1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The beam column joint is the crucial zone in a reinforced concrete moment
resisting frame. It is subjected to large forces during severe ground shaking and
its behaviour has a significant influence on the response of the structure.

Over the years, various methods for resisting the seismic load have been
explored with regards to materials, geometry and design. In the recent years, a
new branch has been observed to have caught the attention of various
researchers, which is “Concrete filled steel tubes”, under this category,
experimentation with shear studs has shown a lot of promise with respect to
load carrying capacity and ductility.

Although this research has a progressive trend, it has been focused on being used
as columns and beams. It has been proven by plenty researchers that these
members successfully increase the ultimate load carrying capacity and ductility as
compared to the traditional RCC members thus confirming the fact that, these
members can be effectively used in cyclic loading conditions. As it is known that
the „Beam Column joint‟ is the most critical portion and likely to fail during a
seismic loading of the structure, thus in this study we combine these two concepts
and explore the combined effect of steel encased beam column joints.

Here, in this study the spacing of shear connectors is varied and the changes in
the results for the same load increments were observed and compared for each
specimen. Furthermore, the same models were constructed in ANSYS and were
given the same loads. The results from the analytical study and experimental
observations were compared and results were drawn.
 2

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW

The study of previous research work is essential in identifying the problem to be

investigated and to detect the research gap in a specified field of study. The
following literatures are studied to identify the design to be analyzed.

2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Li-hua Chen, Shu-ting Li, Hong-yang Zhang, Xiao-feng Wu [1]

This paper presents a new type of checkered steel-encased concrete composite

beam, which utilizes a convex checkered pattern in the steel beam to improve
the bonding effect between steel and concrete and their cooperative
performance. In theory, the checkered pattern arrangement can effectively
reduce the number of bolts and enhance the slipping-resistance property of the
composite beam. Thus, the new pattern improves the mechanical behavior of
the composite beam. To investigate the real bending and slipping performance
of the new- type composite beam, the authors conducted static load tests on six
simply-supported beams. These tests enabled a thorough analysis of the
experimental process of failure, load -deflection curves, strain distribution
curves, load-slipping curves and slip distribution curves along the six specimen
beams. The plate of thickness 4.7mm was used and checkers was for 0.75mm
thick. The experimental results showed that given the same sectional
dimensions and reinforcements, as the anti-slipping connection degree of the
new type composite beam increases, its flexural bearing capacity and ductility
increase, the end slip decreases, and the failure mode of specimen changes from
shear slip failure to bending failure.
 3

John Francis. K, Tensing. D [2]

In this paper six square hollow steel specimen of 2mm thickness and dimension
of 400x100x100mm were filled with M25 grade and tested. The effect of shear
connectors distribution and behavior of thin walled short concrete-filled steel
tube (CFT) columns were subjected to axial load and studied. Graphs for 6
specimens were plotted and maximum load carrying capacity and deformation
were studied and compared with specimen with different specimen of shear
connectors. Based on experimental analysis and theoretical study on the
checkered steel-encased concrete composite beam it was found that checkered
pattern substantially improve the bonding effect between steel beam and
concrete and prevents buckling, confinement of steel to concrete enhances the
core concrete strength and closer the shear connectors higher will be the
strength capacity.

Zhong Tao, Lin-Hai Han, Dong-Ye Wang [3]

Thirty-six specimens, including 30 stiffened stub columns and six unstiffened

ones, were tested to investigate the improvement of ductile behaviour of such
stiffened composite stub columns with various methods. The involved methods
include increasing stiffener height, increasing stiffener number on each tube
face, using saw-shaped stiffeners, welding binding or anchor bars on stiffeners,
and adding steel fibres to concrete. It has been found that adding steel fibres to
concrete is the most effective method in enhancing the ductility capacity, while
the construction cost and difficulty will not be increased significantly . It was
concluded that local buckling of steel tubes can be effectively postponed with
the increasing stiffener number, the sectional capacity can be increased by
increasing the number of stiffener on each tube face, welding binding or anchor
bars on stiffeners and adding fibres to concrete and All five stiffening methods
 4

used in this paper have potential to improve the ductility of the stiffened stub
columns to some extent.

