used for the dependability analysis. The graph between rainfall & recurrence interval is
plotted as shown in figure 4.3.2 and table 4.3.2 below. The max or min expected rain
can be obtained for a particular recurrence interval from graph.

Table 4.3.2 Dependability analysis of rainfall at Manimuthar Rainfall

Station
Sl.No. Year Annual Rainfall Rank Return Period %P
1 2008 1786.8 1 39 2.56
2 1979 1688.6 2 19.5 5.12
3 1973 1678 3 13 7.69
4 1971 1663 4 9.75 10.25
5 1984 1492 5 7.8 12.82
6 2005 1443.3 6 6.5 15.38
7 1992 1434.4 7 5.571 17.95
8 1993 1374.7 8 4.875 20.51
9 1972 1359 9 4.333 23.07
10 1977 1260.4 10 3.9 25.64
11 2004 1238.7 11 3.545 28.2
12 1997 1214.6 12 3.25 30.76
13 2007 1170.9 13 3 33.33
14 1994 1119 14 2.785 35.9
15 1991 1102.4 15 2.6 38.46
16 2002 1073.8 16 2.437 41.03
17 1990 1063.7 17 2.294 43.19
18 2001 1023.9 18 2.166 46.16
19 1980 1005.3 19 2.052 48.73
20 1981 954.3 20 1.95 51.28
21 1978 951.4 21 1.857 53.85
22 2000 881.8 22 1.772 56.43
23 1976 877.9 23 1.695 58.99
24 1998 870.7 24 1.625 61.53
25 1988 844.62 25 1.56 64.1
26 1989 834.6 26 1.5 66.66
27 2003 829.7 27 1.444 69.25
28 1996 794.2 28 1.392 71.83
29 1995 788.8 29 1.344 74.4
30 1975 779.5 30 1.3 76.82
31 1985 715.8 31 1.258 79.49
32 1987 687.3 32 1.218 82.1

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33 1982 674 33 1.181 84.67

34 1999 673.2 34 1.147 87.18
35 1974 659 35 1.114 89.76
36 1986 594.4 36 1.083 92.33
37 1983 533.7 37 1.054 94.87
38 2006 263 38 1.026 97.46

DEPENDABLE ANALYSIS GRAPH

Fig 4.3.2 DEPENDABILITY ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL OF MANIMUTHAR

RESERVOIR

4.3.3 MAXIMUM INFLOW

The maximum intensity of rainfall is taken from the graph Fig 4.3.2 and the
maximum runoff rate is determined. The runoff rate is calculated from the rational
method using the formula
Q=2.778CAI………….(3)

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where,
“ I” is the intensity of rainfall: Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount
of rain (rainfall depth) falling during a given period to the duration of the period It is
expressed in depth units per unit time, usually as mm per hour (mm/h).
“ A” is the catchment area of the manimuthar river: River basin: the entire geographical
area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being
conveyed to the same outlet; "flood control in the Missouri basin"
“C “is the runoff coefficient: The expression of peak discharge as equal to the product
of rainfall, drainage area, and a runoff coefficient depending on drainage-basin
characteristics. it is also termed as the percentage of precipitation that appears as
runoff
For the calculation of the maximum runoff, annual rainfall of two years 2005 and 2007
is considered. From the table 4.3.1 the reoccurrence percentage for the two years are
determined.
To find the maximum runoff for the year 2005:
- t=6.5;
- Assume rainfall occurred over a period of 3 hours
- I=191/3=6.4 cm/hr
- C=0.3 as the area has impervious soil
- A=199.55 sq.km

Table 4.3.3 Values of C for use in Rational Method

SOIL TYPE LAND USE
CULTIVATED PASTURE FOREST
Sandy or gravel 0.20 0.15 0.10
Loams 0.40 0.35 0.30
Clayey soils 0.50 0.45 0.40

Q=2.778CAI
Q=2.778*0.3*199.55*6.4
Q=1064.35cumec
To find the maximum runoff for the year 2007
- t=3
- I=108.4/3=3.6 cm/hr
- C=0.4
- A=199.55 sqkm

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Q’=2.778*0.3*199.55*3.6
Q’=598.69cumec

