Firecode 2018 4420241549

CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR FIRE
PRECAUTIONS IN
BUILDINGS 2023
SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE
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Fire Code Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 - General
Clause 1.1 Scope
Clause 1.2 Codes and Standards
Clause 1.3 Abbreviations
Clause 1.4 Definitions
Chapter 2 - Means of Escape

Clause 2.1 General
Clause 2.2 Determinations of Exit Requirements
Clause 2.3 Means of Escape Requirements
Clause 2.4 Special Requirements For Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)
Chapter 3 - Structural Fire Precautions

Clause 3.1 General
Clause 3.2 Provision of Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors
Clause 3.3 Fire Resistance of Elements of Structure
Clause 3.4 Tests of Fire Resistance
Clause 3.5 External Wall
Clause 3.6 Separating Walls
Clause 3.7 Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors
Clause 3.8 Protected Shafts
Clause 3.9 Protection of Openings
Clause 3.10 Exit Staircases
Clause 3.11 Concealed Spaces
Clause 3.12 Fire Stopping
Clause 3.13 Classification of Spread Of Flame
Clause 3.14 Roofs
Clause 3.15 Materials for Construction
Related tables of Chapter 3
Annex 3A
Annex 3B
Chapter 4 - Site Planning & External Firefighting Provision

Clause 4.1 General
Clause 4.2 Provision for External Access to Building for Firefighting and Accessibility of Site to Firefighting Appliances
Clause 4.3 Access to Buildings with Rising Mains
Clause 4.4 Private Fire Hydrant
Chapter 5 - Electrical Power Supplies

Clause 5.1 General
Clause 5.2 Primary and Secondary Power Supplies
Chapter 6 - Firefighting Systems

Clause 6.1 Portable Extinguishers
Clause 6.2 Rising Main and Hose Reel Systems
Clause 6.3 Electrical Fire Alarm System
Clause 6.4 Fire Sprinkler Installation
Clause 6.5 Fixed Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems
Clause 6.6 Lifts
Clause 6.7 Colour Scheme of Fire Protection Systems
Clause 6.8 Redundancy for Fire Pumping System
Chapter 7 - Mechanical Ventilation & Smoke Control Systems

Clause 7.1 Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation Systems
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Clause 7.2 Pressurisation for Exit Staircases
Clause 7.3 Pressurisation of Internal Corridors In Hotels
Clause 7.4 Smoke Control System
Clause 7.5 Redundancy for Mechanical Ventilation and Pressurisation Systems
Chapter 8 - Emergency Lighting & Voice Communication Systems

Clause 8.1 Exit Lighting and Exit Sign
Clause 8.2 Emergency Voice Communication System and Fire Command Centre (FCC)
Chapter 9 - Additional Requirements for Each Purpose Group

Clause 9.1 Purpose Group I Occupancy
Clause 9.2 Purpose Group II Occupancy
Clause 9.3 Purpose Group III Occupancy
Clause 9.4 Purpose Group IV Occupancy
Clause 9.5 Purpose Group V Occupancy
Clause 9.6 Purpose Group VI Occupancy
Clause 9.7 Purpose Group VII Occupancy
Clause 9.8 Purpose Group VIII Occupancy
Clause 9.9 Others
Annex 9.9A
Chapter 10 - Requirements for Special Installations

Clause 10.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Cylinder Installations
Clause 10.2 Solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) Installation
Clause 10.3 Energy Storage Systems
Clause 10.4 Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Installation
Annex 10.1A
Annex 10.1B
Chapter 11 - Regulated Fire Safety Products and Materials

Clause 11.1 General
Clause 11.2 Definition
Clause 11.3 Assessment and Validation
Clause 11.4 Fire Safety Product Labels
Clause 11.5 Installation of regulated fire safety products
Clause 11.6 Fire Safety Serial Labels and Declarations of Compliance
Clause 11.7 Requirements and Responsibilities for Qualified Persons
Clause 11.8 Additional Requirements for Specific Products
Table 11A
Appendix 01
Appendix 01 - Fire Safety Report
Appendix 02 - Fire Safety Instruction Manual

1.0 General
2.0 Scope
3.0 Contents of the Manual
4.0 Relevant information to be included in the fire safety instruction manual
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CLAUSE 1.1 - SCOPE
The Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings, hereinafter called “the/ this Code” or “Fire Code”, serves to establish the minimum
requirements for fire safety provisions in all buildings. It takes into account the function, design, management, operation, and maintenance of
buildings to secure the life safety of occupants and property safety in the event of a fire.
1.1.1 Rapid Transit System (RTS)
RTS comprises underground, surface, and elevated facilities, including transit stations, trainways, train maintenance depots, on-line electrical
substations, OCCs, relay buildings, ventilation buildings and RTS facility buildings.
a. Transit stations and trainways shall comply with the Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Rapid Transit Systems (CPFPRTS).
b. Train maintenance depots, on-line electric substations, OCCs, relay buildings, ventilation buildings, and RTS facility buildings shall comply
with the Fire Code, except as modified in the CPFPRTS.
c. New fire safety requirements implemented in the Fire Code on or after 1 Mar 2024 shall be complied with for the design of transit station
and trainways, unless modified or stated otherwise in the CPFPRTS. The above new requirements shall exclude any amendments, revisions, or
reinstatement of clauses from preceding versions of this Code.
1.1.2 Fire safety requirements for laboratories handling hazardous chemicals
Laboratories storing and using chemicals/ HazMat shall comply with SS 641. For the purpose of designing the ventilation system to limit the
amount of flammable vapour/ gases inside the laboratory, fresh air shall be drawn directly from an external space or air well.
1.1.3 Fire safety requirements for road tunnels
Fire safety requirements for road tunnels shall be in compliance with NFPA 502.
1.1.4 Fire Safety Report (Appendix 1)
Fire Safety Report for building projects/ fire safety provisions specified by SCDF shall be submitted when making building plan submission.
1.1.5 Fire Safety Instruction Manual (Appendix 2)
a. Fire Safety Instruction Manual for building projects/ fire safety provisions specified by SCDF shall be submitted when making application
for Temporary Fire Permit or Fire Safety Certificate.
b. The building owner shall maintain and keep the Fire Safety Instruction Manual at all times and present to the QP upon request. Where
any Addition & Alteration works are carried out to the buildings, the building owner shall ensure that changes in the management of fire safety
provisions are updated in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual by the QP. The updated Fire Safety Instruction Manual shall be submitted to
SCDF for record.
1.1.6 Fire safety requirements for open plant processing structure
The design of open plant processing facilities in the oil, chemical and process industries shall comply with SS 634.
1.1.7 Fire safety requirements for pipeline service corridors
The design, construction and operation of pipeline service corridors shall comply with SS 512.
1.1.8 Fire safety requirement for storage of flammable liquids
The safe storage of flammable liquids shall comply with SS 532.
1.1.9 Fire safety requirement for storage of flammable particulate solids under Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Class 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
Facilities storing flammable particulate solids classified under Class 4.1 (Flammable solid), 4.2 (Substance liable to spontaneous combustion)
and 4.3 (Substance dangerous when contact with water) of the GHS shall comply with SS 667.
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CLAUSE 1.2 - CODES AND STANDARDS
1.2.1 Reference
This Code makes reference to numerous local and international codes of practice and standards. Only the latest version of the codes of
practice and standards shall be used for the purpose of this Code. A list of such codes of practice and standards is as shown in Table 1.2A.
1.2.2 Conflicting requirements
All codes of practice and standards which this Code referred to shall be read in conjunction with the relevant clauses in this Code. Where
conflict exists between this Code and the referred codes of practice and/ or standards, the requirements stipulated in this Code shall take
precedence.
1.2.3 Maintenance of fire protection systems
All fire protection systems when installed/ provided in a building, shall be maintained in accordance with applicable codes or standards
specified in Table 1.2A. The QP shall document the maintenance details in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual and handover to the building
owner for compliance at the completion of the building project.
For the purpose of this Code, “fire protection system” has the same meaning as in the Fire Safety Act 1993.
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CLAUSE 1.3 - ABBREVIATIONS
The abbreviations used in this Code are listed in Table 1.3A.
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1.4 - DEFINITIONS
In this Code, unless the context otherwise requires, the following definitions will apply.
1.4.1 Accessible Floor Area (AFA)
“Accessible floor area” refers to the total floor area of all covered spaces within a building, including service ducts, lift shafts, toilets,
staircases, areas occupied by fixed/ moveable furniture/ equipment/ facilities, and any open-to-sky habitable areas above or below the first
storey of the building.
1.4.2 Air well
“Air well” refers to a space(s) enclosed substantially by building(s) and directly open to the sky. An air well can be considered as an external
space if it meets the minimum clear width and length below:
TABLE 1.4.2 - AIR WELL SIZE

Max. Habitable Height of Building Min. Clear Width and Length of Air Well
18m 10m
24m 11m
36m 12m
48m 13m
60m and above 14m
1.4.3 Ambulatory care facility
'Ambulatory care facility” is a building, or part thereof, used for providing services on an out-patient basis for treatment for patients which
would render them incapable of taking action for self-preservation or safety under emergency conditions without assistance from others, such
as haemodialysis units or surgical treatment requiring general anaesthesia. Such facilities shall include the followings:
a. Renal dialysis day centres;
b. Aesthetic clinics;
c. Non-mental rehabilitation day centres; and
d. Endoscopy clinics.
1.4.4 Ancillary office
“Ancillary office” refers to any office which supports the activities of a building within Purpose Groups III, V, VI, VII and VIII and which is
located within the same building or compartment as the purpose group it serves.
1.4.5 Ancillary usage
“Ancillary usage” refers to a room/ space that serves a supporting function, and which belongs to the same purpose group as the primary
building. Such rooms include sick/ first aid rooms, reception lobbies/ areas, waiting areas, staff lounges/ staff recreation rooms, staff changing/
locker rooms, staff training rooms, meeting rooms, workshops, laboratories (no open-flame), store rooms, material/ product holding areas,
packing distribution areas within factories/ warehouse buildings, etc.
1.4.6 Anteroom
“Anteroom” refers to the room leading into the BSL-3 or BSL-4 containment laboratory, used for showering and changing. It is also serves as a
containment facility for controlling air flow and providing additional physical containment between the laboratory and adjoining spaces.
1.4.7 Approved
“Approved” refers to being approved by the SCDF.
1.4.8 Area of compartment/ room/ space
“Area of compartment/ room/ space” refers to the total area of any compartment/ room/ space bounded by the inner finished surfaces of the
walls that form the compartment/ room/ space. Where there is no enclosing wall on any one side, the area of the compartment/ room/ space
shall be measured by the outermost edge of the floor on that side.
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1.4.9 Area of refuge
“Area of refuge” refers to an area within a building, or in an adjoining building, where evacuees can temporarily take refuge, in lieu of the
requirement for adequate exit staircase provision. It shall be adequately separated from the rest of the building or adjoining building by fire-
resisting construction, and connected via an external corridor or open-sided linkway. The area of refuge shall be always accessible.
1.4.10 Area of roof
“Area of roof” refers to the visible roof area on a plane parallel to the pitch of the roof.
1.4.11 Area of storey
“Area of storey” refers to the total area of that storey bounded by the inner finished surfaces of the enclosing walls. Where there is no
enclosing wall on any one side, the area of storey shall be measured by the outermost edge of the floor on that side.
1.4.12 Assembly occupancy
“Assembly occupancy” refers to buildings or portions of buildings used for gathering of more than 50 persons for such purpose as deliberation,
worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement or awaiting transportation.
1.4.13 Atrium
“Atrium” refers to a large open space within a building created by an opening, or a series of openings, in floor assemblies, thus connecting two
or more storeys. An atrium is covered at the top and is used for purposes other than those associated with small shafts, e.g., stairs, elevators
and various services. The sides of the atrium can be open to all floors, to some floors or closed to all floors by non-rated or rated fire-resistant
construction.
1.4.14 Authority having jurisdiction
“Authority having jurisdiction” refers to non-SCDF local entities, which may include an organisation, office, or individual responsible for
enforcing the requirement of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.
1.4.15 Basement storey
“Basement storey” refers to a storey of a building for which at least half the storey height is below the ground level, and which also adjoins its
perimeter walls for at least half the length of such walls.
1.4.16 Biological Agent
“Biological Agent” refers to the biological agents stipulated in the First Schedule, Second Schedule and Third Schedule of the Biological
Agents and Toxins Act.
1.4.17 Boundary
“Boundary” refers to the border demarcating the area surrounding a building, and where applicable (in determining the relevant boundary), it
includes the imaginary extension of the border up to the centre of an abutting street, canal or river.
1.4.18 Capsule hotel
“Capsule hotel” refers to a type of hotel where the bed spaces are enclosed individually. Each bed space is considered as a capsule and not
as a loose furniture or fitting. The capsule has the following characteristics:
a. access opening to the bed space can be fitted with doors, curtains or other materials or left open; and
b. the bed space is provided with its individual electricity supply for amenities such as lighting, power points, TV, and other amenities.
1.4.19 Cavity barrier
“Cavity barrier” refers to a fire-rated construction that seals or sub-divides a concealed space. The cavity barrier helps limit the spread of
smoke and fire into or within that concealed space.
1.4.20 Ceiling
“Ceiling” refers to a part of a building that encloses and is exposed overhead in a room, circulation space or protected shaft. A soffit or
rooflight is regarded as part of its surface, but not the frame of a rooflight.
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1.4.21 Circulation space
“Circulation space” refers to the means of access between a room or protected shaft and an exit from the building or compartment. It does not
include areas used for any commercial activity, such as information and reception counters, or areas used for exhibitions.
1.4.22 Code of Practice (CoP)
“Code of Practice” refers to the standard of practice acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The SCDF may adopt requirements
stipulated in the stated year of publication of any referenced Code of Practice, or at its discretion adopt those specified in a later version.
1.4.23 Coldroom
“Coldroom” refers to a room, normally constructed of combustible insulation materials, used for the storage, processing or temporary holding of
materials under cold conditions. If the floor area of cold storage space does not exceed 10m 2 and its design does not permit persons to walk
in, it shall be treated as an appliance and not a coldroom.
1.4.24 Compartment
“Compartment” refers to a part of a building separated from all other parts of the same building by compartment walls and/ or compartment
floors. The roof space above the top storey of a compartment is regarded as part of that compartment.
1.4.25 Compartment wall & Compartment floor
“Compartment wall” and “Compartment floor” refer to walls or floors of fire-rated construction provided for the purpose of dividing a building
into compartments.
1.4.26 Composite panel
“Composite panel” refers to non-homogenous panel consisting of more than one layer of different materials used for partition, finishes to
ceiling/ internal wall/ external walls/ roof covering, etc.
1.4.27 Concealed space/ Cavity
“Concealed space/ Cavity” refers to a space enclosed by elements of a building (including a suspended ceiling or raised floor) or contained
within an element. It is not a room, cupboard, circulation space, protected shaft or space within a flue, chute, duct, pipe or conduit.
1.4.28 Corridor
“Corridor” refers to a passage providing means of access from rooms or spaces to an exit.
1.4.29 Cross ventilated corridor/ lobby
“Cross-ventilated corridor/ lobby” refers to a corridor/ lobby with fixed and unobstructed ventilation openings located on opposite facing walls,
which face the external space, to allow for air circulation caused by outside breezes or wind.
1.4.30 Cubical extent
“Cubical extent” refers to the volume of a space within a building or compartment. This excludes protected lift walls, exit staircases and other
accommodation (such as restrooms and locker rooms) which are enclosed with walls having at least 1-hr fire resistance, and openings
protected by doors of ½-hr fire resistance fitted with an automatic self-closing device. It shall be measured according to the following
dimensions:
a. the inner finished surfaces of the enclosing walls or, on any side where there is no enclosing wall, a plane extending vertically above
the outermost edge of the floor on that side,
b. the upper surface of its lowest floor; and
c. where a building or compartment extends to a roof, the under-surface of the roof or the under-surface of the ceiling of the highest storey
within the compartment, including the space occupied by any other wall, or any unprotected shafts, ducts or structure within the space to
be so measured.
1.4.31 Custodian care facility
“Custodian-care facility” is a building or part thereof, without stay in accommodation, used by persons who, because of age, or physical or
mental disabilities, are unable to care for their self-preservation and safety. Such facilities include the followings:
a. Nurseries for children under 6 years of age (e.g., kindergarten, childcare day centres, infant care day centres, etc.;
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b. Senior care day centres;
c. Mentally disabled day care centres;
d. Intellectually disabled day care centres;
e. Mental rehabilitation day care centres; and
f. Psychiatric day care centres.
1.4.32 Dead-end
“Dead-end” refers to a situation within a common area, such as a corridor or lift lobby space, where exit is only possible from one end, with no
possible escape from the other end.
1.4.33 Direct distance
“Direct distance” refers to the shortest distance from the most remote point in a room or space, measured within the external enclosures of the
room or space to the relevant exits, ignoring internal walls, partitions and fittings other than the enclosure walls of exit passageways and exit
staircases.
1.4.34 Door
“Door” refers to any shutter, cover or other form of protection to an opening in any wall, floor or in the structure surrounding a protected shaft,
regardless of whether the door is constructed of one or more leaves.
1.4.35 Electromagnetic or electromechanical door-holding device
“Electromagnetic” or “electromechanical door-holding device” refers to a device which holds doors open. This device is designed to
automatically close doors in the event of a fire, thereby helping to contain the spread of smoke and fire. Events which cause these devices to
trigger include the detection of smoke, failure of power supply to the door, the triggering of a fire alarm, and manual triggering.
1.4.36 Electromagnetic or electromechanical locking device
“Electromagnetic” or “electromechanical locking device” refers to a fail-safe device which provides egress access control. In the event of a fire
alarm activation, failure of building power supply, and/ or any fault in the locking devices/ components, related to the release of locking
mechanism, this device shall:
a. automatically unlock doors immediately to facilitate egress, and remain so until power supply is restored; and
b. be provided with a means of manual override located within the occupied space, 1.2m above the floor and within 1.5m of the door
jamb.
1.4.37 Element of structure
“Element of structure” refers to:
a. a member forming part of the structural frame of a building or any other beam or column but not a member forming part of a roof
structure only,
b. a load-bearing wall or load-bearing part of a wall,
c. a floor, including a compartment floor, other than the lowest floor (in contact with the ground) of a building,
d. a separating wall, or
e. a structure enclosing a protected shaft (protecting structure).
1.4.38 Emergency generator
“Emergency generator” refers to emergency power-generating equipment that complies with the requirements stipulated in SS 535.
1.4.39 Emergency lighting
“Emergency lighting” refers to lighting provided with a secondary source of power supply to illuminate the exits and spaces within a building.
1.4.40 Engineered timber
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“Engineered timber” refers to mass timber products that are manufactured according to established standards accepted by the SCDF.
Examples of mass timber products are Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and Glued Laminated Timber (GLT) structural elements manufactured in
accordance with EN 16351 and EN 14080, respectively.
1.4.41 Evacuee holding area
“Evacuee holding area” refers to a designated circulation area/ space on the refuge floor for temporary assembly of occupants during a fire
emergency.
1.4.42 Exit
“Exit” refers to a means of egress from the interior of the building to an external space. An exit includes any of the following, either singly or in
combination: a door opening leading to external space, exit staircase, exit ramp and/ or exit passageway, but not including an access stair,
aisle, corridor door or corridor and an access door to a room or space.
1.4.43 Exit access
“Exit access” refers to the portion of a means of escape that leads to an exit. It includes the room and building spaces that people occupy, as
well as the doors along the escape routes, lobbies, aisles, passageways, corridors, access stairs and ramps traversed in order to reach an
exit.
1.4.44 Exit access door
“Exit access door” refers to a door which provides access to a room or space (excluding a toilet cubicle, bedroom, storeroom, utility room,
pantry and the like), or installed across the escape path leading to an exit.
1.4.45 Exit door
“Exit door” refers to a door, including a door which opens to the external space, provided at the doorway of an exit for the passage of people,
which forms part of the integrity of the exit.
1.4.46 Exit passageway
“Exit passageway” refers to the horizontal extension of a vertical exit via an exit staircase or passage leading from a habitable area to an
external space.
1.4.47 Exit staircase
“Exit staircase” refers to a staircase constructed of non-combustible material and protected from fire (by fire-rated construction or located at
the external space) for the purpose of enabling egress to the external space.
1.4.48 External corridor
“External corridor” refers to a corridor with an unobstructed and uninterrupted ventilation opening that measures at least 1.2m in vertical
height, the latter which is located above its parapet wall.
1.4.49 External exit passageway
“External exit passageway” refers to an exit passageway that serves as required exit with at least one of its longest sides open to the external
space or air well.
1.4.50 External exit staircase
“External exit staircase” refers to an exit staircase located outside a building, open to the external space, and that:
a. is enclosed by parapet walls or railing of not more than 1.1m in height;
b. has at least two adjacent sides or one of its longest sides abutting the external space; and
c. is recessed not more than 3m from the building facade.
1.4.51 External space
“External space” refers to an open space abutting the perimeter of a building, which includes an air well and which is vertically open to the sky
without any roof or trellis.
1.4.52 External wall (or side of a building)
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“External wall” or “external side of a building” refers to an outer wall or vertical enclosure. This includes a part of the roof pitched at an angle
of 70º or more to the horizontal, if that part of the roof adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access.
1.4.53 External wall finishes
“External wall finishes” refers to materials/ components installed on the building facade for the purpose of providing thermal insulation,
weather resistance and/ or to improve the appearance of buildings. They can be made of timber, metal, brick/stone granite, vinyl, composite
materials, etc. It shall include cladding, fins and any decorative features mounted on the external walls of a building.
1.4.54 Fire lift lobby
“Fire lift lobby” refers to a protected and ventilated lobby into which a fire lift opens, and from which direct access to an exit staircase can be
made for the purpose of firefighting.
1.4.55 Fire resistance
“Fire resistance” refers to the minimum period of time during which an element of structure or building element can be expected to function
satisfactorily while subjected to a standard fire test.
1.4.56 Fire safety report
“Fire safety report” refers to a document that details the provision of fire protection systems, life safety features and fire safety management
for a building, plant or installation.
1.4.57 Fire stop
“Fire stop” refers to a seal provided to close an imperfection of fit or any joint between elements, components or construction in a building,
which serves to prevent/ limit the passage of smoke and flame through that imperfection or joint.
1.4.58 Flammable refrigerant
“Flammable refrigerant” refers to the group of refrigerants with flammability classification of group 2 or 3 in accordance to ISO 5149. For
refrigerant blends which have more than one flammability classification, the most unfavourable classification shall be taken for the purpose of
this definition. Most of these flammable refrigerants are hydrocarbon (HC) based. Some examples of HC refrigerant include propane, butane
and isobutane.
1.4.59 Flexible joints and Flexible connections
For air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems:
a. “flexible joints” refer to connections between ducts and equipment normally provided to isolate vibration and to allow thermal movement;
and
b. “flexible connections” refer to flexible sections of ducts provided to connect the extremity of ventilation ductwork to terminal units,
extract units and grilles.
1.4.60 Fire engine access road
“Fire engine access road” refers to a road designed for firefighting appliances gain access to, and travel within a development for firefighting
operations.
1.4.61 Fire engine accessway
“Fire engine accessway” refers to a metalled or paved road located along the perimeter of a building to allow a firefighting appliance to carry
out firefighting operations. Compared to a fire engine access road, a fire engine accessway is designed to withstand a higher tonnage, and
with a larger width, for the purpose of deploying firefighting appliances during an operation.
1.4.62 Fully Automated Mechanised Car Park (FAMCP)
“Fully automated mechanised car park” refers to a building or part of a building that is intended for the storage/ parking of passenger vehicles
employing fully automated mechanical facilities to move the vehicle from the point of entry to the parking deck and vice-visa. The parking area
would be accessible by trained staff when carrying out maintenance works only. The automatic parking system is to be deactivated during the
maintenance operations.
1.4.63 General warehouse
“General warehouse” refers to a building or space used for storing various types of goods or materials. It includes warehouses for storing
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chemicals, fresh/ perishable food products (coldroom), etc. Store having floor area more than 100m 2 shall be classified as warehouse.
1.4.64 Habitable floor
“Habitable floor” refers to all floors in a building, including the roof level. The roof level can be taken as non-habitable if it is not used for any
purpose/ activity other than housing M&E plants/ equipment, e.g. lift motors, fire pumps, generators, fire hose reel pumps, water supply
pumps, water tanks, cooling towers, solar photovoltaic panels, supply/ exhaust fans with associated ductwork, air-con condensing
units, telecommunication equipment, satellite dishes, public warning sirens, green roofs inaccessible to public and for maintenance access
only, etc.
1.4.65 Habitable height
“Habitable height” refers to the height measured from the level of fire engine accessways or fire engine access roads, whichever is the lowest,
to the finished floor level of the highest habitable floor.
1.4.66 Height of building
“Height of building” refers to the vertical distance measured from the average level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external walls of
the building to the level of half the vertical height of the roof of the building or part, or the top of the walls or of the parapet (if any), whichever
is higher.
1.4.67 High containment facility
“High containment facility” refers to containment laboratory, including the interstitial space, waste treatment area, anteroom, etc.) of Bio-safety
Level 3 [BSL-3] and maximum containment laboratory of Bio-safety Level 4 [BSL-4] as defined in the WHO Laboratory Bio-Safety Manual. They
are designed to comply with the requirements of WHO and authorities having jurisdiction for storing or handling of biological agents.
1.4.68 High hazard occupancy
“High hazard occupancy” refers to any occupancy in which the contents or activities include one or more of the following:
a. materials with auto-ignition temperature lower than 200ºC, or
b. materials that produce poisonous, noxious fumes, or flammable vapour, or
c. materials that cause explosions, or
d. high hazard occupancies stipulated under SS CP 52, or
e. highly combustible substances and/ or flammable liquids.
1.4.69 Hospital
“Hospital” is a building used for medical and surgical care and shall include healthcare facilities with 24-hr or inpatient services, such buildings
include the following:
a. General hospitals;
b. Psychiatric hospitals (Institute of Mental Health)
c. Children/ Women hospitals; and
d. Community hospitals.
1.4.70 Load-bearing wall
“Load-bearing wall” refers to a wall which supports any load in addition to its own weight.
1.4.71 Masonry
“Masonry” refers to brick or concrete construction.
1.4.72 Mechanical ventilation
“Mechanical ventilation” refers to any system that uses mechanical means such as ventilation fan, to introduce outdoor air to a space when
natural ventilation mode cannot be achieved during normal and fire emergency situations. This includes supply ventilation, exhaust
ventilation, pressurisation, smoke purging, mechanical engineered smoke control systems, balanced systems that consist of both supply and
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exhaust ventilations, etc.
1.4.73 Non-combustible material
“Non-combustible material” refers to any material which neither burns nor gives off flammable vapour in sufficient quantity to ignite when
subjected to the test for combustibility prescribed in BS 476 Part 4, and includes materials of limited combustibility, such as:
a. any material of density 300kg/m 3 or more, which when tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 11, does not flame, and the rise in
temperature on the furnace thermocouple is not more than 20°C;
b. any material with a non-combustible core at least 8mm thick having combustible facings (on one or both sides) not more than 0.5mm
thick; and
c. any material of density less than 300kg/m 3 , which when tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 11,
(1) does not flame for more than 10 sec;
(2) the rise in temperature on the centre (specimen) thermocouple is not more than 35°C; and
(3) the rise in temperature on the furnace thermocouple is not more than 25°C.
1.4.74 Non-load-bearing wall
“Non-load-bearing wall” refers to a wall which supports no load other than its own weight.
1.4.75 Notional boundary
“Notional boundary” refers to an imaginary boundary which exists at equal distance between buildings on the same site, or the centre of the
width of a public road/ drain/ sewer reserve, provided that the boundary is fronting the respective reserves.
1.4.76 Nursing care facility
'Nursing care facility' refers to a building, or part thereof, used for the housing and nursing care of persons on a 24-hr basis who, because of
physical incapacity, may be unable to care for their own needs and safety without assistance of other persons. These facilities provide
inpatient medical care and include the followings:
a. Nursing homes;
b. Convalescent homes; and
c. Hospice.
1.4.77 Occupant load
“Occupant load” of a building, or part thereof, refers to the total number of persons that can occupy such a building, or part thereof, at any one
time. The “occupant load” shall be determined by:
a. multiplying the floor area(s) available for occupation with the appropriate areas per person as stated in Table 1.4B, unless prior
approval is obtained from SCDF for any other occupancy load factors not stated in this table, or
b. the number of fixed seating, if applicable, for assembly occupancies.
1.4.78 One-way travel
“One-way travel” refers to a situation where occupants within a space can only travel in a single route/ direction, from the most remote point,
to an exit or a splitting point to reach multiple exits.
1.4.79 Outdoor Display Area (ODA)
“Outdoor display area” refers to an area along the common walkways in front of their shops where the shop owner/ operator displays his
merchandises. The area can be open- to-sky, covered or roofed-over with extended awning/ canopy.
1.4.80 Outdoor Refreshment Area (ORA)
“Outdoor refreshment area” refers to an area along the common walkways in front of their eating houses, restaurants, coffee shops, hawker
centres, fast food outlets, cafeterias, canteens, pubs, bars and the like by their respective food & beverage outlet’s owner/ operator. The area
can be open-to-sky, covered or roofed-over with umbrella or extended awning/ canopy.
Page 14
1.4.81 Permitted limit of unprotected area
“Permitted limit of unprotected area” refers to the maximum aggregate area of unprotected areas in any side or external wall of a building or
compartment.
1.4.82 Plastic
“Plastic” refers to any group of organic materials which, though stable in use at ambient temperatures, are plastic at some stage in their
manufacture and then can be shaped by the application of heat and/ or pressure. Plastics can be categorised as either thermoplastics or
thermosetting plastics.
1.4.83 Pressurisation
“Pressurisation” refers to a mechanical ventilation system that introduce positive differential pressure to a space/ room to prevent smoke
ingress during a fire emergency.
1.4.84 Private lift
“Private lift” refers to a passenger lift which is meant for the exclusive use of occupants in the building, and is located to open its door directly
into private enclosed spaces. Vehicle lifts, home lifts and stair lifts are not considered private lifts.
1.4.85 Protected shaft
“Protected shaft” refers to an exit staircase, exit passageway, lift, chute, duct or other shaft which enables persons, things or air to pass from
one compartment to another.
1.4.86 Protecting structure
“Protecting structure” refers to a wall, floor or other part of the building which encloses a protected shaft. The following are not considered
protecting structure:
a. a wall which also forms part of an external wall, separating wall or compartment wall, or
b. a floor which is also a compartment floor or a floor laid directly on the ground, or
c. a roof.
1.4.87 Purpose Group (PG)
“Purpose Group” refers to the categorisation of buildings in this Code, with the aim of specifying relevant fire safety criteria for that building
type. Where a building is divided into compartments used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined
individually, provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment is used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of
that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls. See Table 1.4A.
1.4.88 Refuge floor
“Refuge floor” refers to a floor adequately separated from the rest of the building by fire-resisting construction. It serves as an area where
evacuees can temporarily take refuge for buildings with long vertical evacuation routes to the building’s external space.
1.4.89 Relevant boundary
“Relevant boundary” refers to the lot boundary in relation to a building’s external wall or compartment. For the purpose of unprotected
openings setback calculation, it may also be the notional boundary.
Page 15
1.4.90 Remoteness of exits
“Remoteness of exits” refers to exits which are remotely located from each other, arranged and constructed to minimise the possibility that
more than one would be rendered unusable during a fire, or other emergency conditions.
1.4.91 Roof light
“Roof light” refers to any elements in a roof intended to admit daylight.
1.4.92 Room
“Room” refers to an enclosed space bounded by walls that is not an enclosed circulation space or protected shaft at most 750mm in depth.
1.4.93 Separated part (of a building)
“Separated part” refers to a form of compartmentation from another part of the same building by a compartment wall which runs full height of
the part and is in one continuous plane.
1.4.94 Separating wall
“Separating wall” refers to a wall used to divide or portion adjoining buildings under different ownership.
1.4.95 Setback distance
“Setback distance” refers to the distance between a building and its relevant boundary, which is meant for the purpose of preventing fire
spread between buildings/ properties.
1.4.96 Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF)
“Singapore Civil Defence Force” refers to the Commissioner of Singapore Civil Defence Force and includes officers authorised by him
generally or specifically to exercise the powers, functions and duties conferred by the Fire Safety Act.
1.4.97 Single point emergency lighting
“Single point emergency lighting” refers to an emergency lighting system employing self-contained emergency luminaires
1.4.98 Smoke-check door
“Smoke-check door” refers to a door or set of doors placed in an internal corridor to restrict the spread of smoke by reducing draft.
1.4.99 Smoke-free lobby
“Smoke-free lobby” refers to a lobby located at the entrance of an exit staircase. It is designed to help prevent or minimise the entry of smoke
into the staircase.
1.4.100 Storey
“Storey” refers to any floor or part thereof, including platforms, mezzanines, attic levels and M&E floors.
1.4.101 Super high-rise residential building
“Super high-rise residential building” refers to a residential building with more than 40 storeys/ levels.
1.4.102 Supervisory care facility
“Supervisory care facility” refers to a building or part thereof, used for the housing, on a 24-hr basis, of mental health patients, natal cares,
aged and individuals under welfare cares, who may be capable of self-preservation but require supervision and are receiving therapy, training
or other health-related care and for whom there may be security measures not under their control. Such facilities shall include the followings:
a. Homes for intellectually disabled;
b. Psychiatric rehabilitation homes;
c. Dementia homes;
d. Pre/ post natal care centres; and
Page 16
e. Welfare homes.
1.4.103 Tenancy unit
“Tenancy unit” refers to an individual unit or subdivided unit within a building or a compartment, and which is managed by a different operator
registered with the authority having jurisdiction.
1.4.104 Thermoplastics
“Thermoplastic” refers to a class of plastic materials that is capable of being repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling. A
material can be considered as thermoplastic if it is a synthetic polymeric material which has a softening point below 200°C when tested to BS
EN ISO 306 Method A120 Plastics – Thermoplastic materials – Determination of Vicat softening temperature.
1.4.105 Thermosetting plastic
“Thermosetting plastic” refers to a class of plastic materials that will undergo a chemical reaction by the application of heat, pressure,
catalysts, etc., leading to a relatively infusible, non-reversible state.
1.4.106 Toxin
“Toxin” refers to the toxins stipulated in the Fifth Schedule of the Biological Agents and Toxins Act.
1.4.107 Travel distance
“Travel distance” refers to the distance required to be traversed from the most remote point in any room or space to the edge of a door
opening, directly to:
a. an exit staircase, or
b. an exit passageway, or
c. an open external space,
unless otherwise permitted under this Code as in the case of residential apartments, maisonettes and exits to areas of refuge.
1.4.108 Two-way travel
“Two-way travel” refers to a situation where occupants within a space have the choice of more than one route/direction from a splitting point to
reach multiple exits.
1.4.109 Unmanned building
An “unmanned building” refers to a building which is not manned by operation or security personnel after office or operating hours.
1.4.110 Unprotected area
“Unprotected area”, in relation to a side or external wall of a building, refers to:
a. a window, door or other opening;
b. any part of the external wall which has less than the relevant fire resistance; and
c. any part of the external wall which has combustible material more than 1mm thick attached or applied to its external face, whether for
finishes or any other purpose.
1.4.111 Ventilation openings
“Ventilation openings” refer to fixed natural ventilation openings located in external walls for any space, which shall be unobstructed at all
times, and exclude windows or louvres that are openable or operable. The fixed louvres shall consist of a single bank of louvres with blade
width not exceeding 150mm, with effective ventilation openings calculated based on the free area calculation stated below:
Page 17
1.4.112 Vertical exit
“Vertical exit” refers to an exit staircase or exit ramp which serves as a required exit from one or more storeys above or below ground level.
1.4.113 Wall surface
“Wall surface”, in the context of internal surfaces, refers to the surface of glazing, and any part of the ceiling sloping at an angle of 70º or more
to the horizontal. It does not include:
a. door frames and unglazed parts of doors, or
b. window frames and frames in which glazing is fitted, or
c. architraves, cover moulds, picture rails, skirtings and similar narrow members, or
d. fitted furniture.
1.4.114 Workers’ dormitories
“Workers’ dormitories” refers to buildings or spaces in buildings where group sleeping accommodation is provided for workers.
Related Diagrams & Tables
Page 18
TABLE 1.2A : CODES & STANDARDS
Name Description Remarks
SINGAPORE STANDARDS
SS CP CoP for Automatic Fire

52 Sprinkler System
Specifications for
Welded Low Carbon
Steel Cylinders for
SS 99 Storage and
Transportation of Low-
Pressure Liquefiable
Gases
Specification for
Unplasticised PVC
SS141 pipe for Cold Water
Services and Industrial
Uses
Unplasticised PVC
Pipes and Fittings for
SS 213
Soil, Waste and Vent
Application
SS 232
Portable Fire
Pt Replaced by SS EN 3 - 7 to 10
Extinguishers
1 to 6
Specifications for
Flexible Rubber
Tubing, Rubber Hose
SS 233 and Rubber Hose
Assemblies for Use in
LPG Vapour Phase
Installations
Electrical Apparatus
SS 254 for Explosive Gas Replaced by IEC 60079
Atmospheres
Luminaires -
SS 263 Particular
Replaced by IEC 60598-2-22
Requirements for
Pt 2 Luminaires for
Emergency Lighting
Specifications for
SS 281 Pressure Regulators
for LPG
Caution Labelling for
SS 286 Hazardous Replaced by SS 586
Substances
Specifications for
Valves for Use with
SS 294 Domestic and
Industrial LPG
Cylinders
SS 299 Fire Resistant Cables
Specification for Fire

SS 332
Door

SS 333
Dampers

SS 489
Shutters
Graphical Symbols -
SS 508 Safety Colours & Formerly SS 217 & SS 364
Safety Signs
Design Principles for

Pt 1 Safety Signs & Safety
Markings

Pt 2
Product Safety Labels
CoP for the design,

construction and
SS 512
operation of pipeline
service corridors
Page 19
Formerly CP 40
CoP for the Storage of
SS 532
Flammable Liquids
CoP for Installation,

Operation,
Maintenance,
Performance
SS 535 Formerly CP 31
Constructional
Requirements of Mains
Failure Standby
Generating Systems
CoP for Emergency
SS 546 Voice Communication Formerly CP 25
Systems in Buildings
CoP for Installation,
Operation and
SS 550 Maintenance of El Formerly CP 2
Passenger and Goods
Lifts
Formerly CP 16
SS 551 CoP for Earthing
CoP for the Design,

Installation &
Maintenance of Em
Lighting and Power
Supply Systems in
Building
Pt 1 Emergency lighting
Installation
Requirements and
Pt 2
Maintenance
Procedures
CoP for the Use of

Timber in Buildings
CoP for Fire Hydrant,

SS 575 Rising Mains and Hose Formerly CP 29
Reel System
CoP for the Use and

Maintenance of
Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Specification for
Hazard
SS 586 Communication for Replaces SS 286
Hazardous Chemicals
and Dangerous Goods
CoP for Gas

Installation
CoP for Fire Safety for

Open Plant Processing
SS 634 Facilities in Oil,
Chemical and Process
Industries
CoP for Electrical
Installations
CoP for Fire Safety for
SS 641 Laboratories Using
Chemicals
CoP for the Installation
and Servicing of
Electrical Fire Alarm
Systems
SS EN Portable Fire Replaces SS 232 Pt 1 to 6