Shuai Li, Lin-Hai Han, Chao Hou [4]

This paper presents the analytical behaviour of concrete-encased concrete filled

steel tubular members (concrete-encased CFST members for short) under the
combined effects of compression and torsion, which is a typical loading
condition for structural members such as bridge piers under earthquake. A finite
element model (FEM) is established to account for the complex material
nonlinearity and interaction, accuracy of which is verified by a set of test data.
Typical failure modes are investigated, whilst the behaviour of RC and CFST
components in the composite members are compared with those of individual
RC members and CFST members under the same loading condition. Parametric
analysis is carried out as well to evaluate the influence of significant factors,
including the material strengths, arrangement of rebars, steel ratio of inner
CFST component and CFST ratio. Torsion-compression relations of concrete-
encased CFST are investigated. A simplified calculation method is validated
using the simulation results in order to predict the torsional capacity of axially
loaded concrete encased CFST. Based on the research work, the results of FEM
simulations fitted well with the test results in terms of torsion moment (T)
versus rotational angle (θ) curve as well as failure mode.

Farid H. Abed, Yosri I. Abdelmageed, A. Kerim Ilgun [5]

This paper aims to investigate the flexural behavior of concrete filled tubes
(CFSTs) made of seamless steel which can handle more pressure than welded
steel. In this paper 9 specimens were tested, of which 6 were CFST & 3 were
hollow tubes, of diameter/thickness ratio 7.82, 13.5, 17.5. All CFST beam
specimens failed in a ductile mode and no local buckling was observed in any of
the specimens. The moment capacity of the CFST beam specimens increased as
 5

compared to empty beams (STs). However, this increase was more significant
for higher D/t ratios. CFST section with low D/t ratio behaves more like a bare
steel section and the contribution of the concrete in fill to the flexural capacity
would be very small or negligible. The moment results obtained from the
experimental program were also compared with well-known international
design codes such as the AIJ, AISC, BS540 and the Eurocode4 as well as with
the theoretical values predicted by Han's equation.

Farid Abed, Mohammad Al-Hamaydeh, Suliman Abdalla [6]

This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the compressive

behavior of circular concrete filled steel tubes (CFSTs) when subjected to pure
axial loading at a low rate of 0.6 kN/s. 16 specimens of three different diameter-
to-thickness (D/t) ratios of 54, 32, and 20 are filled with two concrete's
compressive strengths of 44 MPa and 60 MPa. The ultimate loads obtained
from the experiment were compared with the values calculated from design
codes, AS, EC4, AISC and ACI-318. In this research it was observed that
Increase in concrete strength has minimal effect on the element stiffness, For
higher D/t ratio, with the increase in concrete infill strength column’s ductility
decreases and a nonlinear finite element (FE) numerical model using the
commercial software package ABAQUS is developed and verified using the
presented experimental results.

Burak Evirgen, Ahmet Tuncan, Kivanc Taskin [7]

In this study, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and steel tensile

coupon tests are performed to determine material properties. Sixteen hollow
cold formed steel tubes and 48 concrete filled steel tube specimens are used for
axial compression tests. The effects of width/thickness ratio (b/t), the
compressive strength of concrete and geometrical shape of cross section
parameters on ultimate loads, axial stress, ductility and buckling behavior are
 6

investigated. Circular, hexagonal, rectangular and square sections, 18.75, 30.00,

50.00, 100.00 b/t ratio values and 13, 26, 35 MPa concrete compressive strength
values are chosen for the experimental procedure. Analytical models of
specimens are developed using a finite element program (ABAQUS) and the
results are compared. Circular specimens are the most effective samples
according to both axial stress and ductility values. The concrete in tubes has
experienced considerable amount of deformations which is not expected from
such a brittle material in certain cases. The results provide an innovative
perspective on using cold formed steel and concrete together as a composite
material. From the calculated ductility values it was conclude that rounded
specimens have higher ductility than angular specimens, less differences were
obtained between theoretical values calculated from ABAQUS and
experimental values the concrete core can behave as a non-brittle material due
to the elimination of the desiccation concrete moisture by steel tube in rare
cases.

Summary:

As evident from the literature survey, CFSTs with shear studs have higher load
carrying capacity and better ductility. Furthermore, it is observed that there is a
research gap in the field of CFST beam column joint.
 7

CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

This project focuses on the application of steel encased concrete frame with
shear connectors at different spacing. It is expected that the ductile properties
observed in steel encased frames would also be applicable to the joints.