From the maximum runoff ‘k’ is determined from the following equation
Q’-Q=k[ln* ln(T/T-1) – ln*ln(T’/T’-1)]……………(4)
598.69-1064.35 = k[ln*ln(6.5/6.5-1) –ln*ln(3/3-1)]
K=524.4
Where ‘k’ is the coefficient of percentage of runoff.
The maximum discharge for the reoccurance interval of 50 years is calculated from the
‘k’ value by the equation 4.
Let Q” be the runoff for the year 50
Q”-Q=k [ln*ln(T/T-1) - ln*ln(T”/T”-1)]
Q”-1064 =524.4 [ln*ln(6.5/6.5-1)–ln*ln(50/50-1)]
Q”=2172 cumec
The maximum runoff for the reoccurance interval of 50 years is 2172 cumec.

4.3.4 DESIGN DISCHARGE:

Morning glory spillways are generally designed for crest control or free-flow
conditions. Laboratory tests indicate that submergence begins to affect the discharge
when the ratio of the head to weir radius is greater than 0.45.

The discharge may be determined by a modified weir equation:

Q=C (2pR) Hd^(3/2)
Where,
Q = discharge, cumec
c = discharge coefficient
R = radius of sharp crest, m
Hd = design head on spillway crest, m

The dimensions of the spillway such as diameter and height of the shaft is designed.
The height of the shaft is calculated from the levels of the dam given in the hydraulic
particulars of the manimuthar dam.

Calculation of the dimension of the bellmouth spillway. The height of the shaft of the
spillway can be taken as
H= 104.57m – 69.42m= 35.15m
The diameter of the spillway is calculated from the reoccurance interval of the
dependable analysis. Return interval of 50yrs is taken for calculation of the dimension

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of the spillway. Maximum runoff at the reoccurance interval is 2172cumec. Two

spillways having maximum discharge of 1086cumec for each spillway is designed.

The diameter of each spillway can be calculated from the equation

5.
Q=2/3*cd*sqr2g*leff*H^3/2……….(5)
1086=2/3*.74*sqr2*9.81*22/7*D*35.15^3/2
D=12m
D=40ft

4.3.5 HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS OF THE DESIGNED SPILLWAY

— Type of the spillway = bellmouth
— Crest - +104.55m
— Height of the bellmouth = 35.15m or 116ft
— Diameter of the bellmouth = 12m or 40ft [ for each spillway]
— Discharge of the spillway =2172cumec[for each spillway]

4.4 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT

In the case of bellmouth spillway, the water pressure acts throught the perimeter
of the spillway. The water in the reservoir which surrounds the spillway excerts
pressure towards the spillway. Therefore the spillway experienced a compressive
stress rather than the tensile stress as in the case of water tank.
The water tank is designed based on two conditions:
· The tank is full and the surrounding is dry
· The tank is empty and the surrounding is wet
The bellmouth is considered to be underground circular water tank, in which the
condition applied here is “ the tank is empty and the surrounding is wet”. This is the
most critical condition in the design of the spillway. As the spillway is subjected to
compressive force the design of tensile reinforcement is of less importance.

Design of main reinforcement

Design of minimum reinforcement or the vertical reinforcement. The thickness of
the bellmouth is calculated for a height of 1m from the equation 6.
scc = F/Aeff………..(6)
Where,

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F = (wHD)/2
=(10 * 35.15 * 12)/2
= 2109 KN/m
Aeff= b*t
b=1m
permissible tensile stress, scc=5 [IS 456: 2000 page 81 Table 21]
Substitute all the known values in the equation 6.
t= (2109* 10^3)/(1000*5)
t= 423 mm
adopt t =430 mm
the minimum reinforcement of the spillway for 1m height is calculated as per given in
the code IS 8616.
Thickness Minimum reinforcement
100mm 0.3%
450mm 0.2%

Therefore, the minimum reinforcement for the thickness of 430mm is calculated by

interpolation .
Mini reinforcement for 430mm = 0.3-[(0.3-0.2)/(450-100)]*(430-100)
=0.21%
Mini Ast = 0.21/100*1000*430
=903 sq.mm

Provide 12mm diameter of bars for the determination of spacing

Spacing = (ast/ Ast)*1000
=125mm c/c
Adopt spacing of 150mm c/c

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