INTRODUCTION

Waste Water Treatment

 What is waste Water?

 When effluent discharge into a river such as lake, pond, river or sea a
number of processes occur like physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water change which cause loss of organisms.
 The extent of damage depend upon type of pollutant present in effluent.
Non Biodegradable pollutant like mercury are most deadly as they
accumulate in aquatic organism which leads to bio-magnifications.
 Large number of Biodegradable waste can effect living organisms in the
water bodies in waste are discharged.
 Waste Water Treatment
 Waste Water Treatment
 It is necessary to treat waste water or effluent before discharging in water body.
The treatment procedure generally divide into three groups.

Waste Water`

Primary Treatment or Physical & Chemical Treatment.

Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment

Tertiary Treatment.

Treated Water
Process Flow Diagram Of Waste Water
Treatment
 Process Flow Diagram Waste
Water Treatment
RAW
SEWAGE
SCREENING
GRIT
RAW SEWAGE INLET
CHAMBER GRIT REMOVAL PRIMARY CLARIFIER

CHLORINE

TREATED
WATER

DISINFECTION
AERATION TANK
SECONDARY
CLARIFIER

SLUDGE THICKNER
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS FILTRATE TO AT SLUDGE STABILISATION
 Primary Treatment Process
Primary Treatment generally remove the 60-70% of Suspended solids and 30 % BOD
present in the waste water
These are techniques are used to removes the coarse fraction,Oil, fatty acids and
suspended solid could be removed by the use of following techniques .
Physical Process Chemical Process
Screening Neutralization

Grit Chamber Coagulation & Flocculation

Floatation or skimming tank. Precipitation

Sedimentation oxidation
 Primary Treatment System
The primary treatment mainly selected to remove floating materials and
large inorganic particulate contents of waste water that usually cause the
maintenance or operational problems in primary and secondary treatments
of wastewater .it is also called as pretreatment in conventional treatment
system
 Sump And Pump Unit
 Approach Channel
 Screen Chamber
 Grit Chamber
 Skimming Tank (Oil And Grease Traps )
Primary Treatment System

Sump And Pump Unit :

City /town waste water is usually collected in a sump or holding tank and is pumped
to the higher levels of treatment units
Approach Channel :
To convey and Dampen the flow of wastewater pumped to treatment plant
units
Screen Chamber :
To remove the floating materials
Grit Chamber :
To remove up to 0.20 mm size suspended settable solids of specific gravity 2.60
Skimming Tank (Oil And Grease Traps )
To remove excessive Oil and Grease from the wastewater
A. Screen Chamber :
PROCESS OF SCREENING :

 Screening is a physical process , which is lead to removal of floating materials present in the
waste water ,which are mainly sachets, plastic sheet bits, leaves, fibers, rags, etc.
 Screening consider as a first unit operation of any wastewater treatment plants
 Screens are generally used ahead of pumping stations, meters and as all STPs
SIGNIFICANCE:
 The principal role of screening is to remove coarse materials from the flow stream that could:
 Damage subsequent process equipment e.g. pumps, valves, pipe lines, impellers.
 Reduce overall treatment process reliability & effectiveness, or
 Contaminate waste way
 A screen is a device with openings generally of uniform size.
 The screening element may consist of parallel bars, rods, gratings or wire mesh or perforated
plates and the openings may be of any shape, although generally they are contrived from
circular or rectangular bar
 TYPE OF SCREEN
 COARSE SCREEN

 MEDIUM SCREEN

 FINE SCREEN

Coarse Screen
 It act as a protective devices in contrast to fine screens, which function as treatment
devices.
 Coarse screens are usually bar screens and are sometimes used in conjunction with
comminuting devices.
 A bar screen is composed of vertical or inclined bars spaced at equal intervals across a
channel through which sewage flows.
 It is usual to provide a bar screen with relatively large openings of 25 mm.
 Bar screens are usually raked clean manually or by mechanical devices
Medium Screens :
 Medium bar screens have clear openings of 12 mm.
 Bars are usually 10 mm thick on the upstream side and taper slightly to the downstream
side.
 The bars used for the screens are rectangular in cross-section, usually about 10 mm × 50
mm and are placed with the larger dimension parallel to the flow.
 These mechanically raked units are used before all pumps or treatment units such as the
stabilization ponds etc. …
Fine Screens
 Fine screens are not normally suitable for raw sewage directly because of the clogging
possibilities.
 They are mechanically cleaned devices using perforated plates, woven wire cloth or
very closely spaced bars with clear openings of 5 mm or may be of the drum or disc
type, mechanically cleaned and continuously operated.
SCREEN HYDRAULIC PROFILE
 Type of operation