3-7 Extinguishers -
Part 7: Characteristics,
performance
requirements and test
methods
SS EN Portable Fire
3-8 Extinguishers -
Page 20
Part 8: Additional
requirements to SS EN
3-7 for the
construction,
resistance to pressure
and mechanical tests
for extinguishers with a
maximum allowable
pressure equal to or
lower than 30 bar
SS EN Portable Fire
3-9 Extinguishers -
Part 9: Additional
requirements to SS EN
3-7 for pressure
resistance if CO
extinguishers
SS EN Portable Fire
3-10 Extinguishers -
Part 10: Provisions for
evaluating the
conformity of a
portable fire
extinguisher to SS EN
3-7
SS EN Design of Concrete
Formerly CP 65
1992 Structures
Planning and
Performance
Assessment of
Pt 1
Electrical Energy
Storage Systems –
General Specification
Safety Considerations
for Grid- Integrated
Pt 2
EES Systems –
General Specifications
Electrical Energy
TR 77 Storage (EES)
Systems
Planning and
Performance
Assessment of
Pt 1
Electrical Energy
Storage Systems –
Safety Considerations
for Grid-integrated
Pt 2
EES Systems –
AMERICAN STANDARDS
American National
ANSI
Standard Institute
American National
Standards for Ladders
A14.3 - Fixed - Safety
Requirements
Standard Test Method
for Rate of Burning
ASTM
and/ or Extent & Time
D635
of Burning of Plastics
in a Horizontal Position
Standard Test
ASTM
Methods for Fire Tests
E108
of Roof Coverings
Standard Test
ASTM
of Building
E119
Construction &
Materials
for Specific Optical
ASTM
Density of Smoke
E 662
Generated by Solid
Materials
ASTM for Fire Tests of
E814 Penetration Firestop
Systems
ASTM Standard Test Method
Page 21
E2307 for Determining Fire
Resistance of
Perimeter Fire Barriers
Using Intermediate –
Scale, Multi-story Test
Apparatus
Standard for the
Installation of Foam-
NFPA
Water Sprinkler and Formerly NFPA 16A
16
Foam-Water Spray
Systems
Flammable &
NFPA
Combustible Liquids
30
Code
Standard for Spray

NFPA Application Using
33 Flammable or
Combustible Materials
Standard on Fire
NFPA Protection for
45 Laboratories Using
Chemicals
NFPA National Fuel Gas
54 Code
Compressed Gases
NFPA
and Cryogenic Fluids
55
Code
NFPA Liquefied Petroleum
58 Gas Code
Standard Methods of
Tests of Fire
NFPA
Resistance of Building
251
Construction &
Materials
Standard Method of
Test for Critical
NFPA Radiant Flux of Floor
253 Covering Systems
Using a Radiant heat
Energy Source
Recommended
Practice for
NFPA
Determining Smoke
258
Generation of Solid
Material
Standard Methods of
Tests for Flame Travel
NFPA
and Smoke of Wires
262
and Cables for Use in
Air-Handling Spaces
Standard Fire Test
Method for Evaluation
of Fire Propagation
NFPA Characteristics of
285 Exterior Wall
Assemblies Containing
Combustible
Components
NFPA Hazardous Materials
400 Code
Code for the Storage
NFPA
of Liquids & Solid
430
Oxidizers
Replaced by NFPA 400
Code for the Storage
NFPA
of Organic Peroxide
432
Formulations
NFPA Explosive Materials
495 Code
Standard for Road
NFPA Tunnels, Bridges and
502 other Limited Access
Highways
Standard on Water
NFPA
Mist Fire Protection
750
Systems
Standard on Clean
NFPA
Agent Fire Protection
2001
Systems
Page 22
Standard for Safety
Relief Valves for
UL 132
Anhydrous Ammonia
and LP-Gas
Standard for LP-Gas

UL 144
Regulators
Standard for Smoke

UL 217
Alarms
Standard for Fire
Testing of Fire
Extinguishing Systems
UL 300
for Protection of
Commercial Cooking
Equipment
Standard for Safety
Centrifugal Stationary
UL 448
Pumps for Fire
Protection Service
UL 555 Fire Dampers
Standard for
UL 924 Emergency Lighting
and Power Equipment
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

AS on Building Materials,
1530 Components &
Structures
Fire-resistance Test of
Pt 4 Elements of
Construction
AS Safety Glazing
2208 Materials in Buildings
Emergency Lighting
AS/NZS
and Exit Signs for
2293
Buildings
System Design,
Pt 1 Installation and
Operation
The Storage &

AS
Handling of Organic
2714
Peroxides
Fixed Fire Protection

AS
Installations - Pumpset
2941
Systems
Smoke Alarms Using

AS Scattered Light,
3786 Transmitted Light or
Ionization
Smoke Management
AS
Systems - Hot Smoke
4391
Test
The Storage &

AS
Handling of Oxidizng
4326
Agents
Water Mist Fire

Protection Systems -
AS
System Design,
4587
Installation and
Commissioning
BRITISH STANDARDS
Published by Fire Research
Design Principles for Station, Building Research
Smoke Ventilation in Establishment, Borehamwood,
BR 186
Enclosed Shopping Herts WD62BL
Centres
Page 23
Design Approaches for
BR 258 Smoke Control in
Atrium Buildings
Published by Construction
Design Methodologies
Research Communications Ltd by
BR 368 for Smoke and Heat
permission of Building Re- search
Exhaust Ventilation
Establishment Ltd
Fire Tests on Building

BS 476 Materials and
Structures
Classification and
Method of Test for
Pt 3
External Fire Exposure
to Roofs
Pt 4
Non-Combustibility
Test for Materials
Method of Test for

Pt 5
Ignitability
Method of Test for Fire

Pt 6 Propagation for
Products
Method of Test to
Determine the
Pt 7 Classification of the
Surface Spread of
Flame of Products
Method for Assessing

Pt 11 the Heat Emission
from Building Materials
Method for
Determination of the
Fire Resistance of
Pt 20
Elements of
Construction (General
Principles)
Methods for
Fire Resistance of
Pt 21
Load- Bearing
Elements of
Construction
Method for
Fire Resistance of
Pt 22
Non-Load- Bearing
Elements of
Construction
Methods for
Contribution of
Pt 23
Components to the
Fire Resistance of a
Structure
Method for
Pt 24
Fire Resistance of
Ventilation Ducts
BS Specification for
1230 Plasterboard Excluding
Replaced by BS EN 520
Materials Submitted to
Pt 1 Secondary Operations
Page 24
Specification for
BS Carbon Steel Welded
Withdrawn
2594 Horizontal Cylindrical
Storage Tanks
Specifications for
BS
Pressure Regulators Replaced by BS EN 16219
3016
for LPG
Specification for
Unplasticized PVC Soil
and Ventilating Pipes
of 82.4mm Minimum
BS
Mean Outside
4514
Diameter, and Fittings
and Accessories of
82.4mm and of Other
Sizes
BS Fire Hydrant Systems

5041 Equipment
Specification for
Pt 1 Landing Valves for
Wet Risers
Specification for Inlet

Pt 3 Breechings for Dry
Riser Inlets
BS Partitions (including
5234 matching linings)
Specification for
Performance
Requirements for
Pt 2
Strength and
Robustness including
Methods of Test
Selection, Installation
and Maintenance of
for Use in Potentially
BS
Explosive Atmosphere
5345
(Other than Mining
Applications or
Explosive Processing
and Manufacturing)
Replaced by BS EN 60079-14
General
Pt 1
Recommendations
Installation and
Maintenance
Requirements for
Pt 3 Electrical Apparatus
with Type of Protection
‘d’. Flameproof
Enclosure
Fire Safety Signs,

BS
Notices and Graphic
5499
Symbols
Specification for Self-

Pt 2 Luminous Fire Safety Withdrawn
Signs
Fire Precautions in the

BS
Design, Construction
5588
and Use of Buildings
Pt 5 CoP for Firefighting Withdrawn
Page 25
Stairways and Lifts
Methods of Test for

Assessment of the
Ignitability of
BS
Upholstered Seating
5852
by Smouldering and
Flaming Ignition
Source
Specification for
Impact Performance
BS Requirements for Flat
Replaced by EN 12600
6206 Safety Glass and
Safety Plastics for Use
in Buildings
Test Method for

Resistance to Fire of
BS Cables Required to
6387 Maintain Circuit
Integrity under Fire
Conditions
Specification for Non-

Percolating Layflat
BS
Delivery Hoses and
6391
Hose Assemblies for
Fire Fighting Purposes
Components for
BS
Smoke and Heat
7346
Control Systems
Specification for
Powered Smoke and
Pt 2 Withdrawn
Heat Exhaust
Ventilators
Specification for
Pt 3 Withdrawn
Smoke Curtains
Components for
BS
Smoke and Heat
7346
Control Systems
CoP on Functional
Recommendations and
Calculation Methods
Pt 7
for Smoke and Heat
Control Systems for
Covered Car Parks
Electric Cables.
Thermosetting
Insulated, Armoured,
Fire-resistant Cables
of Rated Voltage
BS
600/1000V for Fixed
7846
Installations, Having
Low Emission of
Smoke and Corrosive
Gases when Affected
by Fire. Specification
Coatings for Fire

BS
Protection of Building
8202
Elements
CoP for the Use of

Intumescent Coating
Systems to Metallic
Pt 2
Substrates for
Providing Fire
Resistance
Fire Detection and

EN 54
Alarm Systems
Page 26
Control and Indicating
Pt 2
Equipment
Power Supply
Pt 4
Equipment
Gypsum
Plasterboards.
BS EN
Definitions, Replaces BS 1230 Pt 1
520
Requirements and
Test Methods
Smoke & Heat Control

BS EN
Systems –
12101- Replaces BS 7346 Pt 3
Specification for
1
Smoke Barriers
Smoke & Heat Control

Systems –
BS EN
Specification for
12101- Replaces BS 7346 Pt 2
Powered Smoke &
3
Heat Control
Ventilators (Fans)
BS EN Fire Test to Building

13501- Materials -
1 Classification
for the Detection and
BS EN Measurement of
50054 Combustible Gases. -
General Requirements
and Test Methods
for the Detection and
Measurement of
Combustible Gases. -
BS EN
Performance
50057
Requirements for
Group II Apparatus
Indicating up to 100%
Lower Explosive Limit
Safety Requirements
BS EN for Secondary
50272- Batteries and Battery Withdrawn
2 Installations.
Stationary Batteries
Safety Requirements
BS EN for Secondary
50272- Batteries and Battery Withdrawn
3 Installations. - Traction
Batteries
Explosive Atmosphere.
BS EN
Electrical Installations
60079- Replaces BS 5345 Pt 1 & 3
Design, Selection and
14
Erection
Safety Requirements
BS EN
for Secondary
IEC
Batteries and Battery Replaces BS EN 50272-2
62485-
Installations -
2
Stationary Batteries
Safety Requirements
BS EN
for Secondary
IEC
Batteries and Battery Replaces BS EN 50272-3
62485-
Installations - Traction
3
Batteries
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
EN ISO Reaction to Fire Tests
Page 27
1182 for Products – Non-
Combustibility Test
Reaction to Fire Tests
for Building Products -
EN ISO Determination of the
1716 Gross Heat of
Combustion (Calorific
Value)
Reaction to Fire Tests
– Ignitability of
EN ISO
Products subjected to
11925
Direct Impingement of
–2
Flame - Part: Single
Flame Source Test
EN ISO Plastics – Smoke
5659 Generation
Determination of
Pt 2 Optical Density by a
Single-chamber Test
Portable Fire
EN 3
Extinguishers
Additional
Requirements to EN 3
– 7 for the
Construction,
Resistance to
Pt 8 Pressure and
Mechanical Tests for
extinguishers with a
Maximum Allowable
Pressure Equal to or
Lower than 30 Bar
Additional
Requirements to EN 3
Pt 9 – 7 for Pressure
Resistance of C02
Extinguishers
Fire Detection and
EN 54 - Alarm Systems -
2 Control and Indicating
Equipment
Fire Detection and
EN 54 - Alarm Systems -
4 Power Supply
Equipment
Safety Rules for the

Construction and
EN 81 -
Installation of Lifts.
58
Examination and
Tests
Landing Doors Fire

Pt 58
Resistance Test
Building Hardware –
Emergency Exit
EN 179 Devices Operated by a
Lever Handle or Push
Pad
Gypsum Plasterboards
– Definitions,
EN 520
Requirements and
Test Methods
Fixed Firefighting
EN 671 Systems. Hose
-1 Systems. Hose Reels
with Semi-Rigid Hose
EN Panic Exit Devices
1125 Operated by a
Horizontal Bar
EN
Controlled Door
1154
Closing Devices
Electrically Powered
EN
Hold Open Devices for
1155
Swing Doors
EN
Door Coordinator
1158
Devices –
Page 28
Requirements and
Test Standards
EN Building Hardware –
1303 Cylinders for Locks
EN Fire Resistance Tests.
1363 General Requirements
Fire Resistance Test
EN
for Non-loadbearing
1364
Elements
Pt 1 Walls
EN for Loadbearing
1365 Elements. Floors and
Roofs
EN
for Service
1366
Installations
Pt 1 Ventilation Ducts
Pt 3 Penetration Seals
Pt 4 Linear Joint Seals
Smoke Extraction
Pt 8
Ducts
Single Compartment
Pt 9 Smoke Extraction
Ducts
Fire Resistance and
Smoke Control Tests
for Door and Shutter
EN
Assemblies, Openable
1634-1
Windows and
Elements of Building
Hardware
for Door and Shutter
Pt 1
Assemblies and
Openable Window
Ventilation for
Buildings – Air
EN
Terminal Devices –
1751
Aerodynamic Testing
of Damper and Valves
Building Hardware.
Lever Handles and
EN
Knob Furniture.
1906
Requirements and
Test Method
Building Hardware.
EN Single-axis Hinges.
1935 Requirements and
Test Methods
Building Hardware.
EN Door and Window
12051 Bolts. Requirements
and Test Methods
EN Smoke and Heat
12101 Control Systems
Specification for
Pt 1
Smoke Barriers
Building Hardware.
Mechanically Operated
EN
Locks and Locking
12209
plates. Requirements
and Test Methods
Glass in Building.
Pendulum Test. Impact
EN
Test Method and
12600
Classification for Flat
Glass
Fire Classification of
EN
Construction Products
13501
and Building Elements
Classification Using
Data from External
Pt 5
Fire Exposure to Roofs
Tests
EN Reaction to Fire Tests

13823 for Building Products -
Page 29
Building Products
excluding Floorings
exposed to the
Thermal Attack by a
Single Burning Item
Resilient, Textile and

EN Laminate Floor
14041 Coverings. Essential
Characteristics
Thermal Insulation
Products for Buildings.
IN-situ Formed Loose-
EN
fill Mineral Wool (MW)
14064 -
Products.
1
Specifications for the
Loose-fill Products
Before Insulation
EN
Smoke Alarm Devices
14064
Building Hardware.
Locks and Latches.
Electromechanically
EN
Operated Locks and
14846
Striking Plates.
Requirements and
Test Methods
EN Mechatronic Cylinders
15684 – Requirements and
Test Methods
Paints and Varnishes.
Reactive Coatings for
Fire Protection of
EN Metallic Substrates.
16623 Definitions,
Requirements,
Characteristics and
Marking
Railway Applications –
EN
Fire protection on
45545
Railway Vehicles
Determination of
Pt 2 Optical Density by a
Single-chamber Test
IEC STANDARDS
IEC Explosive
60079 Atmospheres
Tests for Electric
IEC Cables Under Fire
60331 Conditions – Circuit
Integrity
Procedures and
Pt 25 Requirements –
Optical Fibre Cables
Tests on Electric and
IEC Optical Fibre Cables
60332 Under Fire Conditions
– All Parts
Test for Vertical Flame
Propagation for a
Pt 1
Single Insulated Wire
or Cable - Apparatus
Test for Vertical Flame
Spread of Vertically-
Pt 3 Mounted Bunched
Wires or Cable -
Apparatus
Luminaries – Part 2-
IEC 22: Particular
60598- Requirements -
2-22 Luminaries for
Emergency Lighting
Test on gases Evolved
IEC
during Combustion of
60754
Materials From Cables
Pt 1 Halogen Acid Gas
Content
IEC Measurement of
Page 30
61034 Smoke Density of
Cables Burning Under
Defined Conditions
Photovoltaic (PV)
IEC
Module for Safety
61730
Qualification
Requirements for
Pt 2
Testing
ISO STANDARDS
Fire resistance Tests -

ISO
Elements of Building
834
Construction
Pt 1 General Requirements
Specific Requirements
for Loadbearing
Pt 5
Horizontal Separating
Elements
Pt 7
for Columns
for Non-loadbearing
Pt 8
Vertical Separating
Elements
Pt 9 for Non-loadbearing
Ceiling Elements
ISO Thermal Insulating
1896 Asbestos Boards
Graphical Symbols –
ISO
Safety Colours and
3864
Safety Signs
Pt 1 Safety Signs and
Safety Markings
Pt 2
Product Safety Labels
Pt 3 Graphical Symbols for
Use in Safety Signs
Refrigerating Systems
and Heat Pumps -
ISO
Safety and
5149
Environment
Requirements
Measurement of Fluid
ISO Flow by Means of
5167 Differential Pressure
Devices
Graphical Symbols –
Safety Colours and
ISO
Safety Signs –
7010
Registered Safety
Signs
Air Distribution and Air
Diffusion –
ISO
Aerodynamic Testing
7244
of Dampers and
Valves
ISO
Emergency Lighting
30061
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH COPORATION
Centrifugal Fire Pumps
FM
Spilt-close Type (Axial
1311
or Radial)
Centrifugal Fire Pumps
FM
(Horizontal, END
1319
Suction Type)
Note:
- The Standards stated above are non-exhaustive,
- SCDF shall not be held responsible for the accuracy of the standard
titles shown in Table.
Page 31
TABLE 1.3A : ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Definition
ACMV Air-Conditioning & Mechanical Ventilation
AFA Accessible Floor Area
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AS Australian Standard
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-conditioning Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BRE Building Research Establishment
BS British Standard
BSL Bio-Safety Level
CD Civil Defence
CoC Certificate of Conformity
CoP Code of Practice
Cl. Clause
CERT Company Emergency Response Team
DIN German Institute for Standardization
DoC Declaration of Compliance
EC Exit Capacity
EN European Standard
FAMCP Fully Automated Mechanised Car Park
FCC Fire Command Centre
FM Factory Mutual
FMRC Factory Mutual Research Corporation
FSC Fire Safety Certificate
FSE Fire Safety Engineer
HFAD Home Fire Alarm Device
HR Hour
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
MAQ Maximum Allowable Quantity
MCST Management Corporation Strata Title
MRA Mutual Recognition Arrangement
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
MV Mechanical Ventilation
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NoA Notice of Approval
NZS New Zealand Standard
ODA Outdoor Display Area
OL Occupant Load
ORA Outdoor Refreshment Area
PE Professional Engineer
PG Purpose Group
PLS Product Listing Scheme
Pt Part
PWDs Persons With Disabilities
QP Qualified Person
RI Registered Inspector
SAC Singapore Accreditation Council
SCDF Singapore Civil Defence Force
SS Singapore Standard
SS EN Singapore Standard implementation of a European Standard
TFP Temporary Fire Permit
UL Underwriters Laboratories
VIFDS Video Image Fire Detection System
WHO World Health Organisation
TABLE 1.4A - DESIGNATION OF PURPOSE GROUPS

Purpose Group
Descriptive Title Purpose for which building or part of the building is used or intended to be used
(PG)
Residential dwelling house, such as:
I Small residential
• bungalow • semi-detached house
Page 32
• detached house • terrace house
Accommodation for residential purposes other than any premises comprised in PG I, such as:
• apartment • flat
II Other
residential • cluster housing • maisonette
• condominium • town house
Establishments used for treatment, care or maintenance of persons suffering from disabilities, such as:
• home for the spastic

• community hospital
• hospice
• convalescent home
• hospital
• home for intellectually disabled
• psychiatric hospital
• home for the aged
• nursing home
Establishments used for care or maintenance of young/ dependent persons, such as:
• children's home • infant-care centre
• correction centre • rehabilitation centre
• daycare centre • school for the spastic
• detention centre • senior activity centre

III Institutional
• dialysis centre • orphanage
Establishments used for educational/ training purposes, such as:
• college • polytechnic
• commerical/ private • school • public school
• enrichment centre • tuition centre
• kindergarten/nursery • university
• military camp • vocational institution
Establishments used for worker lodging purposes, such as:
• workers' dormitory
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for the purposes of administration and clerical work, or as premises occupied with an office for the
purposes of the activities therein carried on, such as:
• banking
IV Office • stock broker
• insurance
• telephone/ telegraph operating
• publisher
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for the following purposes (and/or any other similar trades or businesses):
• beauty salon
• pet shop/ clinic
• book store
• polyclinic
• boutique
• provisional shop
• confectionary outlet
• shopping arcade
• departmental store
• shopping centre
V Shop • drugstore
• show flat
• gift shop
• showrooms for sale of goods
• hairdressing salon
• supermarket
• jewellery shop
• take-away F&B • outlet/ kiosk
• laundry
• ticketing agency
• outpatient clinic
• travel agency
• pawnshop
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors with manufacturing, processing, servicing or testing activities, such as:
VI Factory • aircraft hangar • oil refinery
• chemicals • pharmaceutical
Page 33
• consumable products • power generation
• data/ server centre • recycling
• electrical switching/ transmitting • rubber
• fireworks • ship building
• food products • telecommunication exchange
• glassware • vehicle repair/ servicing
• highly combustible substances • wafer
• highly flammable products • waste treatment/ pumping
• incineration • woodwork
• metalwork
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for accommodation purpose, such as:
• backpacker hotel
• holiday resort
• boarding house
• serviced apartment
• hotel
• student hostel
• staff quarters
Place of public Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for educational purpose, such as:
VII
resort
• auditorium • museum
• convention centre • public art gallery
• exhibition centre • public library
Premises used for social purpose such as:
• community centre • private club
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for entertainment purpose, such as:
• casino • internet gaming centre
• cinema • karaoke lounge
• concert hall • night club
• discotheque • theatre
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for religious purpose, such as:
• church
• temple
• mosque
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for body treatment purpose, such as:
• body massage • gymnasium
• foot reflexology • Spa
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for recreational purpose, such as:
Place of public
VII • amusement centre
resort
• billiard/ snooker centre • public sport complex
• bowling centre • public swimming complex
• roof garden/ terrace • stadium
• sky garden/ terrace
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for F&B purpose, such as:
• cafeteria
• food court
• canteen
• hawker centre
• coffee shop
• Pub/ bar
• eating house
• restaurant
• fast food outlet
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for transportation purpose, such as:
• airport terminal • ferry terminal
Page 34
• bus terminal • train station
Premises/ areas/ spaces/ floors used for the purposes of storing, depositing or parking of goods, materials and/ or vehicles, such as:
• coldroom
VIII Storage • vehicle park
• godown
• warehouse
• store
Note:
Requirements for buildings not listed in this Table, including but not limited to buildings used for the manufacture and/ or storage of highly combustible substances and/ or flammable liquids,
etc., shall be consulted with the SCDF
TABLE 1.4B : OCCUPANT LOAD FACTORS

FUNCTIONAL SPACES FACTOR (m 2/person) REMARKS
Amusement park 1 excluding machine areas
Apartment, residential 15
Area of refuge
ambulatory care facility 1.4
custodian care facility 1.4
hospital 2.8
hospital 0.56 for area of refuge without patient accommodation
nursing care facility 2.8
nursing care facility 0.56 for area of refuge without patient accommodation
supervisory care facility 0.56
Archive room
reading area 5
stack area 10
Atrium floor 3
Audio visual area 3
Auditorium/ theatre
With individual fixed seating 1.5 occupant load can be based on number of fixed seating
With fixed bench seating --- occupant load based on 450mm of length of the benches per person
Audio visual control room for theatres/ cinemas/ concert halls 5
Backpacker hotel 3 Max. 20 persons per room (including living area, toilet, etc.)
Ball room 1.5
Banking hall 3
Bar/ pub 1
Bath room --- non-simultaneous
Bazaar 5
Billiards room 5
Book/ general storage 30
Bowling alley 1 excluding bowling lanes
Business centre/ office 10
Cafeteria 1.5
Canteen 1.5 including staff canteen
Car parking area 30
Changing room --- non-simultaneous
Children playground 5 including playground equipment
Classroom 1.5
Computer classroom 1.5
Club room 1.5
Concourse 3
Conference room 1.5
Consultant room 5
Common room 1.5
Computer room 5
Corridor --- non-simultaneous
Crematoria 1.5
Dance studio 5
Department store 5
Deposit/strong room 30
Design studio 5
Detention room 3
Page 35
Dining area
Hawker centre 1.5
Fast food outlet 1
others 1.5
Discotheque 1 including dine & dance area
Dormitory 4.2 bedroom area only, excluding living area, toilet, etc.
Examination room 5
Exposition/ Trade fair area 1.5
Fast food outlet 1
Filing room/ store 10
Foyer
1.5
Bus/ Airport/ Ferry terminal or station
Fitness club/ centre 5

Function room 1.5
Gallery
exhibits 2.5
choir 1.5
prayer 1.5
seating 1.5 occupant load can be based on number of fixed seating
trading 1.5
viewing 1.5
surgical viewing 3
General storage 30
Goods storage 30
Grandstand/ seating area 1.5
Guestroom/ accommodation unit 15 min. 2 persons per room or 15m2/person, whichever is higher
Gymnasium 3.5
Health club/ centre 5
Hobby room 1.5
Housekeeping 10
Indoor games room 1.5
Indoor sport hall
school with multi-purpose hall 3
school without multi-purpose hall 1
others 3
Karaoke lounge 1.5 including dine & dance areas
Kitchen/ service area 10
Laboratory
healthcare occupancy 20
schools/ colleges/ tertiary institutions 5
others 5
Laundry
with machine operation 15
others 10
Lecture room 1.5
Library room
stack area 10
reading area 5
Lighting control room
theatres/ cinemas/ concert halls 5
others 5
Loading/ unloading area 4 per bay
Lobby --- non-simultaneous
Locker room --- non-simultaneous
Lounge 2.5
Machine/ printing room 10
Maisonettes, residential 15
Mechanical plant room 30
Meeting room 1.5
Mortuary 30
Multi-purpose hall/ room
school/ colleges 1
others 1.5
Multi-purpose sports hall
public sport complex 3
Page 36
public swimming complex 3
stadium 3
others 3
Night club 1.5 including dine & dance area
Nursing station 10
Office
Admin/ general 10
director/ manager room 15
drafting room/ area 5
Operation theatre 7.5
Orchestral pit 1.5
Out-patient waiting area 1.5
Packing/ distribution area 10
Pantry --- non-simultaneous
Passenger arrival/ departure areas
Bus/ Airport/ Ferry terminal or station 1.5
Patient accommodation
intensive care 20
room 10
ward 10
Pedestrian linkways (aboveground or underground)
with commercial activities 2
building to Rapid Transit Stations (e.g., Mass Rapid Transit (MRT))
3.5
without commercial activities
building to building without commercial activities 5
standalone type without commercial activities --- non-simultaneous
Pharmacy
staff area 10
public waiting area 2
Prayer hall 1.5
Pre-function room --- non-simultaneous
Production area 10 automated or non-automated
Projection room
theatres/ cinemas/ concert halls 5
others 5
Promotion area 1.5
Pub 1
Reading room 5
Reception area 3
Recreation room 1.5
Refreshment area 1.5
Restroom --- non-simultaneous
Restaurant 1.5
Roof --- access for maintenance only
Roof garden/ roof terrace, private --- non-simultaneous part of individual residential unit
Roof garden/ roof terrace, public
health/ exercise corner 5 with exercise equipment
jogging track/ designated foot path<=3m in width 3
planter box <300m high 1.5
planter box =>300mm --- fully covered with trees/ shrubs
planter box =>300mm & <= 500mm high 1.5 turf
planter box >500mm high --- without step/ ramp access
sunken/ elevated water feature <300mm in depth/height 3 permanent or fixed structure
sunken/ elevated water feature =>300mm in depth/height --- permanent or fixed structure
sunken planting area --- fully covered with trees/ shrubs
sunken planting area 1.5 turf
other areas 1.5
Seminar room 1.5
Server room 30
Serviced apartment 15 per unit
Service area 10
Shop 5
Showroom 5
Sick room --- non-simultaneous
Skating rink
rink area 3
spectator area 1.5
Page 37
Snack bar 1.5
Society room 1.5
include areas for weight training, aerobics, massage, sauna/steam bath
Spa 5
and whirlpools
Squash court 2 per court
Staff office 10
Storage area 30
Staff canteen 1.5
Staff lounge 3
Staff quarters 15 min. 2 persons per room or 15m2/person, whichever is higher
Stage, front/ back
schools/ colleges/ tertiary institutions 3
theatres/ cinemas/ concert halls --- non-simultaneous
Storage/ store room 30
Swimming pool
condominium/ apartment 5
hotel ---
private club ---
public sports complex 2.5
public swimming complex 2.5
serviced apartment ---
Swimming pool deck
condominium/apartment 10
hotel 10
private club 10
public sports complex 5
serviced apartment 10
Student bedroom 15 min. 2 persons per room or 15m2/person, whichever is higher
Supermarket 5
Therapy centre 10
Ticketing office 10
Toilet --- non-simultaneous
Trading floor 2
Training area
public sports complex 3
stadium 3
Treatment room 5
Visitors lounge 3
Waiting area 3
Workshop
institutional 5
industrial 10
Note:
- All functional spaces shall be computed based on accessible floor area for the calculation of occupant load, unless specifically exempted under the “Remarks” column
- The functional spaces stated above are non-exhaustive. Usage of other occupancy load factor is only allowed if permitted by SCDF
Page 38
Amendment History - Chapter 1 - General
Amendment Circular
Clause No. Effective Date Clause Status Clause Before Amendment
Date Date
The Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings,

hereinafter called “the Code” or “this Code”, serves to establish
the minimum requirements for fire safety provisions in all
25 Aug 25 Aug 25 Aug
1.1 Revised/Clarification buildings. It takes into account the function, design,
2023 2023 2023
management, operation, and maintenance of buildings to
secure the life safety of occupants and property safety in the
event of a fire.
Fire safety requirements for underground, surface, and

elevated RTS including trainways, transit stations, train
25 Aug 1 Mar
1.1.1 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarification maintenance depots, on-line electric substations, and RTS
2023 2024
facility buildings, shall comply with “Code of Practice for Fire
Precautions in Rapid Transit Systems”.
Fire safety requirements for laboratories handling hazardous

chemicals
1 Mar
1.1.2 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification For laboratory storing and using chemicals/HazMat shall be in
2021
compliance with NFPA 45, except for the Maximum Allowable
Quantity (MAQ) which shall comply with the figures released by
SCDF.
Fire safety requirements for laboratories handling hazardous

chemicals
1.1.2 (dated 1 Sep
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification
1 Sep 2021) 2021
Laboratories storing and using chemicals/HazMat shall comply
with SS 641.
01 Mar
1.1.3 New ---
2019
Fire Safety Report and Fire Safety Instruction Manual

(Appendix 1 & 2)
10 May Relocated and 10 May
1.1.4 Immediate
2019 Revised. Fire Safety Report and/or Fire Safety Instruction Manual for 2019
building projects/fire safety provisions specified by SCDF shall
be submitted when making building plan submission.
1.1.4
14 May 14 May
(Amendment replaced 14 May 2019
2019 2019
1)
Fire Safety Report and Fire Safety Instruction Manual

(Appendix 1 & 2)
1.1.4(Dated 1 Dec
1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification Fire Safety Report and/or Fire Safety Instruction Manual for
1 Dec 2020) 2020
building projects/fire safety provisions specified by SCDF shall
be submitted when making building plan submission
1 Dec
1.1.5 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification Nil
2020
1 Mar
1.1.6 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification Nil
2021
1.1.7 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification Nil 1 Mar
Page 39
Amendment Circular
Date Date
2021
1 Mar
2021
01 Mar
1.2 New ---
2019
1 Dec
1.2.3 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification Nil
2020
All fire protection systems when installed/ provided in a

building, shall be maintained in accordance with applicable
codes or standards specified in Table 1.2A. The QP shall list
1.2.3 (25 25 Aug 25 Aug down the maintenance details in the Fire Safety Instruction 25 Aug
Revised/Clarification Manual and handover to the building owner for compliance at
Aug 2023) 2023 2023 2023
the completion of the building project.
For the purpose of this Code, “fire protection system” has the
same meaning as in the Fire Safety Act (Cap. 109A).
01 Mar
1.4.1 New ---
2019
Supervisory care facility
“Supervisory care facility” is a building or part thereof, used for

the housing, on a 24-hr basis, of mental health patients who 2 Mar
1.4.100 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification
may be capable of self-preservation but require supervision and 2020
are receiving therapy, training or other health-related care and
for whom there may be security measures not under their
control.
1 Mar
1.4.111 1 Mar 2022 1 Sep 2022 New Nil
2022
2 Mar
2020
2 Mar
2020
2 Mar
2020
2 Mar
2020
01 Mar
1.4.14 New ---
2019
1 Dec
1.4.18 1 Dec 2020 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification Nil
2020
01 Mar
1.4.25 New ---
2019
1.4.25 01 Mar New ---
Page 40
Amendment Circular
Date Date
2019
01 Mar
1.4.28 New ---
2019
01 Mar
1.4.28 New ---
2019
Ambulatory healthcare centre
“Ambulatory healthcare centre” is a building, or part thereof,

used for providing services on an out-patient basis for treatment 2 Mar
for patients which would render them incapable of taking action 2020
for self-preservation or safety under emergency conditions
without assistance from others, such as haemodialysis units or
surgical treatment requiring general anaesthesia.
Custodian-care facility
“Custodian-care facility” is a building or part thereof, without

stay in accommodation, used by persons who, because of age, 2 Mar
or physical or mental disabilities, are unable to care for their 2020
self-preservation and safety. Such buildings shall include
nurseries for children under 6 years of age, senior day care
centres and institutions for the mentally disabled.
Custodian-care facility
“Custodian-care facility” is a building or part thereof, without

stay in accommodation, used by persons who, because of age, 2 Mar
or physical or mental disabilities, are unable to care for their 2020
self-preservation and safety. Such buildings shall include
nurseries for children under 6 years of age, senior day care
centres and institutions for the mentally disabled.
Electromagnetic or electromechanical locking device
“Electromagnetic” or “electromechanical locking device” refers

to a fail-safe device which provides access control. This device
is designed to automatically unlock doors in the event of a fire, 1 Sep
1.4.35 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification
thereby helping to facilitate evacuation. An 2021
electromagnetic/electromechanical locking device shall be
provided with a means of manual override located within the
occupied space, 1.2m above the floor and within 1.5m of the
door jamb.
01 Mar
1.4.47 New ---
2019
External exit staircase
“External exit staircase” refers to an exit staircase located

outside a building, open to the external space, and that:
1 Mar
a. is enclosed by parapet walls or railing of not more than 1.1m 2022
in height; and
b. has at least two adjacent sides or one of its longest sides

abutting the external space.
“Fire lift lobby” refers to a protected and ventilated or

25 Aug 25 Aug 25 Aug
1.4.54 Revised/Clarification pressurised lobby into which a fire lift opens, and from which
2023 2023 2023
direct access to a protected staircase can be made for the
Page 41
Amendment Circular
Date Date
purpose of firefighting.
Habitable floor
“Habitable floor” refers to all floors in a building, including the

roof level. The roof level can be taken as non-habitable if it is
not used for any purpose/activity other than housing M&E
2 Mar
1.4.63 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification and/or telecommunication plants/equipment, e.g. lift motors, fire
2020
pumps, generators, fire hose reel pumps, water supply pumps,
water tanks, cooling towers, solar photovoltaic panels, supply/
exhaust fans with associated ductwork, air-con condensing
units, telecommunication antenna, satellite dishes and public
warning sirens, etc..
Habitable floor
Habitable floor” refers to all floors in a building, including the

roof level. The roof level can be taken as non-habitable if it is
1.4.63 ( not used for any purpose/activity other than housing M&E
1 Mar
dated 1 Mar 1 Mar 2022 1 Mar 2022 Clarification plants/equipment, e.g. lift motors, fire pumps, generators, fire
2022
2022) hose reel pumps, water supply pumps, water tanks, cooling
towers, solar photovoltaic panels, supply/ exhaust fans with
associated ductwork, air-con condensing units,
telecommunication equipment, satellite dishes and public
warning sirens, etc..
Habitable height
“Habitable height” refers to the height measured from the

15 Sep 15 Sep 15 Sep
1.4.64 Clarification lowest level of fire engine accessway or fire engine access road
2020 2020 2020
(applicable to buildings under Purpose Group II) to the finished
floor level of the highest habitable floor.
Hospital
“Hospital” is a building used for medical and surgical care and 2 Mar
shall include healthcare facilities with 24-hr or inpatient 2020
services, such as general hospitals, hospitals for psychiatric
care, children's hospitals, etc..
Nursing home, convalescent home, home for the aged &

hospice
10 May 10 May
1.4.74 Immediate Clarifications These refer to a building, or part thereof, used for the housing
2019 2019
and nursing care of persons on a 24hr basis who, because of
mental or physical incapacity, may be unable to care for their
own needs and safety without assistance of other persons.
Nursing home, convalescent home, home for the aged &

hospice
1.4.74
2 Mar
(dated 2 Mar 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification These refer to a building, or part thereof, used for the housing
2020
2020) and nursing care of persons on a 24hr basis who, because of
physical incapacity, may be unable to care for their own needs
and safety without assistance of other persons.
“Occupant load” of a building, or part thereof, refers to the total

number of persons that can occupy such a building, or part
25 Aug 25 Aug thereof, at any one time. The “occupant load” shall be 25 Aug
1.4.75 Revised/Clarification
2023 2023 determined via 2023
a. the floor area(s) available for occupation based on the
Page 42
Amendment Circular
Date Date
appropriate areas per person as stated in Table 1.4B or
b. by the number of fixed seatings, if applicable, for assembly

occupancies.
1 Dec
Table 1.2A 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification Existing Table 1.2A
2020
2 Dec
Table 1.4.B 2 Dec 2019 Immediate Clarification Occupant load factor for “reading room” is missing.
2019
2 Mar
Table 1.4A 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification Existing Table 1.4A
2020
Table 1.4B
1 Sep
(dated 1 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications Existing Table 1.4B
2022
Sep 2022)
Table 1.4B
15 Mar 15 Mar 15 Sep
(dated 15 Revised Existing Table 1.4B
2021 2021 2020
Sep 2020)
Table 1.4B
2 Mar
(dated 2 Mar 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification Existing Table 1.4B
2020
2020)
TABLE 1.4B : OCCUPANCY LOAD FACTORS
FUNCTIONAL FACTOR REMARKS

SPACE (m2/person)
Pedestrian
linkways(aboveground
or underground)
Table 1.4B
25 Aug
(dated 25 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications
2023
Aug 2023)
with commercial 2 aboveground
activities or
underground
building to Rapid 3.5