Since, during the literature survey it was found that, there was no previous
research on steel encased beam column joint and frames, this study focuses on
the same to fill the research gap that was observed. It is also predicted that this
type of construction will enhance the safety of the structure during an
earthquake while evacuation, thus making this arrangement advantageous for
seismic prone areas. These objectives can be summarised as follows,

 Experimental testing of steel encased concrete portal frame

 Finite Element Analysis of the same specimens
 Comparison of results from both experiment & analysis study
 8

CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS USED

4.1. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

4.1.1. Specification of proportion

a. Grade designation- M25

b. Type of cement- OPC 53 grade
c. Maximum Nominal size of aggregate- 20mm
d. Maximum cement content: 300kg/m3 ( As per IS456 Table 25 page 26)
e. Maximum water cement ratio: 0.50
f. Workability: 100mm

4.1.2. Test details for materials:

a) Cement used: OPC 53 grade

b) Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
c) Specific gravity:
i. Coarse aggregate: 2.74
ii. Fine aggregate: 2.68 (M sand)

4.1.3. Target Mean Strength:

f’ck = fck + 1.65 x standard deviation
=25 + 1.65 x 4
=31.56N/mm2

4.1.4. Water Cement Ratio:

As per IS456 Pg. 20 Table 5
 9

4.1.5. Selection of water content:

Aggregate size = 20mm (Pg. 3 of IS10262:2004)

Maximum water content = 136kg

Slump of 100mm water content = 186+

NOTE: 3% for 25mm increase in slump

4.1.6. Calculation of cement content:

Water cement ratio = 0.50

C = 394kg/m3

4.1.7. Mix Calculation:

Volume of Concrete = 1m3
Volume of Cement =

= 0.125m3
 10

Volume of water = x

=197m3

4.1.8. Proportion of volumes of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

Zone II for M-sand (As per IS Code 383:1971 Table 4 page 11)

Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62

Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.62 = 0.38

Volume of all aggregate = 1- (0.125+0.197) = c = 0.678m3

Mass of coarse aggregate

= c x Volume of coarse aggregate x specific gravity of cement x 1000

= 0.678x 0.62x 2.74x 1000

= 1152 kg

Mass of fine aggregate

= c x Volume of fine aggregate x specific gravity of fine aggregate x 1000
= 0.678 x 0.38 x 2.68 x 1000
= 690 kg

Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate: Water

= 1:1.75: 2.92: 0.5

 11

4.2. STEEL REQUIRED:

4.2.1. Calculations for metal Sheet:

Column dimensions = 1.1m x 0.15m x 0.15m

Beam dimensions = 1.15 x 0.15m x 0.15m

For column,

[(1.1 x 0.45) + (0.95 x 0.15)] x 2 = 1.275

m2 For beam,

[(1.15 x 0.45) + ((1.15-0.3) x 0.15)] = 0.645 m2

‫؞‬ Area of sheet required = 1.275 + 0.645 = 1.92 m2 x 3 specimens = 5.76 m2

4.2.2. Calculations for rods:

4.2.2.1. For 75mm spacing,

Development lt. rod in beam = (1.15-0.075-0.075) + 0.36 + 0.36 = 1.72 m

Therefore, Total length of rod required = 7.87m

 12

4.2.2.2. For 100mm spacing,

Development rod in beam = (1.15-0.075-0.075) + 0.36 + 0.36 = 1.72 m

Therefore, Total length of rod required = 6.37m

4.2.2.3: For 125mm spacing,

Development rod in beam = (1.15-0.075-0.075) + 0.36 + 0.36 = 1.72 m

Therefore, Total length of rod required = 5.47m

‫؞‬Total length of rod required combined for all the specimens = 19.71m
 13

CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

5.1. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE STEEL CASING

As mentioned above, the variable parameters in this study were the spacing of
shear connectors, which was 75mm, 100mm and 125mm. These spacing were
decided based on the Eurocode – 4 which specifies the minimum spacing of 6D
and maximum spacing of 25D (where D is the diameter of the shear connector).

Fig 5.1 General schematic diagram of specimens

All the steel used for this study was mild steel. The steel plate was 1.2mm thick;
this was done to reduce the percentage of steel used and make the specimen as a
„Thin walled structure’. Fig 5.1 shows the general geometry of all the three
specimens.

As shown in the figures 5.2(a & b), the steel casing was made into a C-shape
first such that one face of the specimen is open, this was done for the ease to
weld the internal shear rods, once the shear rods were welded in place, a rod
 14

was placed in the beam with development length of it going into the columns.
Then the open face was closed by welding a steel plate. This steel plate was also
connected with inner shear rods via welding as well. The steel plate was welded
fully along the edges to ensure maximum strength as well as to avoid concrete
slurry spillage while filling.