Manual operating Mechanical

screen operating screen
Rotating type
B.Grit Chamber

 These tanks reduce the velocity of the effluent so that heavy particles may fall to
the bottom.
 The solids are pumped to an auger pump which separates the water from the grit
while the water moves onward.
 The grit (mostly inorganic solids) goes to a dumpster which is taken to a landfill. There
are two complete grit removal systems which are rotated in operation for equal
hours.
 C.OIL & GREASE REMOVAL TANK
 Oil and Grease Traps are small size skimming basins provided to remove oil and grease
and other floating material such as fats, vegetable, debris fruit skins ,etc..

 It is designed that lighter material like grease and oil content of waste water rise to the
surface of waste water and remains on top of liquid until removed . while the liquid
flows out continuously under partitions or baffles

 It is necessary to remove the floating matter from sewage otherwise it may appear in
the form of unsightly scum on the surface of the settling tanks or interfere with the
activated sludge process of sewage treatment.
 Type of methods adopted for oil &Grease
 Normally these are located ahead of PST to protect pumps and downstream
side treatment components .
 It is designed that lighter material like grease and oil content of waste water rise
to the surface of waste water and remains on top of liquid until removed
 The treated liquid flows out through the outlets
 A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter like oil, fat,
grease etc., rise and remain on the surface of the waste water (Sewage) until
removed,
 Now days in practice following way to removing Oil & Grease :
Grease Trap Skimmer
Hydro Cyclone Dissolved Air Floatation
OIL & GREASE REMOVAL TANK
 Chemical Process:
COAGULATION&FLOCCULATION :
 Sedimentation alone is not sufficient o remove all the suspended matter. The
process of coagulation is used to remove colloidal particles from water.
 Coagulation is the process in which certain chemical agent is mixed with water
then colloidal and suspended particles are agglomerated and form insoluble metal
hydroxide known as flocks.
 The coagulation-flocculation processes facilitate the removal of SS and colloidal
particles. It’s used in the final stage of solids liquids separation: settling, flotation or
filtration.
 Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the
addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant.
 Sedimentation
 Settling down of suspended particles at the bottom of water is called
Sedimentation. This process is also known as clarification.
 In this process water is collected into big pond , slowly- slowly impurities are settled
down by gravitation.
 The main principle of sedimentation is to allow water to rest or flow at a very slow
velocity. So that heavier particles settle down due to gravity
 Waste Water Treatment
Filtration
 Filtration is done in order to remove colloidal and suspended matter remaining after
sedimentation and to remove bacterial load.
 The process of filtration usually consist of allowing the water pass through thick layer of
sand or porous material which retain coarse impurities on its surface and in pores.
 The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the porous material that fill the filter is
known as filtering medium.
Types of Filter:
 Single flow closed pressure filter
 Horizontal flow pressure filter
 Dual media filter
 Un flow Sand Filter
 Mechanical Filter - Radical Filter - Multiple Chamber Filter
 Biological Treatment

Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment

 It is the process in which microorganism play a very important role for the treatment of
effluent. Microorganism like bacteria, fungi decompose the organic waste and convert into
simpler form.
 The main function of secondary treatment is to convert the reaming organic matter of
sewage into stable form by oxidation and nitrification.
Biological Unit Process
Biological Treatment can be classified as follows :

Biological Treatment

Suspended Growth Process Attached Growth Process

Activated Sludge Process

Trickling Filter ,
Aerated Lagoon
Rotating biological contactors
Oxidation Pond
Bio Towers,
Aerobic And Anaerobic
Up flow Filters Etc. .,
Digesters ,Etc.
MBBR
 Waste Water Treatment

Biological process based on operational conditions classified as follows :

 Aerobic Treatment
The treatment which is carried out by microorganism in the presence of oxygen.
Activated Sludge Process
Moving Bed Biological Reactor
Sequential Batch Reactor
Trickling Filter etc..
 Anaerobic Treatment
The treatment which is carried out by aerobes in the absence of oxygen.
UASBR
 Waste Water Treatment

Oxidation Pond (Lagoon)

 New biological method have been introduced now days for waste water
treatment. The oxygen pond is shallow pond where waste water is purified by
action of algae and aerobic bacteria. Organic matter are decomposed by
bacteria and are consumed by algae. Latter on oxygen is released during the
process of photosynthesis.
 Aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere and convert the organic matter
present in sewage and liberate CO2 which is again taken by algae during the
process of photosynthesis.
Trickling Filter
 - After primary treatment the effluent is passed through the bed the filter
medium which is consisting of bed of stone in which microorganism or
bacteria are present. Bacteria get nutrient . Bacteria attack on carbohydrate,
protein, oil, fats which is essential for the growth of bacteria.
Waste Water Treatment