Transit Stations (e.g.,
Mass Rapid Transit
(MRT) without
commercial activities
Page 43
Amendment Circular
Date Date
building to building 5
without commercial
activities
standalone type -- non-

without commercial simultaneous
activities
Table 1.4B(
30 July Occupant load factor for dormitory - 3m2/person (bed room 30 July
dated 30 1 Feb 2021 Revised
2020 area only) 2020
July 2020)
Page 44
CLAUSE 2.1 - GENERAL
The provisions of this chapter shall serve to express the intentions for determining the design, construction, protection, location, arrangement
and maintenance of exit facilities to provide safe means of escape for occupants from all buildings hereafter erected, altered or changed in
occupancy. Areas which are designated as means of escape, such as exit staircase, fire lift lobby, smoke-free lobby, exit passageway, escape
corridor shall not be turned into other usage.
Page 45
CLAUSE 2.2 - DETERMINATION OF EXIT REQUIREMENTS
2.2.1 General
The determination of exit requirements for a building shall be based upon the type of use or occupancy of the building, the occupant load, the
floor area, the travel distance to an exit and the capacity of exits as provided in Table 2.2A and herein. Every storey of a building shall be
provided with exit facilities for its occupant load. Vertical exits provided from any storey above ground level may serve simultaneously all
storeys above the ground level. Vertical exits provided from any storey below ground level may serve all storeys below ground level, subject to
the provisions of Cl.2.3.5 which prohibit basement staircases being continuous with exit staircases serving the upper storeys, unless otherwise
allowed by the SCDF.
2.2.2 Mixed occupancy
Where different parts of a building or storey of a building are designed for different types of occupancies or used for different purposes at the
same time, the exit requirements of the entire building or storey of the building shall be determined on the basis of that type of occupancy or
usage having the strictest exit requirements or the exit requirements for each building section shall be determined separately.
2.2.3 Multiple occupancy or use
Where a building or storey of a building or a part of a building is used for multiple purposes involving different activities at different times, that
purpose or use involving the greatest number of occupants shall form the basis for determining the exit requirements.
2.2.4 Non-simultaneous occupancy
The floor areas of toilets, locker rooms, lobbies, and corridors that are not occupied at the same time as other rooms or spaces by building
occupants, can be omitted from the occupant load calculations of that storey of the building in which the storey is located.
2.2.5 Capacity of exits and exit facilities
a. The capacity of exits, exit staircases, exit passageways, corridors, exit doors and other exit facilities shall be measured in units of half a
metre's width. The number of persons per unit of width shall be determined by the type of occupancy and type of exit as listed under Table
2.2A. In the determination of each exit width, fractions of a unit width less than 250mm shall not be factored in the measurement. Where
250mm or more are added to one or more full units, half of a unit of width shall be factored in.
b. Where a room or space is required to be provided with two exits, each exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate not less than
half the total occupant load.
2.2.6 Determination of travel distance
The maximum travel distance for the respective types of occupancies shall be not greater than as laid down in Table 2.2A and read in
conjunction with all of the following:
a. In the case of a floor area designed with minimum two exits, the maximum travel distance as given in Table 2.2A shall be applicable.
The maximum travel distance starting from the most remote point in any occupied space to the nearest exit, shall not exceed the limits
specified in Table 2.2A.
b. In a large floor area without sub-division of rooms, corridors and so forth, the travel distance can adopt the “direct distance” concept as
a guide and shall not exceed two-third of the maximum travel distance permitted under Table 2.2A. Where the large floor area is
undergoing sub-division of rooms, corridors, etc., the maximum travel distance shall be in accordance with Table 2.2A.
c. For the purpose of this clause, the most remote point from which the travel distance is measured shall be taken as being 400mm from
the enclosure walls of the room or space.
d. In the case of a residential apartment or maisonette, the travel distance shall be determined based on the provisions under
Cl.9.2.1a.(5).
e. Where area of refuge is provided in lieu of required exits, travel distance shall be measured to the exit door at the corridor leading to
the area of refuge.
f. Where permitted under Cl.2.3.3 for exit staircases to be entered without the provision of an exit door, the travel distance shall be
measured to a position where the exit door would be installed if otherwise required.
g. Ancillary office within other purpose groups
Where an ancillary office is housed within a space belong to other Purpose Groups, the travel distance requirement for the ancillary office
is allowed to be based on PG IV, provided:
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(1) the ancillary office is fire compartmented from spaces belonging to the other purpose groups; and
(2) the ancillary office occupants shall have access to exit(s) within the ancillary office compartment leading to direct discharge at
ground level into an external space, exit staircase, or internal/ external exit passageway.
2.2.7 Minimum width of exit access door, exit door or other exit facilities
a. No exit, exit staircase or other exit facilities shall be narrower than the minimum width requirement as specified under Table 2.2A. The
minimum clear width of an exit door/ exit access opening shall be not less than 850mm.
b. Exit access doors serving a room with an occupant load of not more than two persons shall not be less than 610mm in clear width.
c. A single leaf swing door along the means of egress shall not exceed 1.25m in clear width.
2.2.8 Maximum width of exit staircases
a. The maximum width of exit staircases shall be not more than 2m. Where staircases exceed 2m in width, handrails shall be used to
divide the staircase into sections of width not less than 1m or more than 2m.
b. For the purpose of determining the exit capacity of a staircase that is wider than 2m that forms part of the required means of escape
from any storey of the building, that part of its width in excess of 2m shall not be taken into account.
2.2.9 Measurement of width
The measurement of width referred to under Cl.2.2.7 and Cl.2.2.8 shall be the clear width, including the width of plinth to balustrade or parapet
wall:
a. For an exit staircase
The clear width shall be measured between:
(1) the finished surfaces of the walls, if the staircase is enclosed on both sides by walls only, or
(2) the finished surface of the wall and the inner side of the balustrade, if the staircase has a wall on one side and a balustrade on
the other side, or
(3) the inner sides of the balustrades if the staircase has balustrades on both sides.
Note: The projection of handrail into the clear width of a staircase shall not exceed 80mm on each side of the staircase. If the
projection exceeds 80mm, the clear width of the staircase shall be measured from the inner sides of the handrails.
b. For an exit door
(1) In the case of an exit door having a single leaf door, the opening shall be measured between the edge of the door jamb and the
surface of the door when opened at an angle of 90°. See Diagram 2.2.9b..
(2) In the case of a 2 leaf exit door fitted with an approved automatic flush bolt, the clear openings shall be measured between the
surface of one leaf to the other door leaf when opened at an angle of 90°.
(3) If one of the door leaves is bolted to the door frame and/ or floor by a manually operated bolt, this door leaf shall not be
considered for the purpose of determining the exit capacity of the door. The opening of the other door leaf shall have a clear width of
not less than 850mm, measured between the edge of the bolted door leaf and the surface of the other door leaf, when opened at an
angle of 90°.
(4) Door hardware and handrails which do not protrude more than 80mm into the clear width of exit opening can be disregarded.
2.2.10 Number of exits from rooms and spaces
There shall be at least two door openings remote from each other which lead to exits from every room or enclosed space in which the total
occupant load exceeds the maximum permissible occupant load for one door as listed in the table below:
TABLE 2.2.10 - PERMISSIBLE OCCUPANT LOAD FOR ONE DOOR

Type of Occupancy Max. Occupant Load
High hazard 25
Patient accommodation area 50
Classrooms 50
Godowns, stores, and factories not of high hazard type 50
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TABLE 2.2.10 - PERMISSIBLE OCCUPANT LOAD FOR ONE DOOR
Assembly 50
Note:
(a) The number and minimum width of exits for rooms and spaces with occupancy of more than 50 persons shall comply with provisions in Table 9.7.3a. for assembly occupancy
(b) For residential occupancy, see Cl.9.2
(c) For healthcare occupancy, see Cl.9.3.2
(d) For office/shop/factory/warehouse occupancy, see Cl.9.4, Cl.9.5, Cl.9.6, and Cl.9.8
(e) For hotels, see Cl.9.7.2
(f) For assembly occupancy, see Cl.9.7.3
2.2.11 Number of exit staircases or exits per storey
There shall be at least two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey of a building, unless otherwise permitted under other
subsequent provisions of the Code.
Exception
a. For non-habitable roof that is able to comply with one-way travel distance, at least one exit staircase shall be provided. The travel
distances for roof areas which are open-to-sky shall be based on the requirements for sprinkler-protected buildings.
b. For non-habitable roof that is unable to comply with one-way travel distance to the exit staircase, an additional cat/ ship ladder adequately
separated in accordance with Cl.2.3.12 and leading to the circulation area of the floor below shall be provided. All access hatches, if provided,
shall be readily accessible from the roof. Access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear width of 1m in diameter. The travel distances for
roof areas which are open-to-sky shall be based on the requirements for sprinkler-protected buildings.
c. Roof of the protruding structures above the non-habitable roof, namely exit staircase shafts and lift motor rooms.
2.2.12 Location of exits & access to exits
All exits and access facilities shall be required to comply with all of the following:
a. Exits and access facilities shall be clearly visible or their locations shall be clearly indicated and shall be kept readily accessible and
unobstructed at all times.
b. Every occupant within a building or storey of a building shall have direct access to the required exit or exits without the need to pass
through another room(s) or other tenanted space(s). Where direct access to the required exit or exits of the storey is not possible,
occupants shall only be allowed to pass through a maximum of one other room or space belonging to the same tenant with the following
conditions being complied with:
(1) the exit access door separating the rooms or spaces which the egress route passes through shall only be fitted with
electromechanical device designed in accordance with Cl.2.3.9k.(2);
(2) the doorway of the exit access door shall not be blocked/obstructed and be kept clear at all times.
(3) warning signs of wording “Exit Access Door - Keep Clear” shall be placed prominently on both sides of the exit access door, and
(4) the egress paths through the exit access door shall be suitably demarcated.
c. When more than one exit is required from any room or space or a storey of a building, each exit shall be placed as remote as possible
from the other as permitted under Cl.2.3.12a., b., c. or d..
2.2.13 Smoke-free approach to exit staircase
Entry at every storey level (including 1st storey) to an exit staircase serving more than four storeys above ground level shall be through any
one of the following:
a. An external exit passageway or external corridor
The openings for natural ventilation to the corridor shall be located such that they face and are open to any of the following:
(1) an external space complying with Cl.2.3.11, or
(2) a street, service road or other public space which is open to the sky, or
(3) an air well which opens vertically to the sky and has a minimum width of 6m and a superficial plan area of not less than 93m²,
except that for external corridors, it shall comply with the requirements of Cl.2.3.10.
b. Smoke-free/ fire lift lobby
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(1) A smoke-free lobby shall be separated from the adjoining areas of the building by a wall having 1-hr fire resistance.
(2) The exit access door shall have ½-hr fire resistance fitted with automatic self-closing device conforming to the requirements of
Cl.3.9.2.
(3) The design of a smoke-free lobby shall be such as not to impede movement of occupants through the escape route.
(4) The floor area of a smoke-free lobby shall be at least 3m² and with minimum clear width of 1.2m. If a smoke-free lobby also serves
as a fire lift lobby, the floor area shall be not smaller than 6m² and with minimum clear width of 2m.
(5) The floor shall be graded from the lift door towards the lobby door with a fall not exceeding 1 in 200.
(6) A smoke-free lobby, including fire lift lobby, which acts as buffer space for entry into the exit staircase and use by firefighters
during emergency, shall be maintained as common property.
(7) A smoke-free lobby shall be ventilated through any of the following:
(a) Permanent fixed ventilation openings which are located in the external wall of the lobby and have a total area of not less than
15% of the floor area of the lobby.
Each opening shall not be less than 1m 2 and shall abut an external space or air well, each having a minimum clear area of 93m 2
and minimum width of 6m and without obstruction vertically throughout the airspace for ventilation. No part of the lobby floor area
shall be more than 9m away from the air well or external space.
(b) Mechanical ventilation, except for PG II buildings, which complies with the requirements in Chapter 7.
(c) Cross-ventilated corridor/lobby which complies with all of the following:
(i) The corridor/lobby shall have fixed ventilation openings abutting an external space. The ventilation openings shall be
located on opposite sides of the corridor/lobby at high level and shall not be less than 50% of the superficial area of the
opposing external walls.
(ii) No part of the floor area of the corridor/lobby shall be at a distance of more than 12m from the ventilation openings.
(iii) The distance of 12m can be measured along the internal corridor via the intermediate ventilation opening to the external
space, provided there is no unprotected openings in the walls along the path to the external space. The intermediate
ventilation opening shall not be less than 2m in width and 1.2m in height and the width of the path to the external space shall
not be less than 2m.
Note: For residential buildings of habitable height more than 24m with single exit staircase, the requirements for the cross-
ventilated corridor/lobby stipulated in Cl.9.2.1a.(4)(e) shall be complied with.
c. Exception
(1) The omission of the smoke-free lobby required under Cl.2.2.13b. leading to the exit staircase of any building exceeding four
storeys is allowed under any of the following situations, provided the door opening into the exit staircases shall have 1-hr fire
resistance rating and fitted with an automatic self-closing device to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2:
(a) Where the internal exit staircase is provided with pressurisation up to a habitable height of 24m in compliance with the
requirements of Chapter 7;
(b) Where an external exit staircase is constructed to comply with Cl.2.3.3b.;
(c) In an open-sided car park floor where cross-ventilation is provided in accordance with Cl.3.2.8a. & b., the fire door to the exit
staircase can be ½-hr fire-rated.
(d) On M&E floor of headroom not exceeding 1.5m.
(2) The omission of a smoke-free lobby to exit staircases shall not be allowed under any of the following situations:
(a) Where the building exceeds four storeys and belongs to PG III or VII.
(b) Where the internal exit staircase, which is provided with pressurisation, exceeds the habitable height of 24m.
(c) Where the exit staircase is adjacent to a fire lift as required in Chapter 6.
2.2.14 Smoke-free approach to exit staircase in basement
a. In a building comprising single basement storey, the entry to exit staircases need not be through smoke-free lobbies.
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b. In a building comprising two, three or four basement storeys, entry at every basement storey level to at least one of the exit staircases
serving the basement storeys shall be through a fire lift lobby even though the exit staircase is not required to be served by a fire lift.
However, where the depth of the basement exceeds 9m below the average grade level and fire lifts are required in accordance with
Cl.6.6.4b.(3), the entries to the exit staircases with provision of fire lifts at every basement storey level shall be through fire lift lobbies.
c. In a building comprising more than four basement storeys, the entry to exit staircases serving the basement storeys at every basement
storey level shall be through smoke-free lobbies or designated fire lift lobbies in accordance with Cl.6.6.4b.(3).
d. Smoke-free and fire lift lobbies in basement occupancies shall be required to comply with the relevant provisions under Cl.2.2.13b. and
shall be mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7.
2.2.15 Area of refuge and exit reduction
When a floor area has access to area(s) of refuge in compliance with all of the following requirements in this Clause, the occupant load for
which vertical exits are to be accounted for the floor area can be reduced to half when one area of refuge is provided and to one third when
two or more areas of refuge are provided.
a. An area of refuge shall be adequate in size to hold the occupant load it receives from the floor area it serves as provision for required
exit, in addition to its own occupant load calculated on the basis of 0.3m 2 per person except for healthcare occupancies when the
occupant load shall comply with the provisions under Cl.9.3.2b.(4).
b. An area of refuge shall be provided with at least one staircase for use by the occupants to gain access to other exit staircases or the
ground level directly to an external space.
c. An area of refuge shall be entered through an external corridor and the room or space or area of refuge shall be separated from the
corridor by a wall with at least 1-hr fire resistance rating.
d. External corridors when used as entry into an area of refuge shall conform to the requirements for external exit passageway for
minimum width, changes in floor level, roof protection, enclosure on the open side and provision of opening of wall between the room or
space and the exit passageway.
e. Exit doors between the room or space or area of refuge and the external corridor shall have fire resistance of at least ½-hr and be fitted
with an automatic self-closing device to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2.
f. Every fire compartment in which exit reduction is permitted in connection with area of refuge shall have in addition to exit through the
area(s) of refuge at least one exit staircase complying with Cl.2.3.3.
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CLAUSE 2.3 - MEANS OF ESCAPE REQUIREMENTS
2.3.1 General
a. Means of escape shall be provided for all buildings by one or more of the facilities listed herein. Access and exit facilities not
specifically covered in this Code shall not be used without the approval of the SCDF. Required exits shall be kept readily accessible, and
doors shall be openable and unobstructed at all times during the occupancy of the building. Any future grille gate/door swing from
units/service shaft into the common areas shall be indicated with dotted lines on building plans to show the egress requirements are met,
despite the door swing.
b. Exit staircase signage
(1) Exit staircases serving all buildings (except PG I) shall be provided with a signage not smaller than 300 x 300mm and be within the
stairwell at each storey landing.
(2) The signage shall contain the following information:
(a) the storey number, at least 125mm in height; and
(b) an identification of the staircase in alphabetical and/or numeric form, at least 25mm in height.
(3) The letters and numbers on the sign can be of any colour that provides contrast with the background colour.
(4) The signage shall be located such that it is visible when the door is in the open position and also visible to any person moving up
or down the staircase.
c. Fire escape plan
(1) A fire escape plan shall be provided for all buildings except PG I and displayed in common lobbies or lift lobbies such that they are
easily viewable by the building occupants and the general public passing through these common areas. The fire escape plan shall have
legible lettering and the fire escape routes made clear to the viewer. It shall clearly show the layout of the floor in the correct orientation
and highlight the escape routes (in relation to viewer’s location), escape corridors and exit staircases using appropriate colours,
directional signs and words. The information required on the plan are only for firefighting and evacuation purposes and shall include the
locations of the following:
(a) Fire lifts;
(b) Evacuation lifts;
(c) PWD holding points;
(d) Hose reels;
(e) Fire extinguishers;
(f) Manual alarm call points; and
(g) Rising mains.
(2) For ensuring legibility of the fire escape plan for buildings with large floor areas, partial plan showing minimally 2 escape routes is
acceptable. The plan shall show the egress paths to at least 2 remotely located exits/exit staircases, including the PWD holding points.
2.3.2 Exit passageways
a. Fire resistance
Exit passageways that serve as a means of escape or required exits from any building or storey of a building shall have the requisite fire
resistance as specified under Cl.3.3.
b. Internal exit passageway
An internal exit passageway which serves as required exit of a building shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) it shall be enclosed with construction complying with the provisions of Cl.3.3;
(2) the enclosure walls shall have not more than two exit doors, excluding the final discharge door and exit staircase door, opening
into the exit passageway;
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(3) exit doors opening into an exit passageway shall have fire resistance rating as required for exit doors opening into exit staircases,
be fitted with automatic self-closing device and comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2 for fire resisting doors;
(4) the minimum width and capacity of exit passageway shall comply with the requirements as provided in Table 2.2A;
(5) changes in level along an exit passageway requiring less than two risers shall be via a ramp complying with the provisions under
Cl.2.3.8; and
(6) if the exit staircase which connects to the internal exit passageway is pressurised, the internal exit passageway shall also be
pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7.
c. External exit passageway
An external exit passageway can be used as a required exit in lieu of an internal exit passageway. It shall comply with the following
requirements:
(1) any ventilation openings on the external wall between the exit passageway and the rest of the floor space shall be of non-
combustible construction, fixed at a level of at least 1.8m, measured from the finished floor level of the passageway to the sill level of
the openings and such ventilation openings shall be located not less than 3m from any opening of an exit staircase;
(2) it is exempted from the limitations of a maximum of two exit doors opening into the exit passageway;
(3) it can be roofed over provided the depth of the roofed over portion does not exceed 3m to avoid smoke logging;
(4) it can be enclosed on the open side by only a parapet wall of not less than 1m and not more than 1.1m in height and the vertical
height of the unobstructed and uninterrupted ventilation opening measured from the parapet wall up to the top edge of the opening or
eaves of overhang shall be not less than 1.2m; and
(5) exit doors opening into an external exit passageway shall have fire resistance rating of at least ½-hr and shall be fitted with an
automatic self- closing device.
d. Ventilation
(1) All internal exit passageways shall be naturally ventilated by fixed ventilation openings in an external wall, such ventilation
openings being not less than 15% of the floor area of the exit passageway.
(2) Internal exit passageways that cannot be naturally ventilated shall be mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in
Chapter 7.
a. Internal exit staircase
(1) Staircase enclosure
An internal exit staircase which serves as the required exit of the building shall be enclosed with construction complying with the
provisions of Cl.3.8. The enclosure walls of an internal exit staircase, excluding the final discharge, shall not have more than two exit
doors opening into the exit staircase shaft at each storey.
(2) Approached via external exit passageway or external corridor
Where an internal exit staircase is directly approached from an external exit passageway or external corridor, such enclosure between
the staircase and the external exit passageway or external corridor is not required.
(3) Unprotected openings
There shall be no unprotected openings of occupancy area or combustible material/construction within 1.5m horizontally or within 3m
vertically below any opening including final discharge openings located in the external walls of the internal exit staircase.
(4) Exception
(a) Single storey basement car park
Exit staircases serving a single storey basement of PG II to VII buildings are not required to be protected with fire-rated
enclosures, provided the travel distances in the car park measured to the exit doors at ground level comply with Table 2.2A.
(b) Standalone car park
Doors to exit staircases of standalone car park buildings that are without any commercial activities or non-ancillary usage can be
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omitted, provided that all of the following conditions are complied with:
(i) The car park building shall not exceed five storeys above ground. It shall not consist of any basement storey, and shall not
be connected to any other building, except by open-sided covered link-way.
(ii) At least two exit staircases shall be provided to serve every upper storey. The two staircases shall be located as remotely
from one another as practicable. The exit openings to the staircases at each storey shall have a clear width of not more than
1m or less than 850mm and a clear height of not more than 2m. The staircases shall be ventilated by fixed openings in the
external walls, such openings being of area not less than 10% of the floor area per floor of the staircase. Exit staircase and
occupancy area shall not share the same air well or void for lighting and ventilation.
(iii) Every storey shall be provided with cross ventilation. The building shall be open-sided having not less than 50% of the
sides (front, rear and sides elevations) permanently open, with such openings being evenly distributed around the perimeter
walls, excluding perimeter walls to air well, so as to provide effective cross ventilation to all parts of the car parking decks.
(iv) No part of the floor space shall be more than 12m from the openings on the perimeter walls of the building or air wells. Air
wells where provided for this purpose shall have a superficial plan area of not less than 10m², and have a minimum dimension
on plan of 2m, open vertically to the sky for its full height.
(v) The travel distance within each car parking deck shall comply with Table 2.2A. For upper storeys, the travel distance
requirement shall be measured to a position where the exit door to the staircase would have been installed if otherwise
required.
(vi) The separation distance between the nearest edge of exit opening to exit staircase and the nearest edge of any vehicle
parking lot shall not be less than 3m.
b. External exit staircase
(1) An exit staircase can qualify as an external exit staircase provided it complies with Cl.1.4.50.
(2) An external exit staircase can be used as required exit in-lieu of internal exit staircase provided:
(a) it complies with the requirements for exit staircase, and
(b) there is no unprotected opening, or combustible material/construction within 3m horizontally or within 3m vertically below, or
adjacent or facing it.
Exception:
In a building designed with external corridor access, the access to the external exit staircase can be by means of the open-sided
external corridor adjoining the occupancy areas, subject to the following:
(i) the external corridor shall be served by at least two exit staircases; and
(ii) unobstructed ventilation openings shall be provided along the long side of the external corridor above the parapet or
balustrade; and
(c) its final discharge leads directly to an external space.
(3) Fire-rated doors to the external exit staircases shall be provided unless the conditions given in Cl.2.3.3a(4) are fully complied with.
c. Discharge
(1) All exit staircases shall discharge at ground level directly into:
(a) an external space, or
(b) an open-sided external corridor with no commercial activity and is not more than 5m from the building eave line, or
(c) an open-to-sky corridor having minimum width of 1.2m. and two-way escape paths leading to an external space. Any
unprotected openings along the corridor shall not be located lower than 1.8m from the floor level.
(d) an air well of size complying with Table 1.4.2 and with discharge point at the grade level having at least 2 separated egress
routes with direct access through circulation space to the building external.
(2) In a sprinkler-protected building, a maximum of 50% of the total number of exit staircase can be discharged directly to the ground
level covered circulation space provided all of the following are complied with:
(a) The discharge point of the exit staircase into the ground level circulation space shall be within sight of and with direct access
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to an external space.
(b) The maximum distance between the discharge point of an exit staircase and the external space shall not exceed 10m.
(c) Where there are commercial activities e.g. shops or kiosks/carts located along one side or both sides of the designated escape
passageway leading to an external space, a minimum separation distance of 10m shall be maintained between the commercial
activities and the designated escape passageway. The circulation space shall also be installed with engineered smoke control
system. Alternatively, the commercial activities shall be fire compartmented with walls and doors of minimum 1-hr fire resistance
rating.
(d) The clear width of the exit doors leading to an external space shall be adequate to receive the occupant load in the 1st storey
circulation space and the total number of people discharging from the internal exit staircases.
(3) In the case of a PG II residential building not fitted with an automatic sprinkler system, at least 50% of the total number of exit
staircases shall discharge to an external space and the remaining exit staircase can be discharged to the ground level covered
circulation space provided the following are complied with:
(a) the ground level covered circulation space shall be free of any commercial activity;
(b) the discharge point into the ground level circulation space shall be within sight of and provided with at least two alternative
routes to an external space;
(c) the maximum distance between the discharge point of an exit staircase and the external space shall not exceed 10m;
(d) there shall not be more than four residential units opening into the designated escape passageway at grade level into which
the exit staircase discharges; and
(e) the discharge point of an exit staircase shall be effectively cross- ventilated such that:
(i) each end has at least 50% permanent openings; and
(ii) no part of the circulation space shall be more than 10m from the openings on the perimeter walls of the building or air well.
(4) There shall be no unprotected openings of occupancy area or combustible material/construction within 3m from discharge point of
the exit staircase (both internal and external). This distance can be reduced to 1.5m if the unprotected openings are along the same
plane of the staircase exit.
(5) There shall be no obstruction or any object encroaching, including any door swinging, onto the egress path at the discharge point
of the exit staircase. The width of the egress path at the discharge point shall not be less than the width of the exit staircase.
d. Minimum width and capacity
The minimum width and capacity of exit staircases shall be as specified in Table 2.2A, and such staircases shall comply with all of the
following:
(1) Winders
Winders are not permitted in any building other than for access staircases in a residential unit and in such cases, there shall be not
more than one winder per 90° turn.
(2) Treads for circular staircase
Where a circular staircase is used as an exit staircases or access staircase in PG I & II buildings, the width of treads measured at the
narrower end shall be not less than 100mm in residential buildings and 125mm in other buildings and at a distance of half metre from
the narrower end shall be not less than 225mm in residential buildings and 250mm in other buildings. Such staircase shall not be more
than 10m in height.
(3) Landings
The minimum clear width and length of a landing, where there is a change in direction, shall not be less than the clear width of the exit
staircase.
(4) Risers and treads
The height of the riser for any exit staircase shall not be more than 175mm and depth of tread shall not be less than:
(a) 225mm within residential units and 275mm for common areas of residential buildings;
(b) 250mm for PG VI and VIII buildings; and
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(c) 275mm for all other buildings.
(5) Headroom
The clear headroom shall be at least 2m measured from the pitch line of the exit staircase or finished floor level of the landing to the
underside of any obstruction.
(6) Handrails
(a) Every exit staircase shall have handrails on both sides. For exit staircases with only 1.25m or less in width, a handrail can be
provided only at one side, i.e. the opposite side shall be either wall, parapet or grilles.
(b) Where the width of the exit staircase exceeds 2m, handrails shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Cl.2.2.8.
(7) Ventilation
All exit staircases shall be ventilated by fixed openings in the external walls, such openings being of area not less than 10% of the
floor area per floor of the staircase, or mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7. Ventilation openings
fronting an air well, external recessed space or external shall be in accordance with Table 1.4.2. Mechanical ventilation is not allowed
for PG II buildings, except for a staircase storey shelter.
(8) Pressurisation
In any building, except PG II for which the habitable height exceeds 24m, any internal exit staircases without provision for natural
ventilation shall be pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7. In a building comprising more than four basement
storeys, the exit staircase connecting to the fire lift lobby shall be pressurised.
(9) Different modes of ventilation within a single staircase shaft
For buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height, the internal exit staircase can be naturally ventilated at its upper part and
mechanically ventilated at its lower part provided this lower part does not exceed 24m in habitable height and there shall not be any
intermediate staircase landing door separating the two modes of ventilation. If the lower part exceeds 24m in habitable height, this
lower part shall be pressurised instead. For pressurisation of exit staircase, an intermediate staircase landing door is permitted.
2.3.4 Scissor exit staircase
Scissor exit staircase shall comply with the following:
a. where two separate internal exit staircases are contained within the same enclosure, each exit staircase shall be separated from the
other by non- combustible construction having fire resistance for a minimum period equal to that required for the enclosure;
b. such scissor exit staircases shall comply with all applicable provisions for exit staircase;
c. for exit door openings of scissor exit staircases, the separation distance between the two closer edges of staircase doors shall be at
least 7m;
d. where there is only one pair of scissor exit staircases, the door opening into scissor exit staircases shall be spaced at least 1/3 the
diagonal dimension of the area to be served in a sprinkler-protected building and ½ the diagonal dimension in a non-sprinkler-protected
building in accordance with Cl.2.3.12; and
e. the ventilation openings of each staircase shall be located on alternate storeys if such openings or windows are serving both staircases
on the same wall.
2.3.5 Basement exit staircase
a. Any exit staircase which serves a basement storey of a building, unless otherwise stated in Cl.2.3.3a.(4)(a), shall comply with all the
applicable provisions for exit staircase.
b. Such exit staircase shall not be made continuous with any other exit staircase which serves a non-basement storey of the building.
c. Separate protected shaft
Basement exit staircases which are vertically aligned with the exit staircases of non-basement storeys shall be separated from such other
exit staircases by construction having fire resistance for a minimum period equal to that required for the enclosure.
d. Upper storey staircase that continues into basement
Where upper storey staircase is allowed by the SCDF to be continuous with that serving a basement which is naturally ventilated, all of the
following shall be complied with:
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(1) Entry at basement
The entry into the basement staircase shall be through a protected lobby, or directly from the basement occupancy area provided the
door to the basement staircase is at least 1-hr fire-rated.
(2) Barrier
To prevent occupants exiting continuously from upper storeys into the basement storey during an emergency, a physical barrier in the
form of a door or gate (self-closing type) shall be provided across the staircase landing at ground level to separate the discharge route
of upper storeys from the basement staircase.
(3) Smoke-free lobby
A smoke-free lobby shall be provided for entry into the staircase at all storeys, including basement storeys if the staircase serves
more than four storeys, including basement storeys.
(4) Signage
Appropriate signage shall be provided inside the staircase enclosure to direct occupants out of the building at ground level.
2.3.6 Hardwood staircase
a. A hardwood staircase can be used as an internal access staircase in building.
b. Where timber staircases are used in units in PG I and II buildings, which are not under conservation, the structural elements such as
the stringer supporting the treads and risers shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.
2.3.7 Spiral staircase
a. Spiral staircases shall not serve as required exits, unless they comply with all of the following conditions. They shall:
1. be external and unenclosed;
2. serve only mezzanine floors, balconies, or any storey of occupant load not exceeding 25 persons;
3. be constructed of non-combustible materials;
4. have a tread length of at least 750mm; and
5. be not more than 10m high.
b. Spiral staircase shall not be designed as the sole means of escape for buildings under PG I and for PG II maisonettes and penthouses.
2.3.8 Exit ramp
Internal and external exit ramps can be used as exits in lieu of internal and external exit staircases subject to compliance with Cl.2.3.3 and all
of the following:
a. Slope
The slope of such exit ramps shall not be steeper than 1 in 10.
b. Changes in direction
Exit ramps shall be straight with changes in direction being made at level platforms or landings only, except that exit ramps having a slope
not greater than 1 in 12 at any place can be curved.
c. Platform
(1) Level platforms or landings shall be provided at the bottom, at intermediate levels where required and at the top of all exit ramps.
(2) Level platforms shall be provided at each door opening into or from an exit ramp.
(3) The minimum width and length of a platform or landing shall be not less than the width of the ramp, except that on a straight run
ramp, the length of the level platform or landing need not be more than 1m.
d. Guards and handrails
Exit ramps shall have walls, guards or handrails and shall comply with the applicable requirements of Cl.2.3.3d. for exit staircases.
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e. Surface
All exit ramps shall be provided with non-slip surface finishes.
f. Ventilation
Exit ramps shall be ventilated to comply with the requirements for ventilation of exit staircases.
g. Enclosure exemption
Exit ramps serving a single storey basement of PG II to VII buildings are not required to be protected with fire-rated enclosures, provided
the travel distances measured to the exit doors at ground level comply with Table 2.2A.
2.3.9 Exit doors and exit access doors
Exit doors and exit access doors shall comply with all of the following:
a. Door operation
Exit/ exit access doors shall be capable of being opened manually, without the use of a key, tool, or special knowledge or effort for
operation from the inside of the building. (Not applicable within residential units under PG I and II)
b. Fire resistance
Exit/ exit access doors which are required to have fire resistance rating shall comply with the relevant provisions for fire resisting doors
under Cl.3.9.2.
c. Door swing
Exit doors and exit access doors shall open in the direction of exit travel in the following situations:
(1) when leading to an area of refuge, exit and exit passageway, or
(2) when used in an exit enclosure, including smoke-free and fire lift lobbies in a building, but excluding doors of individual residential
units that open directly into an exit enclosure, or
(3) when serving a high hazard area, or
(4) when serving a room or space with more than 50 persons.
d. Exit/ exit access door openings
(1) Opening into exit staircase
Exit doors opening into exit staircases and exit passageways shall not impede the egress of occupants when such doors are swung
open.
(2) Opening into corridor
All doors which open into the corridor shall not hinder the movement of occupants. When such a door(s) is swung open, the corridor’s
clear width shall be at least half of the required clear width as stipulated under Table 2.2A.
(3) Opening force
The maximum exit doors and exit access doors opening force shall be 30N at 0° and 20N at 30° opening.
e. Vision panel
The fire door to an exit staircase and smoke-free/ fire lift lobby shall be constructed to incorporate a vision panel. The vision panel shall
have a clear view size of 100mm (width) by 600mm (height). The vision panel shall have the requisite fire resistance rating and shall not
turn opaque when subject to heat. The bottom edge of the vision panel shall be located at 900mm above the finished floor level. The
provision of vision panel shall not apply to fire doors of residential apartment or maisonette units.
f. Revolving doors
Revolving doors shall not be used as exit/ exit access doors for required exits.
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g. Exit/ exit access door of residential unit
Exit/ exit access door of each residential unit shall be located at not more than 500mm from the strata-title line to prevent the creation of a
large entrance alcove/ corridor. However, in situations where the entrance alcove/ corridor leads into an open- sided common corridor
which meets the requirements for smoke-free approach under Cl.9.2.1a.(4)(e) & (f), the separation distance between the entrance
alcove/corridor and the nearest exit staircase shall not be less than 3m.
h. Door located in a path of travel
(1) Any door located in a path of travel shall be of the side-hinged or pivoted swing type. The door shall be designed and installed so
that when swung open, it does not prevent full use of the opening. The minimum clear width of the door opening shall not be less than
the required door clear width.
Exception
(a) Requirement on door swing shall not apply to buildings under PG I and residential units under PG II.
(b) Locking device
With prior consent from the SCDF, locking of exit/ exit access doors are permissible at certain rooms or spaces of healthcare
occupancies and detention and correctional occupancies.
(c) Sliding doors & roller shutters
Sliding door and roller shutter as listed in Cl.2.3.9h.(2)(a) to (e) below are permitted to be installed across the exit access leading
to exits, including the exterior door openings, except in areas stipulated under Cl.2.3.9c.(1) and (3). These doors shall not form
part of the fire compartment integrity.
(2) Manually operable sliding doors/roller shutters
(a) Manually operable sliding doors or roller shutters shall be capable of being opened and closed manually from either side of the
door. The maximum opening force for sliding doors/roller shutters shall not be more than 30N.
(b) A manually operable sliding door or roller shutter that can remain in closed position during the period of occupation is
permitted for rooms or spaces with occupant load not exceeding 50 persons. When opened, it shall not reduce the effective
width/height of the doorway leading to the escape route. The sliding door or roller shutter is allowed for room or space that serves
more than 50 persons provided it shall remain in the full open position during the period of occupation. A readily discernible sign
with the lettering “THIS DOOR TO REMAIN OPEN WHEN THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED” shall be permanently pasted on both
sides of such a sliding door or roller shutter at a height of 1.4m from the finished floor level. The lettering shall be 25mm in height
and painted in white on a red background with reflective surface.
(c) Wicket door
A wicket door can be incorporated within a roller shutter or sliding door. The wicket door shall be of the swing type having a
minimum head height of 2m and a clear width of not less than the required door clear width. The wicket door shall comply with all
the requirements of an exit access door, and be clearly marked and readily visible so that the occupants can readily see where the
door is. It shall be fitted only with simple fastenings that can be manually operated for ease of escape.
(d) Sliding door with swing-out feature
A sliding door which can be swung open shall swing in the direction of escape travel when a certain horizontal force is applied to
the door. When the sliding door is converted to a swing door, it shall comply with all the requirements of an exit access door. The
maximum door opening force shall be 30N at 0° and 20N at 30° opening. A readily visible sign with the letterings “IN
EMERGENCY, PUSH TO OPEN” shall be affixed onto the door.
(e) Power operated sliding doors/roller shutters
Power operated automatic sliding doors/roller shutters, shall be linked to the building fire alarm system. The sliding door/ roller
shutter shall automatically open to the required width/ height (of door opening) upon the activation of the fire alarm. The automatic
sliding door/ roller shutter shall also comply with all of the following:
(i) Fail-safe type
The automatic sliding doors/roller shutters shall be of the fail safe type. Should there be any fault in the electrical or sensor
device, or any power failure (either mains or battery powered), these doors shall automatically open and remain in an open
position until power is restored.
(ii) Manual override
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A manual override mechanism (a device to trigger the immediate opening of sliding doors/roller shutters) shall be provided.
The doors shall open and remain open upon activation of this device. This device shall be housed in a break glass box located
beside the sliding doors or roller shutters and fixed at a height of 1.2m above the finished floor level. It shall be easily
accessible, conspicuous and be free from obstructions. A readily discernible sign with the lettering “EMERGENCY DOOR
RELEASE” shall be permanently displayed beside the switch. The letterings shall be of at least 15mm in height.
Exception: Powered sliding doors, roller shutters and swing doors that belong to the unit owners or tenants are not required to
be linked to the building fire alarm system, provided they are designed as fail-safe type, installed with manual override, and
do not form part of the building’s fire protection system, e.g. smoke control system.
i. Exit/ exit access door serving spaces of mass occupation
Any exit door or exit access door serving spaces of assembly/ mass occupation, namely, auditorium, concert hall, theatre, assembly hall,
exhibition hall, conference hall, cinema, stadium, function hall, casino, or any other spaces with an occupant load factor of not greater
than 1m 2 /person and occupant load greater than 50, which has to be kept shut and fastened while the building or part of the building is
occupied shall be fitted with ‘panic exit device’. The panic exit device shall operate to open the door when a pressure is applied on the bar
in the direction of travel and be appropriately marked ‘Push Bar To Open’ in letters not less than 50mm high.
j. Locking of doors to exit staircase, smoke-free lobby and fire lift lobby
One-way locking device e.g. panic bolt or thumb turn locking device is not permitted under the following situations:
(1) for the exit door between exit staircase and fire lift lobby;
(2) for the exit door between exit staircase and smoke-free lobby/ fire lift lobby/ occupancy area on re-entry floor; and
(3) for the exit access door between smoke-free lobby/ fire lift lobby and occupancy area on re-entry floor.
k.Access control using electromagnetic/electromechanical locking device
(1) Where access control using electromagnetic/ electromechanical locking device is installed on any exit access door and/or exit
door, excluding revolving doors and doors to residential units, such doors shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Table
2.3.9k.(1) - 1 & Table 2.3.9k.(1) - 2. The access control locking devices installed on exit access door and/ or exit door in the escape
path shall be connected directly to the building automatic fire alarm system to de-activate the locking devices. Linking of the locking
devices or its control panels through other systems such as access control, building management system, etc., that will cause delay to
the de-energising of locking devices is not permitted.
(2) Access control belonging to tenanted spaces
Where the escape route is permitted to go through another occupied space in accordance with Cl.2.2.12b., the exit access door within
the tenant unit for escape purpose shall release when the alarm on that floor activates.
(3) Where doors opening into a passenger lift lobby are provided with access control and are locked after normal operation hours, the
lobby shall be designed to have direct access to at least one exit staircase to prevent any occupant from being trapped in the lobby
when the lifts are recalled to the 1st storey, or other designated floor during fire emergency or building power failure.
l. Staircase re-entry
(1) Every exit staircase enclosure serving more than 7 storeys of a non- residential building, excluding buildings of detention and
correctional occupancies, shall allow re-entry from the staircase enclosure to the interior of the building. There shall be at least one
level where it is possible to re-enter into the interior of the building from the exit staircase enclosure.
(2) The re-entry points shall be located not more than 6 storeys apart. There shall not be more than three storeys above the highest
re-entry door in the building.
(3) Where re-entry is provided from the staircase enclosure, it shall open into a common corridor that is connected directly to at least
one other exit staircase.
(4) Exit doors permitting re-entry into the building, shall be identified with a signage “Re-entry door” of at least 50mm lettering height
on the staircase side of the exit door.
(5) Where locking is required for doors of smoke-free lobby, fire lift lobby or exit staircase on the re-entry floor, they shall be fitted
with an electromagnetic/ electromechanical locking device complying with Cl.2.3.9k.(1). For re-entry floor, manual override device
shall be provided on both sides of the door.
(6) All non-re-entry floors shall be identified with a sign to show the designated re-entry floors on the staircase side of the exit door.
m. Warning signage for exit doors with one-way lock
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Where one-way locking devices or electromagnetic/ electromechanical locking devices are installed at the doors of exit staircases, a
signage shall be provided to warn occupants that they would not be able to re-enter the floor should they exit from it. A readily visible sign
with the lettering “EXIT ONLY, NO RE-ENTRY TO BUILDING” shall be positioned at the entrance into the exit staircase. This signage shall
be applicable for all buildings except PG I & II.
n. Access control using digital locksets
Where a digital lockset is installed on an exit door or exit access door, these digital locksets shall come with mechanical fail-safe features
on the non-secure side (i.e., shall not rely on electrical energy) to ensure occupant escape.
2.3.10 External corridor
External corridor shall comply with the following requirements:
a. the vertical height of the unobstructed and uninterrupted ventilation opening measured from the parapet wall/ balustrade/ grille/ railing
up to the top edge of the opening or eaves of overhang shall not be less than 1.2m;
b. where the external corridor is roofed over, the depth of the covered area/ portion shall not exceed 3m;
c. where any room or space with sleeping risk is located along the corridor, a 1-hr fire resistance rating wall of height not less than 1.1m,
measured from the finished floor level of the external corridor to the sill level of the opening, shall be provided along the corridor leading
to the exits. Any ventilation openings above the fire-rated wall shall be of non-combustible construction;
d. the door opening into the external corridor need not be fire-rated;
e. the provision of parapet wall, or balustrade for an external corridor shall be at least 1m in height and at most 1.5m in height along the
outer side of the corridor; and
f. the length of unobstructed and uninterrupted openings above the parapet wall of the external wall shall not be less than 6m and shall
abut an external space.
2.3.11 Air well
a. The minimum size of an air well shall comply with Table 1.4.2 for ventilation of:
(1) exit staircases; and
(2) exit passageways (as an extension to an exit staircase).
b. An air well shall have a minimum clear area of 93m 2 and minimum width of 6m and without obstruction vertically throughout the airspace
for ventilation of:
(1) smoke-free lobby;
(2) external corridor;
(3) external exit passageway;
(4) cross-ventilated corridor/lobby;
(5) common internal corridor stipulated under Cl.9.2.1a.(10)(b); and
(6) internal corridor of hotel, hostel, service apartment, healthcare occupancy, workers’ dormitories and the like.
2.3.12 Remoteness of exits
a. Where more than one exit is required from a building or portion thereof, such exits shall be remotely located from each other and shall
be arranged and constructed to minimise the possibility that more than one can be rendered unusable by any one fire or other emergency
condition.
b. If two exits or exit access doors are required, they shall be placed at a distance from one another equal to or not less than half the
length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served, measured in a straight line between the furthest
edges of the exit doors or exit access doors (see Diagram 2.3.12b. - 1 to 5), subject to the following:
(1) if the distance between the 2 exits or exit access doors is less than half the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of
the building or area to be served, it shall be considered as a one-way escape arrangement;
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(2) the separation distance measured in a straight line between the furthest edges of the doors of the two exits (exit staircases, exit
passageways or exit ramps) shall not be less than 7m.; and
(3) for PG II buildings, the separation distance of the exits on the residential floor shall not be less than half the length of the
maximum overall diagonal dimension of the protected lobby/corridor or external corridor.
c. Reduction in exit separation
In buildings protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system which complies with the requirements of Chapter 6, the
minimum separation distance between two exits or exit access doors measured in accordance with Cl.2.3.12a.& b. shall be not less than
one third the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served. The separation distance measured in
a straight line between the furthest edges of the doors of the two exits (exit staircases, exit passageways or exit ramps) shall not be less
than 7m.
d. Exit separation measured along exit access corridor
Where two exit staircases, exit passageways or exit ramps are inter-connected by a corridor, exit separation can be measured along the
line of travel within the exit access corridor. The exit access corridor connecting the exit staircases, exit passageways or exit ramps shall
be protected by minimum 1-hr fire-rated enclosures. Doors opening into this corridor shall have minimum ½-hr fire resistance rating (see
Diagram 2.3.12d.). The separation distance measured along the line of travel within the exit access corridor between the furthest edges of
the doors of the two exits (exit staircases, exit passageways or exit ramps) shall not be less than 7m.
e. One-way travel
(1) A one-way travel or “common path” exists if a floor space is arranged or provided with partitioning works such that occupants
within that space are able to travel in only one direction to reach any of the exits or to reach the splitting point where they have the
choice of two or more routes of travel to remote exits.
(2) The travel distance from the most remote point to the splitting point shall not exceed the permissible one-way travel distance
allowed in Table 2.2A. At the splitting point, the angle of divergence between any two alternative routes shall not be less than 90º in
order that the routes originating from the splitting point can be considered as two-way travel.
(3) The aggregate travel distances of the one-way travel from the most remote point to the splitting point and the continuous two-way
travel from the splitting point to the nearest exit shall not exceed the permissible two-way travel distance allowed in Table 2.2A.
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CLAUSE 2.4 - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWDS)
2.4.1 General
a. The following buildings/ usages are exempted from these requirements:
(1) PG I and II buildings;
(2) hospitals and nursing care facilities;
(3) industrial buildings/ usages that are exempted from barrier-free accessibility compliance, as required by the authority having
jurisdiction on accessibility in the built environment; and
(4) non-residential buildings/ usages, such as car parks, clubhouses and gardens/ terraces located within residential developments
and which are intended for ancillary use, are not required to comply with these requirements; and
(5) PG III to VIII buildings that are not served by any lift.
b. The escape routes shall be free from any obstacle that may cause undue delay to PWDs during evacuation, e.g. raised thresholds or
steps. Where there are minor changes in level within any storey, a ramp conforming to the requirements stipulated in the “Code on
Accessibility in the Built Environment” shall be provided.
2.4.2 PWD Holding Point
a. Purpose
A PWD Holding Point shall be provided on all storeys, including all basement levels, except first storey or storey at grade level, for PWDs
to safely wait for assistance in evacuation.
b. Siting of PWD Holding Point
(1) There shall be at least two designated PWD Holding Points remotely positioned on every storey of a building except for a building
designed with a single exit staircase allowed under this Code. The corridor serving as escape route shall have a minimum clear width
of 1.2m.
(2) The PWD Holding Point shall be kept free of obstruction and sited within the following locations/ areas in the order of priority (see
Diagrams 2.4.2b.(2) – 1 to 4):
(a) Evacuation lift lobby.
(b) Fire lift lobby.
(c) Smoke-free lobby or external corridor.
(d) Exit staircase.
(3) The PWD Holding Point located in the above areas shall be positioned away from the edge of the exit staircase and path of person
escaping from the occupied space. It shall not reduce/ encroach onto the required dimensions/ spaces of the above areas.
c. Signage
Where a PWD Holding Point is located, a mandatory sign worded “PWD Holding Point” shall be prominently displayed.
2.4.3 Communication provisions
A suitable means of communication, as required under Cl.6.6.5c.(4), shall be provided between the PWD holding point and FCC or any 24-
hourly manned station, for PWDs to call for assistance during a fire emergency. It can be in the form of a distress button or dedicated voice
communication. The dedicated voice communication handset shall always be accessible and not to be locked. The means of communication
shall:
a. be located between 800mm and 1.2m above finished floor level;
b. be appropriately labelled;
c. be provided with prominently displayed clear instruction sign on its operation; and
d. generate a clear visual indication to indicate that the distress signal has been relayed.
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2.4.4 Dimension requirements of PWD Holding Point
A PWD Holding Point shall be adequately sized so as to accommodate a wheelchair user and to allow the user to manoeuvre easily. In this
respect, the PWD Holding Point shall meet the following requirements:
a. the space provided for a wheelchair in a PWD Holding Point shall be at least 900mm X 1.4m to allow for manoeuvring of the wheelchair;
b. where a PWD Holding Point is sited inside an exit staircase, smoke-free lobby or fire lift lobby, the wheelchair space shall not result in
reduced size of these spaces and its access shall not obstruct the flow of evacuation; and
c. the PWD Holding Point shall be marked on the ground with a wheelchair symbol in white against contrasting background, with a dotted
white rectangular outline.
2.4.5 Protection of PWD Holding Point
A PWD Holding Point shall be enclosed with fire-resisting construction (other than any part that is an external wall of a building) and shall be
served directly by a safe route to a storey exit, evacuation lift or final exit.
a. Handrails
The handrails within an exit staircase shall be continuous.
b. Wheelchair stairlifts
A wheelchair stairlift, where installed, shall be sited inside an exit staircase. Such a stairlift, when in operating position, shall not encroach
into the escape path of building occupants.
2.4.7 Ramp
Internal and external exit ramps can be used as exits in lieu of internal and external exit staircases or evacuation lifts subject to compliance
with Cl.2.3.3 and Cl.2.3.8, and “Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment” and any subsequent amendment/ addendum.
Related Diagrams & Tables
Diagram 2.2.9b. - Measurement of width of exit doors
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Diagram 2.3.12b. - 1
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One-way escape arrangement
The distance between the exit of staircases S1 & S2 is less than half the length of the max. overall diagonal dimension of the building or floor
space.
Right : Diagram 2.3.12b. - 4
Two-way escape arrangement
Exit separation between the exit staircases S1 & S2 can be based on the travel distance in the exit access corridor enclosed with 1-hr fire-
rated walls and ½-hr fire-rated doors.
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Diagram 2.3.12b. - 5 : Remoteness of exit staircase
Diagram 2.3.12d. : Remoteness of exit staircase - Arrangement of exit staircase
Remoteness of exits is measured along 1-hr fire-rated corridor with ½-hr fire doors. In place of measuring physical distance between exit stair
enclosure, distance for purposes of determining remoteness is permitted to be measured along a protected corridor.
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Diagram 2.4.2b.(2) - 1 : PWD Holding Point located within fire lift lobby
Diagram 2.4.2b.(2) - 2 : PWD Holding Point located within external corridor
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Diagram 2.4.2b.(2) - 3 : PWD Holding Point located within smoke-free lobby
Diagram 2.4.2b.(2) - 4 : PWD Holding Point located within exit staircase
TABLE 2.2A : DETERMINATION OF EXIT REQUIREMENT