Fig 5.2 (a): Bent mild steel sheets Fig 5.2 (b): Welded shear connectors

Fig 5.2 (c): Column bottom opening

As shown in Fig 5.2(c), the specimen was open only on the bottom surface of
the columns; this opening was used for the filling of concrete and curing of
concrete too.
 15

5.2. CASTING OF CONCRETE

Once the steel mould was ready, a high workability M25 concrete confirming to
IS-10262:2009 and IS-456:2000 was poured from the column openings into the
steel encasement. The maximum aggregate size was 12mm, this size was used
to avoid blocking of the concrete due to aggregates getting stuck in spaces.

Fig 5.3 (a):Pouring of concrete Fig 5.3 (b):Tamping and vibrating of

concrete

As shown in Fig 5.3 (a & b), the specimen was kept upside down and the
concrete was poured and the casing was tilted and manually shaken to help the
concrete to compact properly along with regular tamping with a 16mm rod.
 16

Fig 5.4:Curing of Specimens Fig 5.5:Portal frames along with

their control specimen
Along with the main specimens, their individual companion specimens were
also cast to check the relevant properties. Once the specimens were cast,
regularly the open surfaces of the concrete were cured till the 28 th day to ensure
strength gain during this period.

These specimens were also provided with 16mm holes which were 50mm above
the opening on both the columns. These holes were later used to connect them
to the base plate for providing fixed support when the lateral load was given to
the specimen.
 17

5.3. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BASE PLATE

Two baseplates of mild steel was designed in accordance with IS-800:2007, the
loading frame and fabricated as per the design shown in Fig 5.6 ( a & b).

Fig 5.6 (a): Portal frames along with their control specimen

Fig 5.6 (b): Rear base plate schematic diagram

These baseplates had 20mm clearance in both the axes, to account for any
possible errors which could’ve been present in the specimen. Also, holes of
16mm diameter were made at 50mm from the base such that they coincide with
the holes in the columns.
 18

Fig 5.7(a):Modified Front base plate Fig 5.7(b):Modified Rear base plate

The holes on the ‘cup’ had to be expanded to a diameter of 31mm to account for
the clearance for the specimen’s holes (Fig 5.7). This allowed for a better and
easier setting of the lateral bolts.
 19

CHAPTER 6

EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND RESULTS

The experiment was assembled in such (Fig 6.1) a way that the deflection could
be measured at the top surface of the specimen column and at the middle
surface of the specimen column.

Load Specimen LVDT-1 Digital load

cell indicator
Arresting
rod

LVDT-2

Clamp Deflection

indicator

Fig 6.1: General Test setup and arrangement

A total of 3 specimens and their control specimens were cast and subsequently
tested.
 20

Table 1 – Specimen Specification

No. of No. of
Spacing of studs Assigned Name
Specimens Control
75mm SP-75 1 1
100mm SP-100 1 1
125mm SP-125 1 1

6.1. GENERAL TESTING PARAMETERS

The nature of loading which was static, since the loads were not given based on
time intervals. The test was carried out in a load control condition, i.e. the
deflection was observed for a given load. The rate of loading for each specimen
was at the increment of ±0.1 tonnes per cycle, where the loading capacity of the
loading frame was 50tonnes. All the connections were fixed at the beginning of
the experiment and the specimen was fastened to the baseplate and all the uplift
was arrested.
 21

6.2. TESTING AND RESULTS OF SP-75

This was the first specimen to be tested; it had the shear connector’s spacing of
75mm. It encountered quite a few problems including uplifting of the specimen,
thus causing rotation. Also as it had lower spacing of shear connectors and due
to experimental difficulties, it could not be tested till its ultimate load capacity.

Fig 6.2: Test setup of specimen SP-75

The hysteresis curve and the backbone curve for the loading cycles were plotted
as shown in Fig 6.3 and 6.4 (a).
 22

Fig 6.3: SP-75-1 Hysteresis curve

Fig 6.4 (a): SP-75-1 Backbone curve

As it can be seen from the Fig 6.3, that the graph gradually slips towards the x-
axis and it tested till the load of 2.7 tonnes with a corresponding deflection of
39.9mm.
 23

The slipping of the hysteresis curve shows that the specimen was gradually
dissipating the energy via deformation. Similarly, the failure can be seen in Fig
6.4 (b).

Fig 6.4 (b): Failure of SP-75

 24

6.3. TESTING AND RESULTS OF SP-100

This specimen was the second to be tested; and it had the shear connector’s
spacing of 100mm. This specimen was tested till the failure point, i.e. ultimate
load capacity of the specimen. Here, it was ensured that there would be no
uplift, thus it was possible to take better readings.