UASBR :- Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket Reactor

 Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB
reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used for wastewater treatment. The
UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the
anaerobic clarigester.
 The up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor ( UASB ) is a single tank process in
an anaerobic centralized or decentralized industrial wastewater or black water
treatment system achieving high removal of organic pollutants. Wastewater enters the
reactor from the bottom, and flows upward.
 Waste Water Treatment

Tertiary Treatment (Advance waste water treatment)

 The main function of tertiary treatment is to decrease the load of nitrogen and
phosphorous compound present in the effluent by the following process.
 a) Precipitation
 b) Nitrogen Stripping
 c) Chlorination
 a) Precipitation:
 The effluent received after the secondary treatment is mixed with calcium oxide.
The lime then react with phosphorous compound in waste to from insoluble
calcium phosphate, which then settle down a the bottom of settling tank.
Waste Water Treatment

 b) Nitrogen Stripping
 Nitrogen present in waste water is generally in the form of ammonia gas ,nitrates and
nitrites. Ammonia is highly undesirable in streams and lakes because it is extremely
lethal to aquatic biota. Nitrogen eventually enhance Eutrophication In order to
remove nitrogen air is forced through the effluent which thereby result in the removal
of ammonia gas.
 C) Chlorination
 It is the process in which chlorine is used to kill micro-organism .The main purpose of
chlorination are To assist in the formation of floc in the process of coagulation
together with other chemical. To prevent corrosion of sewers. To prevent spread of
epidemic.
 Waste Water Treatment
 Ultraviolet Light
 The water is passed through banks of cylindrical, quartz-jacketed fluorescent bulbs.
Some dissolved materials, such as iron and some organic compounds, can also absorb
some of the light. Ultraviolet disinfection is becoming more popular because of the
increasing complications associated with the use of chlorine.

 Ozone:
 Ozone is too unstable to store, and has to be made as it is used. It is produced by
passing an electrical discharge through air, which is then bubbled through the water.
While chlorine can be dosed at a high enough concentration so that some of it remains
in the water for a considerable time, ozone is consumed very rapidly and leaves no
residual. It may also produce some chemical byproducts, but probably not as harmful
as those produced by chlorine
 UV(Ultraviolet):

UV light is a natural process and does

not produce harmful chemicals in water.
It’s a safe, effective and
environmentally friendly disinfection
method that is widely used for
residential and industrial applications
around the world.

Ultraviolet Purification Advantages:

Chemical Free: UV purification does not use any chemicals like chlorine or leave any harmful by products.

Taste & Odor Free: UV does not add any chemical taste or odor to the water.

Extremely Effective: One of the most effective ways to kill disease-causing microbes by destroying 99.99%.

Requires very little energy: Uses about the same energy as it would to run a 60 watt light bulb.

Low Maintenance: Set and forget type of system, just change UV bulb annually
Limitations in UV Water Systems:

Ultraviolet purification itself is not enough to purify water down to drinking

water purposes. This is because the -
* UV radiation is only effective for treating bacteria and viruses.
* UV light does not work to eliminate contaminants such as chlorine,
heavy metals and VOC’s (Volatile Organic Compounds).
* UV systems are often paired with Reverse Osmosis Systems to provide a
complete purification process for the safest drinking water.
Waste Water Treatment

Sludge/Solids Treatment
 1. Anaerobic digesters.
 In the anaerobic digesters another group of bacteria begin to digest and dissolve the
solids to their basic components. This process uses bacteria which do not need
atmospheric oxygen to survive, so therefore, no air is bubbled into the tanks. In fact,
air mixed with the gasses may be explosive, so we strive to keep all air out. The
anaerobic digesters produce a stable sludge which is readily dewatered. The process
is also a source of methane gas, which is used as a fuel source for heating the
digesters, heating several buildings, and fueling the engine generator to produce
electricity.
 Waste Water Treatment
 Sludge Dewatering and Drying:
 The engine generator runs on digester or natural gas. The generator supplies
electrical power to essential pieces of treatment plant equipment. In the
event of a complete power outage, important equipment will be powered by
the engine generator. Waste heat is used to help heat surrounding buildings.
 After most of the organic solids have been digested, the sludge is pumped to
sand drying beds or to the belt filter presses. The belt filter presses use a
chemical flocculent to separate the water from the solids.
 The dewatered solids are then squeezed between two belts to further
dewater them. The resulting solids are in the range of 18-20 percent solids.
These solids are applied to agricultural land. The solids can also be taken to a
landfill. The sludge drying beds also provide a means of drying the sludge
treated by the anaerobic digesters. As an alternative, the digested sludge may
be pumped to the truck loading station to be hauled to other locations for
drying or for use as fertilizer. Sludge is a good soil conditioner as well as
fertilizer.
 OIL & GREASE REMOVAL TANK
 Oil and Grease Traps are small size skimming basins provided to remove oil and grease
and other floating material such as fats, vegetable, debris fruit skins ,etc..