Max Travel Distance(m)
Capacity No of persons per unit of width(x) Min Width (m) Max Dead End (m)
One-way travel Two-way travel
Door opening (c), (d)
& (e) Corridors
Type of Ramps
Occupancy Exit to Corridors Staircases/
Non- Non- Other Staircases
Sprinklered Sprinklered outdoors (f) Exits Exit Corridors
sprinklered sprinklered exit & Non-
at Passageways Passageway Sprinklered
corridor (d) sprinklered
ground
doors
level
High hazard 10 20 20 35 50 40 30 50 1 1.2 15 20
Industrial
buildings
(factories,
15 25 30 60 100 80 60 100 1 1.2 15 20
workshops,
godown/
warehouse)
Shops, healthcare
facility 15 25 45 60 100 80 60 100 1 1.2 15 20
(outpatient)
Offices 15 30 45 75 100 80 60 100 1 1.2 15 20
Places of public
15 25 45 60 100 80 60 100 1(h) 1.2(h) 15 20
resort & carparks
Schools &
educational 15 25 45 60 100 80 60 100 1 1.5(a) 15 20
buildings
Healthcare facility
15 25 30 45 30 30 15 30 1 2(b) 15 20
(inpatient)
Hotels, Boarding
Houses, Serviced
Apartments,
15 20 30 60 60 50 45 50 1 1.2 15 20
Hostels,
Backpackers
Hotel, Dormitories
Blocks of 15(g) 30(g) 30

flates/maisonettes 75 50 40 30 50 1(i) 1.2 15 20
(k) 20(j) 40(j) 45(j)
Detached, semi- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0.9 0.9 NR NR
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detached &
terrace house,
including
townhouses
Note:
(e) = Where a door opening is divided by mullions into two or more openings, each such
NR = No requirements. opening shall be measured separately in computing the number of units of exit width
(x) = Unit of width 500mm (f) = See Cl.2.2.15 regarding reduction of exit provision
(a) = Applies to corridors serving classrooms. Other corridors shall have a minimum width (g) = For travel distance in single staircase flats (see Cl.9.2.1a.(8))
of 1.2m
(h) = Refer to Cl.9.7.3a.
(b) = Applies to corridors serving patients. Other corridors shall have a minimum width of
(i) = Staircase within maisonette serving as an internal access to be at least 900mm width
1.2m
(j) = Applies to external corridor (see Cl.2.3.10)
(c) = See Cl.2.3.9
(k) = Measurement of travel distance is from the residential unit door to exit (see Cl.9.2.1a.(5))
(d) = See Cl.2.3.8
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Amendment History - Chapter 2 - Means of Escape
Amendment
Clause No. Effective Date Clause Status Clause Before Amendment Circular Date
Date
Revised, extracted from

2.2.11 16 Jun 2016 15 Dec 2015
SCDF's circular
2.2.11 Number of exit staircases or exits per storey
There shall be at least two independent exit

staircases or other exits from every storey of a
building, unless otherwise permitted under other
subsequent provisions of the Code. For non-
habitable roof, at least one exit staircase shall be
provided. Where the area of non-habitable roof is
large and one-way travel distance to the exit
cannot be met, an additional cat/ship ladder
2.2.11 (dated adequately separated in accordance with Cl.2.3.12
25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification 25 Aug 2023
25 Aug 2023) and leading to the circulation area of the floor
below shall be provided. All access hatches, if
provided, shall be readily accessible from the roof.
Access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear
width of 1m in diameter. The travel distances can
be based on that for a sprinkler protected building
for roof areas which are open-to-sky.
For protruding structures above the non-habitable

roof, namely exit staircase shaft and lift motor room
is exempted from this clause.
Number of exit staircases or exits per storey
There shall be at least two independent exit

staircases or other exits from every storey of a
building, unless otherwise permitted under other
subsequent provisions of the Code. For non-
habitable roof, at least one exit staircase shall be
provided. Where the area of non-habitable roof is
large and one-way travel distance to the exit
2.2.11( dated cannot be met, an additional cat/ship ladder
15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification 15 Sep 2020
15 Sep 2020) adequately separated in accordance with Cl.2.3.12
and leading to the circulation area of the floor
below shall be provided. All access hatches, if
provided, shall be readily accessible from the roof.
Access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear
width of 1m in diameter. The travel distances can
be based on that for a sprinkler-protected building
for roof areas which are open-to-sky.
2.2.12b. Every occupant or tenant within a building

or storey of a building shall have direct access to
2.2.12b. 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised the required exit or exits without the need to pass 15 Sep 2020
through the spaces or rooms occupied by other
occupants or tenants
2.2.12b. Every occupant or tenant within a building

or storey of a building shall have direct access to
2.2.12b. 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised the required exit or exits without the need to pass 15 Sep 2020
through the spaces or rooms occupied by other
occupants or tenants
2.2.13b(7)(a) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification Permanent fixed ventilation openings which are 10 May 2019
Page 71
Amendment
Date
located in the external wall of the lobby and have a

total area of not less than 15% of the floor area of
the lobby.
Each opening shall not be less than 1m2 and shall

abut an external space or air well, having a
minimum clear area of 93m2 and minimum width of
6m and without obstruction vertically throughout
the airspace for ventilation. No part of the lobby
floor area shall be more than 9m away from the air
well or external space.
2.2.14 Smoke-free approach to exit staircase in

basement
a. In a building comprising more than four

basement storeys, the entry to exit staircases
serving the basement storeys at every basement
storey level shall be through smoke-free lobbies,
one of which shall be designated as a fire lift lobby.
The exit staircase connecting to the fire lift lobby
shall be pressurised to comply with the
requirements in Chapter 7.
2.2.14 25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification b. In a building comprising two, three, or four 25 Aug 2023
basement storeys, entry at every basement storey
level to at least one of the exit staircases serving
the basement storeys shall be through a smoke-
free lobby. Where only one smoke-free lobby is
provided, it shall be required to serve as a fire lift
lobby.
c. Smoke-free lobbies in basement occupancies

shall be required to comply with the relevant
provisions under Cl.2.2.13b. and shall be
mechanically ventilated to comply with the

basement

lobby.


2.2.14 25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification basement 25 Aug 2023
Page 72
Amendment
Date

b. In a building comprising two, three, or four

lobby.


basement

lobby.


basement

2.2.14 25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification shall be pressurised to comply with the 25 Aug 2023
b. In a building comprising two, three, or four

lobby.
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Amendment
Date

2.2.4 Non-simultaneous occupancy
The floor areas of toilets, locker rooms, storage

rooms, lobbies, corridors and similar rooms and
2.2.4 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification spaces that serve other rooms and spaces on the 25 Aug 2023
same storey but are not occupied at the same time
as such other rooms or spaces, can be omitted
from the occupant load calculations of that storey
of the building on which they are located.
No exit, exit staircase or other exit facilities shall be

narrower than the minimum width requirement as
2.2.7a. 1 Mar 2022 1 Mar 2022 Clarification specified under Table 2.2A. The minimum clear 1 Mar 2022
width of an exit door opening shall be not less than
850mm.
General
a. Means of escape shall be provided for all

buildings by one or more of the facilities listed
herein. Access and exit facilities not specifically
covered in this Code shall not be used without the
approval of the SCDF. Required exits shall be kept
2.3.1 1 Mar 2021 1 Sep 2021 Revised/Clarification 1 Mar 2021
readily accessible, and doors shall be openable
and unobstructed at all times during the occupancy
of the building.
…………………..
2.3.10 01 Mar 2019 New --
where the external corridor is roofed over, the

2.3.10b 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification depth of the roofed over portion shall not exceed 10 May 2019
3m;
the length of external corridor with unobstructed

and uninterrupted openings above the parapet wall
2.3.10f 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification 10 May 2019
shall not be less than 6m and shall abut an
external space.
2.3.11 01 Mar 2019 New --
General
a. Means of escape shall be provided for all

buildings by one or more of the facilities listed
herein. Access and exit facilities not specifically
covered in this Code shall not be used without the
2.3.1a. 1 Mar 2021 1 Sep 2021 Revised/Clarification 1 Mar 2021
approval of the SCDF. Required exits shall be kept
readily accessible, and doors shall be openable
and unobstructed at all times during the occupancy
of the building.
Page 74
Amendment
Date
…………………..
Fire escape plan
A fire escape plan shall be provided for all

buildings except PG I and displayed in common
lobbies or lift lobbies such that they are easily
viewable by the building occupants and the general
public passing through these common areas. The
fire escape plan shall have legible lettering and the
fire escape routes made clear to the viewer. It shall
clearly show the layout of the floor in the correct
orientation and highlight the escape routes (in
relation to viewer’s location), escape corridors and
exit staircases using appropriate colours,
directional signs and words. Other information
required on the plan are for firefighting and
2.3.1c. (2 Mar
2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification evacuation purposes and shall include the 2 Mar 2020
2020)
locations of the following:
(1) Fire lifts;
(2) Evacuation lifts;
(3) PWD holding points;
(4) Hose reels;
(5) Fire extinguishers;
(6) Manual alarm call points; and
(7) Rising mains.
Revised, formerly
2.3.3a.(4)(a) 01 Mar 2019 --
2.3.3(a)(iv)(1)
2.3.3a.(4)(a) Single storey basement car park
Exit staircases, including exit ramps in compliance

2.3.3a.(4)(a) with Cl.2.3.8a. & Cl.2.3.8b., serving the single
(dated 25 Aug 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification storey basement of PG II to VII buildings are not 25 Aug 2023
2023) required to be protected with fire-rated enclosures,
provided the travel distances in the car park
measured to the exit doors at ground level comply
with Table 2.2A.
External exit staircase
(1) An exit staircase can qualify as an external

exit staircase if no part of it is recessed more than
3m from the building façade and has:
2.3.3b. 1 Mar 2022 1 Mar 2022 Clarification 1 Mar 2022
(a) minimum two adjacent sides abutting an
external space; or
(b) one of its longest sides abutting the external

space.
2.3.3b.(1) 01 Mar 2019 New --
Discharge
2.3.3c.(1) 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised 15 Sep 2020
All exit staircases shall discharge at ground level
Page 75
Amendment
Date
directly into:
(a) an external space, or
(b) an open-sided external corridor with no

commercial activity and is not more than 5m from
the building eave line, or
(c) an open-to-sky corridor having minimum width

of 1.2m and two-way escape paths leading to an
external space. Any unprotected openings along
the corridor shall not be located lower than 1.8m
from the floor level.
2.3.3c.(1)(c) 01 Mar 2019 New --
2.3.3d.(3) to (5) 01 Mar 2019 New --
Revised, formerly
2.3.3d.(6)(a) 01 Mar 2019 --
Cl.2.3.3(e)(i)
All exit staircases shall be ventilated by fixed

openings in the external walls, such openings
being of area not less than 10% of the floor area
per floor of the staircase, or mechanically
ventilated to comply with the requirements in
Chapter 7. Ventilation openings fronting an air well,
2.3.3d.(7) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification 10 May 2019
external recessed space or external shall be in
accordance with Table 1.4.2. An exit staircase and
occupancy area shall not share the same air well
or void for lighting and ventilation. Mechanical
ventilation is not allowed for PG II, except for a
staircase storey shelter.
In any building for which the habitable height

exceeds 24m, any internal exit staircases without
provision for natural ventilation shall be pressurised
2.3.3d.(8) 10 May 2019 Immediate Clarification to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7. In a 10 May 2019
building comprising more than four basement
storeys, the exit staircase connecting to the fire lift
lobby shall be pressurised.
Revised, formerly
2.3.3d.(9) 01 Mar 2019 --
Cl.2.3.3(h)
Revised, formerly
2.3.9.k.(1) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.3.9(k)
2.3.9k. Access control using electromagnetic/

electromechanical locking device
(1) Where access control using electromagnetic/
electromechanical locking device is installed on
2.3.9.k.(1)
any exit access door and/ or exit door, excluding
(dated 25 Aug 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
revolving doors and doors to residential units, such
2023)
doors shall comply with the requirements stipulated
in Table 2.3.9k.(1) - 1 & Table 2.3.9k.(1) - 2.
(2) …………
2.3.9 Exit doors and exit access doors

2.3.9a. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
Exit doors and exit access doors shall comply with
Page 76
Amendment
Date
all the following:
a. Door operation
Exit doors shall be capable of being opened

manually, without the use of a key, tool, or special
knowledge or effort for operation from the inside of
the building. (Not applicable to buildings under PG
I & II)
b. Fire resistance
Exit doors which are required to have fire

resistance rating shall comply with the relevant
provisions for fire resisting doors under Cl.3.9.2.
c. ……….
d. Exit door opening
(1) ……
(2) ……
e. ……..
f. Revolving doors
Revolving doors shall not be used as exit doors for

required exits.
2.3.9d.(3) 01 Mar 2019 New --
A manual override mechanism (a device to trigger

the immediate opening of sliding doors/roller
shutters) shall be provided. The doors shall open
and remain open upon activation of this device.
This device shall be housed in a break glass box
located beside the sliding doors or roller shutters
2.3.9h.(2)(e)(ii) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Change in requirements and fixed at a height of 1.4m above the finished 10 May 2019
floor level. It shall be easily accessible,
conspicuous and be free from obstructions. A
readily discernible sign with the lettering
“EMERGENCY DOOR RELEASE” shall be
permanently displayed beside the switch. The
letterings shall be of at least 15mm in height.
Revised, formerly
2.3.9j 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.3.9(j)
2.3.9k.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Access control belonging to tenanted spaces
Where access control belonging to tenanted

spaces are installed with smart card locking device,
magnetic bar, electromechanical locking device
and the like to prevent unauthorised access, such
2.3.9k.(2) locking mechanism shall be arranged to unlock
(dated 15 Sep 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification from a manual override device in accordance with 15 Sep 2020
2020) Cl.2.3.9k.(1)(b). The manual override device
serves as a means for occupant to get out of the
occupied space during a fire emergency. Any form
of staff access control facilitating daily operation
shall not be considered as a substitute for manual
override device. Cl.2.3.9k.(1)(a) is not applicable to
tenanted spaces.
Page 77
Amendment
Date
2.3.9l.(5) 01 Mar 2019 New --
Where locking is required for doors of smoke-free

lobby, fire lift lobby or exit staircase on the re-entry
floor, they shall be fitted with an
electro¬mechanical locking device complying with
Cl.2.3.9k.(1).
Note: Where the doors of exit staircases, smoke-

2.3.9l.(5) (
free lobbies or fire lift lobbies are provided with
dated 15 Sep 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification 15 Sep 2020
one-way locking device or electromechanical lock,
2020)
a signage, though not mandatory, should be
provided to warn occupants that they would not be
able to re-enter the floor should they exit from it.
The signage should be positioned at the entrance
into exit staircase, smoke-free lobby or fire lift
lobby.
2.3.9n. 1 March 2024 1 March 2024 New Nil. 25 Aug 2023
1 Nov 2011, Relocated from 21 Jan 2011,

25 Jun 2013 Appendix 20 of Fire 25 Jun 2013
2.4.1
and 2 Jul Code 2013, extracted and 2 Jul
2015 from SCDF's circulars 2015
General
a. The following buildings/usages are exempted

from these requirements:
(1) …….
(2) …….
2.4.1 (dated 1
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021
Sep 2021) (3) ……
(4) non-residential buildings/usages, such as car

parks and clubhouses located within residential
developments and which are intended for ancillary
use, are not required to comply with these
requirements; and
(5) aboveground storeys of PG III to VIII buildings,
which are not served by any lift.
General
a. The following buildings/usages are exempted

from these requirements:
(1) PG I and II buildings;
(2) healthcare occupancies, except custodian-care

2.4.1 (dated 2 facility and ambulatory healthcare centre;
2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification 2 Mar 2020
Mar 2020)
(3) industrial buildings/usages that are exempted
from barrier-free accessibility compliance, as
required by the authority having jurisdiction on
accessibility in the built environment; and
(4) non-residential buildings/usages, such as car

parks and clubhouses located within residential
developments and which are intended for ancillary
Page 78
Amendment
Date
use, are not required to comply with these

requirements.
Relocated from
2.4.3 Immediate Appendix 20 (CI.3.2.6) --
of Fire Code 2013
Communication provisions
A suitable means of communication shall be

provided between the PWD holding point and FCC
or any 24-hourly manned station, for PWDs to call
for assistance during a fire emergency. It can be in
the form of a distress button or voice
communication. The means of communication
shall:
2.4.3 (dated 2 a. be located between 800mm and 1.2m above

Mar 2020) ground level;
b. be appropriately labelled;
c. be provided with prominently displayed clear