Fig 6.5: Test setup of specimen SP-100

The hysteresis curve and the backbone curve for the loading cycles were plotted
as shown in Fig 6.6 and 6.7 (a).
 25

Fig 6.6: SP-100-1 Hysteresis curve

Fig 6.7 (a): SP-100-1 Backbone curve

As it can be seen from the Fig 6.6, that the graph gradually slips towards the x-
axis and it tested till the load of 1.4 tonnes with a corresponding deflection of
46.6mm.
 26

The slipping of the hysteresis curve shows that the specimen was gradually
dissipating the energy via deformation. Similarly, the failures can be seen in Fig
6.7 (b & c).

Fig 6.7 (b): Failure of SP-100

Fig 6.7 (c): Failure of SP-100

 27

6.4. TESTING AND RESULTS OF SP-125

This specimen was the second to be tested; and it had the shear connector’s
spacing of 125mm. This specimen was tested beyond the failure point, i.e.
beyond ultimate load capacity of the specimen. Due to testing beyond failure
point it was possible to see the degradation behaviour.

Fig 6.8: Test setup of specimen SP-125

The hysteresis curve and the backbone curve for the loading cycles were plotted
as shown in Fig 6.9 and 6.10(a).
 28

Fig 6.9: SP-125-1 Hysteresis curve

Fig 6.10 (a): SP-125-1 Backbone curve

 29

As it can be seen from the Fig 6.6, that the graph gradually slips towards the x-
axis and it tested till the load of 1.4 tonnes with a corresponding deflection of
12.3mm.

The slipping of the hysteresis curve shows that the specimen was gradually
dissipating the energy via deformation. From the back-bone curve we can infer
that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the specimen is 3.8 tonnes.
Correspondingly, the failures can be seen in Fig 6.10 (b).

Fig 6.10(b): Failure of SP-125

 30

CHAPTER 7:
ANSYS MODELLING AND SIMULATION
7.1. MODELLING AND DEFINING PARAMETERS

The modelling and assembling of the specimens was done in SOLIDWORKS

2018, these specimens were made identical to the experimental models to give a
closer approximation to the experimental values.

Once assembly was completed, the file was saved as a „.step‟ file, which was
then imported into ANSYS 18.1. In ANSYS, the static structural model was
chosen and non-linear concrete properties and non-linear structural steel
properties were given. Then these properties were assigned to their respective
parts in the geometry.

Fig 7.1(a): 3D model of SP-75 Fig 7.1(b): 3D model of SP-100

Fig 7.1(c): 3D model of SP-125

 31

For all the specimens, a face was made in the virtual topography to correspond
to the loading face of the experiment. All the loads were applied on this face;
similarly the bottom faces of both the columns were fixed, again to simulate the
experiment as closely as possible.

In all the cases, the loading increment was kept more than the experiment, i.e.
±0.2tonnes per cycle, this was done to reduce the processing time and obtain
results relatively quickly. For all these cases the total and directional
displacement as well as Von-Mises stress was plotted.

7.2 ANSYS RESULTS

The displacement results were plotted for all the specimens, and it showed non-
linearity which closely resembled the experimental values.

75mm + cycle
Ansys
Load
Deflection
(kN)
(mm)
0 0
2 1.25
4 2.5
6 4.16
8 4.64
10 6.4
12 7
14 8.9
16 10.1
18 12.97
20 13.9
Fig 7.2(a): Deflection model of SP-75
Table 2: ANSYS
Load VS Deflection
data for SP-75
 32

100mm + cycle
Ansys
Load
Deflection
(kN)
(mm)
0 0
2 1.1
4 2.1
6 3.7
8 3.8
10 7.4
12 8.4
14 31.1
16 109

Fig 7.2(b): Deflection model of SP-100 Table 3: ANSYS Load VS

Deflection data for SP-100

125mm + cycle
Ansys
Load
Deflection
(kN)
(mm)
0 0

2 1.1

4 2.1

6 3.73

8 3.8

10 7.3

12 8.2

14 27
Fig 7.2(c): Deflection model of SP-125 Table 4: ANSYS Load VS
Deflection data for SP-125
 33

Similar to the deflection plots, Equivalent (Von-Mises) stresses were also

plotted to determine the likely areas of failure.