 It is designed that lighter material like grease and oil content of waste water rise to the
surface of waste water and remains on top of liquid until removed . while the liquid
flows out continuously under partitions or baffles

 It is necessary to remove the floating matter from sewage otherwise it may appear in
the form of unsightly scum on the surface of the settling tanks or interfere with the
activated sludge process of sewage treatment.
 Type of methods adopted for oil &Grease

 Normally these are located ahead of PST to protect pumps and downstream
side treatment components .
 It is designed that lighter material like grease and oil content of waste water rise
to the surface of waste water and remains on top of liquid until removed
 The treated liquid flows out through the outlets
 A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter like oil, fat,
grease etc., rise and remain on the surface of the waste water (Sewage) until
removed,
 Now days in practice following way to removing Oil & Grease :
Grease Trap Skimmer
Hydro Cyclone Dissolved Air Floatation
O & G Chamber
Grit Chamber

 Grit chamber are provided to (i) protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and
abnormal wear

(ii) Reduce formation of heavy deposits in pipelines

(iii) Reduce the frequency of digester cleaning caused by excessive accumulation of grit and

(iv) To separate inorganic particles from organic and disposed off of these particles just to wash
without passing any further treatment process.

 Grit Chambers are usually located after bar racks and before sedimentation tanks. Similarly, the
installation of screening facilities ahead of the grit chambers make the operation and
maintenance of grit removal easier.

 Two important types of Grit Chambers (i) Horizontal flow Rectangular and (ii) Aerated Grit
Chamber
 Types of Grit Chambers
Item Range Typical value
Detention time (sec) 45 - 90 60
Horizontal Velocity (m/s) 0.244 – 0.40 0.30
settling velocity (m/s) 1.0 – 1.30 1.15

 Aerated Grit Chamber: Aerated Grit chambers are normally designed to

remove particles of size 0.20 mm or larger with 2 to 5 minute detention time
at peak hour flow. This type of chamber may serve another useful purpose,
if the sewage is anaerobic when it arrives at the plant, aeration serves to
strip noxious gases from the liquid and to restore it immediately to an
aerobic condition, which allows for better treatment. Influent and effluent
baffles are used frequently for hydraulic control and improved grit removal
effectiveness. The diffusers are located about 0.45 to 0.60 meters above the
normal plane of the bottom.
Grit Chamber
Primary Clarifier

 Sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks is pumped to the sludge

thickener. more settling occurs to concentrate the sludge prior to disposal
 Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D. of the
wastewater.
 From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped to the trickling filter for
secondary treatment.
 Secondary treatment will further reduce the suspended solids and B.O.D. of
the wastewater.
 Activated Sludge System

Air →Provides Oxygen and Mixing

Biomass
Pri.Eff. (suspended) MLSS Sec. Eff.
Aeration Secondary
Tank Clarifier

Return Activated Sludge (RAS)

Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)

 Sludge Processing
Effluent
and Storage
Land
Application Disinfect
WAS
RAS
Screening
Influent

Grit
Primary
Clarifiers Aeration Secondary
Tanks Clarifiers

Typical Flow-Through
Activated Sludge Plant
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETP & STP

ETP STP
1. Removes toxic & non toxic materials or 1. Removes contaminants from
chemicals. wastewater & household sewage.
2. Treatment of industrial effluent & 2. Domestic wastewater treatment.
wastewater is done.
3. Widely used in industrial sector: ex-
Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals & Leather 3. Widely used in residential area where
industry & tanneries etc. domestic sewage is disposed.
4. ETP uses Physical, chemical, Biological 4. STP uses Physical, Chemical, Biological
process and Evaporation & Drying
Method; Auxiliary Techniques like treatment processes after
Centrifuging, Filtration, Incineration for Pretreatment:- Screening, Grit Removal,
chemical processing & effluent treatment. etc.
5. Effluent Treatment Plant 5. Sewage Treatment Plant
CentrifugalPump:

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device

designed to move a fluid by means of the
transfer of rotational energy from one or more
driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the
rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out
by centrifugal force along its circumference
through the impeller’s vane tips. The action of the
impeller increases the fluid’ velocity and pressure
and also directs it towards the pump outlet. The
pump casing is specially designed to constrict the
fluid from the pump inlet, direct it into the impeller
and then slow and control the fluid before
discharge.