instruction sign on its operation; and
d. when the device for communication is

activated, it shall generate a clear visual indication
to indicate that the distress signal has been
relayed.
Page 79
The purpose of this chapter of the Code is to stipulate requirements to minimise the risk of spread of fire between adjoining buildings by
separation, prevent the untimely collapse of buildings in the event of fire by the provision of a stable and durable form of construction and
prevent the spread of fire between specified parts of the buildings by the division of such buildings into compartments.
Page 80
CLAUSE 3.2 - PROVISION OF COMPARTMENT WALLS AND COMPARTMENT FLOORS
3.2.1 Compartment size - floor area & cubical extent
Any building other than a building of PG I which has any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that
height in column (2) of Table 3.2A, or a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as relevant in column (3) of Table 3.2A, shall be divided
into compartments by means of compartment walls and compartment floors so that:
a. no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to the building in column (2) of the
table; and
b. no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as relevant in column (3) of the table.
3.2.2 Cubical extent for compartment exceeding 4m in height
a. In computing the cubical extent of compartments in single storey buildings such as factories, sport halls, markets, food courts, multi-
purposes halls, cinemas, concert halls, churches, temples and similar buildings, the height of 4m shall be used where the actual height
exceeds that figure.
b. If any compartment comprises more than one storey or contains mezzanine, galleries or lofts, the full height of the compartment shall be
used in computing the cubical extent for each storey, mezzanine, galleries or lofts.
c. Where two buildings are connected by external open-sided covered walkway or open-sided covered link-bridge, the buildings are
considered as separate buildings, if they comply with the following conditions:
(1) There is no commercial activities or other usage that would pose a fire risk within the covered walkway or link-bridge.
(2) The width of the covered walkway or covered link-bridge shall not exceed 5m measured from eave to eave.
3.2.3 Exemption of compartmentation
Cl.3.2.1 is not applicable if the building:
a. is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system which complies with the requirements in Chapter 6; and
b. complies with Cl.3.2.4, Cl.3.2.6, Cl.7.4 and Cl.9.8.3.
3.2.4. Compartmentation by height
a. In any compartment except those mentioned under Cl.9.1, up to a habitable height of 24m, no compartment shall comprise more than
three storeys. This requirement can be relaxed for atrium spaces provided the design of such spaces complies with the conditions
stipulated under Cl.3.2.6.
b. In any building which exceeds 24m in habitable height, no compartment shall comprise more than one storey for compartments at storey
level exceeding 24m above average ground level, other than a compartment which is within a residential maisonette which may comprise
two storey levels.
3.2.5 Areas requiring compartmentation
The following situations shall require compartmentation by provision of compartment walls and/ or compartment floors:
a. PG II buildings
Any wall and floor separating a residential apartment or maisonette from any other part of the same building, unless permitted (as in the
case of an external wall adjoining an external corridor, for provision of window openings).
b. Areas of different purpose groups
Any wall and floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a
purpose falling within a different purpose group, as identified under Table 1.4A, except the following:
(1) ancillary offices located within a building or compartment of PG III, V, VI, VII and VIII, or
(2) rooms or spaces for ancillary usage located within a building or compartment of PG III to VIII as stipulated under Cl.1.4.5, or
(3) rooms or spaces located within a sprinkler-protected building, unless otherwise stated in following Cl.3.2.5 or other clauses in the
Page 81
Code.
c. Floor over a basement
Any floor immediately over a basement for PG II to VIII buildings shall be a compartment floor except for:
(1) a basement with floor area not exceeding 100m², or
(2) PG IV, V and VII buildings with basement floor area exceeding 100m 2 , provided the following conditions are complied with:
(a) the building is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in compliance with the requirements in Chapter 6; and
(b) the first basement shall be compartmented from other basement storeys.
Note: For PG I buildings, refer to Cl.9.1.1b.(2) for compartmentation of floor over basement requirements.
d. Basement floors
In any compartment below pavement level, no compartment shall comprise more than one storey, except in the case of PG IV, V and VII
buildings as permitted under Cl.3.2.5c.(2) and in the case of basement used solely for car parking. No part of a basement storey shall be
used for the bulk storage of highly inflammable liquids or substances of an explosive nature.
e. Fire Command Centre (FCC)
The FCC shall be separated from other parts of the same building by compartment walls and floors having at least 2-hr fire resistance
rating.
f. Kitchen
In room/ space where open-flame cooking activities are carried out, except for residential units in PG I and II buildings, the following
requirements shall be complied with:
(1) The kitchen shall be separated from other parts of the same building by compartment wall and floor having at least 1-hr fire
resistance rating. Separation requirement for kitchen can be exempted under the following conditions:
(a) when all the cooking facilities in the kitchen are fitted with approved extinguishing systems, or
(b) when there are at least 25% of the perimeter walls (excluding air well and void) of an eating establishment open directly to the
external of the building, and provided any part of the floor space is within 9m from the nearest opening, or
(c) when there are at least 50% of the perimeter walls (excluding air well and void) of an eating establishment open directly to the
external of the building, and provided any part of the floor space is within 12m from the nearest opening, or
(d) when an eating establishment is separated from other parts of the same building by walls and floors having 1-hr fire resistance
rating and doors having at least ½-hr fire resistance rating; and provided:
(i) for a sprinkler-protected building, there is no restriction to the floor area of the compartment, or
(ii) for a non-sprinkler-protected building, the floor area of the compartment shall not exceed 150m 2 .
(2) Openings in the compartment wall and floor shall comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.9 for protection of openings.
(3) Doors shall have at least ½-hr fire resistance rating and be fitted with an automatic self-closing device.
(4) Where the flue or duct passes through the compartment wall or floor, the flue or duct shall be encased by non-combustible
construction to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.5, and the installation of dampers in such flue or duct is prohibited.
(5) LPG cylinders provided for open-flame cooking activities shall not be located at the basement and the installation of LPG cylinders
at other areas shall comply with the provisions in the Fire Safety (Petroleum) Regulations.
Notwithstanding all the above, the compartment where open-flame cooking activities is carried out shall not comprise more than one
storey.
g. Motor vehicle workshop
A motor vehicle workshop shall be separated from any other part of the same building by compartment walls and floors having at least 2-hr
fire resistance rating, and if located in a basement storey of a building, shall be separated from any other part of the same building by
Page 82
compartment walls and floors having at least 4-hr fire resistance rating.
h. Spray painting room
Areas in which spray painting or other related processes are performed or carried out, shall be separated from other parts of the same
building by compartment walls and floors having at least 2-hr fire resistance rating. Where spray painting booths that have built-in vapour
extraction system complying with NFPA 33, the fire resistance requirement is not applicable.
Where a spray painting room or booth is protected by an automatic sprinkler system but not complying with NFPA 33, the fire resistance
rating for the fire compartment to the room or booth can be reduced from 2-hr to 1-hr.
i. Store room
For non-sprinkler-protected buildings, if the area of the store room exceeds 10m², it shall be compartmented from the other parts of the
same building by compartment walls and floors having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. No fire compartmentation is required for a store
room which is housed within a sprinkler-protected building. However, store room exceeding 700m 2 and 100m 2 for above-ground and
below-ground respectively are subject to the compartment size requirements stipulated under Cl.9.8.3.
j. Areas of special hazard
(1) Areas of special high risk in a building
Boiler rooms, transformer rooms, generator rooms, storage areas of materials that are highly combustible or flammable, and any other
areas of special high risk shall be separated from other parts of the building by compartment walls and floors having at least 2-hr fire
resistance rating. If the building is protected by an automatic sprinkler system, the fire resistance rating of the compartment walls and
floors can be reduced to one hour.
(2) Room housing transformer that uses flammable liquid shall be located at ground level against an external wall.
(3) Diesel fuel tank for generator need not be located against an external wall.
3.2.6 Provision for atrium spaces
The requirements of Cl.3.2.1, Cl.3.2.4a. and Cl.3.2.4b. of this Code are not applicable for atrium spaces provided the following conditions are
complied with:
a. The minimum plan area of the atrium void shall be not less than 93m² and no horizontal dimension between opposite edges of the floor
opening is less than 6m wide.
b. The atrium space is not of high hazard occupancy as stated in Cl.1.4.68.
c. The atrium is open and unobstructed in a manner such that it can be assumed that a fire in any part of the space will be readily obvious
to the occupants before it becomes a hazard.
d. The building is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system to comply with the requirements in Chapter 6.
e. The building is fitted with an engineered smoke control system in accordance with Cl.7.4.5 .
f. Provision of openings and enclosures, and the planning of means of escape shall be subject to the approval of the SCDF.
3.2.7 Buildings of high hazard occupancy
a. The compartment of buildings of high hazard occupancy shall not exceed one half of the sizes given in Table 3.2A and each
compartment shall comprise one storey only.
b. No storey of a building, the habitable height of which is more than 24m, shall be used for the bulk storage of goods or substances of
highly combustible nature unless the building is provided with a sprinkler system to comply with Chapter 6.
c. The type of storage materials or substances shall not include the following:
(1) materials with an auto-ignition temperature lower than 200°C; and
(2) combustible/ highly flammable materials which include those highlighted in sub-clauses a., b., c. and d. of Cl.1.4.68.
d. For buildings not listed in Table 1.4A, including but not limited to buildings used for the manufacture and/ or storage of highly
combustible substances and/ or flammable liquids, etc., the requirements shall be consulted with the SCDF.
3.2.8 Exemption on size limitation of compartment
Page 83
The requirements of Cl.3.2.1 for car parking decks can be exempted if both the following are complied with:
a. The car parking decks shall be open-sided with not less than 50% of the sides permanently open and unobstructed. Such openings shall
be evenly distributed along each of the perimeter walls and on every individual floor/deck, excluding perimeter walls to air well, so as to
provide cross ventilation to all parts of the car parking decks.
b. No part of the floor space shall be more than 12m from the openings on the perimeter walls of the building or air well. Air well where
provided for this purpose shall have a superficial plan area of not less than 10m², or 0.1m² for every 300mm of height, whichever is
greater, and have a minimum dimension on plan of 2m, open vertically to the sky for its full height.
3.2.9 Separation of area undergoing addition & alteration works
For additions and alterations to existing buildings, the areas undergoing such works shall be separated from other occupied areas of the
building in accordance with Cl.3.15.16.
Page 84
CLAUSE 3.3 FIRE RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE
3.3.1 Interpretation and application
The interpretation and application of Cl.3.3 shall be as follows:
a. Subject to the provisions of Cl.3.3.1b . and any other expressed provision to the contrary, any reference to a building of which an
element of structure forms a part means the building or (if the building is divided into compartments) any compartment of the building, for
which the element forms a part.
b. Any reference to height means the height of a building, but if any part of the building is completely separated throughout its height both
above and below ground from all other parts by a compartment wall or compartment walls in the same continuous vertical plane, any
reference to height in relation to that part means the height solely of that part.
c. If any element of structure forms part of more than one building or compartment and the requirements of fire resistance specified in
Table 3.3A, in respect of one building or compartment, and differs from those specified in respect of any other building or compartment of
which the element forms a part, such element shall be so constructed as to comply with the greater or greatest of the requirements
specified.
d. If any element of structure is required to be of non-combustible construction, the measure of fire resistance rating shall be determined
by the part which is constructed wholly of non-combustible materials. (With the exception of fire protecting suspended ceilings, surface
materials for walls and ceilings and floor finishes can be combustible, if they are not relied on to contribute to the fire resistance of the
wall or floor).
3.3.2 Minimum periods of fire resistance
Subject to any expressed provision to the contrary, any element of structure shall be constructed of non-combustible materials and is required
to have fire resistance for not less than the relevant period specified in Table 3.3A, with regards to the purpose group of the building of which
it forms a part and the dimensions specified in that table, provided that:
a. any separating wall shall have at least 1-hr fire resistance rating; and
b. any compartment wall or compartment floor which separates a part of a PG II or III buildings, from any other part of the building of a
purpose group other than PG II or III shall have at least 1-hr fire resistance rating.
3.3.3 Exemption for non-load-bearing external walls
The requirement on fire resistance in Cl.3.3.2 for non-load-bearing external walls shall not apply to:
a. any part of any external wall which is non-load-bearing and can, in accordance with Cl.3.5 be an unprotected area, or
b. steel structures of a standalone car park for passenger vehicles of Class 3 and below (unladen weight not exceeding 2500kg) provided
the following conditions are fulfilled:
(1) Each storey shall be provided with cross ventilation by the provision of uninterrupted openings evenly distributed around the
perimeter walls, excluding perimeter walls to air well. The area of the openings shall not be less than 50% of all external walls or 15%
of the footprint per storey, whichever is greater. This condition is not applicable if a sprinkler system is installed throughout the car
park.
(2) No point on any storey shall be more than 12m from the external air or air well. An air well, where provided for this purpose, shall
have a superficial plan area of not less than 10m², or 0.1m² for every 300mm of height, whichever is greater, and have a minimum
dimension on plan of 2m, open vertically to the sky for its full height. This condition is not applicable if a sprinkler system is installed
throughout the car park.
(3) All floor beams shall be designed as a composite structure with the floor slab.
(4) The building is not more than 24m in habitable height, and there shall not be any basement storeys;
(5) No other usages, other than the electrical services that serve only the car park, are permitted;
(6) Steel structures shall meet the specifications of SS EN 1993-1-2 and SS EN 1994-1-2.
3.3.4 Exemption for single storey buildings
In the case of a single storey building or a building consisting of a first storey and one or more basement storeys, the requirement on fire
resistance in Cl.3.3.2 shall not apply to any element of structure which forms part of the first storey and consists of:
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a. a structural frame or a beam or column, provided that any beam or column (whether or not it forms part of a structural frame) which is
within or forms part of a wall, and any column which gives support to a wall or gallery, shall have fire resistance of not less than the
minimum period, if any, required by this Code for that wall or gallery, or
b. an internal load-bearing wall or a load-bearing part of a wall, unless that wall or part of it forms part of a compartment wall or a
separating wall, or forms part of the structure enclosing a protected shaft or supports a gallery, or
c. part of an external wall which does not support a gallery and which may, in accordance with Cl.3.5 be an unprotected area.
3.3.5 Suspended ceiling
In determining the fire resistance of floors, no account shall be taken of any fire resistance attributable to any suspended ceiling unless the
ceiling is constructed specifically as a fire protecting suspended ceiling, and the construction complies with the requirements under Table 3.3B
for Limitations on Fire Protecting Suspended Ceilings.
3.3.6 Fire-rated board
a. Fire-rated boards are permitted to be used for protection to structural steel beams, columns and as wall construction in building if all of
the following are complied with:
(1) The fire-rated boards shall be non-combustible (BS 476 Part 4 or Part 11).
(2) They shall have fire resistance for not less than the relevant period specified in Table 3.3A, with regards to the purpose group of
the building of which it forms a part and the dimensions specified in that table.
(3) They shall meet the criteria, in terms of water absorption and bending strength performance, when subject to the test standards of
BS EN 520 (for gypsum plaster board) or ISO 1896 (for calcium silicate or cement board).
(4) Fire-rated boards used to make dry walls shall, in terms of impact & deflection performance, meet the partition grade specified
under BS 9999 (Test for partitions) in accordance with BS 5234-2.
(5) They shall not be used to protect structural steel in areas which are subject to explosion risk, as the boards may be displaced by
the force of the blast.
(6) In buildings under PG VI and VIII, where the presence of corrosive atmosphere may affect the effectiveness of fire-rated boards for
protection to structural steel members of buildings, such proposals shall be subject to evaluation of the SCDF.
b. Incorporation of services within fire-rated drywall construction shall comply with the following:
(1) The installations shall meet the fire performance test requirements set out in BS 476 Part 22 and shall not incorporate services
beyond the case scenario for which it has been successfully tested.
(2) Electrical cables shall be housed in metal conduits within the dry construction.
(3) Gas pipe installation are prohibited in fire-rated dry construction.
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CLAUSE 3.4 TESTS OF FIRE RESISTANCE
3.4.1 Fire resistance
Performance for the fire resistance of elements of structure and other forms of construction shall be determined by reference to the methods
specified in BS 476: Part 20 to 23, which specify tests for stability, integrity and insulation.
Specific requirements for each element in terms of the three performance criteria of stability, integrity and insulation are given in Table 3.4A .
3.4.2 “Deem to satisfy” provisions
An element of structure or other part of a building shall be deemed to have the requisite fire resistance if:
a. it is constructed to the same specification as that of a specimen exposed to test by fire in accordance with the method and procedure
under BS 476: Part 20 to 23, and satisfied the requirements of that test for the three performance criteria of stability, integrity and
insulation for not less than the specified period, or
b. in the case of a wall, beam, column, stanchion or floor to which Annex 3A to Cl.3.4 relates, it is constructed in accordance with one of
the specification set out in that Annex and the notional period of fire resistance given in that Annex as being appropriate to that type of
construction and other relevant factors is not less than the specified period.
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CLAUSE 3.5 EXTERNAL WALL
3.5.1 Requirements of external walls
The requirements of external walls are as follows:
a. Any external wall of a building or a separated part of a building which constitutes or is situated within a distance of 1m from any point
on the relevant boundary, or is a wall of a building or a separated part of a building which exceeds 15m in height shall:
(1) be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials apart from any external wall finishes which complies with Cl.3.5.4 or any
internal lining which complies with Cl.3.13.4
(2) be so constructed as to attain the fire resistance required by this chapter; and
b. any beam or column forming part of an external wall, and any structure carrying an external wall which is required to be constructed of
non-combustible material, shall comply with the provisions of Cl.3.5.1a . .
3.5.2 Exceptions on external wall construction
a. The requirements of Cl.3.5.1a.(1) for non-combustibility of external walls need not apply to the external wall of a building or part of a
building separated as described in Cl.3.3.2b . , if that wall is situated 1m or more from the relevant boundary and it is:
(1) of PG I or II building of not more than three storeys, or
(2) of single storey construction and not exceeding 15m in height and floor area not exceeding:
(a) 3000m 2 for PG III, IV, VII buildings, or
(b) 2000m 2 for PG V, VI buildings, or
(c) 500m 2 for PG VIII buildings, or
(3) of other than single storey buildings, but not exceeding 7.5m in height and the compartmented floor area not exceeding:
(a) 250m 2 for PG IV, V, VII buildings, or
(b) 150m 2 for PG VI, VIII buildings.
b. The requirements of Cl.3.5.1a.(2) for fire resistance of external walls need not apply to the external wall of a building or part of a
building separated as described in Cl.3.3.2b . , if that wall is situated 1m or more from the relevant boundary and it is:
(1) of a single storey building of a purpose group other than PG VI and VIII and not exceeding 15m in height, or
(2) of a single storey PG VI or VIII building not exceeding 15m in height and floor area not exceeding 2000m² or 500m² respectively.
3.5.3 Unprotected areas in any side of a building
Unprotected areas in any side of a building shall comply with all of the following:
a. Any relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas specified in Annex 3B, unless the building is so situated
that such side can in accordance with Annex 3B, consist entirely of any unprotected area.
b. The extent of unprotected openings in an external wall of a building/compartment, in relation to its distance from the lot boundary, can
be doubled that of Annex 3B, provided the building/ compartment is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in compliance with
the requirements in Chapter 6.
c. As an alternative to Cl.3.5.3b . above, the distance between the external wall of a building and the relevant boundary can be half that
specified in Annex 3B, if the building is fitted throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in compliance with the requirements in
Chapter 6.
d. The extent of unprotected openings in an external wall of a building/ part of building used for car parking in relation to its distance from
the lot boundary/ relevant boundary can be based on the floor having the largest extent of unprotected openings to comply with Table 1 of
Annex 3B.
3.5.4 External wall finishes
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Finishes on external walls shall comply with the following:
a. Homogenous cladding on external walls shall be constructed of material of at least limited combustibility tested in accordance with BS
476 Part 11 or approved equivalent. For buildings not within PG VI and VIII, any part of such cladding below a height of 15m from the
ground, and situated at least 1m away from the relevant boundary can consist of:
(1) timber of not less than 9mm finished thickness, or
(2) a material having a surface which achieves at least:
(a) Class 0 flame-spread rating tested in accordance with BS 476 Part 6 & 7, or
(b) Class B rating classified under EN 13501-1.
b. Composite panels used as cladding on external walls shall comply with Cl.3.15.13.
3.5.5 Reference to Part I & II of Annex 3B
Any reference to Annex 3B shall be construed as referring to the provisions of Part I of that Annex together with the provisions of Part II.
3.5.6 Buildings on land in common occupation
If two or more detached buildings are erected on land in common occupation, for any external wall of such a building facing the external wall of
an adjacent building, the relevant boundary shall be a notional boundary passing between those buildings. This notional boundary shall be
positioned to enable the external walls of those buildings to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.5.3.
3.5.7 Vertical fire spread
a. For high and low parts of different compartments of a building abutting each other, either one of the following requirements shall be
complied with to prevent spread of fire between the distinct parts:
(1) the roof-over of the lower part of the building shall be fire-rated in accordance with the element of structure for minimum 1 hr for a
distance of 5m measured horizontally from the external wall of the higher part of building; or
(2) the external wall of the higher part of the building overlooking the roof below shall have the necessary fire resistance rating in
accordance with the element of structure for minimum 1 hr for a vertical height of not less than 9m measured from the roof of the lower
part of the building.
b. The above requirements shall not be applicable to:
(1) buildings or lower parts of the building which are sprinkler-protected;
(2) the buildings under the conservation programme of the authority having jurisdiction, or buildings built before 1969;
(3) covered car porches intended solely for the purpose of the boarding and alighting of passengers;
(4) open-sided/ covered walkways/ linkways not exceeding 5m in width with no commercial activities or storage; and
(5) canopies of depth not exceeding 2m over private enclosed spaces or balconies in PG II buildings, provided that the canopy is
constructed of non-combustible material.
3.5.8 Non-sprinkler-protected roof
For non-sprinkler-protected roof within 4m from the boundary (excluding boundary abutting public street, canal or river), the portion of the roof
within this 4m zone shall be 1-hr fire-rated. This requirement is exempted for areas stated under Cl.3.5.7b..
3.5.9 Separation of residential floor facade
Separation of PG II residential floor façade shall be in accordance with Cl.9.2.1b.(3).
3.5.10 External sun-breakers/ weather features
External sun-breakers or weather features which will result in the channelling of flame upwards during a fire are not permitted.
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CLAUSE 3.6 SEPARATING WALLS
3.6.1 Requirements of separating walls
a. Every separating wall shall:
(1) form a complete barrier in the same continuous vertical plane through the full height between the buildings it separates, including
roofs and basements and shall be without openings, except where permitted under Cl.3.6.2;
(2) have the appropriate fire resistance to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.3;
(3) be constructed of non-combustible materials, together with any beam and column which form part of the wall and any structure
which it carries; and
(4) not include glass fire-resisting walls.
b. Exception
Cl.3.6.1a.(1) need not be applied to wall between car porches of PG I buildings or wall between canopies over private enclosed spaces
located on the grade level of PG II buildings. This exception shall not apply if the unprotected opening of the car porches/ canopies fails to
comply with the setback distance requirements from the other lot boundary.
3.6.2 Openings in separating walls
A separating wall shall have no openings except for:
a. a door required to provide a means of escape in the event of a fire, having the same fire resistance as that required for the wall and
complying with Cl.3.9.2, or
b. a door provided for the purpose of public circulation and permitted by the SCDF, having the same fire resistance as that required for the
wall and complying with Cl.3.9.2, or
c. an opening for the passage of a pipe complying with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.9.3.
3.6.3 Roof junction
A separating wall shall be either extended up to form a close joint with the underside of a pitched roof of non-combustible covering or extended
up above the level of such roof covering. The junction between such separating wall and roof shall be properly fire-stopped so as not to render
ineffective the resistance of such separating wall to prevent the spread of fire.
3.6.4 External wall junction
If any external wall is extended across the end of a separating wall, such external wall and separating wall shall be bonded together or the
junction of such walls shall be fire-stopped to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.12.
3.6.5 Prohibition of combustible materials in separating walls
No combustible material shall be built into, extended through, across the ends of, or over the top of separating walls in such a way as to
render ineffective the resistance of such separating walls to prevent the spread of fire.
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CLAUSE 3.7 COMPARTMENT WALLS AND COMPARTMENT FLOORS
3.7.1 Requirements of compartment walls or compartment floors
Every compartment wall or compartment floor shall be required to:
a. form a complete barrier to fire between the compartments it separates;
b. have the appropriate fire resistance to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.3, except for compartment which is abutting a common
circulation space and not more than 3m from the eaves of the building;
c. be constructed of non-combustible materials (together with any beam or column which forms part of the wall or floor, and any structure
which it carries); and
d. shall not have fire-resisting glass components, unless permitted under Cl.3.15.14.
3.7.2 Openings in compartment wall or compartment floor
A compartment wall or compartment floor shall have no openings in it, except for
a. a door which has the same fire resistance rating as the compartment wall and complies with the relevant requirements of Cl.3.4, unless
permitted by other provisions of the Code, or
b. a protected shaft which complies with the requirements of Cl.3.8, or
c. the passage of a pipe or ventilation duct.
Such openings in the compartment wall or compartment floor shall be protected to comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.9.
3.7.3 Openings
a. Junction with other structures
Where a compartment wall or compartment floor forms a junction with any structure comprising any other compartment wall, or any external
wall, separating wall or structure enclosing a protected shaft, such structures shall be bonded together at the junctions or the junctions shall
be fire-stopped to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.12.
b. Opening in curtain walling
The opening occurring at the junction between the edge of a structural floor and the curtain walling shall be sealed to prevent the spread of
smoke and flame from the lower floor to the upper floor via the opening. Materials to be used for sealing the opening shall have the requisite
fire resistance rating as the elements of structure.
3.7.4 Compartment wall - roof junctions
Where a compartment wall forms a junction with a roof, such compartment wall shall be extended up to form a close joint with the underside of
the roof and shall be properly fire-stopped or shall be extended up above the level of the roof covering and the junction between such
compartment wall and roof shall be properly fire-stopped so as not to render ineffective the resistance of such compartment wall to the effects
of the spread of fire.
3.7.5 Prohibition of combustible materials
No combustible material shall be built into, extended through or extended across the ends of any compartment wall or compartment floor or
extended over the top of any compartment wall in such a manner as to render ineffective the resistance of such wall or floor to the effects of
the spread of fire.
3.7.6 Non-combustibility of compartment walls or floors
Every compartment wall or compartment floor shall be constructed of non-combustible materials, unless permitted by the SCDF.
3.7.7 Use of fire shutter
a. General
A fire shutter is permitted to be used as compartment wall, except for the fire compartmentation to comply with the requirements of
Cl.3.2.4b., Fire Command Centre (FCC) and means of escape, which include exit staircases, smoke-free lobbies/ fire lift lobbies, internal
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exit passageways, etc.
b. Fire resistance
The fire shutters, which are used to protect openings in compartment wall/ floor, shall have the necessary fire resistance including thermal
insulation, not less than that of the compartment wall/ floor. However, fire shutters, which are installed at the edge of atria, voids such as
escalator void areas and between floors, and door way, need not have thermal insulation.
c. Operation
The commonly used shutters such as vertical, horizontal and lateral fire shutters shall comply with SS 489 and the following:
(1) Vertical fire shutter operated by gravity during a fire
Upon activation by a fire alarm system or fusible link, the operating mechanism of curtains/leaves of the vertical fire shutter shall be
released. The curtain/ leaves shall descend under gravity at a controlled rate.
(2) Electrically-operated vertical, lateral and horizontal fire shutter (fusible link is not required)
Upon activation by fire alarm system, the electrical motor shall drive the curtains/ leaves to descend and shall be backed up by
emergency power supply. The power and signal cables shall be fire-rated.
(3) Activation time and closing speed
(a) For vertical fire shutter with height not exceeding 6m, the maximum time for full closure of the fire shutter shall not exceed 30
secs from time of activation, with a descending speed not exceeding 0.2m/sec.
(b) For vertical fire shutter with height exceeding 6m and not more than 12m, the maximum time of full closure of the fire shutter
shall not exceed 60 secs from time of activation, with a descending speed not exceeding 0.2m/sec.
d. Mode of activation
The mode of activation for fire shutters at different locations shall be as follows:
(1) Fire shutters as separating wall between two buildings (if allowed in accordance with Cl.3.6.2)
(a) Two buildings separated by a common fire shutter:
Both gravity-operated and electrically-operated fire shutters shall be linked to the fire alarm systems of both buildings and shall be
activated by the fire alarm system of either building. Activation solely by fusible link is not permitted.
(b) Two buildings separated by two separate fire shutters:
Both gravity-operated and electrically-operated fire shutters shall be activated by the fire alarm system of its own building.
Activation solely by fusible link is not permitted.
(2) Fire shutters as compartment wall/ floor for limiting compartment area and cubical extent
Fire shutters as compartment wall/ floor for limiting compartment areas and cubical extent, as compartment between different purpose
groups, as compartment of special rooms such as kitchen, electrical room, store room, etc., and as compartment of basement
passenger/ goods lift lobby:
(a) For gravity-operated vertical fire shutters, activation by fusible link is acceptable.
(b) For electrically-operated fire shutters, activation shall be by local smoke detectors.
(3) Fire shutters as compartmentation at atrium/ voids or between floors (being part of the engineered smoke control design)
Only electrically-operated fire shutters are permitted. The signal to operate the respective fire shutter shall be from a dedicated smoke
detector installed at the respective smoke zone.
3.7.8 Fire safety signage for fire shutter and smoke curtain
a. Exit directional signage marked with an arrow and the word “EXIT” shall be prominently painted/ pasted on fire shutters/ smoke curtains
to redirect building occupants to the nearest exits if the activated shutters visually obscure the building exit and/ or directional signs. The
sign shall be reflective and the letters at least 100mm in height.
b. Signage for alerting persons not to impede the operation of fire shutters/ smoke curtains shall be permanently displayed at prominent
locations and suitable intervals close to the descending paths of the fire shutters/ smoke curtains. The lettering of the sign shall be at
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least 25mm high in a colour contrasting with the background and states the following where applicable:
(1) “FIRE SHUTTER – KEEP CLEAR”
(2) “SMOKE CURTAIN – KEEP CLEAR”
3.7.9 Emergency generator room
a. An emergency generator room shall be compartmented as stipulated under Table 6.4A.
b. An emergency generator can be located in an external space provided:
(1) the setback distance between the outdoor emergency generator from other surrounding hazards except water tank shall be at least
3m; and
(2) if there is more than one outdoor emergency generator, each outdoor emergency generator shall be separated from the other by a
dividing wall of masonry construction for the full length and height of the adjacent outdoor emergency generator.
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CLAUSE 3.8 PROTECTED SHAFTS
3.8.1 Purpose of protected shaft
A protected shaft shall not be used for any purpose additional to those given as defined under Cl.1.4.85. All services such as, pipe/duct
installation shall not be located inside a protected staircase,unless otherwise permitted in Cl.3.8.7. Likewise, no washroom is allowed to be
located inside an exit staircase.
3.8.2 Requirements of protected shaft
Every protected shaft shall be required to:
a. form a complete barrier to fire between the different compartments which the shaft connects;
b. have the appropriate fire resistance to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.3; and
c. be constructed of non-combustible material (together with any beam or column which forms part of the enclosure and any structure
which carries it).
3.8.3 Openings in protected shaft
a. A protected shaft shall have no openings in its enclosure, except in the case of any part of the enclosure:
(1) which is formed by a separating wall, any opening which complies with the requirements of Cl.3.6 for separating walls, or
(2) which is formed by a compartment wall or a compartment floor, any opening which complies with the requirements of Cl.3. 7 for
compartment wall or compartment floor, or
(3) which is formed by the protecting structure:
(a) a door which has the appropriate fire resistance to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.4 for test of fire resistance, or
otherwise permitted by provision of Cl.3.8.6, or
(b) the passage of a pipe, excluding protecting structure to exit staircase and exit passageway, or
(c) inlets to and outlets from and opening for the duct, if the shaft contains or serves as a ventilation duct.
b. Such openings in the protected shaft shall be protected to comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.9 for protection of openings.
3.8.4 Non-combustibility of protecting structures
Every protecting structure shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials except that floor, wall and ceiling finishes which do not
contribute to the fire resistance of such protecting structure are not be required to comply with the requirements for non-combustibility.
3.8.5 Ventilation of protected shaft
Ventilation of protected shaft shall comply with the following:
a. A protected shaft used for the passage of people, such as exit staircases, shall be ventilated to comply with the relevant provisions of
the Code.
b. A protected shaft containing a pipe conveying gas shall be adequately ventilated directly to the outside air or have other modes of
ventilation allowed under SS 608.
3.8.6 Doors in protecting structures
a. Any door fitted to an opening in protecting structure shall have fire resistance for not less than half the period required by other
provisions of the Code for the protecting structure surrounding the opening.
b. Exception
(1) Any door fitted to an opening in protecting structure of a shaft containing services, such as electrical cables, pipes (including
gas pipe in separate shaft), ducts etc., is not required to have the fire resistance rating if the door is located along the wall facing
the external corridor.
(2) Any metal door fitted to an opening in protecting structure of a rubbish/ bin chute is not required to have the fire resistance
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rating if:
(a) the thickness of the rubbish/ bin chute door is at least 1.5mm;
(b) the rubbish/ bin chute door is sealed with rubber gasket; and
(c) the rubbish/ bin chute door shall be self-closing type.
c. Any door fitted to an opening in protecting structure of a shaft containing services, such as electrical and telecommunication cables,
pipes (including gas pipe in separate shaft), ducts etc., is not required to comply with the requirements in Cl.2.3.9d.(2) if it is fitted
with a self-closing device. Rising mains and hose reel doors shall not be fitted with self-closing device and shall comply with the
stipulated corridor width when the door is in its fully opened position. Areas within the swing paths of the rising mains and hose reel
doors shall be clear of any obstruction/ storage at all times.
3.8.7 Protected shaft containing exit staircase
a. A protected shaft which contains an exit staircase shall not contain any services e.g. pipes, cables, ducts, etc., that are not solely
serving the same exit staircase (even if the services are protected with fire-rated dry construction), except for:
(1) cut-off sprinkler and pipe for that staircase;
(2) UPVC or cast iron rain water downpipes serving the roof directly above the exit staircase, and not routed through anywhere outside
the staircase;
(3) rising mains; and
(4) metal water supply pipe and water tap not exceeding 50mm in diameter.
b. The protecting structure shall be constructed of masonry, or drywall. If drywall construction is used, all of the following conditions shall
be complied with:
(1) the drywall shall be non-combustible;
(2) the drywall shall have fire resistance rating for not less than the relevant period specified in Table 3.3A having regard to the
purpose group of the building of which it forms a part and the dimension specified in that table;
(3) the drywall shall, in terms of impact & deflection performance, meet the partition grade specified under BS 9999 (Test for
partitions) in accordance with BS 5234-2;
(4) the drywall shall meet the criteria, in terms of water absorption and bending strength performance, when subject to the test of BS
EN 520 or ISO 1896; and
(5) the building shall have at least two independent exit staircase shafts (scissors exit staircases are considered single shaft).
3.8.8 Lift shaft
A protected shaft which contains a lift shall comply with the following:
a. It shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or combustible liquid, other than those in the mechanism of a hydraulic lift.
b. The protecting structure shall be constructed of masonry, or drywall. If drywall construction is used, the conditions stipulated
underCl.3.8.7b.(1) to (5) shall be complied with. The drywall shall also meet the criteria of cyclic loading and dynamic test as specified
under Cl.3.3 of the National Construction Code of Australia C 1.8.
c. Where a lift is either located at the edge of atrium floors or at the external wall and outside the building, the lift shall be considered as
not enclosed within a protected shaft.
d. The protected shaft shall be vented in accordance with SS 550. The vents shall be so arranged as to induce exhaust ventilation of the
shaft. Where vents cannot be provided because of the location of the lift shaft, a ventilation duct protected by drywall complying with
Cl.3.8.7b. serving as ventilation of the shaft may be provided instead. If the duct is not fire-rated, fire dampers shall be provided to the
duct at the wall of the lift shaft, provided such relaxation shall not apply to shafts containing a fire lift.
e. Openings for the passage of lift cables into the lift motor room located above or at the bottom of the shaft shall be as small as
practicable.
f. Fire resistance
(1) A transom panel above the lift entrance shall be considered as part of the protecting structure and shall therefore conform to the fire
resistance requirements of the protecting structure.
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(2) In the case of motor-room-less lifts, the lift control panel enclosure located at the lift lobby shall not affect the fire resistance
requirements of the protecting structure.
g. If it serves any basement storey, it shall be enclosed by a protected lobby with walls having 1-hr fire resistance rating and fire door of
½-hr fire resistance rating. If the protected lobby also acts as a smoke-free lobby required under Cl.2.2.13, it shall be mechanically
ventilated in accordance with Cl.7.1.10.
Exception:
(1) Where the lift landing area is adjoining an air well or external space of minimum clear area 10m² and minimum width of 3m, the
distance between the nearest edge of lift door opening to the air well shall not exceed 3m.
(2) Where the basement storey forms part of a building under PG I or a single household cluster housing compartment within a PG II
development and has a basement area not exceeding 100m².
h. Private lift
A private lift that is provided for the exclusive use of occupants in residential buildings under PG II shall comply with all of the following
requirements:
(1) A smoke detector shall be provided at the lift landing area. The activation of any of the smoke detectors at the lift landing area
shall cause the lift to home to the designated floor.
(2) Emergency power supply from a standby generating plant shall be provided to home the lift to the designated floor when there is a
power failure in the building.
(3) An alternate designated floor (e.g., any other floor with common lobby) shall be identified. The lift shall be brought to the alternate
designated floor in the event that there is a fire at the 1st storey designated floor. For buildings without an alternate designated floor,
the lift shall return to the last called floor in the event that the designated floor is on fire.
(4) The lift shall not serve as a fire lift.
(5) Private lifts shall comply with SS 550.
3.8.9 Protected shaft containing other services installations
A protected shaft used for the enclosure of services shall comply with the following:
a. The protecting structure for a protected shaft, containing mechanical ventilation ducts serving areas specified in Cl.5.2.1g.(1) and
Cl.5.2.1h . or kitchen exhaust ducts, which pass through floor slabs, shall be of masonry construction. Such a shaft shall be completely
compartmented from the rest of the shaft space containing other ducts or any other services installations. A protected shaft containing
ducts serving other areas which pass through floor slabs can be constructed of drywall. If the protected shaft is of drywall construction, the
conditions stipulated in Cl.3.8.7b. shall be complied with.
b. Cavity barriers
A protected shaft used for the enclosure of electrical power services shall be interrupted at every floor level with at least ½-hr fire
resistance cavity barriers. Protected shaft used for the enclosure of telecommunications services shall be interrupted by at least ½-hr fire
resistance cavity barriers at vertical intervals not exceeding 15m. The cavity barriers within trunking enclosing electrical and
telecommunication cables can be exempted if the following conditions are met:
(1) the cables shall be flame retardant type complying with IEC 60332;
(2) the floor within the shaft shall be sloped upward with an angle of at least 45° to the floor level; and
(3) the fire doors to the protected shaft are installed with self-closing devices.
c. Self-closing devices
Automatic self-closing devices are not required to be installed on fire resisting doors opening into protected shafts which are interrupted
by at least ½-hr fire resistance cavity barriers at every floor level, or protected shafts containing sanitary pipes or water pipes, provided
that the fire resisting doors are kept closed and locked at all times.
d. Siting of protected shafts
All protected shafts containing services shall not be located within an exit staircase except for the case of residential apartment/
maisonette development under PG II not exceeding 4-storey where smoke-free lobby is not required
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CLAUSE 3.9 PROTECTION OF OPENINGS
3.9.1 Application
The provisions of this Clause concern the protection of openings permitted in elements of structure or other forms of fire resisting construction,
which are required to act as a barrier to fire and smoke.
3.9.2 Fire doors
Fire doors for protection of openings shall comply with all of the following:
a. Fire doors shall have the appropriate fire resistance as required by relevant parts of the Code.
b. All fire doors shall be fitted with an automatic self-closing device which is capable of closing the door from any angle and against any
latch fitted to the door. The omission of a self-closing device to the bolted door leaf of a two-leaf door is acceptable if the door is the
entrance door to a residential unit under PG II.
c. Where a self-closing device would be considered a hindrance to the normal use of the building, fire doors can be held open as follows:
(1) by a fusible link, or
(2) by electromagnetic or electromechanical devices which can be activated via smoke detector and/or the building alarm system.
d. Any hinge on which a fire door is hung shall be of the approved type, complying with SS 332.
e. Any fire door fitted in an opening which is provided as a means of escape:
(1) shall be capable of being opened manually, without the use of key, tool, special knowledge or effort for operation from the inside of
the building;
(2) shall not be held open by any means other than by an electromagnetic or electromechanical device which can be activated via
smoke detector and/ or the building alarm system, except in the case of fire doors opening into pressurised exit staircases; and
(3) shall open in the direction of exit travel in accordance with Cl.2.3.9.
f. Fire doors, where required, shall be constructed and installed to comply with specifications stipulated under SS 332.
3.9.3 Pipes
a. Pipes passing through a separating wall, compartment wall or compartment floor shall be kept as small as possible and be fire-stopped
around the pipe. The nominal diameter of the pipe shall not be more than the respective dimension given in Table 3.9A. These pipe
penetrations are permitted only for conveying non-hazardous & non-combustible substances such as air, water, etc., and approved fire-
stopping material shall be applied around the pipe penetration. The clear spacing between pipes shall be at minimum 50mm or half the
diameter of the largest pipe, whichever is larger.
b. The following pipes of nominal diameter larger than 150mm, subject to the conditions listed under Cl.3.9.3c. below, are permitted to
penetrate through a separating wall, compartment wall or compartment floor:
(1) emergency standby diesel generator steel exhaust pipes connected directly to the external space;
(2) pipes of non-combustible material (such as cast iron or steel) with pipe wall thickness of at least 5mm, and melting point of at least
1200ºC; and
(3) thermal insulated pipes with pipe wall thickness of at least 5mm and combustible insulation in compliance with Cl.7.1.2c.(1). The
metal sheath for insulation material shall be at least 0.6mm thick galvanised steel with the melting point, including pipe support, of at
least 1200ºC.
c. The following conditions shall be complied with for penetration of pipes stipulated under Cl.3.9.3b.:
(1) For non-sprinkler-protected area, pipe supports within 3m from the pipe penetration shall be strengthened such that the tensile
stress generated on the supports shall not exceed 10N/mm 2 and will not be softened or fracture when exposed to temperature of
750ºC. For sprinkler-protected area, the pipe supports and pipe penetrations shall be protected by the sprinkler system;
(2) Combustible materials or services (e.g., pipe or ductwork) are not permitted to be placed within 1m before and after the
penetration [except for those thermal insulated pipes constructed under Cl.3.9.3b.(3). For the purpose of this sub-clause, fire-rated
materials are deemed as non-combustible; and
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(3) The penetration shall not pass through fire-rated wall/ floor of exit staircase, fire lift lobby, smoke-free lobby, electrical switch
room, transformer room, generator room, battery room and fan room serving fire protection system, fire pump room, FCC, fuel tank
room, and areas handling hazardous materials. Except for exit staircase, the penetration of pipes through the abovementioned rooms/
spaces is permitted if the pipes are fully enclosed by fire-rated enclosure with the same fire-rating as the fire-rated walls/ floors it
passes through.
d. In addition to Cl.3.9.3a., fuel and vent pipes for emergency standby diesel generators and fuel tanks located outside the room they
served shall be enclosed in construction having at least 2-hr fire resistance rating. They shall not be located in intakes/ fresh air vent
shafts.
e. Routing of gas pipes in basements
(1) All gas pipes that are routed in basement shall be API pipes with welded joints. These joints shall be 100% radiography checked in
accordance with SS 608. The gas pipes are not required to be fire-rated if they are running outside essential areas such as an exit
staircases, smoke-free or fire lift lobby, fire pump room, generator room, FCC, etc.. If gas pipes run pass through an essential area,
they are required to be encased in masonry.
(2) For mechanically ventilated basement, the gas pipes shall be provided with pipe sleeves to vent the gas pipes. One end of the
sleeve shall be exposed to the external space in accordance with SS 608.
(3) For naturally ventilated basement that complies with Cl.6.4.1d.(2)(b)(ii), the provision of pipe sleeve is not required.
3.9.4 Ventilation ducts
A ventilation duct which passes directly through a compartment wall or compartment floor shall comply with the following:
a. Where the ventilation duct does not form a protected shaft or is not contained within a protecting structure,
(1) the duct shall be fitted with a fire damper where it passes through the compartment wall or compartment floor; and
(2) the opening for the duct shall be kept as small as practicable and any gap around the fire damper shall be fire-stopped.
b. Where the ventilation duct forms a protected shaft or is contained within a protecting structure, the duct shall be:
(1) fitted with fire dampers at the inlets to the shaft and outlets from it; and
(2) constructed and lined with materials in accordance with the requirements in Chapter 7.
c. The installation of ventilation ducts and fire dampers shall comply with the requirements in Chapter 7.
3.9.5 Flues
Ducts encasing one or more flue pipes which pass through a compartment wall or compartment floor shall be of non-combustible construction,
having fire resistance of not less than half the minimum period of fire resistance required for the compartment wall or compartment floor
through which it passes, except for kitchen flue pipes when the fire resistance shall be as required for the compartment wall or compartment
floor.
3.9.6 Services passing through FCC, fire pump room, emergency generator room and smoke control fans
room
Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical conduits/ cable tray and other services that are likely to permit the passage of flame or smoke in
the event of a fire shall not be permitted to pass through any of the following spaces:
a. FCCs
b. Fire pump rooms
c. Emergency generator rooms
d. Smoke control fans rooms
except where such services are required for the operation of the equipment in these areas.
3.9.7 Services running inside and/or passing through fire lift lobby and smoke-free lobby
a. Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical conduits/ cable trays, and other services, e.g., fan coil units, ventilation fans (essential
or non-essential) are permitted to locate, run inside and/ or pass through a fire lift or smoke-free lobby provided all these services are
protected with a 1-hr fire resistance rating enclosure, or separated with a 1-hr fire resistance ceiling from the said lobby.
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b. For cablings/ pipings of firefighting or fire protection systems serving or running through the above lobbies, and for other services that
are required for operation of the above lobbies during fire emergency, e.g., lighting, mechanical ventilation systems, these need not be
separately protected.
c. Exception
The above requirements are not applicable for services running inside and/ or passing through an external corridor.
3.9.8 Gas pipes running inside an internal corridor/lobby
Gas pipes running inside an internal corridor/lobby without fire resistance enclosure shall be encased with a pipe duct/sleeve vented to an
external space.
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CLAUSE 3.10 EXIT STAIRCASES
3.10.1 Non-combustibility of structure
Every exit staircase, including the treads/ risers and landing, shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. The exception is for buildings
under PG I, where only the stringer or structures supporting the treads/ risers and landing shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.
3.10.2 Compartmentation
The exit staircase shall be separated from other parts of the building by a masonry structure or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b . which shall
have fire resistance for not less than the period required by Cl.3.3 for elements of structure. The flight, landing and supporting structures of
the exit staircase shall comply with Cl.3.10.1 and fire resistance rating is not required.
3.10.3 Exit doors
Doors opening into the exit staircase shall have at least ½-hr fire resistance rating and fitted with an automatic self-closing device.
3.10.4 Finishes
Finishes to the ceilings/ walls and floors of exit staircase shall be of non-combustible materials.
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CLAUSE 3.11 CONCEALED SPACES
3.11.1 General provision
Concealed spaces in a building, such as those within suspended ceilings or raised floors, shall be sub-divided by construction of cavity
barriers to restrict the spread of smoke and flames.
3.11.2 Closing the edges of cavities
Cavity barriers shall be used to close the edges of cavities, edges around openings through a wall, floor and any other part of the construction
which contains a cavity and to separate any cavity in a wall, floor or any other part of the construction from any other such cavity.
3.11.3 Interrupting cavities
If a fire-resistant barrier (such as a compartment wall, floor, ceiling or roof) abuts a cavity (including a roof space), such a barrier shall be
extended to sub-divide the cavity to form a complete fire resistant barrier. Such cavity barriers shall be of fire resisting construction at least
equal to the provision for that required of the fire resisting barrier.
3.11.4 Sub-division of extensive cavities
Cavities, including roof spaces, unless otherwise permitted, shall be sub-divided so that the maximum distance between cavity barriers shall
not exceed the relevant dimensions given under Table 3.11A.
3.11.5 Fire resistance and fixing of cavity barriers
Cavity barriers shall be:
a. constructed to provide at least ½-hr fire resistance rating; and
b. tightly fitted to rigid construction or the junctions shall be fire-stopped to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.12.
3.11.6 Openings in cavity barriers
A cavity barrier shall have no opening except for:
a. a door which has the same fire resistance rating as the cavity barrier, and are kept closed all the times;
b. a pipe which complies with the provision under Cl.3.9.3;
c. a cable or conduit containing one or more cables;
d. a duct which is fitted with suitably mounted automatic fire damper where it passes through the cavity barrier; and
e. other openings fitted with a suitably mounted fire damper.
3.11.7 Raised floors for fixed stages and display platforms
The construction of raised floors for fixed stages and display platforms shall comply with the following requirements:
a. the concealed space between the structural floor and raised floor shall not be used for storage;
b. no services or installation shall be permitted within the concealed space other than electrical wiring in conduit in compliance with the
requirements of SS 638;
c. all sides of the raised floor shall be properly sealed; and
d. the concealed space shall be subdivided by cavity barriers in compliance with the requirements of Cl.3.11.4 and Table 3.11A.
3.11.8 Raised floors with or without accessible panels
The construction of raised floors with or without accessible panels shall comply with all of the following requirements:
a. The supporting structure shall be constructed of non-combustible materials having a melting point of at least 750°C.
b. The concealed space between the structural floor and raised floor shall not be used for storage.
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c. No services or installations shall be permitted within the concealed space other than:
(1) electrical wiring in metal conduit and metal trunking in compliance with the requirements of SS 638;
(2) communication cables for computer equipment; and
(3) fire protection installations serving the area.
d. Where the raised floor is used as a plenum, requirements in Cl.7.1.4 shall be satisfied.
e. Decking of the raised floor shall be constructed of non-combustible material. Where combustible material is used as core material, if
allowed in the case of sprinkler-protected buildings, the top, bottom, all sides and cut edges shall be covered with material with surface
property complying with Class 0 (excluding materials for floor finishes).
f. In the case of raised floors with accessible panels, access sections or panels shall be provided such that all concealed spaces between
the structural floor and raised floor are easily accessible.
g. Openings in the raised floor for entry of electrical cables shall be effectively closed to prevent entry of debris or other combustible
material into the concealed spaces.
h. All sides of the raised floor shall be properly sealed.
i. the concealed space shall be subdivided by cavity barriers such that the maximum unobstructed area within the concealed space does
not exceed 930m 2 .
j. Where the concealed space is fitted with an automatic sprinkler system which complies with the requirements in Chapter 6, cavity
barriers are not required.
k. For a non-sprinkler-protected building, if the height of the concealed space measured between the top of the structural floor and
underside of the raised floor decking exceeds 150mm, it shall be fitted with an automatic smoke detection system complying with
requirements of SS 645. For a sprinkler-protected building, the concealed space shall be fitted with an automatic smoke detection system
as above if its height is between 150mm to 400mm, and automatic sprinkler system if it exceeds 400mm; and
l. Where the height of concealed space measured between the top of the structural floor and the underside of the raised floor decking is
less than 50mm, the requirements on provision of cavity barriers shall not be applicable.
3.11.9 Provision for concealed spaces between floor or roof and suspended ceilings
Provision of cavity barriers within the concealed spaces of suspended ceiling can be exempted provided all of the following requirements are
complied with:
a. The concealed space shall not be used for storage.
b. The supporting elements shall be constructed of non-combustible material.
c. The exposed surfaces within the concealed space is of Class 0 flame spread (excluding surfaces of any pipe, cable, conduit or
insulation of any pipe).
d. In the case of a detector protected building:
(1) if the concealed space does not exceed 800mm in depth, or
(2) if the concealed space is fitted with detectors which comply with the requirements of Chapter 6.
e. In the case of a sprinkler-protected building:
(1) if the concealed space does not exceed 400mm in depth, or
(2) if the concealed space exceeds 400mm and does not exceed 800mm in depth and no combustible material is used within the
concealed space, or
(3) if the concealed space is fitted with an automatic sprinkler system which complies with the requirements of Chapter 6.
f. In the case of other buildings, the concealed space shall not exceed 800mm in depth.
3.11.10 Exemption of cavity barriers in ceiling space
Where the concealed space of suspended ceiling is fitted with an automatic sprinkler system which complies with the requirements in Chapter
6,
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a. the concealed space can be exempted from provision of cavity barriers; and
b. combustible materials can be used for the supporting elements and exposed surfaces of materials within the concealed space, provided
the ceiling is not situated over an exit passageway, smoke-free lobby or other designated means of escape facilities.
3.11.11 Suspended ceiling over protected areas
The concealed spaces of a suspended ceiling over an exit passageway, smoke-stop lobby, exit staircase or other designated means of escape
facilities shall comply with the following:
a. the ceiling supporting elements and the ceiling shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.
b. the exposed surfaces within the concealed space shall be of Class 0 surface flame spread; and
c. where sprinkler system is installed within the concealed spaces at smoke-free lobby/ fire lift lobby, the ceiling supporting elements and
its exposed surface may have a surface spread of flame not lower than Class 2.
3.11.12 Exemption
Buildings under PG I are not required to comply with the requirements on the provision of cavity barriers in concealed spaces. Residential
units in buildings under PG II need not comply with requirements on the provision of cavity barriers in concealed floor and ceiling spaces.
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3.12 FIRE STOPPING
3.12.1 General provision
Openings for pipes, ducts, conduits or cables which pass through any part of a compartment (except for a part which does not serve as a fire
resisting barrier) or cavity barrier, shall be:
a. kept as few in number as possible;
b. kept as small as practicable; and
c. all gaps shall be filled with fire-stopping materials.
3.12.2 Fire-stopping
Materials for fire stopping shall have the necessary fire resistance when tested to BS 476: Part 20 or other acceptable standards.
3.12.3 Materials for fire-stopping
Suitable fire-stopping materials include:
a. Fire-stopping and sealing systems (including those designed for service penetrations) which have been shown by test to maintain the
fire resistance of the wall or other element.
b. Other fire-stopping materials include:
(1) cement mortar;
(2) gypsum-based plaster;
(3) cement or gypsum-based vermiculite/ perlite mixes;
(4) glass fibre, crushed rock, blast furnace slag or ceramic based products (with or without resin binders); and
(5) intumescent mastics.
The method of fire-stopping and choice of materials shall be appropriate to the situation and its application.
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CLAUSE 3.13 CLASSIFICATION OF SPREAD OF FLAME
3.13.1 Requirements for Class 0
Any reference to a surface being Class 0 shall be construed as a requirement that:
a. the material of which the wall or ceiling is constructed shall be non-combustible throughout, or
b. the surface material (or, if it is bonded throughout to a substrate, the surface material in conjunction with the substrate) shall have a
surface of Class 1 when tested to BS 476 Part 7 and if tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 6 shall have an index of performance (I) not
exceeding 12 and a sub-index (i 1 ) not exceeding 6.
3.13.2 Class other than Class 0
Any reference to a surface being of a class other than Class 0, shall be construed as a requirement that the material which the wall or ceiling
is constructed shall comply with the relevant test criteria relating to surface spread of flame, which is specified in relation to that class in BS
476: Part 7.
3.13.3 Order of classification
Class 0 shall be regarded as the highest class (based on BS 476 Part 6 & 7), followed in descending order by Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 and
Class 4 (based on BS 476 Part 7), as set hereunder:
a. Class 0 - Surface of no flame spread. Such surfaces shall conform to the requirements of Cl.3.13.1.
b. Class 1 - Surface of very low flame spread. This refers to surfaces on which during the first 1½ mins of test, the spread of flame does
not exceed 165mm and the final spread of flame does not exceed 165mm under the relevant test conditions.
c. Class 2 - Surface of low flame spread. This refers to surfaces on which during the first 1½ mins of test, the spread of flame does not
exceed 215mm and the final spread of flame does not exceed 455mm under the relevant test conditions.
d. Class 3 - Surface of medium flame spread. This refers to surfaces on which during the first 1½ mins of test, the spread of flame does
not exceed 265mm and the final spread of flame does not exceed 710mm under the relevant test conditions.
e. Class 4 - Surface of rapid flame spread. This refers to surfaces on which the spread of flame exceeded the limit of Class 3.
3.13.4 Class of flame spread to be not lower than specified
The surface of a wall or ceiling in a room/space shall be of a class not lower than specified as relevant in the Table 3.13A, provided that
a. Where an automatic sprinkler system is fitted throughout in the building in compliance with the requirements in Chapter 6, there is no
control on the surface of flame rating in rooms/spaces, except for the following occupancies/usage:
(1) healthcare facilities, including hospital, and nursing homes for handicapped, disabled, aged or persons with mental and/or mobility
impairments;
(2) detention facilities; and
(3) exit staircases, exit passageways and smoke-free/fire lift lobbies.
b. Where a building is not protected by an automatic sprinkler system, surfaces of the walls and ceilings can be of a surface class not
lower than Class 3 to the extent permitted by Cl.3.13.5a. and Cl.3.13.5b. respectively.
c. If timber is used as the surface material for the walls along the side gangways of an auditorium which is not sprinkler-protected, the
requirements of this regulation pertaining to the requisite class of flame spread can be relaxed only in respect of those parts of such wall
surfaces provided the aggregate area of such parts does not exceed 50% of the whole surface area of the side walls of the auditorium.
3.13.5 Where class of flame spread can be of any class not lower than Class 3
a. Any part of the surface of a wall in a room or compartment can be of any class not lower than Class 3 if the area of that part (or if there
are two or more such parts, the total area of those parts) does not exceed the following
(1) in the case of a building or compartment of PG III, 20m 2 , or
(2) in any other case, 60m 2 .
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b. Any part of the surface of a ceiling can be of any class not lower than Class 3 if that part of the surface is the face of a layer of material
the other face of which is exposed to the external air (skylight included) and complies with any one of the following:
(1) The ceiling is that of a room in a building or compartment of PG III, IV, V or VII, or is that of a circulation space excluding a smoke-
free lobby, exit staircase or exit passageway in a building or compartment of any purpose group, and
(a) the area of that part does not exceed 2.5m²; and
(b) the distance between that part and any other such part is not less than 3.5m.
(2) The ceiling is that of a room in a building or compartment of PG VI or VIII, and
(a) the area of that part does not exceed 5m²;
(b) the distance between that part and any other such part is not less than 1.8m; and
(c) that part and all other such parts are evenly distributed over the whole area of the ceiling and together have an area which
does not exceed 20% of the floor area of the room.
(3) The ceiling is that of a balcony, verandah, open car porch, covered way or loading bay which (regardless of its floor area) has at
least one of its longer sides wholly and permanently open.
(4) The ceiling is that of a garage or outbuilding which (regardless of whether it forms part of a building or is a building which is
attached to another building or wholly detached) has a floor area not exceeding 40m 2 .
3.13.6 Exception
Wall and ceiling finishes in the form of thin sheet of not more than 1.0mm thickness mounted to a non-combustible substrate will not be subject
to the requirement of surface spread of flame provisions, except for exit staircases and passageways.
Composite panel used as wall, ceiling or finishes shall comply with Cl.3.15.13.
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CLAUSE 3.14 ROOFS
3.14.1 Roof construction
a. The surface of materials for roof covering and roof construction shall have a surface spread of flame rating not lower than Class 1, or
Class A when tested in accordance with ASTM E108, except in the case of PG I and PG II, and in buildings that are protected throughout
with automatic sprinkler system.
b. Composite panel used as roof covering shall comply with Cl.3.15.13.
c. Roof covering containing plastic shall comply Cl.3.15.19c.(7).
3.14.2 Provision for buildings not exceeding four storeys
Combustible material can be used for roof construction for PG III, IV, V and VII buildings which satisfy the following requirements:
a. the building shall not exceed four storeys;
b. the roof space between the roof and the ceiling shall be sub-divided by cavity barriers where required to comply with the relevant
provisions of Cl.3.11, and openings in cavity barriers shall be fire-stopped to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.12; and
c. if the underside of the roof serves as the ceiling to a room or space, the elements of the underside of the roof shall comply with the
relevant provisions of Cl.3.13 for restriction of spread of flame.
3.14.3 Roof junction with separating wall and compartment wall
At junctions where the roof meets with a separating wall or compartment wall, the roof construction shall comply with the relevant requirements
under Cl.3.6.3 and Cl.3.7.4 respectively.
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3.15 MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION
3.15.1 General
Materials used in the construction of building elements shall comply with the provisions stated under this section in addition to the performance
requirements, such as fire resistance rating and limit to spread of flame, stipulated in other relevant sections of this Code.
3.15.2 Intumescent paint
Intumescent paint is allowed to be used for protection of structural steel members of all buildings provided all of the following requirements are
complied with:
a. The paint shall be of a proprietary system that has been demonstrated to achieve the fire resistance performance as required in BS 476
Part 20/ 21 or its equivalent, together with the specified weathering tests as specified in the BS 8202: Part 2.
b. Coating of intumescent paint onto structural steels, and subsequent maintenance shall conform to BS 8202: Part 2. Fire test for fire
resistance performance shall be conducted on the specimens after the weather tests. The fire resistance rating of the tested specimen
shall not diminish more than 25%, post- weathering tests.
c. A signage depicting the below minimum information shall be affixed at a conspicuous location:
(1) Name of supplier
(2) Fire resistance rating of the intumescent paint
(3) Date of painting
(4) Expected date of re-painting
(5) Caution note: “Caution – No other paint/coating shall be applied to the surfaces of the structural steel members protected by the
intumescent paint system'
d. In buildings under PG VI and VIII, where there can be presence of corrosive atmosphere that can affect the effectiveness of intumescent
paints for protection to structural steel members of buildings, such proposal shall be subjected to evaluation of the SCDF.
3.15.3 Flame retardant chemicals
Flame retardant chemicals can be used for upgrading of fire resistance rating or surface spread of flame of timber or any combustible
materials, subject to the following:
a. the chemical treatment process is part of the manufacturing process to produce the finished product;
b. the chemical treatment is by means of pressure impregnation conforming to SS 572, or the manufacturer’s specification in accordance
to the prototype test, for timber and other combustible materials, respectively; and
c. the treated materials/products have been subjected to a fire test, as required under Cl 3.4.1 or Cl 3.13.1.
3.15.4 Elements of structure
All elements of structure shall be constructed of non-combustible materials in addition to the relevant provisions as follows:
a. Cl.3.3 for fire resistance of elements of structure
b. Cl.3.5.1, Cl.3.5.2 & Cl.3.5.4 for external walls
c. Cl.3.6.1a.(3), Cl.3.6.1b. & Cl.3.6.5 for separating walls
d. Cl.3.7.1c . , Cl.3.7.1d . , Cl.3.7.5 & Cl.3.7.6 for compartment walls and compartment floors
e. Cl.3.8.2c . , Cl.3.8.4, Cl.3.8.7b., Cl.3.8.8b . , Cl.3.8.8e . and Cl.3.8.9a. for protected shafts
3.15.5 Protection of openings
Materials used for the protection of openings shall comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.9 of this Code for protection of openings.
3.15.6 Exit staircases
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Exit staircases shall be constructed of non-combustible materials to comply with the provisions of Cl.3.10.1.
3.15.7 Raised floors
Materials used for the construction of raised floors shall comply with the provisions of Cl.3.11.8a. and Cl.3.11.8e..
3.15.8 Ceiling and ceiling supports
a. Materials used for construction of ceiling and its supports shall comply with Table 3.13B, except for supports that are required to comply
with Cl.3.11.9b..
b. Construction of ceilings and ceiling supports located within sprinkler-protected building shall comply with the provision of Cl.3.11.10b..
3.15.9 Fire-stopping
Materials used for fire-stopping shall comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.12.2 and Cl.3.12.3 .
3.15.10 Surfaces of walls and ceilings
Materials used on the surfaces of walls and ceilings are required to meet the requirements for restriction of spread of flame, and shall comply
with the performance requirements as stipulated under Cl.3.13.
3.15.11 Roof construction
Materials used for roof construction shall comply with the provisions of Cl.3.14.1 & Cl.3.14.2.
3.15.12 Internal non-load-bearing walls
Internal non-load-bearing walls in buildings shall comply with Table 3.13B and the materials for surface finishes of internal non-load-bearing
walls shall not be treated as part of the wall and shall comply with the relevant provisions of Cl.3.13.
Composite panels used for the construction of internal non-load-bearing walls, as cladding to external/ internal walls or as roof covering shall
comply with all of the following criteria:
a. The outer layers shall be constructed of non-combustible material.
b. The core material (with aggregate thickness exceeding 1mm) of composite panel used for building interior shall meet the classification
stipulated in Table 3.13B.
c. The composite panel used for external wall cladding shall be mounted against 1-hr fire-rated wall and shall comply with any of the
following:
(1) Its core material shall meet at least:
(a) BS 476 Part 4, or
(b) BS 476 Part 11, or
(c) Class 0 flame-spread rating when tested in accordance with BS 476 Part 6 & 7, or
(d) Class B classified under EN 13501-1.
(2) The panel assembly shall comply with NFPA 285.
d. Composite panel containing plastic shall also comply with Cl.3.15.19.
3.15.14 Fire-rated glass
In buildings which are protected by an automatic sprinkler system, fire-rated glass can be used for the construction of compartment walls,
compartment floors, enclosures of smoke-stop lobbies and fire lift lobbies, and protected shafts not containing exit staircase and fire lift,
subject to the following:
a. the walls shall have the necessary fire resistance, including insulation, when subject to test under BS 476 Part 20-23; and
b. the doors shall have the necessary fire resistance, including insulation, when subject to test under SS 332 or EN 1634-1; and
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c. the walls and doors shall meet the requirement of Class A for Impact performance when tested under AS 2208 or Class 1 for Impact
Level (drop height class) when tested under EN 12600.
3.15.15 Walls, ceilings, roof covering and finishes
Walls, ceilings, floor, roof and finishes shall not contain any plastic material, unless the plastic material complies with the requirements
stipulated in Cl.3.15.19.
3.15.16 Separation of areas undergoing A&A works
For additions and alterations to existing buildings, non-combustible partitions shall be used for separation of areas undergoing A&A works from
other occupied areas of the building.
3.15.17 Partition for toilet cubicles
Materials with surface flame spread rating of not lower than Class 2 shall be used for the construction of partition for toilet cubicles. If the
material used is of Class 3 surface flame spread rating, total exposed surface area of the partitions within the toilet shall not be more than
60m².
3.15.18 Timber floors
The use of timber floors is allowed under the following situations, provided it is protected to achieve the fire resistance rating required of the
element of structure or compartment:
a. for an attic within residential units under PG I and II, or
b. in buildings designated for conservation where the timber floors are required to be retained, but subject to compliance with
requirements stipulated under Cl.9.9.1, or
c. in buildings built before 1969 under Cl.9.9.1.
3.15.19 Use of plastics in building construction
a. General
(1) Tables 3.15A, 3.15B and 3.15C list the relevant fire test standards and acceptance criteria concerning the use of plastics for
various building applications. Tables 3.15D to 3.15K stipulate whether fire tests are exempted or required, depending on the situation,
as well as the situations in which the use of plastics is disallowed regardless of the fire test results. The use plastics for wall, ceiling,
roof covering, floor and related finishes is only allowed if the conditions stated are met.
(2) For each test category, only one fire test is needed to demonstrate the acceptable fire risk level.
(3) Fire retardants are also allowed to be used to enhance the fire performance of plastics for building construction provided the
retardants are applied in suppliers’ factories according to the retardants’ respective standards. Accelerated weathering tests will also
be required to assess the effect of weather on fire retardants applied on external building applications.
b. Acceptable fire tests and corresponding acceptance criteria
(1) For plastic floor material/finishes, see Table 3.15A.
(2) For plastic wall and ceiling material/finishes, see Table 3.15B.
(3) For plastic roof covering, see Table 3.15C.
c. Conditions for the use of plastics in various building applications
(1) For plastic floor finishes (uncovered), see Diagram 3.15.19c.(1) and Table 3.15D.
(2) For plastic material cast into (embedded within) structural floor system, see Diagram 3.15.19c.(2) and Table 3.15E.
(3) For plastic floor finishes (covered), see Diagram 3.15.19c.(3 ) and Table 3.15F.
(4) For plastic wall or ceiling material/finishes, see Diagram 3.15.19c.(4) and Table 3.15G.
(5) For composite panel containing plastic used as wall or ceiling material/ finishes, see Diagram 3.15.19c.(5) and Table 3.15H.
(6) For plastic material embedded in masonry wall/ceiling, see Diagram 3.15.19c.(6 ) and Table 3.15I.
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(7) For plastic roof covering, see Table 3.15J.
(8) For composite panel containing plastic used as roof covering, see Table 3.15K.
3.15.20 UPVC window frame
Window frames made partly or wholly of UPVC are allowed to be used in buildings provided they are listed under the product listing scheme
and comply with the requirements stipulated in Table 3.15.20.
TABLE 3.15.20 : CONDITIONS OF INSTALLATION OF UPVC WINDOW FRAME