Fig 7.3(a): Equivalent stress model of Fig 7.3(b): Equivalent stress model
SP-75 of SP-100

Fig 7.3(c): Equivalent stress model of SP-125

As seen in the Fig 7.3, when compared to actual failure, we can infer that the
analytical models provide a correct approximation.
 34

CHAPTER 8:

COMPARISON OF RESULTS

8.1 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

All the three specimens were not tested till failure, thus we need to curtail at
certain load to have an accurate comparison. Here in Fig 8.1, we see a
comparison of the backbone curves of all the 3 specimens where the curtailment
is assumed to be at -2 tonnes.

Fig 8.1: Comparison of backbone curves of SP-75, SP-100 & SP-125

In the above fig 8.1with respect to the negative loads we can observe that, the
area under each curve is in ascending order, which confirms the fact that lesser
shear connector spacing increases the ductility of the specimen. Thus it can also
be said that with increase in shear connector spacing the specimen gets more
brittle.
 35

8.2 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANSYS RESULTS

In fig 8.2(a) we see the comparison between the positive cycle of

experimental results and ANSYS results for the specimen SP-75.

Fig 8.2(a): SP-75 positive peaks comparison with ANSYS values

A sudden slip in experimental data is observed here, the reason for this is
attributed to the rotation during the loading, thus causing for this error. Once the
graph is corrected and shifted to its supposed position, the readings are
agreeable with the analytical results.

It was found that the corrected graph and the analytical graph had a difference
of approximately 8%.
 36

In fig 8.2(b) we see the comparison between the positive cycle of

experimental results and ANSYS results for the specimen SP-100.

Fig 8.2(b): SP-100 positive peaks comparison with ANSYS values

Here, the readings were approximately similar with each other, and they follow
similar failure behaviour.

It was found that the experimental graph and the analytical graph had a
difference of approximately 8%.
 37

In fig 8.2(b) we see the comparison between the positive cycle of

experimental results and ANSYS results for the specimen SP-125.

Fig 8.2(c): SP-125 positive peaks comparison with ANSYS values

Here, the readings are approximately similar with each other, and they follow
similar failure behaviour.

It was found that the experimental graph and the analytical graph had a
difference of approximately 10%.
 38

CHAPTER 9:

CONCLUSIONS

1. As the spacing of shear connectors decreases the ultimate load carrying

capacity increases due to the enhancement in confinement effect.

2. As the spacing of shear connectors decreases the ductility increases

which is evident from the large plateau in the load deflection curves
obtained for the specimens with different spacing of shear studs.

3. No pinching effect is observed in any of the hysteresis loop, which is

attributed to the effective confinement attained due to steel encasement

4. The yield load observed in experimental method was found to be

greater by 8% than the value predicted by ANSYS model. The reason
for this is attributed to the fine meshing of ANSYS

5. The member takes load even after the concrete inside is crushed
which could be observed from the load cells and LVDTs.

6. The encasement avoids the spalling of the concrete, which can

increase the safety for the people who are evacuating.

7. It is speculated that the ultimate load carrying capacity increases due

to the confinement effect of the steel

8. Steel welds should be avoided near the beam column joints.

 39

APPENDIX I:

REFERENCES

[1] Li-hua Chen, Shu-ting Li, Hong-yang Zhang, Xiao-feng Wu, Experimental
study on mechanical performance of checkered steel-encased concrete
composite beam, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 143 (2018) 223 –232

[2] John Francis. K, Tensing. D, Studies on behaviour of confined column under

axial load, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research &
Development; Vol. II Issue VI II February 2016 www.ijesird.com e-ISSN:
2349-6185

[3] Zhong Tao, Lin-Hai Han, Dong-Ye Wang, Strength and ductility of
stiffened thin-walled hollow steel structural stub columns filled with concrete,
Thin-Walled Structures 46 (2008) 1113-1128

[4] Shuai Li, Lin-Hai Han, Chao Hou, Concrete-encased CFST columns under
combined compression and torsion: Analytical behaviour, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 144 (2018) 236 –252

[5] Farid H. Abed, Yosri I. Abdelmageed, A. Kerim Ilgun, Flexural response of

concrete-filled seamless steel tubes, Journal of Constructional Steel Research
149 (2018) 53 –63

[6] Farid Abed, Mohammad Al-Hamaydeh, Suliman Abdalla, Experimental and

numerical investigations of the compressive behavior of concrete filled steel tubes
(CFSTs), Journal of Constructional Steel Research 80 (2013) 429 – 439

[7] Burak Evirgen, Ahmet Tuncan, Kivanc Taskin, Structural beahvior of

concrete filled steel tubular sections (CFT/CFST) under axial compression
40