Centrifugal pumps are usually specified for higher flows and for pumping lower viscosity
liquids, down to 0.1 cP. In some chemical plants, 90% of the pumps in use will be
centrifugal pumps.
Limitations of Centrifugal Pump:

• Slurries such as mud, or high viscosity oils can cause excessive wear and overheating leading
to damage and premature failures.
• Any pumped medium that is sensitive to shearing (the separation of emulsions, slurries or
biological liquids) can also be damaged by the high speed of a centrifugal pump’s impeller.
• A centrifugal pump cannot provide suction when dry it must initially be primed with the
pumped fluid. Centrifugal pumps are therefore not suited to any application
where the supply is intermittent. Additionally, if the feed pressure is variable, a centrifugal
pump produces a variable flow.
Type of centrifugal pump Application Features

Seal less; impeller directly attached to the

Canned motor pump motor rotor; wetted parts contained in can
Hydrocarbons, chemicals where any
leakage is not permitted
Seal less; impeller driven by close coupled
Magnetic drive pump magnets

Chopper/grinder pump Waste water in industrial, chemical and Impeller fitted with grinding teeth to chop solids
food processing/ sewage

Circulator pump Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Inline compact design

Multistage pump High pressure applications Multiple impellers for increased discharge
pressures

Cryogenic pump Liquid natural gas, coolants Special construction materials to tolerate low
temperatures

Trash pump Draining mines, pits, construction sites Designed to pump water containing solid debris

Slurry pump Mining, mineral processing, industrial Designed to handle and withstand highly abrasive
slurries slurries
Type of centrifugal pump Application Features

Seal less; impeller directly attached to the

Canned motor pump motor rotor; wetted parts contained in can
Hydrocarbons, chemicals where any
leakage is not permitted
Seal less; impeller driven by close coupled
Magnetic drive pump magnets

Chopper/grinder pump Waste water in industrial, chemical and Impeller fitted with grinding teeth to chop solids
food processing/ sewage

Circulator pump Heating, ventilation and air conditioning Inline compact design

Multistage pump High pressure applications Multiple impellers for increased discharge
pressures

Cryogenic pump Liquid natural gas, coolants Special construction materials to tolerate low
temperatures

Trash pump Draining mines, pits, construction sites Designed to pump water containing solid debris

Slurry pump Mining, mineral processing, industrial Designed to handle and withstand highly abrasive
slurries slurries
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

 A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a

device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump
body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped

 The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump

cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference
between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the
surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are
more efficient than jet pumps.

 Submersible pumps are generally used to assist in draining away fluids in

wastewater treatment plants. They are placed directly in the water or the
slurry to provide added pumping power for removing fluids from a
particular area.
 The disadvantage is its inefficiency, as clearances often need to be larger
to allow for better solids handling, also a larger volute to assist with self
priming.
 Self-primers are commonly used in sewage lift stations, where raw sewage is
pumped into a treatment facility. They are also commonly mounted on
portable skids and used to pump stormwater.
 For dewatering of construction and mining operations. When used to
dewater construction sites, self-priming pumps are often referred to as trash
pumps – a reference to the fact that they are capable of pumping the
debris that is typically found at construction sites
Cutter Pump

 A Cutter pump's job is also to reduce the size of solids.

 The cutter pump's impeller drives the rotating cutting action while the
stationary element is mounted at the pumps suction inlet.
 The stationary cutter has a ring with cutting teeth or scissor like blades that
shred materials entering the pump.
 SP-OM Pump

Advantages
 Solids handling is one of its most important advantages, as some self-priming pumps
can handle solids up to 3 inches.
 Compared to a submersible pump, is its ability to continue pumping fluid while pump
is still situated out of the pit.
 The disadvantage is its inefficiency, as clearances often need to be larger
to allow for better solids handling, also a larger volute to assist with self
priming.
 Self-primers are commonly used in sewage lift stations, where raw sewage is
pumped into a treatment facility. They are also commonly mounted on
portable skids and used to pump stormwater and for dewatering of
construction and mining operations. When used to dewater construction
sites, self-priming pumps are often referred to as trash pumps – a reference
to the fact that they are capable of pumping the debris that is typically
found at construction sites