Installation height (measured from the level of fire engine accessway/access road) Length of masonry wall break between windows
Building type Length of window
Non-sprinkler-protected Sprinkler-protected Horizontal Vertical
PG I No restriction
PG II < 60m No restriction < 3m > 1m > 1.5m
PG III & VII < 15m < 24m < 3m > 1m > 1.5m
PG IV, V, VI & VIII < 15m < 24m < 5m > 1m > 1.5m
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TABLE 3.2A : SIZE LIMITATION OF BUILDING & COMPARTMENT
Compartments Maximum Floor Area Maximum Cubical Extent
(1) (2) (3)
Compartment below ground level
2000m2 7500m³
(No compartment shall comprise more than one storey)
Compartments between average ground level and a height of 24m
4000m2 15000m³
(No compartment shall comprise more than 3 storeys)
Compartments above a height of 24m from average ground level
2000m2 7500m³
(No compartment shall comprise more than one storey)
TABLE 3.3A: Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance
Note:
In this Table -
“cubical extent” means the cubical extent of the building or, if the building is divided into compartments, the compartment of which the elements of structure forms part;
“floor area” means the floor area of each storey in the building or, if the building is divided into compartments, of each storey in the compartment of which the element of structure forms part;
“height” has the meaning assigned to that expression by Cl.3.3.1b.;
“NL” means No limit applicable.
“NR” means Not Relevant.
PART I : BUILDINGS OTHER THAN SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS

Minimum period of fire resistance for elements of structure (*)/external wall/
Purpose Group Maximum Dimensions
compartment wall forming part of:
Height** (m) Floor Area (m²) Cubical Extent (m³) Basement Storey (hrs)
(1) Above ground Storey (hrs)(5)
(2) (3) (4) (6)
PG I - Small residential
House having not more than 3
NL NL NL 1 1
storeys
NR 250 NR 1 1
House having 4 storeys
NL NL NL 1 2
House having more than 4 storeys NL NL NL 1 2
PG II - Other residential
Building or part (+) having not more NL 500 NR 1 1

than 2 storeys NL NL NL 1 2
NR 250 NR 1 1
Building or part (+) 3 storeys
NL NL NL 1 2
28 3000 8500 1 2
Building having more than 3 storeys
NL NL NL 2 2
28 2000 NL 1 1
PG III - Institutional
NL NL NL 2 2
15 NL 3500 1 1
PG IV - Office 28 5000 14000 1 2
NL NL NL 2 2
15 NR 3500 1 1
PG V - Shop 28 1000 7000 1 2
NL NL NL 2 4
15 NR 4250 1 1
PG VI - Factory 28 NR 8500 1 2
NL NL NL 2 4
15 NR 3500 1 1
PG VII - Place of public resort 28 1000 7000 1 2
NL NL NL 2 2
15 NR 1700 1 1
15 NR 3500 1 2
PG VIII - Storage and general
28 NR 7000 2 4(b)
NL NL NL 4(a) 4(b)
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Note to Part I:
For the purpose of Cl 3.3.2 the period of fire resistance to be taken as being relevant to an element of structure is the period included in columns (5) or (6) in the line of entries which
specifies the floor area with which there is conformity or, if there are two or more such lines, in the topmost of those lines
(*) - A floor which is immediately over a basement storey shall be deemed to be an element of structure forming part of a basement storey.
(**) - Height for elements of structure referred to building height including basement. In the case of compartment wall/external wall, the height shall be based on the height of the wall
between compartment floors.
(+)
- The expression “part” means a part which is separated as described in Cl.3.3.1b..
(a) - This period is reduced to 2-hrs for:
(1) non-sprinkler-protected, open-sided standalone car park buildings

(2) sprinkler-protected, above-ground car park floors in standalone car park building or sprinkler- protected mixed-use building
(b) - Single basement car park storey, which is sprinkler-protected, the element of structure can be reduced to half the minimum period of fire resistance
PART 2: SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS
Minimum period of fire resistance for elements of structure, external wall/ compartment
Maximum Floor Area
wall
Purpose Group
(m2)
(hrs)
(1)
(2)
(3)
PG I - Small residential NL 1
PG II - Other residential NL 1
PG III - Institutional NL 1
PG IV - Office NL 1
3000 1
PG V - Shop
NL 2
3000 1
PG VI - Factory
NL 2
3000 1
PG VII - Place of public resort
NL 2
1000 1
PG VIII - Storage and general 3000 2
NL 4(a)
Note to Part 2:
For the purpose of Cl.3.3.2 the period of fire resistance to be taken as being relevant to an element of structure is the period included in column (3) in the line of entries which specifies the
floor area with which there is conformity or, if there are two or more such lines, in the topmost of those lines
(a)
- This period is reduced to 2-hr for open-sided buildings which are used solely for car parking
TABLE 3.3B: REQUIREMENTS FOR SUSPENDED CEILING
Height of Building Type of Floor Required Fire Resistance of Floor Description of Suspended Ceiling
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Less than 15m Non-compartment 1-hr or less

Surface of ceiling exposed within the cavity not lower than Class I surface flame spread
rating.
Compartment Less than 1-hr
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Surface of ceiling exposed within the cavity not lower than Class 0 surface flame spread
Compartment 1-hr
rating; supports and fixing for the ceiling non-combustible.
Ceiling of non-combustible construction and jointless; supports and fixings for the ceiling
Any More than 1-hr
non- combustible.
Surface of ceiling exposed within the cavity not lower than Class 0 surface flame spread
Any 1-hr or less
rating and jointless; supports and fixing for the ceiling non-combustible.
15m or more
Ceiling of non-combustible construction and jointless; supports and fixings for the ceiling
Any More than 1-hr
non- combustible
Note:
References to classes in the above table are to classes as specified in Cl.3.13
Where the space above a suspended ceiling is protected by an automatic sprinkler system it shall be exempted from the requirements for non-combustibility and surface spread of flame
classification as specified in the above table provided the ceiling is not situated over an exit passageway, protected lobby or other required protected means of escape
TABLE 3.4A: SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF TEST FOR FIRE RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE ETC.
Minimum Provisions when Tested to BS 476: Part
Part of Building 20-23 (mins) Method of Exposure
Stability Integrity Insulation
1. Structural frame, beam or column * No requirement No requirement exposed faces
2. Load-bearing wall, Load-bearing wall which is not also an external wall, separating wall,
* No requirement No requirement each side separately
compartment wall or protecting structure (See 4, 5, 6 or 7)
3. Floors
(a) floor in upper storey of a 2-storey dwelling house (but not over a garage) 30 15 15 from underside (Note 1)
(b) any other floor (including a compartment floor) * * * from underside (Note 1)
4. External walls
(a) any part less than 1m from point on relevant boundary * * * each side separately
(b) any part of the wall of a building used for Assembly purposes which is 1m or more from the * * 15 from inside
relevant boundary and is described in Note 2 * (max. 60) * (max. 60) * (max. 60) from outside
(c) any part 1m or more from the relevant boundary and is not a part described in (b) above * * 15 from inside
* * *
5. Separating wall each side separately
(min. 60) (min. 60) (min. 60)
6. Compartment wall * * * each side separately

7. Protecting structure (any part) * * * each side separately
8. Wall separating an attached or integral garage from a dwelling house * * * from garage side
9. Doors
+
each side separately when
a. in a separating wall No provision No provision***
fitted in its frame
(min. 60)
b. in a compartment wall, if it separates a flat or maisonette from a space in common use No provision 30 No provision*** each side separately
+
c. in a compartment wall or compartment floor not described in (b) above No provision No provision*** each side separately
d. in a protecting structure situated wholly or partly above the level of the adjoining ground in a
No provision 30 No provision*** each side separately
building used for flats, other residential, assembly or office purposes
**
e. in a protecting structure not described in (d) above No provision No provision*** each side separately
(min. 30)
f. any other door (including a door in a cavity barrier and a door between a dwelling house and each side separately when
No provision 30 No provision***
garage) fitted in its frame
10. Casing around a drainage system 30 30 30++ from outside
11. Cavity barriers
a. cavity barrier 1m x 1m or larger 30 30 15 each side separately
b. any other cavity barrier 30 30 No provision each side separately
c. ceiling 30 30 30 from underside
Modifications
++
- No provision for insulation if the casing is more than 50mm from any pipe in the enclosure (except a pipe passing through the casing)
Note:
* - Period of fire resistance as specified
** - Half the period of fire resistance for the wall or floor in which the door is situated
*** = This exemption does not apply to fire-rated glass door.
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+
- Period of fire resistance for the wall or floor in which the door is situated
++
- No provision for insulation if the casing is more than 50mm from any pipe in the enclosure (except a pipe passing through the casing)
1 - A suspended ceiling should only be relied on to contribute to the fire resistance of the floor if the ceiling meets the appropriate provisions given in Table 3.3B
2 - Any part of the wall which is 7.5m or less above the ground, or above a roof or any other part of the building to which people have access, if the building has 2 or more storeys
TABLE 3.9A: MAXIMUM NOMINAL DIAMETER OF PIPES
Pipe material and maximum nominal diameter (mm)
Situation Non-combustible Lead, aluminium or aluminium alloy, or

Any other material
UPVC (2)
material (1)
When the pipes (include pipe supports) penetrate the structure enclosing a protected shaft
150 100
which is not an exit stairway or lift shaft 40
100 (stack pipe) (3),(4),(5)

Any other situation 150 40
75 (branch pipe) (3),(4),(5)
Note:
(1) = A non-combustible material (such as for cast iron or steel pipes and the pipe supports with melting point of at least 1200°C) which if exposed to a temperature of 750°C will not soften
nor fracture to the extent that flame or gases will pass through the wall of the pipe
(2) = UPVC pipes complying with BS 4514 or EN 1329-1
(3) = Within toilets, washrooms or external corridors, maximum diameter of UPVC pipes can be increased to double the size given in the above table
(4) = Within areas of fire risk, such as kitchens, and adjacent to escape routes, UPVC pipes shall be enclosed by construction having fire resistance rating of at least ½ hr
(5) = Where the size of UPVC pipes exceeds that specified under this clause, approved fire collar shall be fitted at all positions where such pipes pass through constructions required to act
as a barrier to fire spread
TABLE 3.11A: MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS OF CAVITIES
Purpose Group of building or

Location of cavity *Class of surface exposed in cavity Max. dimension in any direction
compartment
I & II any no limit

Between roof and ceiling
others any 20m
any Class 0 20m+

Any other cavity
any any 8m+
Note:
* - excluding surface of any pipe, cable, conduit or insulation of any pipe
+
- shall not apply to raised floor under Cl.3.11.8
TABLE 3.13A: MINIMUM FLAME-SPREAD CLASSIFICATION OF FINISHES TO WALL, COLUMN, BEAM AND CEILING
Non-sprinkler-protected Building Sprinkler-protected Building
Room, Smoke- free Exit staircase & Room, Smoke- free Exit staircase &
Building Type
compartment /fire lift lobby exit passageway compartment Circulation /fire lift lobby exit passageway
Circulation space
space
BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2) BS(2) EN(2)
PG I - Small residential NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
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PG II - Other residential NA NA 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
PG III - Institutional 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 3 D(1) 3 D(1) 2 C 0 B
PG IV - Office 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
PG V - Shop 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
PG VI - Factory 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
PG VII - Place of public resort 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
PG VIII - Storage 1 C 0 B 0 B NC A2 NA NA NA NA 2 C 0 B
Note:
NC = Non-combustible to comply with BS 476 Pt 4
NA = Not Applicable
(1) = Applies to detention facilities and healthcare, including hospital, old-aged homes, nursing homes for mentally or physically disabled patients
(2) = BS/ EN refers to the following test standards. Meeting an EN standard implies that the corresponding BS standard is complied with but not vice-versa
EN 13501-1 BS 476
Classification Test Standards Classification Test Standards
Class A1 EN ISO 1182 + EN ISO 1716 Non-combustibility (NC) BS 476 Part 4
Class A2 [EN ISO 1182 or EN ISO 1716] + EN 13823 Limited combustibility (LC) BS 476 Part 11
Class B EN 13823 + EN ISO 11925-2 Class 0 BS 476 Part 6 & 7
Class C EN 13823 + EN ISO 11925-2 Class 1 BS 476 Part 7
Class C EN 13823 + EN ISO 11925-2 Class 2 BS 476 Part 7
Class D EN 13823 + EN ISO 11925-2 Class 3 BS 476 Part 7
Class F EN ISO 11925-2 Class 4 BS 476 Part 7
TABLE 3.13B: MINIMUM FLAME-SPREAD CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION (HOMOGENOUS)*
Non-sprinkler-protected Building Sprinkler-protected Building
Internal Non-load-bearing Wall and

Internal Non-load-bearing Wall and Ceiling
Ceiling
Roof(5)Covering,
Building Type Roof(5) Covering,
including Supports including
Within Room, Within Circulation Within Room, Within Circulation
Supports
Compartment Spaces(6) Compartment Spaces(6)
BS(7) EN(7) BS(7) EN(7) BS(7) EN(7) BS(7) EN(7) BS(7) EN(7) BS(7) EN(7)
PG I - Small residential NA NA NA NA NA(2) NA(2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
PG II - Other residential NA NA LC(3) A2 NA(2) NA(2) NA NA 1 C NA NA
PG III - Institutional 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 1 C(1) 0 B(1) 2 C(1)(4)
PG IV - Office 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 2 C 1 C 2 C(4)
PG V - Shop 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 2 C 1 C 2 C(4)
PG VI - Factory 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 2 C 1 C 2 C(4)
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PG VII - Place of public resort 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 2 C 1 C 2 C(4)
PG VIII - Storage 0 B LC(3) A2 1 C(4) 2 C 1 C 2 C(4)
Note:
(1) = Applies to detention facilities and healthcare, including hospital, nursing homes for handicapped, disabled, aged or persons with mental and/ or mobility impairment
(2) = Roof support can be of timber construction. Any use of plastic material for roof shall comply with the requirements in Cl.3.15.19c.(8)
(3) = Limited combustibility tested under BS 476 Part 11 or non-combustibility tested under BS 476 Part 4
(4) = Composite panel complying with ASTM E108 Class A is also acceptable
(5) = Applicable to composite panel roofing only. Refer to Cl.3.14.1 for other roofing materials
(6) = Including common corridor, passageway etc.
(7) = BS/EN refers to the test standards shown in the Note to Table 3.13A. Meeting an EN standard implies that the corresponding BS standard is complied with but not vice-versa
NA = Not Applicable
LC = Limited combustibility
* = When composite panels are used for the construction, the minimum flame-spread classification shall be applicable to the core material of the panels
FIRE TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONTAINING PLASTIC
TABLE 3.15A: PLASTIC FLOOR MATERIAL/ FINISHES
Test Category Fire Risk Applicable Fire Test Standards Acceptance Criteria
BS EN 45545-2 CIT < 0.75

Toxicity
A
emission
EN ISO 5659-2 CIT < 0.75
EN 13501-1
EN 14041 Smoke classification : s1 rating.
EN ISO 9239-1
Smoke
B
density
ASTM E662
Smoke density, Ds,max < 450
NFPA 258
EN ISO 5659-2 Smoke density, Ds,max < 150
EN 13501-1 1. Sprinkler-protected premises
(a) Sleeping occupancy : Class Cfl or better

EN 14041
(b) Non-sleeping occupancy : Class Dfl or better
2. Non-sprinkler-protected premises
C Flame spread EN ISO 9239-1
(a) Sleeping occupancy : Class Bfl or better
(b) Non-sleeping occupancy : Class Cfl or better
ASTM E648
Critical Radiant Flux (CRF) > 0.45 W/cm2
NFPA 253
FIRE TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONTAINING PLASTIC
TABLE 3.15B: PLASTIC WALL/ CEILING MATERIAL/ FINISHES
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BS EN 45545-2 CIT < 0.75

D Toxicity emission
EN ISO 5659-2 CIT < 0.75
1. Smoke classification to be of s1 rating
EN 13501-1
E Smoke density 2. Flaming droplet classification to be d0 rating
EN ISO 5659-2 VOF4 < 300 min
EN 13501-1 1. Internal wall finishes: to comply with Cl 3.13
F Flame spread BS 476 2. External wall finishes: to comply with Cl 3.5
NFPA 285 To pass criteria in NFPA 285
Note:
Test categories D and E are not required for external wall finishes
TABLE 3.15C : PLASTIC ROOF COVERING MATERIAL
Toxicity
G Not critical. Generally exposed to external.
emission
1. Generally not critical if exposed to external

Smoke
H EN 13501-1 2. If exposed as ceiling on the underside, then must meet
density
requirements for ceiling (achieve s1-d0 rating)
EN 13501-5 Class BROOF
BS 476-3 Class AA/AB/AC

J Flame spread
BS 476-6/7 Class 1
ASTM E108 Class A
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC FLOOR FINISHES (UNCOVERED)
Diagram 3.15.19c.(1) : Plastic floor finishes overlaid on structural floor
TABLE 3.15D: UNCOVERED PLASTIC FLOOR FINISHES
S/N Material Construction Assessment Remarks
1 Non-combustible material Allowed No further fire test is required
1. No further fire test is required

2 Material thickness not exceeding 10mm Allowed
2. For sprinkler-protected premises, material not exceeding 20mm can be exempted from the tests in
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Table 3.15A
3 Use in open-to-sky conditions Allowed No further fire test is required
4 Use in exit staircase/ exit passageways Not allowed Key escape routes shall be protected
5 Material thickness exceeding 10mm Allowed with conditions Allowed if pass test categories A, B and C in Table 3.15A
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC MATERIAL CAST INTO (EMBEDDED WITHIN) STRUCTURAL FLOOR SYSTEM
Diagram 3.15.19c.(2) : Plastic material embedded within masonry floor
TABLE 3.15E : PLASTICS EMBEDDED WITHIN MASONRY FLOOR
S/N Material construction Assessment Remarks

2 Material thickness not exceeding 10mm Allowed 2. For sprinkler-protected premises, material not exceeding 20mm can be exempted from
the tests in Table 3.15A
3 Use in open-to-sky conditions Allowed No further fire test is required
4 Use in exit staircase/exit passageways Not allowed Key escape routes shall be protected
1. If masonry cover is less than 25mm thick, the material shall pass test categories A, B and
C in Table 3.15A.
Allowed with 2. If masonry cover is at least 25mm thick all around the embedded plastic, tests in Table
5 Material thickness exceeding 10mm
conditions 3.15A are exempted.
3. The locations where embedded plastics are installed shall be clearly indicated on the
plans
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC FLOOR FINISHES (COVERED)
Diagram 3.15.19c.(3) : Plastic floor finishes laid on structural floor, and covered by a non-combustible overlay
TABLE 3.15F: COVERED PLASTIC FLOOR FINISHES
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2 Material thickness not exceeding 10mm Allowed 2. For sprinkler-protected premises, material not exceeding 20mm can be exempted from the tests
in Table 3.15A
3 Use in open-to-sky conditions. Allowed No further fire test is required
4 Use in exit staircase / exit passageways Not allowed Key escape routes shall be protected
1. Allowed if pass test categories A, B and C in Table 3.15A

5 Material thickness exceeding 10mm Allowed with conditions 2. If the overlay is non-combustible and at least 25mm thick, test category C in Table 3.15A is
exempted
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC WALL FINISHES OR CEILING FINISHES
Diagram 3.15.19c.(4) : Plastic wall or ceiling material/ finishes installed internally/ externally
TABLE 3.15G: PLASTIC WALL OR CEILING MATERIAL/ FINISHES
1 Non-combustible material Allowed No further fire test required
2 Material thickness not exceeding 1mm Allowed No further fire test required
3 Use in exit staircase/exit passageways Not allowed Key escape routes shall be protected
Allowed if pass test categories D, E and F in Table 3.15B, unless specifically

4 Material thickness exceeding 1mm Allowed with conditions
exempted for external building applications
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF COMPOSITE PANEL WITH PLASTIC USED AS WALL FINISHES OR CEILING FINISHES
Diagram 3.15.19c.(5) : Composite panel with plastic used as wall or ceiling material/ finishes installed internally/ externally
TABLE 3.15H: COMPOSITE PANEL WITH PLASTIC USED AS WALL OR CEILING MATERIAL/ FINISHES
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1 Non-combustible plastic material Allowed No further fire test required
2 Plastic material thickness not exceeding 1mm Allowed No further fire test required
Allowed if pass test categories D, E and F in Table 3.15B, unless specifically exempted for
4 Plastic material thickness exceeding 1mm Allowed with conditions
external building applications
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC MATERIAL EMBEDDED IN MASONRY WALL/ CEILING
Diagram 3.15.19c.(6) : Plastic material embedded within wall/ ceiling
TABLE 3.15I: PLASTIC MATERIAL EMBEDDED IN MASONRY WALL/ CEILING
2 Material thickness not exceeding 1mm Allowed No further fire test required
1. If masonry cover is less than 25mm thick, the material shall pass test
categories D, E and F in Table 3.15B
2. If masonry cover is at least 25mm thick all around the embedded

4
plastic, tests in Table 3.15B are exempted
Material thickness exceeding 1mm Allowed with conditions
3. The locations where embedded plastics are installed shall be clearly
indicated on the plans
CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF PLASTIC ROOF COVERING
TABLE 3.15J : PLASTIC ROOF COVERING
Material thickness not exceeding

2 Allowed No further fire test required
1mm
Use in exit staircase/ exit

3 Not allowed Key escape routes shall be protected
passageways
1. Allowed if pass test category J in Table 3.15C, as well as test category H in Table
3.15C if exposed on underside
4 Material thickness exceeding 1mm Allowed with conditions
2. Exempted from test categories H and if the requirements specified for skylights in
Cl.3.13.5b.
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CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF COMPOSITE PANEL CONTAINING PLASTIC AS ROOF COVERING
TABLE 3.15K: COMPOSITE PANEL WITH PLASTIC USED AS ROOF COVERING
1 Non-combustible plastic material Allowed No further fire test required
Plastic material thickness not exceeding

