5

Aggregating Data
Using Group Functions

Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should

be able to do the following:
• Identify the available group functions
• Describe the use of group functions
• Group data using the GROUP BY clause
• Include or exclude grouped rows by
using the HAVING clause

5-2 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 What Are Group Functions?
Group functions operate on sets of rows to give
one result per group.
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100
20 3000 “maximum MAX(SAL)
20 3000 salary in ---------
20 2975 the EMP table” 5000
30 1600
30 2850
30 1250
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
5-3 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
 Using AVG and SUM Functions
You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.
SQL> SELECT AVG(sal), MAX(sal),
2 MIN(sal), SUM(sal)
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%';

AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)

-------- --------- --------- ---------
1400 1600 1250 5600

5-6 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using MIN and MAX Functions
You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.
SQL> SELECT MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate)
2 FROM emp;

MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED
--------- ---------
17-DEC-80 12-JAN-83

5-7 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a
table.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;

COUNT(*)
---------
6

5-8 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(expr) returns the number of
nonnull rows.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(comm)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;

COUNT(COMM)
-----------
4

5-9 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Group Functions and Null Values
Group functions ignore null values in the
column.
SQL> SELECT AVG(comm)
2 FROM emp;

AVG(COMM)
---------
550

5-10 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the NVL Function
with Group Functions
The NVL function forces group functions
to include null values.

SQL> SELECT AVG(NVL(comm,0))

2 FROM emp;

AVG(NVL(COMM,0))
----------------
157.14286

5-11 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Creating Groups of Data
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 2916.6667
10 1300
20 800 “average DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
20 1100 salary ------- ---------
20 3000 2175 in EMP
10 2916.6667
20 3000 table
20 2975 for each 20 2175
30 1600 department” 30 1566.6667
30 2850
30 1250 1566.6667
30 950
30 1500
30 1250

5-12 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Creating Groups of Data:
GROUP BY Clause

SELECT column, group_function(column)

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups

by using the GROUP BY clause.

5-13 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the GROUP BY Clause
All columns in the SELECT list that are not
in group functions must be in the GROUP
BY clause.
SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;

DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 2916.6667
20 2175
30 1566.6667

5-14 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the GROUP BY Clause
The GROUP BY column does not have to
be in the SELECT list.
SQL> SELECT AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;

AVG(SAL)
---------
2916.6667
2175
1566.6667

5-15 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Grouping by More
EMP
Than One Column
DEPTNO JOB SAL
--------- --------- ---------
10 MANAGER 2450
DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)
10 PRESIDENT 5000
-------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 CLERK 1300
20 CLERK 800 “sum salaries in 10 MANAGER 2450
20 CLERK 1100 the EMP table 10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 3000 for each job,
20 ANALYST 6000
20 ANALYST 3000 grouped by
20 CLERK 1900
20 MANAGER 2975 department”
20 MANAGER 2975
30 SALESMAN 1600
30 CLERK 950
30 MANAGER 2850
30 MANAGER 2850
30 SALESMAN 1250
30 SALESMAN 5600
30 CLERK 950
30 SALESMAN 1500
30 SALESMAN 1250

5-16 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the GROUP BY Clause
on Multiple Columns
SQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno, job;

DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)

--------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 MANAGER 2450
10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 6000
20 CLERK 1900
...
9 rows selected.

5-17 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Excluding Group Results
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100 “maximum DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
20 3000 salary --------- ---------
3000
20 3000 per department 10 5000
20 2975 greater than 20 3000
30 1600 $2900”
30 2850
30 1250
2850
30 950
30 1500
30 1250

5-18 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Excluding Group Results:
HAVING Clause
Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups
– Rows are grouped.
– The group function is applied.
– Groups matching the HAVING clause
are displayed.
SELECT column, group_function
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

5-19 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the HAVING Clause

SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal)

2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno
4 HAVING max(sal)>2900;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 5000
20 3000

5-20 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Using the HAVING Clause

SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%'
4 GROUP BY job
5 HAVING SUM(sal)>5000
6 ORDER BY SUM(sal);

JOB PAYROLL
--------- ---------
ANALYST 6000
MANAGER 8275

5-21 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Nesting Group Functions
Display the maximum average salary.

SQL> SELECT max(avg(sal))

2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;

MAX(AVG(SAL))
-------------
2916.6667

5-22 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

 Summary
SELECT column, group_function (column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

Order of evaluation of the clauses:

• WHERE clause
• GROUP BY clause
• HAVING clause

5-23 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.