2 Allowed No further fire test required
1mm
1. Allowed if pass test category J in Table 3.15C, as well as test category H in Table
3.15C if exposed on underside
Plastic material thickness exceeding
4 Allowed with conditions
1mm 2. Exempted from test categories H and J if the requirements specified for skylights in
Cl.3.13.5b.
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ANNEX 3A - NOTIONAL PERIODS OF FIRE RESISTANCE
A1.0 General
In this Annex:
a. “Class 1 aggregate” means foamed slag, pumice, blast furnace slag, pelleted fly ash, crushed brick and burnt clay products (including
expanded clay) well-burnt clinker and crushed limestone.
b. “Class 2 aggregate” means flint gravel, granite, and all crushed natural stones other than limestones.
c. Any reference to plaster means:
(1) in the case of an external wall 1m or more from the relevant boundary, plaster applied on the internal face only;
(2) in the case of any other wall, plaster applied on both faces;
(3) if to plaster of a given thickness on the external face of a wall, except in the case of a reference to vermiculite-gypsum plaster,
rendering on the external face of the same thickness; and
(4) if to vermiculite-gypsum plaster, vermiculite-gypsum plaster of a mix within the range of 1½ to 2:1 by volume.
d. In the case of a cavity wall, the load is assumed to be on inner leaf only except for fire resistance period of 4-hrs.
e. Any material or type of construction and its method of preparation or application as referred to in the table, shall conform with the
relevant provisions of the Building Control Act (Chapter 29) and the relevant Singapore Standard or Singapore Standard Code of Practice.
In the absence of the aforementioned Standard or Code of Practice, the relevant British equivalent or other accepted standard or codes of
practice shall be applicable.
A2.0 : WALLS
Minimum thickness excluding plaster (in mm) for period of fire resistance of
Construction Load-bearing Non-load-bearing
and Materials 4 3 2 1½ 4 3 2 1½
1 hr ½ hr 1 hr ½ hr
hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs
A2.1 -- Mansonry Construction
1. Reinforced
concrete,
minimum
concrete cover
to main
reinforcement of
25mm:
(a)
Unplastered
(to comply - - - - - - - - - - - -
with SS EN
1992–1–2)
(b) 12.5mm
cement- 180 - 100 100 75 75 - - - - - -
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
gypsum- 180 - 100 100 75 75 - - - - - -
sand plaster
(d) 12.5mm
vermiculite-
125 - 75 75 63 63 - - - - - -
gypsum
plaster
2. No-fines
concrete of
Class 2
aggregate:
(a) 13mm
cement- - - - - - - 150 150 150 150 150 150
sand plaster
(b) 13mm
gypsum- - - - - - - 150 150 150 150 150 150
sand plaster
(c) 13mm
vermiculite-
- - - - - - 150 150 150 150 150 150
gypsum
plaster
Page 123
3. Bricks of clay,
concrete or
sand-lime:
(a)
200 200 100 100 100 100 170 170 100 100 75 75
Unplastered
(b) 13mm
cement- 200 200 100 100 100 100 170 170 100 100 75 75
sand plaster
(c) 13mm
gypsum- 200 200 100 100 100 100 170 170 100 100 75 75
sand plaster
(d) 13mm
vermiculite-
gypsum or
100 - 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 75 75
perlite-
gypsum*
plaster
4. Concrete
blocks of Class
1 aggregate:
(a)
150 - 100 100 100 100 150 - 75 75 75 50
Unplastered
(b) 12.5mm
cement- 150 - 100 100 100 100 150 - 75 75 75 50
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
gypsum- 150 - 100 100 100 100 150 - 75 75 75 50
sand plaster
(d) 12.5mm
vermiculite-
100 - 100 100 100 100 75 - 75 62 50 50
gypsum
plaster
5. Concrete
blocks of Class
2 aggregate:
(a)
- - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 100 75 50
Unplastered
(b) 12.5mm
cement- - - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 100 75 50
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
gypsum- - - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 100 75 50
sand plaster
(d) 12.5mm
vermiculite-
100 - 100 100 100 100 100 - 75 75 75 50
gypsum
plaster
6. Autoclaved
aerated
concrete blocks, 180 140 100 100 100 100 100 - 62 62 50 50
density 475 -
1200 kg/m3
7. Hollow
concrete blocks,
one cell in wall
thickness, of
Class 1
aggregate:
(a)
- - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 100 100 75
Unplastered
(b) 12.5mm
cement- - - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 75 75 75
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
gypsum- - - 100 100 100 100 150 - 100 75 75 75
sand plaster
(d) 12.5mm
vermiculite-
- - 100 100 100 100 150 - 75 75 62 62
gypsum
plaster
8. Hollow
concrete blocks,
one cell in wall
thickness, of
Class 2
aggregate:
(a)
- - - - - - 150 - 150 125 125 125
Unplastered
(b) 12.5mm - - - - - - 150 - 150 125 125 100
Page 124
cement-
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
gypsum- - - - - - - 150 - 150 125 125 100
sand plaster
(d) 12.5mm
gypsum- - - - - - - 125 - 100 100 100 75
sand plaster
9. Cellular clay
blocks not less
than 50% solid
(a) 12.5mm
cement- - - - - - - - - - - 100 75
sand plaster
(b) 12.5mm
gypsum- - - - - - - - - - - 100 75
sand plaster
(c) 12.5mm
vermiculite-
- - - - - - 200 - 100 100 100 62
gypsum
plaster
10. Cavity wall
with outer leaf
of bricks or
blocks of clay,
composition,
concrete or
sand-lime, not
less than
100mm thick
and;
(a) inner leaf
of bricks or
blocks of
clay, 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 - 75 75 75 75
composition,
concrete or
sand lime
(b) inner leaf
of solid or
hollow
concrete
100 100 100 100 100 100 75 - 75 75 75 75
bricks or
blocks of
Class 1
aggregate
11. Cavity wall
with outer leaf
of cellular clay
blocks as 9
above and inner
leaf of 150 140 100 100 100 100 75 75 75 75 75 75
autoclaved
aerated
concrete blocks,
density 480-
1200 kg/m3
Note:
* - Perlite-gypsum plaster to clay bricks only
A2.0 : WALLS
Period of Fire
Resistance
Construction and Materials
hrs
A2.2 - Framed and Composite Construction (non-load-bearing)

1. Steel frame with external cladding of 16mm rendering on metal lathing and internal lining of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, density 480-1120 kg/m3 of
thickness of –
(a) 50mm 2
(b) 62mm 3
(c) 75mm 4
2. Steel frame with external cladding of 100mm concrete blocks and internal lining of 16mm gypsum plaster on metal lathing 4
3. Steel frame with external cladding of 16mm rendering on metal lathing and internal lining of 16mm gypsum plaster on metal lathing 1
4. Steel or timber frame with facings on each side of -
(a) metal lathing with cement-sand or gypsum plaster of thickness of-
Page 125
(1) 19mm 1
(2) 12.5mm ½
(b) metal lathing with vermiculite-gypsum or perlite-gypsum plaster of thickness of-
(1) 25mm 2
(2) 19mm 1½
(3) 12.5mm 1
(c) 9.5mm plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of 5mm ½
(d) 9.5mm plasterboard with vermiculite-gypsum of thickness of-
(1) 25mm 2
(2) 16mm 1½
(3) 10mm 1
(4) 5mm ½
(e) 12.5mm plasterboard
(1) unplastered ½
(2) with gypsum plaster of thickness of 12.5mm 1
(f) 12.5mm plasterboard with vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness of-
(1) 25mm 2
(2) 16mm 1½
(3) 10mm 1
(g) 19mm plasterboard (or two layers of 9.5mm fixed to break joint) without finish 1
(h) 19mm plasterboard for two layers of 9.5mm with vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness of-
(1) 16mm 2
(2) 10mm 1½
(i) 12.5mm fibre insulating board with gypsum plaster of thickness of 12.5mm ½
(j) 25mm wood wool slabs with gypsum plaster of thickness of 12.5mm 1
5. Compressed straw slabs in timber frames finished on both faces with gypsum plaster of thickness of 5mm 1
6. Plasterboard 9.5mm cellular core partition-
(a) unplastered ½
(b) 12.5mm gypsum plaster ½
(c) 22mm vermiculite-gypsum plaster 2
7. Plasterboard 12.5mm cellular core partition-
(a) unplastered ½
(b) 12.5mm gypsum plaster 1
(c) 16mm vermiculite-gypsum plaster 2
8. Plasterboard 19mm finished on both faces with 16mm gypsum plaster 1
9. Plasterboard 12.5mm bonded with neat gypsum plaster to each side of 19mm plasterboard 1
10. Three layers of 19mm plasterboard bonded with heat gypsum plaster 2
11. Wood wool slab with 12.5mm rendering or plaster of thickness of-
(a) 75mm 2
(b) 50mm 1
12. Compressed straw slabs, with 75mm by 12.5mm wood cover strips to joints, of thickness of 50mm ½
Note :
* - The presence of a combustible vapour barrier within the thickness of these constructions shall not be regarded as affecting these periods of fire resistance
A2.0 : WALLS
Period of Fire Resistance

Construction and Materials
hrs
A2.3 - External walls (non-loadbearing) more than 1m from the relevant boundary
1. Steel frame with external cladding of non-combustible sheets and internal lining of-
(a) 12.5mm cement-sand or gypsum plaster on metal lathing 4
(b) two layers of 9.5mm plasterboard ½
(c) 9.5mm plasterboard finished with gypsum plaster of thickness of 12.5mm ½
(d) 12.5mm plasterboard finished with 5mm gypsum plaster ½
(e) 50mm compressed straw slabs ½
(f) 50mm compressed straw slabs finished with 5mm gypsum plaster 2
2 *Timber frame with external cladding of 10mm cement-sand or cement-lime rendering and internal lining of-
(a) 16mm gypsum plaster on metal lathing 1
(b) 9.5mm plasterboard finished with12.5 mm gypsum plaster 1
(c) 12.5mm plasterboard finished with 5mm gypsum plaster 1
(d) 50mm compressed straw slabs 1
(e) aerated concrete blocks 1
(1) 50mm 3
Page 126
(2) 62mm 4
(3) 75mm 4
(4) 100mm 4
3 Timber frame with external cladding of 100mm clay, concrete or sand-lime bricks of blocks, finished internally with 16mm gypsum plaster on metal lathing 4
4. *Timber frame with external cladding of weather boarding or 9.5 mm plywood and internal lining of-
(a) 16mm gypsum plaster on metal lathing ½
(b) 9.5mm plasterboard finished with 12.5mm gypsum plaster ½
(c) 12.5mm plasterboard finished with 5mm gypsum plaster ½
(d) 50mm compressed straw slabs ½
(e) aerated concrete blocks-
(1) 50mm 3
(2) 62mm 4
(3) 75mm 4
(4) 100mm 4
Note:
* - The presence of a combustible vapour barrier within the thickness of these constructions shall not be regarded as affecting these periods of fire resistance
A3.0: REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Minimum Dimension (mm) of Concrete to give a Fire Resistance of:-
Description
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 ½ hrs 1 hr ½ hr
1 Siliceous aggregate concrete:
(a) average concrete cover to main reinforcement 65* 55* 45* 35 25 15
(b) beam width 280 240 180 140 110 80
2. As (1) with cement or gypsum plaster 15mm thick on light mesh reinforcement
(a) average concrete cover to main reinforcement 50* 40 30 20 15 15
(b) beam width 250 210 170 110 85 70
+
3. As (1) with vermiculite/ gypsum plaster 15mm thick:
(a) average concrete cover to main reinforcement 25 15 15 15 15 15
(b) beam width 175 145 125 85 60 60
4. Light weight aggregate concrete:
(a) average concrete cover to main reinforcement 50 45 35 30 20 15
(b) beam width 250 200 160 130 100 80
Note:
* - Supplementary reinforcement, to hold the concrete cover in position, may be necessary
+
- Vermiculite/ gypsum plaster should have a mix ratio in the range of 1 ½ - 2: 1 by volume
A4.0: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS

Description
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 ½ hrs 1 hr ½ hr
1 Siliceous aggregate concrete:
(a) average concrete cover to tendons 100* 85* 65* 50* 40 25
(b) beam width 280 240 180 140 110 80
2. As (1) with vermiculite concrete slabs 15mm thick , used as permanent shuttering:
(a) average concrete cover to tendons 75* 60 45 35 25 15
(b) beam width 210 170 125 100 70 70
3. As (2) but with 25mm thick slabs:
(a) average concrete cover to tendons 65 50 35 25 15 15
(b) beam width 180 140 100 70 60 60
4. As (1) with 15mm thick gypsum plaster with light mesh reinforcement:
(b) beam width 250 210 170 110 85 70
5. As (1) with vermiculite/gypsum plaster+ 15m thick:
(b) beam width 170 145 125 85 60 60
6. As (5) but with 25mm thick coating:
(b) beam width 140 125 85 70 60 60
7. Lightweight aggregate concrete:
(b) beam width 250 200 160 130 100 80
Note:
Page 127
+
- Vermiculite/gypsum plaster should have a mix ratio in the range of 1 ½ - 2: 1 by volume
A5.0: REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

Description
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1½ hrs 1 hr ½ hr
A5.1 - All Face Exposed
1. Siliceous aggregate concrete:
(a) without additional protection 450 400 300 250 200 150
(b) with cement or gypsum plaster 15mm thick on light mesh reinforcement 300 275 225 150 150 150
(c) with vermiculite/ gypsum plaster* 275 225 200 150 120 120
2. Limestone aggregate concrete or siliceous aggregate:
(a) concrete with supplementary reinforcement in concrete cover 300 275 225 200 190 150
3. Lightweight aggregate concrete 300 275 225 200 150 150
A5.2 - One Face Exposed
1. Siliceous aggregate concrete
(a) without additional protection 180 150 100 100 75 75
(b) with vermiculite/ gypsum plaster* 15mm thick on exposed faces 125 100 75 75 65 65
Note:
+
- Vermiculite/gypsum plaster should have a mix ratio in the range of 1 ½ - 2: 1 by volume
A6.0: STRUCTURAL STEEL

A6.1 - Encased Steel Stanchions (Mass per metre not less than 45kg)
Minimum Thickness (mm) of Protection for a Fire Resistance of:
Description
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 ½hrs 1 hr ½hr
A. Solid Protection* (Unplastered)
1. Concrete not leaner than 1:2:4 mix with natural aggregates-
(a) concrete not assumed to be load- bearing reinforced+ 50 - 25 25 25 25
(b) concrete assumed to be load-bearing, reinforced in accordance with SS EN 1992 and
75 - 50 50 50 50
SS EN 1994
2. Solid bricks of clay, composition or sand-lime 100 75 50 50 50 50
3. Solid blocks of foamed slag or pumice concrete reinforced+ in every horizontal joint 75 60 50 50 50 50
4. Sprayed vermiculite-cement - - 38 32 19 12.5
B. Hollow Protection++
1. Solid bricks of clay, composition or sandlime reinforced in every horizontal joint, unplastered 115 - 50 50 50 50
2. Solid blocks of foamed slag or pumice concrete reinforced+ in every horizontal joint,
75 - 50 50 50 50
unplastered
3. Metal lathing with gypsum or cement- lime plaster of thickness of - - - 38§ 25 19 12.5
4. Metal lathing:-
(a) with vermiculite-gypsum or perlite-gypsum plaster of thickness of 50§ - 19 16 12.5 12.5
(b) spaced 25mm from flanges with vermiculite-gypsum or perlite-gypsum plaster of
44 - 19 12.5 12.5 12.5
thickness of
5. Gypsum plasterboard with 1.6mm wire binding at 100mm pitch -
(a) 9.5mm Plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - - - 12.5 12.5
(b) 19mm Plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 12.5 10 7 7
6. Gypsum plasterboard with 1.6mm wire binding at 100mm pitch-
(a) 9.5mm plasterboard with vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 16 15 10 10
(b) 19mm plasterboard with vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness of 38§ - 20 13 10 10
7. Vermiculite-cement slabs of 4:1 mix reinforced with wire mesh and finished with plaster
63 - 25 25 25 25
skim. Slabs of thickness of
Note:
* - Solid protection means a casing which is bedded close to the steel without intervening cavities and with all joints in that casing made full and solid
+ - Reinforcement shall consist of steel binding wire not less than 2.3mm in thickness, or a steel mesh weighing not less than 0.48 kg/m2. In concrete protection, the spacing of that
reinforcement shall not exceed 150mm in any direction
++ - Hollow protection means that there is a void between the protective material and the steel. All hollow protection to columns shall be effectively sealed at each floor level
§ - Light mesh reinforcement required 12.5mm to 19mm below surface unless special corner beads are used
A6.2 - Encased Steel Beams (Mass per metre not less than 30kg)
Minimum Thickness (mm) of Protection for a Fire Resistance of :
Description
Page 128
A. Solid Protection+ (Unplastered)
1. Concrete not leaner than 1:2:4 mix with natural aggregates-
(a) concrete not assumed to be load- bearing, reinforced++ 75 50 25 25 25 25
(b) concrete assumed to be load-bearing, reinforced in accordance with SS EN 1992 and SS EN
75 75 50 50 50 50
1994
2. Sprayed vermiculite - cement - - 38 32 19 12.5
++
B. Hollow Protection
1. Metal lathing -
(a) with cement-lime plaster of thickness of - - 38 25 19 12.5
(b) with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 22 19 16 12.5
(c) with vermiculite-gypsum or perlite-gypsum plaster of thickness of 32 - 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
2. Gypsum plasterboard with 1.6mm wire binding at 100mm pitch-
(a) 9.5mm plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - - - 12.5 12.5
(b) 19 mm plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 12.5 10 7 7
3. Plasterboard with 1.6mm wire at 100m pitch -
(a) 9.5mm plaster nailed to wooden cradles finished with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - - - - 12.5
(b) 9.5mm plasterboard with vermiculite -gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 16 15 10 10
(c) 19mm plasterboard with vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness of 32 - 10 10 7 7
(d) 19mm plasterboard with gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 20 13 10 10
4. Vermiculite-cement slabs of 4:1 mix reinforced with wire mesh and finished with plaster skim. Slabs
63 - 25 25 25 25
of thickness of
5. Gypsum-sand plaster 12.5mm thick applied to heavy duty (Type B as designated in EN 13168)
- - 50 38 38 38
Wood wool slabs of thickness of
Note:
* - Hollow protection means that there is a void between the protective materials and the steel. All hollow protection to columns shall be effectively sealed at each floor level
+
- Solid protection means a casing which is bedded close to the steel without intervening cavities and with all joints in that casing made full and solid
++
- Reinforcement shall consist of steel binding wire not less than 2.3mm in thickness, or a steel mesh weighing not less than 0.48 kg/m2. In concrete protection, the spacing of that
reinforcement shall not exceed 150mm in any direction
§
- Light mesh reinforcement required 12.5mm to 19mm below surface unless special corner beads are used
A7.0: STRUCTURAL ALUMINIUM

Minimum Thickness (mm) of Protection for a Fire Resistance
Description of :
A7.1 - Solid Protection*
1. Sprayed vermiculite-cement - - - - 44 19
A7.2 - Hollow Protection+
1. Metal lathing with vermiculite-gypsum or perlite-gypsum plaster of thickness of - - 32 22 16 12.5
2. Metal lathing finished with neat gypsum plaster of thickness of - - - - 19 12.5
3. Gypsum plasterboard 19mm thick with 1.6 mm wire binding at 100mm pitch finished with gypsum-vermiculite plaster
- - 22 16 10 10
of thickness of
Note:
* - Solid protection means a casing which is bedded close to the alloy without intervening cavities and with all joints in that casing made full and solid
+
- Hollow protection means that there is a void between the protected material and the alloy. All hollow protection to columns shall be effectively sealed at each floor level
A8.0: TIMBER FLOORS

Minimum Thickness (mm) of Protection for a Fire Resistance
of:
Construction and materials
1 hr ½ hr modified++ ½ hr
1. Plain edge boarding on timber joists not less than 38mm wide with ceiling of -
(a) timber lath and plaster - thickness of plaster - 16 16
(b) timber lath and plaster with plaster of minimum thickness of 16mm covered on underside with plasterboard of
- 12.5 -
thickness
(c) metal lathing and plaster - thickness of plaster
(1) gypsum - 16 -
(2) vermiculite - 12.5 -
(d) one layer of plasterboard of thickness - - 12.5
(e) one layer of plasterboard of minimum thickness of 9.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - - 12.5
(f) one layer of plasterboards of minimum thickness of 12.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 12.5 -
(g) two layers of plasterboard of total thickness - 25 19
(h) one layer of fibre insulating board of minimum thickness of 9.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
(i) one layer of fibre insulating board of minimum thickness of 12.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - - 12.5
Page 129
(j) wood wool slab 25mm thick finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
2. Tongued and grooved boarding of not less than 16mm (finished) thickness* on timber joists not less than 38 mm wide ceiling of -
(a) timber lath and plaster - thickness of plaster - - 16
(b) timber lath and plaster with plaster of minimum thickness of 16mm covered on underside with plasterboard of
- 9.5 -
thickness
(c) metal lathing and plaster - thickness of plaster
(1) gypsum 22 16 -
(2) vermiculite 12.5 12.5 -
(d) one layer of plasterboard of thickness - - 9.5
(e) one layer of plasterboard of minimum thickness of 9.5mm finished with-
(1) gypsum plaster of thickness - 12.5 -
(2) vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness 12.5 - -
(f) one layer of plasterboards of minimum thickness of 12.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
(g) two layers of plasterboard of total thickness - 22 -
(h) one layer of fibre insulating board of minimum thickness of 9.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - - 5
(i) wood wool slab 25mm thick finished with -
(1) gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
(2) vermiculite - gypsum plaster of thickness 10 - -
3. Tongued and grooved boardings of not less than 21mm (finished) thickness* on timber joists not less than
(a) timber lath and plaster - thickness of plaster - 16 -
(b) metal lathing and plaster - thickness of plaster - 16 -
(c) one layer of plasterboard of thickness - - 9.5
(d) one layer of plasterboard of minimum thickness of 9.5mm finished with -
(1) gypsum plaster of thickness - 12.5 -
(2) vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness 12.5 - -
(e) one layer of plasterboard of minimum thickness of 12.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
(f) two layers of plasterboard of total thickness - 19 -
(g) one layer of fibre insulating board of thickness - - 12.5
(h) one layer of fibre insulating board of minimum thickness of 12.5mm finished with gypsum plaster of thickness - 12.5 -
(i) wood wool slab 25mm thick finished with -
(1) gypsum plaster of thickness - 5 -
(2) vermiculite-gypsum plaster of thickness 10 - -
Note:
* - Or an equivalent thickness of wood chipboard
++
- The term “modified ½ hour” refers to the requirements specified in item 3(a) of Table 3.4A
A9.0: REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS (SILICEOUS OR CALCAREOUS AGGREGATE)

Minimum Dimension (mm) to give Fire
Resistance of :
Floor Construction
1½
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 hr ½ hr
hrs
Average cover to
25 25 20 20 15 15
Solid slab reinforcement
Depth, overall+ 150 150 125 125 100 100
Average cover to
25 25 20 20 15 15
Cored slabs in which the cores are circular or are higher than wide. Not less than 50% of the gross across reinforcement
section of the floor should be solid material Thickness under cores 50 40 40 30 25 20
+
Depth, overall 190 175 160 140 110 100
Average cover to
25 25 20 20 15 15
reinforcement
Hollow box section with one or more longitudinal cavities which are wider than high Thickness of bottom
50 40 40 30 25 20
flange
Depth, overall+ 230 205 180 155 130 105
Average cover to
25 25 20 20 15 15
Ribbed floor with hollow infill blocks of clay, or inverted T-section beams with hollow infill blocks of concrete reinforcement
or clay. A floor in which less than 50% of the gross cross section is solid material must be provided with a Width or rib, or beam, at
125 100 90 80 70 50
15mm plaster coating on soffit soffit
Depth, overall+ 190 175 160 140 110 100
Average bottom cover
65* 55* 45* 35 25 15
to reinforcement
Side cover to
65 55 45 35 25 15
Upright T-section reinforcement
Least width or down-
150 140 115 90 75 60
standing leg
Thickness of flange+ 150 150 125 125 100 90
Inverted channel sections with radius at intersection of soffits with top of leg not exceeding depth of section Average bottom cover
65* 55* 45* 35 25 15
to reinforcement
Page 130
Side cover to
40 30 25 20 15 10
reinforcement
75 70 60 45 40 30
standing leg
Thickness at crown+ 150 150 125 125 100 90
65* 55* 45* 35 25 15
to reinforcement
Side cover to
Inverted channel sections or U-sections with radius at intersection of soffits with top of leg exceeding depth 40 30 25 20 15 10
reinforcement
of section
70 60 50 40 35 25
standing leg
Note:
+
- Non-combustible screeds and finishes may be included in these dimensions
A10.0: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOORS (SILICEOUS OR CALCAREOUS AGGREGATE)

Minimum Dimension (mm) to give Fire
Resistance of :
Floor Construction
1½
4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 hr ½ hr
hrs
Average cover to
65* 50* 40 30 25 15
Solid slab reinforcement
Depth, overall+ 150 150 125 125 100 90
Average cover to
65* 50* 40 30 25 15
Cored slabs in which the cores are circular or are higher than wide. Not less than 50% of the gross across reinforcement
section of the floor should be solid material Thickness under cores 50 40 40 30 25 20
+
Depth, overall 190 175 160 140 110 100
Average cover to
65* 50* 40 30 25 15
reinforcement
Hollow box section with one or more longitudinal cavities which are wider than high Thickness of bottom
65 50 40 30 25 25
flange
Depth, overall+ 230 205 180 155 130 105
Average cover to
65* 50* 40 30 25 15
Ribbed floor with hollow infill blocks of clay, or inverted T-section beams with hollow infill blocks of concrete reinforcement
or clay. A floor in which less than 50% of the gross cross section is solid material must be provided with a Width or rib, or beam, at
125 100 90 80 70 50
15mm plaster coating on soffit soffit
Depth, overall+ 190 175 160 140 110 100
100* 85* 65* 50* 40 25
to reinforcement
Side cover to
100 85 65 50 40 25
Upright T-section reinforcement
250 200 150 110 90 60
standing leg
Thickness of flange+ 150 150 125 125 100 90
100* 85* 65* 50* 40 25
to reinforcement
Side cover to
50 45 35 25 20 10
Inverted channel sections with radius at intersection of soffits with top of leg not exceeding depth of section reinforcement
125 100 75 55 45 30
standing leg
100* 85* 65* 50* 40 25
to reinforcement
Side cover to
Inverted channel sections or U-sections with radius at intersection of soffits with top of leg exceeding depth 50 45 35 25 20 15
reinforcement
of section
110 90 70 50 45 30
standing leg
Note:
+
- Non-combustible screeds and finishes may be included in these dimensions
Page 131
A11.0: GLAZING
Minimum Thickness
(mm) of Glazing for a
Construction and materials Period of:-
1 hr ½ hr
2
1. Glass, in direct combination with metal, the melting point of which is not lower than 982.2°C, in square not exceeding 0.015m in area
Thickness of glass - 6.35
2. Glass reinforced with wire not less than 0.46mm in diameter laid to a square mesh measuring 12.70mm from centre to centre of wire, and electrically welded at the intersections, or laid to
a hexagonal mesh measuring 25.40mm across the flat side
Thickness of glass - 6.35
In windows, doors , borrowed lights, lanterns and skylights, glass complying with paragraphs 1 or 2 of this Table shall be fixed with wood or metal beads or with a glazing compound in
conjunction with sprigs or clips in panels not exceeding 0.372m 2 in area in timber frames (fixed shut) having a minimum width and thickness of 44.45mm clear of rebates
3. Glass reinforced with wire as in paragraph 2 of this Table, in windows, doors, borrowed lights, lanterns and skylights, fixed with metal beads in panels not
6.35 6.35
exceeding 1.115m2 in metal frames (fixed shut) all metal having a melting point not lower than 982.2oC, the thickness of glass
4. Glass bricks or blocks in walls
Laid in cement / lime / sand mortar with light wire reinforcing mesh in every third horizontal joint in a panel not exceeding 2.438m in width or height set along
the sides and head into recesses in the surrounding non-combustible construction. The depth of such recessed shall be not less than 25.40mm, the glass
- 98.43
blocks extending into the recesses to a depth of 12.70mm and bedded upon layer of glass fibre. A non-hardening mastic shall be used to fill the spaces
between the sides of the recesses and the faces of the panels
Note:
In this Table the absence of a figure in a period column indicated that glazing described is not acceptable for the period applicable to that column
Page 132
ANNEX 3B - LIMITS OF UNPROTECTED OPENINGS
B1.0 CALCULATION OF PERMITTED LIMITS OF UNPROTECTED AREAS
B1.1 The permitted limit of unprotected areas in any side of a building or compartment shall be calculated by reference to the requirements of
B2.0.
B1.2 For the purposes of this Annex, the expression 'unprotected area' has the meaning ascribed to it by Cl.1.4.110, but in calculating the size
of unprotected areas or the permitted limit of unprotected areas, the following provisions shall apply -
a. where any area of an external wall is an unprotected area, only because it has combustible material attached to it as cladding, the area
of that unprotected area shall be deemed to be half the area of such cladding;
b. when unprotected openings in the same compartment are recessed at a distance or an angle to the plane of reference, the width of the
unprotected opening can be reduced accordingly when projected to the plane of reference based on Table 3 and Table 4. However, such
reduction is not applicable to the following:
(1) Concave building profile or the like where a specific point on the receiving panel receives radiation from more than one source.
(2) When the unprotected opening is along a continuous circular profile where its size and angle cannot be determined.
c. no account shall be taken of any of the following:
(1) an unprotected area which does not exceed 0.1m 2 and which is not less than 1.5m from any other unprotected area in the same
side of the building or compartment (unless that other falls within (3) below);
(2) one or more unprotected areas having an area (or, if more than one, the aggregate area) not exceeding 1m 2 and not less than 4m
from any other unprotected area in the same side of the building or compartment (except any such area as is specified in (1) above);
(3) an unprotected area in any part of an external wall which forms part of a protected shaft;
(4) an unprotected area in the side of a building not divided into compartments, if the area is not less than 28m above any ground
adjoining that side of the building.
B2.0 Rules of calculation by reference to an enclosing rectangle
B2.1 The conditions of this Part of this Annex shall be satisfied if a building or compartment is so situated that no point on the relevant
boundary is either between the relevant plane of reference and the side of the building or compartment or at a distance from the relevant plane
of reference which is less than the distance specified in the Tables to this Part of this Annex, according to the purpose group of the building or
compartment, the dimensions of the enclosing rectangle and the unprotected percentage. Linear interpolation to determine the setback
distance using Table 1 & 2 is permitted, provided the unprotected percentage falls between 20% and 100%.
B2.2 For the purpose of this Part of this Annex:
a. “relevant boundary” means as defined in Cl.1.4.89 and for the purpose of this calculation is either parallel to the side of the building
under consideration or at an angle of not more than 80° with that side;
b. “plane of reference” means any vertical plane which touches the side or some part of the side of a building or compartment but which
(however far extended) does not pass within the structure of such building or compartment (and for this purpose, any balcony, coping or
similar projection shall be deemed not to be part either of that side or of the structure); and the relevant plane of reference shall in each
case be taken as that most favourable in that respect to the person erecting the building;
c. “enclosing rectangle” means the smallest rectangle on the relevant plane of reference which would:
(1) enclose all the outer edge of any unprotected area of the building or, if the building is divided into compartments, of the
compartment (other than any of an unprotected area which is at an angle of more than 80° to the plane of reference the outer edges
being for this purpose projected on the plane of reference by line perpendicular to such plane;
(2) have two horizontal sides; and
(3) have height and width falling within those listed in the Tables to this Part of this Annex.
d. “unprotected percentage” means the percentage of the area of the enclosing rectangle which is equal to the aggregate of the
unprotected areas taken into account in calculating the enclosing rectangle and as projected on it.
TABLE 1: BUILDINGS OR COMPARTMENTS OF PG I, PG II, PG III, PG IV, PG VII & PG VIII (for Open-sided Car Parking Decks only)
Page 133
Enclosing Rectangle Distance (m) from Relevant Boundary for Unprotected Percentage not exceeding
Ht. Width 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
3m 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
6m 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0
9m 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5
12m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
15m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0
18m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0
3 metres
21m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
24m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.5
27m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5
30m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5
40m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 5.0
No limit 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 5.0
3m 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0
6m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0
9m 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.0
12m 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.5
15m 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0
18m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
21m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
24m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.0
6 metres
27m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
30m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0
40m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5
50m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0
60m 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
80m 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.5
100m 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.0
No limit 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.0
3m 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5
6m 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.0
9m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0
12m 1.5 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
15m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
18m 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5
21m 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0
24m 2.0 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.5
9 metres 27m 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.0
30m 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.5
40m 2.0 3.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
50m 2.0 4.0 5.5 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.5 12.5
60m 2.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 11.5 13.0
80m 2.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 13.5
100m 2.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 14.5
120m 2.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 14.5
No limit 2.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 12.5 15.0
3m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
6m 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.5
9m 1.5 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
12m 1.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
15m 2.0 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.0
18m 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 10.0
21m 2.5 4.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.0 10.0 10.5
24m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
12 metres 27m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.5 11.0 12.0
30m 2.5 4.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
40m 2.5 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.5 10.5 12.0 12.0 14.0
50m 2.5 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
60m 2.5 5.0 7.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0
80m 2.5 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.0
100m 2.5 5.0 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0
120m 2.5 5.0 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.0 17.0 18.5
No limit 2.5 5.0 7.5 9.5 12.0 14.0 15.5 17.0 19.0
15 metres 3m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0
6m 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0
Page 134
9m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
12m 2.0 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.0
15m 2.0 4.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0
18m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0
21m 2.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0 12.0
24m 3.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
27m 3.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5
30m 3.0 5.5 7.5 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.5 14.0
40m 3.0 6.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.5 13.5 15.0 16.0
50m 3.5 6.0 8.5 10.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 17.5
60m 3.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.0 15.5 17.0 18.0
80m 3.5 6.5 9.0 11.0 13.5 15.0 17.0 18.5 20.0
100m 3.5 6.5 9.0 11.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 19.5 21.5
120m 3.5 6.5 9.0 11.5 14.0 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5
No limit 3.5 6.5 9.0 12.0 14.5 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0
3m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0
6m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
9m 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5
12m 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 10.0
15m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0
18m 2.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 11.0 11.5 13.0
21m 3.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.0
24m 3.0 5.5 7.5 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
18 metres 27m 3.5 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5
30m 3.5 6.5 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.0 13.5 14.5 15.5
40m 4.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 17.5
50m 4.0 7.0 9.5 11.5 13.0 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.0
60m 4.0 7.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.5 19.5 20.5
80m 4.0 7.5 10.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 22.5
100m 4.0 7.5 10.0 13.5 16.0 18.0 20.5 22.5 24.0
120m 4.0 7.5 10.0 14.0 16.5 19.0 21.0 23.5 25.5
No limit 4.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 17.0 19.5 22.0 24.0 26.5
3m 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
6m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
9m 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0
12m 2.5 4.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.0 10.0 10.5
15m 2.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0 12.0
18m 3.0 5.5 7.0 8.0 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.0
21m 3.0 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.0 12.5 13.5 14.0
24m 3.5 6.0 8.0 9.5 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
21 metres 27m 3.5 6.5 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
30m 4.0 7.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.5 16.0 16.5
40m 4.5 7.5 10.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.0
50m 4.5 8.0 11.0 13.0 14.5 16.5 18.0 20.0 21.0
60m 4.5 8.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 17.5 19.5 21.0 22.5
80m 4.5 8.5 12.0 14.5 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.5 25.0
100m 4.5 9.0 12.0 15.5 18.0 20.5 22.5 25.0 27.0
120m 4.5 9.0 12.0 16.0 18.5 21.5 23.5 26.5 28.5
No limit 4.5 9.0 12.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 26.5 29.5
3m 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.5
6m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.0
9m 2.0 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.5
12m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
15m 3.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
18m 3.0 5.5 7.5 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
21m 3.5 6.0 8.0 9.5 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
24m 3.5 6.5 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 16.0
24 metres 27m 4.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 12.5 13.5 15.0 16.0 17.0
30m 4.0 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.0 14.0 15.5 17.0 18.0
40m 4.5 8.5 11.0 13.0 14.5 16.0 18.0 19.0 20.5
50m 5.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.5 19.5 21.0 22.5
60m 5.0 9.5 12.5 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 24.5
80m 5.0 10.0 13.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 25.5 27.5
100m 5.0 10.0 13.5 17.0 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 29.5
120m 5.5 10.0 13.5 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.0 31.0
No limit 5.5 10.0 13.5 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.5 30.0 32.5
Page 135
27 metres 3m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5
6m 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
9m 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.0
12m 2.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.5 11.0 12.0
15m 3.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5
18m 3.5 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5
21m 3.5 6.5 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
24m 3.5 7.0 9.0 11.0 12.5 13.5 15.0 16.0 17.0
27m 4.0 7.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 18.0
30m 4.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 17.0 18.0 19.0
40m 5.0 9.0 11.5 14.0 15.5 17.5 19.0 20.5 22.0
50m 5.5 9.5 12.5 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 22.5 24.0
60m 5.5 10.5 13.5 16.0 18.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 26.5
80m 6.0 11.0 14.5 17.5 20.5 22.5 25.0 27.5 29.5
100m 6.0 11.0 15.5 19.0 21.5 24.5 27.0 30.0 32.0
120m 6.0 11.5 15.5 19.5 22.5 26.0 28.5 32.0 34.0
No limit 6.0 11.5 15.5 20.0 23.5 27.0 29.5 33.0 35.0
TABLE 2: BUILDINGS OR COMPARTMENTS OF PG V, PG VI, & PG VIII (see Table 1 for Open-sided Car Parking Decks)
Enclosing Rectangle Distance (m) from Relevant Boundary for Unprotected Percentage not exceeding
Ht. Width 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
3m 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0
6m 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0
9m 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0
12m 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5
15m 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.0
18m 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.5
21m 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
3 metres 24m 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5
27m 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
30m 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.5 8.0
40m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5
50m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0
60m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.5
80m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5
No limit 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
3m 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0
6m 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0
9m 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.0
12m 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
15m 3.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0
18m 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0
21m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
24m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
6 metres 27m 3.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0 12.0
30m 3.5 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.5
40m 3.5 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
50m 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.5 13.0 14.0 15.0
60m 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.0
80m 3.5 6.0 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5
100m 3.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0
120m 3.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.5 17.0 19.0
No limit 3.5 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 19.0
9 metres 3m 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.0
6m 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.0
9m 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
12m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.5
15m 4.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.0 11.0 11.5
18m 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.5
21m 4.5 6.5 7.5 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5
24m 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5 14.5
27m 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.0
30m 5.0 7.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
40m 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.0 14.5 15.5 17.0 17.5
50m 5.5 8.0 10.0 12.5 14.0 15.5 17.0 18.5 19.5
60m 5.5 8.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.0
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80m 5.5 8.5 11.5 13.5 16.0 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.0
100m 5.5 8.5 11.5 14.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 22.5 24.5
120m 5.5 8.5 11.5 14.5 17.0 19.5 21.5 23.5 26.0
No limit 5.5 8.5 11.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 24.5 27.0
3m 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5
6m 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
9m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.5
12m 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 11.0 11.5 12.0
15m 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5
18m 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5
21m 5.5 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
24m 6.0 8.0 9.5 11.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 16.0 16.5
12 metres 27m 6.0 8.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 17.0 17.5
30m 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 16.5 17.5 18.5
40m 6.5 9.5 12.0 14.0 15.5 17.5 18.5 20.0 21.0
50m 7.0 10.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 20.5 23.0 23.0
60m 7.0 10.5 13.5 16.0 18.0 20.0 21.5 23.5 25.0
80m 7.0 11.0 14.5 17.0 19.5 21.5 23.5 26.0 27.5
100m 7.5 11.5 15.0 18.0 21.0 23.0 25.5 28.0 30.0
120m 7.5 11.5 15.0 18.5 22.0 24.0 27.0 29.5 31.5
No limit 7.5 12.0 15.5 19.0 22.5 25.0 28.0 30.5 34.0
3m 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.0
6m 3.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0
9m 4.0 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.0 11.0 11.5
12m 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5
15m 5.5 7.0 9.0 10.0 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.0
18m 6.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5
21m 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 16.5 17.5
24m 6.5 9.0 11.0 13.0 14.5 15.5 17.0 18.0 19.0
15 metres 27m 7.0 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.0 20.0
30m 7.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 18.5 20.0 21.0
40m 8.0 11.0 13.5 16.0 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.5 23.5
50m 8.5 12.0 15.0 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.0 25.0 26.0
60m 8.5 12.5 15.5 18.0 21.0 23.5 25.0 27.0 28.0
80m 9.0 13.5 17.0 20.0 23.0 25.5 28.0 30.0 31.5
100m 9.0 14.0 18.0 21.5 24.5 27.5 30.0 32.5 34.5
120m 9.0 14.0 18.5 22.5 25.5 28.5 31.5 34.5 37.0
No limit 9.0 14.5 19.0 23.0 27.0 30.0 34.0 36.0 39.0
3m 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.5
6m 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0
9m 4.5 6.0 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.5
12m 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5
15m 6.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5
18m 6.5 8.5 11.0 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 17.0 18.0
21m 7.0 9.5 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.5
24m 7.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.5 16.5 18.5 19.5 20.5
18 metres 27m 8.0 10.5 12.5 14.5 16.5 17.5 19.5 20.5 21.5
30m 8.0 11.0 13.5 15.5 17.0 18.5 20.5 21.5 22.5
40m 9.0 12.0 15.0 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.0 26.0
50m 9.5 13.0 16.5 19.0 21.5 23.5 26.0 27.5 29.0
60m 10.0 14.0 17.5 20.5 23.0 26.0 27.5 29.5 31.0
80m 10.0 15.0 19.0 22.5 26.0 28.5 31.0 33.5 35.0
100m 10.0 16.0 20.5 24.0 28.0 31.0 33.5 36.0 38.5
120m 10.0 16.5 21.0 25.5 29.5 32.5 35.5 39.0 41.5
No limit 10.0 17.0 22.0 26.5 30.5 34.0 37.0 41.0 43.5
21 metres 3m 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
6m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5
9m 4.5 6.5 7.5 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5
12m 5.5 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
15m 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 16.5 17.5
18m 7.0 9.5 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.5
21m 7.5 10.0 12.5 14.0 15.5 17.0 18.5 20.0 21.0
24m 8.0 10.5 13.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 21.0 22.0
27m 8.5 11.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 22.5 23.5
30m 9.0 12.0 14.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.0 23.5 25.0
40m 10.0 13.5 16.5 19.0 21.5 23.0 25.5 27.0 28.5
Page 137
50m 11.0 14.5 18.0 21.0 23.5 25.5 28.0 30.0 31.5
60m 11.5 15.5 19.5 22.5 25.5 28.0 30.5 32.5 33.5
80m 12.0 17.0 21.0 25.0 28.5 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.5
100m 12.0 18.0 22.5 27.0 31.0 34.5 37.0 40.0 42.0
120m 12.0 18.5 23.5 28.5 32.5 36.5 39.5 43.0 45.5
No limit 12.0 19.0 25.0 29.5 34.5 38.0 41.5 45.5 48.0
3m 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5
6m 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.5 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
9m 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5 14.5
12m 6.0 8.0 9.5 11.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 16.0 16.5
15m 6.5 9.0 11.0 13.0 14.5 15.5 17.0 18.0 19.0
18m 7.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.5 16.5 18.5 19.5 20.5
21m 8.0 10.5 13.0 15.0 16.5 18.0 20.0 21.0 22.0
24m 8.5 11.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.5 24.0
24 metres 27m 9.0 12.5 15.0 17.0 19.0 20.5 21.5 24.0 25.5
30m 9.5 13.0 15.5 18.0 20.0 21.5 23.5 25.0 26.5
40m 11.0 14.5 18.0 20.5 23.0 25.0 27.5 29.0 30.5
50m 12.0 16.0 19.5 22.5 25.5 27.5 30.0 32.0 33.5
60m 12.5 17.0 21.0 24.5 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 36.5
80m 13.5 18.5 23.5 27.5 31.0 34.5 37.0 39.5 41.5
100m 13.5 20.0 25.0 29.5 33.5 37.0 40.0 43.0 45.5
120m 13.5 20.5 26.5 31.0 36.0 39.5 43.0 46.5 49.0
No limit 13.5 21.0 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.0 45.5 49.5 52.0
3m 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
6m 3.5 5.0 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.0 12.0
9m 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.0
12m 6.0 8.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 17.0 17.5
15m 7.0 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.0 20.0
18m 8.0 10.5 12.5 14.5 16.5 17.5 19.5 20.5 21.5
21m 8.5 11.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 22.5 23.5
24m 9.0 12.5 15.0 17.0 19.0 20.5 22.5 24.0 25.5
27 metres 27m 10.0 13.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 25.5 27.0
30m 10.0 13.5 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 26.5 28.0
40m 11.5 15.5 19.0 22.0 24.5 26.5 29.0 30.5 32.5
50m 12.5 17.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 29.5 32.0 34.5 36.0
60m 13.5 18.5 22.5 26.5 29.5 32.0 35.0 37.0 39.0
80m 14.5 20.5 25.0 29.5 33.0 36.5 39.5 42.0 44.0
100m 15.5 21.5 27.0 32.0 36.5 40.5 43.0 46.5 48.5
120m 15.5 22.5 28.5 34.0 39.0 43.0 46.5 50.5 53.0
No limit 15.5 23.5 29.5 35.0 40.5 44.5 48.5 52.0 55.5
Table 3
Page 138
Illustration A (Enlarged)
Table 3 (Cont)
Illustration A (Enlarged)
TABLE 4
Percentage of the Width of the Unprotected Openings upon their Projection onto the Plane of Reference (in view of distance of the openings from the plane of reference)
Angle of unprotected opening

5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90°
to reference plane*
Page 139
Actual percentage of
unprotected opening width on 96% 91% 87% 83% 78% 74% 70% 66% 62% 58% 54% 50% 46% 43% 39% 36% 32% 29%
reference plane
Page 140
Amendment History - Chapter 3 - Structural Fire Precautions
Amendment
Date
The exit staircase shall be separated from other parts of

the building by a masonry structure or drywall complying
3.10.2 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification with Cl.3.8.7b. which shall have fire resistance for not 2 Mar 2020
less than the period required by Cl.3.3 for elements of
structure.
The supporting structure shall be constructed of non-

Change in
3.11.8a 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 combustible materials having a melting point of at least 10 May 2019
requirements
800°C.
Class 3 - Surface of medium flame spread. This refers to

surfaces on which during the first 1½ mins of test, the
Change in
3.13.3d 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 spread of flame does not exceed 265mm and during the 10 May 2019
requirements
first 10 mins of test is not more than 710mm under the
relevant test conditions.
Fire-rated glass
In buildings which are protected by an automatic sprinkler

system, fire-rated glass can be used for the construction
of compartment walls, compartment floors, enclosures of
smoke-free lobbies and fire lift lobbies, and protected
shafts not containing exit staircase and fire lift, subject to
the following:
3.15.14 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021
a. the walls and doors shall have the necessary fire

resistance, including insulation, when subject to test
under BS 476 Part 20-23; and
b. the walls and doors shall meet the requirement of

Class A for Impact performance when tested under BS
6206 and EN 12600 or AS 2208.
3.2.5c. Floor over a basement
Any floor immediately over a basement storey if such

storey:
(1) forms part of a building or compartment of PG II to
VIII, or
(2) has an area exceeding 100m² except that in the case

of a building or compartment of PG IV, V and VII, the
3.2.5c. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications SCDF can consent to exemption from the above 25 Aug 2023
requirements provided:
(a) the building is fitted throughout with an automatic

sprinkler system in compliance with the requirements in
Chapter 6; and
(b) if the building comprises more than one basement

storey, the floor at first basement storey level is
constructed as a compartment floor.
3.2.5f. Kitchen
In an eating establishment where a kitchen is required for

the preparation of food and where open-flame cooking
3.2.5f. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
appliances are used, the following requirements shall be
complied with:
(1) …………
Page 141
Amendment
Date
The SCDF can consent to modify the requirements under

Cl.3.2.1 and Cl.3.2.4a. of this Code for the design of
atrium spaces in a building provided all the following
3.2.6 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications conditions are complied with: 25 Aug 2023
a. …………….
b. Occupancy within the floor space of the atrium meets

with the specification for low or ordinary hazard content.
The SCDF can consent to modify the requirements under

Cl.3.2.1 and Cl.3.2.4a. of this Code for the design of
atrium spaces in a building provided all the following
3.2.6 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications conditions are complied with: 25 Aug 2023
a. …………….
b. Occupancy within the floor space of the atrium meets

with the specification for low or ordinary hazard content.
Buildings of high hazard occupancy
a. The compartment of buildings of high hazard

occupancy shall not exceed one half of the sizes given in
Table 3.2A and each compartment shall comprise one
storey only.
b. No storey of a building, the habitable height of which is

more than 24m, shall be used for the bulk storage of
goods or substances of highly combustible nature unless
the building is provided with a sprinkler system to comply
Reinstatement of past
3.2.7 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 with Chapter 6. 15 Sep 2020
requirements
c. The type of storage materials or substances shall not

include the following:
(1) materials with an auto-ignition temperature lower than

200°C; and
(2) combustible/highly flammable materials which include

those highlighted in sub-clauses a., b., c. and d. of
Cl.1.4.67.
The requirement on fire resistance in Cl.3.3.2 shall not

3.3.3 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
apply to:
a. …………….
The requirement on fire resistance in Cl.3.3.2 shall not

3.3.3 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
apply to:
a. …………….
3.5.7b.(3) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Change in 3.5.7b.(5) canopies over private enclosed spaces or 10 May 2019
Page 142
Amendment
Date
to (5) requirements balconies in PG II buildings, provided that the canopy is

constructed of non-combustible material .
3.5.9 3.5.9 Separation of residential floor façade

(dated 25 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
Aug 2023) (Relocated to Cl.9.2.1b.(3))
Separation of residential floor facade
The facade of residential floors above 24m habitable

3.5.9(
height shall be separated from each other by:
dated 15 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised & Relocated 15 Sep 2020
Sep 2020) a. a 1-hr fire-rated spandrel of at least 1.5m in height, or
b. a 1-hr fire-rated horizontal projection that extends at

least 600mm from the building.
Cl.3.6.1a.(1) need not be applied to wall between car

porches of buildings under PG I. For terrace-houses, this
Change in
3.6.1b 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 exception shall not apply if the unprotected opening of the 10 May 2019
requirements
car porch fails to comply with the setback distance
requirements from the other lot boundary.
Cl.3.6.1a.(1) need not be applied to wall between car

porches of buildings under PG I. For terrace-houses, this
Change in
3.6.1b 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 exception shall not apply if the unprotected opening of the 10 May 2019
requirements
car porch fails to comply with the setback distance
requirements from the other lot boundary.
Use of fire shutter
a. General
A fire shutter is permitted to be used as compartment

wall, except for the fire compartmentation of Fire
3.7.7a. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications 1 Mar 2023
Command Centre (FCC) and means of escape, which
include exit staircases, smoke-free lobbies/fire lift lobbies,
internal exit passageways, etc.
b. ……….
Exit directional signage on fire shutter and smoke curtain
Exit directional signage marked with an arrow and the

word “EXIT” shall be prominently painted /pasted on fire
3.7.8
shutters/smoke curtains to redirect building occupants to
(dated 15 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised 15 Sep 2020
the nearest exits if the activated shutters visually obscure
Sep 2020)
the building exit and/or directional signs. The signage
shall be reflective and the letters at least 100mm in
height.
Purpose of protected shaft

A protected shaft shall not be used for any purpose
additional to those given as defined under Cl.1.4.82. All
services such as, pipe/duct installation shall not be
3.8.1 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Revised 15 Sep 2020
located inside a protected staircase. Likewise, no
washroom is allowed to be located inside protected
staircase.
3.8.6c. 1 Mar 2021 1 Sep 2021 Revised/Clarification Nil 1 Mar 2021
Page 143
Amendment
Date
Protected shaft containing exit staircase
a. A protected shaft which contains an exit staircase shall

not contain any services e.g. pipes, cables, ducts, etc.,
that are not solely serving the same exit staircase (even if
the services are protected with fire-rated dry
3.8.7 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised construction), except for: 15 Sep 2020
(1) cut-off sprinkler and pipe for that staircase;
(2) UPVC or cast iron rain water downpipes serving

the roof directly above the exit staircase, and not
routed through anywhere outside the staircase; and
(3) rising mains.
The following conditions shall be complied with for

penetration of pipes stipulated under Cl.3.9.3b.:
(1) For non-sprinkler-protected area, pipe supports within

Change in 3m from the pipe penetration shall be strengthened such
3.9.3c(1) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 10 May 2019
requirements that the tensile stress generated on the supports shall not
exceed 10N/mm2 and will not be softened or fracture
when exposed to temperature of 800ºC. For sprinkler-
protected area, the pipe supports and pipe penetrations
shall be protected by the sprinkler
Services running inside and/or passing through fire lift

lobby and smoke-free lobby
Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical

conduits/cable tray, and other services, excluding lifts
shall not be permitted to run inside and/or pass through:
a. fire lift lobbies, or
3.9.7 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification b. smoke-free lobbies. 15 Sep 2020
unless all these services are protected with a 1-hr fire

resistance rating enclosure, or separated with a 1-hr fire
resistance ceiling from the said lobby. If these services
are required for the operation of the above lobbies, they
need not be separately protected. However, this
requirement need not complied with if the smoke-free
approach is through an external corridor.
Services running inside and/or passing through fire lift

lobby and smoke-free lobby
Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical

conduits/cable tray, and other services, excluding lifts
shall not be permitted to run inside and/or pass through:
3.9.7 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification b. smoke-free lobbies. 15 Sep 2020
unless all these services are protected with a 1-hr fire

resistance ceiling from the said lobby. If these services
are required for the operation of the above lobbies, they
need not be separately protected. However, this
requirement need not complied with if the smoke-free
Page 144
Amendment
Date
3.9.7 Services running inside and/ or passing through fire

lift lobby and smoke-free lobby
Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical conduits/

cable trays, and other services e.g. fan coil units,
ventilation fans (essential or non-essential) excluding lifts
shall not be permitted to locate, run inside and/ or pass
through:

3.9.7
(dated 25 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications b. smoke-free lobbies. 25 Aug 2023
Aug 2023)
Unless all these services are protected with a 1-hr fire
resistance ceiling from the said lobby. For cablings/
pipings of firefighting or fire protection systems serving or
running through the above lobbies, and for other services
that are required for operation of the above lobbies during
fire emergency, e.g. lighting, mechanical ventilation
system, they need not be separately protected. However,
this requirement need not complied with if the smoke-free
3.9.7 Services running inside and/ or passing through fire

lift lobby and smoke-free lobby
Air ducts, sanitary pipes, gas pipes, electrical conduits/

cable trays, and other services e.g. fan coil units,
ventilation fans (essential or non-essential) excluding lifts
shall not be permitted to locate, run inside and/ or pass
through:

3.9.7
(dated 25 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications b. smoke-free lobbies. 25 Aug 2023
Aug 2023)
Unless all these services are protected with a 1-hr fire
resistance ceiling from the said lobby. For cablings/
pipings of firefighting or fire protection systems serving or
running through the above lobbies, and for other services
that are required for operation of the above lobbies during
fire emergency, e.g. lighting, mechanical ventilation
system, they need not be separately protected. However,
this requirement need not complied with if the smoke-free
4.2.3f. Exemption
The provision of fire access openings shall not be

4.2.3f. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
applicable to buildings under PG I and II, including
building of non-residential ancillary usage (such as gyms,
club rooms, etc.) in a residential building.
Page 145
4.1 GENERAL
The purpose of this Chapter is to make provision for space around buildings to enable effective external firefighting operations.
Page 146
4.2 PROVISION FOR EXTERNAL ACCESS TO BUILDING FOR FIREFIGHTING AND ACCESSIBILITY
OF SITE TO FIREFIGHTING APPLIANCES
4.2.1 General
a. Fire engine accessways/ fire engine access roads shall be provided to ensure site accessibility for firefighting appliances.
b. Fire engine accessways shall have an adequate clear width for the deployment of firefighting appliances, in accordance with the
habitable height and the type of building, as stipulated in Table 4.2A, Table 4.2B and Table 4.2C.
c. Fire engine access roads shall have a clear width of at least 4m.
d. Fire access openings shall be provided along the external walls of buildings fronting the fire engine accessway to provide access into
the building for firefighting and rescue operations.
4.2.2 Fire engine accessway and fire engine access road
a. Provision
(1) PG I and II buildings
A fire engine accessway is not required for the following buildings, however, a fire engine access road for access by firefighting
appliances hall be provided to within a travel distance of 60m of every point on the projected plan area of the following buildings:
(a) PG I buildings;
(b) PG II buildings of habitable height not exceeding 10m; and
(c) Cluster housing.
(2) Non-residential standalone buildings within PG II development
Non-residential standalone buildings, such as clubhouses, car parks, etc. (excluding guardhouses and substations) that are located
within a PG II housing development, shall comply with Cl.4.2.2a.(4), Cl.4.2.2a.(5), Cl.4.2.2a.(6) or Cl.4.2.2a.(7), depending on the
habitable heights and usage of the buildings.
(3) PG II buildings exceeding 10m habitable height
For a building under PG II that exceeds the habitable height of 10m, all of the following shall be complied with:
(a) A fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall be provided within a travel distance of 18m to the entrance of all exit
staircases where the landing valves (dry or wet riser) are provided in accordance with Cl.6.2.2b..
(b) A fire engine accessway of at least ¼ length of perimeter (minimum 15m), whichever is greater, shall be provided to access at
least one façade of each block and shall be located at a distance of at least 2m and at most 10m away from the facade of the
building. This is to facilitate rescue with direct access to unit windows (excluding exit staircase, smoke-free approach to exit
staircase). For the purpose of computing the extent of perimeter for fire engine accessway, only the external facade perimeters of
residential units are required to be included. Common areas such as corridors/ lobbies, lift/ service shafts, exit staircase,
landscape areas, etc., can be omitted from the computation.
(c) The fire engine accessway shall be designed to meet the specifications stipulated in Table 4.2A, Table 4.2D and Table 4.2E.
(4) PG III, IV, V & VII buildings not exceeding 10m habitable height
For buildings under PG III, IV, V and VII not exceeding the habitable height of 10m, a fire engine accessway is not required. However,
a fire engine access road for access by firefighting appliances shall be provided to within a travel distance of 45m of every point on
the projected plan area of the building.
(5) Basement
In the case of a basement, the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall be provided to within a travel distance of 18m to
the entrance of all exit staircases where the landing valves (dry or wet riser) are provided in accordance with Cl.6.2.2b.. The
measurement of 18m shall be between the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road and the entrance of exit staircase.
(6) PG III, IV, V & VII buildings exceeding 10m habitable height
Page 147
For buildings under PG III, IV, V and VII exceeding the habitable height of 10m, a fire engine accessway shall be located directly
below the fire access openings to provide direct reach to the designated fire access panels. The required length of fire engine
accessway shall be computed based on the largest Accessible Floor Area (AFA) of any aboveground floors as follows:
(a) for interconnected floors, including basements connected to aboveground floors, the AFA shall be the aggregate AFA of all the
interconnected floors, or
(b) for buildings with more than one group of interconnected floors, the AFA shall be taken as the largest of the aggregate floor
areas among the groups of interconnected floors.
TABLE 4.2.2a.(6) : LENGTH OF FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY FOR PG III, IV, V & VII BUILDINGS
Required length of perimeter
AFA (m2)
Non-sprinkler-protected Sprinkler-protected
≤ 2000 1
/6 (at least 15m)
1
/6 (at least 15m)
> 2000 & ≤ 4000 ¼
> 4000 & ≤ 8000 ½ ¼
> 8000 & ≤ 16000 ¾ ½
> 16000 & ≤ 32000 ¾
island site
>32000 island site
(7) PG VI and VIII buildings
For buildings under PG VI and VIII, a fire engine accessway shall be provided for firefighting appliances. The required length of the
fire engine accessway shall be calculated based on the following gross cubical extent of the building (excluding basement) as follows:
TABLE 4.2.2a.(7) : LENGTH OF FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY FOR PG VI & VIII BUILDINGS
Required length of perimeter
Cubicle Extent (m3)
≤ 28400 ⅙ (at least 15m)
⅙ (at least 15m)
> 28400 & ≤ 56800 ¼
> 56800 & ≤ 85200 ½ ¼
> 85200 & ≤ 113600 ¾ ¼
> 113600 & ≤ 170400 ½
> 170400 & ≤ 227200 island site ¾
>227200 island site
(8) Mixed-use buildings
(a) Where the non-residential component of the building occupies only the lower portion of the building, the measurement of
habitable height for determining the provisions of a fire engine accessway/fire engine access road shall be based on the non-
residential component of the building.
(b) For mixed-use buildings without PG II usage, the length of fire engine accessway shall be computed based on the following,
whichever is larger:
(i) the gross cubical extent of the PG VI or VIII usages; or
(ii) the larger compartmented floor area, for purpose groups other than PG VI and VIII.
(c) For mixed-use buildings with PG II usage, the length of fire engine accessway for mixed-use buildings shall be computed
based on Cl.4.2.2a.(6) above. In addition, Cl.4.2.2a.(3) shall also be complied with.
b. Width of fire engine accessway
The width of fire engine accesssway shall be as specified in Table 4.2A, Table 4.2B and Table 4.2C. Such fire engine accessway shall be
able to accommodate the entry and manoeuvring of firefighting appliances, and extended ladder firefighting appliances, with turntable
and/or hydraulic platforms.
c. Location
The fire engine accessway shall be positioned so that the nearer edge shall be at least 2m or at most 10m from the centre position of the
fire access opening, measured horizontally.
d. Gradients of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
Page 148
The fire engine accessway shall be laid on a level platform. If on an incline, the gradient shall not exceed 1:15. A fire engine access road
shall be laid on an incline not exceeding a gradient of 1:8.3.
e. Turning facilities
(1) A dead end fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall not exceed 46m in length. If exceeding 46m, it shall be provided
with cul-de-sac turning facility as shown in Diagram 4.2.2e..
(2) The U-turn radii for firefighting appliances on a fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall comply with the requirements
as shown in Diagram 4.2.2e..
f. Overhead clearance
An overhead structure shall only be permitted over a fire engine accessway/fire engine access road subject to all of the following (see
Diagram 4.2.2f . ):
(1) the overhead clearance for passage of firefighting appliances shall be at least 4.5m;
(2) the width of the overhead structure shall not be more than 10m;
(3) where more than one overhead structure spans across the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road, the separation distance
between two adjacent overhead structures shall be at least 20m apart;
(4) the length of the end-stretch of the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall be at least 20m with no overhead
structure; and
(5) the length of fire engine accessway required for the building shall exclude the stretch of fire engine accessway with the overhead
structure.
g. Public road
Public roads can serve as a fire engine accessway, provided the location of such public roads is in compliance with the requirements of
distance from fire access openings.
h. Obstruction
Fire engine accessways/ fire engine access roads shall be kept clear of obstructions at all times. Plants, trees or other fixtures shall not
obstruct the path between the fire engine accessway and fire access openings.
Exception
(1) Where an access control system for unmanned building (exclude PG I building) such as a barrier, sliding/ swing gate, etc. is
provided at the entrance into the development, such systems
(a) shall automatically open upon detection of firefighting appliances (such as In-vehicle Unit (IU) for emergency vehicles) or
activation of the building fire alarm, and shall remain open until the access control system has been manually reset; and
(b) shall be arranged to open automatically from a fail-safe manual override device located 1.2m above the floor and within 1.5m
facing the external side of the development, with the manual override device readily accessible and clearly identified by a sign
that reads “Emergency Release”.
(2) For manned building, the barrier at the entrance into the development shall be immediately opened/removed upon building’s fire
alarm activation.
i. Marking of fire engine accessway and fire engine access road
(1) All fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall be marked, except where public roads are designated as fire engine
accessway/ fire engine access road.
(2) Metalled/ non-metalled or paved/ non-paved surface fire engine accessways/ fire engine access roads shall be marked with
reflective white or yellow strips of size not less than 100mm (W) x 400mm (L), or white or yellow road stud reflectors of size not less
than 100mm (W) x 100mm (L) x 18mm (H). The markings or reflectors shall be visible at all times and shall be provided on both sides
of the fire engine accessways/ fire engine access roads at an alternate interval of not more than 5m. Markings or reflectors shall also
mark all corners and turning corners of the fire engine accessway. See Diagram 4.2.2i.(2) -1 & 2.
(3) A sign with white background and red pictogram with upper case wording of not less than 70mm in height shall be provided at the
start, junction, and end of a fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road. The height measured from the ground to the lowest point
of the sign shall be between 2.3m and 2.4m. The sign shall be reflective, visible and unobstructed at all times and shall be positioned
adjacent to the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road. For locations where there are more than one of such signs, the signs
Page 149
can be placed on the same post. See Diagram 4.2.2i.(3).
j. Design of fire engine accessway and fire engine access road
(1) Fire engine accessway sizes
The minimum width, length and turning radii of a fire engine accessway shall be in accordance with Table 4.2A, Table 4.2B and Table
4.2C and Diagram 4.2.2e . . Diagram 4.2.2j(1) – 1 to 3 shows the relationship between the fire engine accessway and parked
firefighting appliance with its front and rear jacks extended.
(2) Fire engine accessways and fire engine access roads, which can be on suspended slabs, metalled/ non-metalled roads, paved/
non-paved surfaces, ground laid with strengthened perforated slabs, etc., shall be designed to withstand both stationary and axle
loading capacity of firefighting appliances respectively as stipulated in Table 4.2D and Table 4.2E. Where a fire engine access road is
used for linking fire engine accessway, its loading and turning radius shall comply with the specifications for fire engine accessway.
k. Ancillary usage of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
Fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road shall not be turned into other usages such as pond, water features, car parking lots
(including loading & unloading), etc. Turfing of fire engine accessway/fire engine access road is only permitted on the straight stretch
of the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road with gradient not exceeding 1:15.
l. Bi-directional fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
For buildings with vehicular entries/ exits that provides bi-directional access, both directions shall be designed with sufficient turning
radius and width to allow firefighting appliances to manoeuvre along the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road in the
intended traffic direction as shown in Diagram 4.2.2l..
4.2.3 Fire access opening to building for firefighting
a. Provision
Fire access openings shall be provided on the external wall for external firefighting and rescue operations. This can include unobstructed
external wall openings, windows, balcony doors, glazed wall panels and access panels. There shall be a minimum clearance area of 3.5m
in width and 2.5m in height around the fire access opening, and with minimum clearance distance of 1.1m measured below the lower edge
of the fire access opening, and 400mm measured above the upper edge of the fire access opening. Windows, doors, wall panels or access
panels shall be readily openable from the inside and outside. The inside and outside of fire access openings shall be unobstructed at all
times during the occupancy of the building. There shall be no furniture or any other obstruction within 1m from the fire access openings at
the landing inside the building.
b. Location
The fire access opening shall be placed against an occupied space. It shall not be placed at a plant/store room, common corridor, exit
staircase, smoke-free approach to exit staircase or space that leads only to a dead end.
c. Signage
Panels to fire access openings shall be indicated with either a red or orange triangle of equal sides (minimum 150mm on each side), which
can be upright or inverted, on the external side of the wall and with the wordings 'Firefighting Access - Do Not Obstruct' of at least 25mm
height on the internal side.
d. Size
Fire access openings shall be not less than 850mm wide by 1m high with sill height of not more than 1.1m, and head height not less than
1.8m above the inside floor level.
e. Number and position of fire access openings for buildings other than residential
(1) Number of fire access opening
For PG III to VIII, the number of fire access opening shall be based on the length of the fire engine accessway. Every 20m of fire
engine accessway or part thereof shall be provided with an access panel.
(2) Position
Fire access openings shall be remote from each other and located along the side of the building. Such fire access openings shall be
spaced at most 20m apart measured along the external wall from centre to centre of the fire access openings. The fire access opening
shall be distributed such that there is at least one opening at every 20m of the fire engine accessway, except for parts of the non-PG
VI or non-PG VIII building that are single-storey.
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(3) Fire access opening to compartment or spaces
(a) For buildings under PG III, IV, V and VII exceeding the habitable height of 10m, and up to 90m, fire access openings are
required at every storey level, other than the 1st storey, and shall face the fire engine accessway directly.
(b) For building under PG VI and VIII, fire engine access openings located over a fire engine accessway shall be provided along
the external walls, up to a habitable height of 90m.
(4) Additional openings for ventilation
For buildings under PG III to VIII where an area or space has a ceiling height greater than 10m, additional high level ventilation
openings for smoke venting and firefighting purposes shall be provided and located in the external walls opening into the area or
space, except for an area or space that is provided with engineered smoke control system and/ or smoke purging system. The
ventilation opening shall meet the following criteria:
(a) the number and location of the openings shall comply with Cl.4.2.3e.(1) and Cl.4.2.3e.(2).
(b) the dimensions of the openings shall comply with Cl.4.2.3d.;
(c) the openings can be in the form of openable panels/louvres, breakable glazing, or permanent openings; and
(d) the openings shall not be indicated with the triangular signage as mentioned under Cl.4.2.3c . , but instead be labelled with red
wording, “DO NOT ENTER – FOR SMOKE VENTING ONLY”, of height not less than 50mm and visible from the building exterior.
f. Exemption
The provision of fire access openings shall not be applicable:
(1) buildings under PG I and II, including buildings of non-residential ancillary usage (such as a gym, club rooms open-to-sky roof garden,
intermediate floor sky terrace, etc.) within the residential occupancy.
(2) aboveground multi-storey car park where parapet walls are provided to comply with ventilation requirements stipulated in Cl.3.2.8.
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4.3 ACCESS TO BUILDINGS WITH RISING MAINS
Buildings fitted with rising mains and automatic sprinkler system shall have fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road for firefighting
appliances within 18m of breeching inlets. The breeching inlets shall be visible from the fire engine accessways or fire engine access
road.
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4.4 FIRE HYDRANT
4.4.1 Provision of private fire hydrant
a. General
Every part of a fire engine accessway and/ or fire engine access road shall be within an unobstructed distance of 50m from a fire hydrant.
Where a public fire hydrant conforming to this requirement is not available, private fire hydrant(s) shall be provided. See Diagram 4.4.1a..
b. Use of public fire hydrant
Existing public fire hydrants along one side of a public road shall not be designated to serve developments sited on the other side of the
public road, except for a road having at most two lanes, regardless of traffic direction.
c. Locations of fire hydrants
In situations where more than one private fire hydrants is required, the fire hydrants shall be located along the fire engine accessway/ fire
engine access road such that every part of the fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road is within an unobstructed distance of 50m
from any fire hydrant. See Diagram 4.4.1c..
d. Siting and types of fire hydrants
Siting and types of fire hydrants shall comply with the requirements stated in SS 575.
e. Ringed fire hydrant pipes
For a building that is required to have an island site fire engine accessway the fire hydrant pipe shall be a ring system. Isolation valves
shall be provided on the fire hydrant ring such that on any section of ring, not more than one fire hydrant can be isolated when required for
maintenance without affecting the water supply (both designed pressure and flow) to the other fire hydrants on the ring.
f. Valve locking device
A locking device shall be provided to lock the valves in open position during normal operation. Underground valves shall be kept in an
open position at all times.
4.4.2 Water supply for private fire hydrant
The provision of water supply for a private fire hydrant system, where required by this Code, shall comply with the following requirements:
a. Private fire hydrant at or below reduced level 125m
(1) Private fire hydrants installed at reduced level 125m and below can receive direct supply from public water mains provided the flow
and pressure from the public water mains meet the fire hydrant requirements as shown in Table 4.4A, or the following requirements
are complied with:
(a) the AFA of the largest compartment shall not exceed 1000m 2 for PG III, IV, V & VII and not exceed 500m 2 for PG VI & VIII
buildings. No AFA limit for covered car park in PG II, III, IV, V & VII buildings;
(b) the nominal bore of the fire hydrant pipe and the bulk water meter shall not be less than 150mm in diameter; and
(c) the running pressure/flow at the hydraulically most unfavourable fire hydrant of the private fire hydrant system shall comply
with the following:
(i) running pressure >= 0.9 x (running pressure of the nearest public fire hydrant – pressure drop across the bulk water
metre); and
(ii) flow rate >= 0.9 x water flow of the nearest public fire hydrant or >= total flow demand (as required in Table 4.4A) of the
private fire hydrant system, provided the running pressure at the most remote private fire hydrant is greater than 2 bars.
Note:
In calculating the frictional loss for the private fire hydrant system, the design flow rates shown in Table 4.4A shall be used. The
pressure drop across bulk water metre shall not be more than 1 bar.
(2) If the requirements stipulated in Cl.4.4.2a.(1) cannot be met, a storage tank of sufficient capacity meeting the flow rate and
duration as specified in Table 4.4A with the requisite pumping facilities shall be provided.
b. Private fire hydrant above reduced level 125m
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(1) Where more than one private fire hydrant is located above reduced level 125m within the same plot, storage and pumping
arrangements of water supply to these specified fire hydrants shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Cl.4.4.2c..
(2) The private fire hydrant can be in the form of a dry fire hydrant, if it is not the sole fire hydrant within 50m from any breeching
inlet(s) feeding firefighting systems for the building(s) within the plot of land, which include:
(a) automatic fire sprinkler systems, or
(b) dry riser systems, or
(c) wet riser systems.
(3) A dry fire hydrant shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(a) A dry private fire hydrant shall be connected to a 150mm diameter dry pipe, which shall be connected at the other end to a
four-way breeching inlet.
(b) This breeching inlet shall be within 18m from any fire engine accessway/fire engine access road having minimum 4m width and
within 50m from any wet fire hydrant, private or public.
(c) The private dry pillar shall be painted in “yellow” and labelled “dry” on the fire hydrant pillar.
(d) A signage indicating the location of breeching inlet shall be positioned next to the dry private fire hydrant.
c. Water supply and storage requirement
Where more than one private fire hydrant is located above reduced level 125m within the same plot, storage and pumping arrangements of
water supply to these specified fire hydrants shall comply with those for wet rising mains stipulated in SS 575 and Table 4.4A Water
Supply & Storage Requirements for Private Fire Hydrant.
4.4.3 Protection of fire hydrant mains in buildings
All fire hydrant mains which pass through a building shall have its full length within the building protected with fire resistance construction
complying with Cl.3.8.7b.of at least the same fire resistance as the element of structure, provided all of the following requirements are
complied with:
a. The fire hydrant mains shall be located in common circulation areas, such as car parking spaces (except spaces used for mechanical
car parking) and driveways, i.e. they shall not pass through private or confined spaces.
b. No services other than sprinkler pipe(s) shall be located above or crossing over the fire hydrant mains. Where services need to cross-
over the hydrant mains, the following conditions shall be complied with:
(1) the services shall only cross over the fire hydrants mains perpendicularly;
(2) the tensile stress of the supports for the services shall not exceed 10N/mm 2 ; and
(3) the services shall be adequately protected by the building’s sprinkler system.
c. The fire hydrant mains shall be located away from explosion risk areas.
d. The protective enclosure to the fire hydrant mains shall be labelled with the words “FIRE HYDRANT MAIN” of minimum 50mm height at
suitable intervals.
Cul-de-sac turning facility
Page 154
U-turn radii
Dimensions of Turning Facilities for Firefighting Appliances

Building Habitable Height
Parameters
< 10m* > 10 & < 50m# > 50m#
R1 4.0m 6.5m 7.5m
R2 8.0m 10.5m 12.0m
R3 8.5m 12.0m 14.8m
L1 4.0m 4.0m 4.5m
L2 11.0m 16.0m 21.0m
L3 15.0m 28.1m 33.5m
L4 8.0m 10.5m 12.0m
Note:
* - These dimensions are applicable to all PG except PG VI and VIII buildings, unless otherwise stated in Cl.4.2.2a.(1). For PG VI and VIII buildings ≤ 10m, it shall refer to (>
10 & ≤ 50) requirements, as indicated in Table 4.2C
# - Not applicable to PG I buildings. For PG I buildings, it shall refer to (≤ 10m) requirements
Diagram 4.2.2e.: Turning facilities for firefighting appliances
Diagram 4.2.2f.: Building structure over fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
Page 155
Diagram 4.2.2i.(2): Marking of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
Page 156
Diagram 4.2.2i.(3): Pictogram signage for fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road
Page 157
Diagram 4.2.2j.(1) - 1: CPL 34 firefighting appliance - Wheels & jacks layout
Page 158
Diagram 4.2.2j.(1) - 2: AL 56 & CPL 60 firefighting appliances - Wheels & jacks layout
Page 159
Diagram 4.2.2j.(3) - 3: HLA 90 firefighting appliance - Wheels & jacks layout
Page 160
Page 161
Diagram 4.4.1a.: Provision of private fire hydrant
Page 162
Diagram 4.4.1c.: Siting of private fire hydrant
TABLE 4.2A: FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY/FIRE ENGINE ACCESS ROAD FOR PG II BUILDINGS
Habitable Height (m)
Details
≤ 10 > 10 & ≤ 50 > 50
Width of fire engine access road > 4m
Width of fire engine accessway* Not required > 6m > 7m
Length of fire engine accessway* - > 15m > 15m
Type of firefighting appliance Pump ladder CPL 34 & AL 56 AL 56, CPL 60 & HLA 90
Loading capacity of fire engine road# > 24 tonnes > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
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Loading capacity of fire engine accessway# - > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
Axle/ Jack loading - See Table 4.2D & Table 4.2E
Turning facility
See Diagram 4.2.2e.
U-turn radii
Note:
# - The appended figures for loading capacity of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road are characteristic values
* - A fire engine accessway of at least ¼ length of perimeter (minimum 15m), whichever is greater, shall be provided to access at least one facade of each block and shall be located at a
distance of at least 2m and at most 10m away from the façade of the building
TABLE 4.2B: FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY/FIRE ENGINE ACCESS ROAD FOR PG III, IV, V & VII BUILDINGS
Details
≤ 10 > 10 & ≤ 50 > 50
Width of fire engine accessway Not required > 6m > 7m
Length of fire engine accessway - See Table 4.2.2a.(6)
Type of firefighting appliance Pump ladder CPL 34 & AL 56 AL 56, CPL 60 & HLA 90
Loading capacity of fire engine access road# > 24 tonnes > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
Loading capacity of fire engine accessway# - > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
Axle/ Jack loading - See Table 4.2D & Table 4.2E
Turning facility
See Diagram 4.2.2e.
U-turn radii
Note:
# = The appended figures for loading capacity of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road are characteristic values
TABLE 4.2C: FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY/FIRE ENGINE ACCESS ROAD FOR PG VI & VIII BUILDINGS
Details
≤ 10 > 10 & ≤ 50 > 50
Width of fire engine accessway > 6m > 6m > 7m
Length of fire engine accessway See Table 4.2.2a.(7)
Type of firefighting appliance CPL 34 & AL 56 CPL 34 & AL 56 AL 56, CPL 60 & HLA 90
Loading capacity of fire engine access road# > 30 tonnes > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
Loading capacity of fire engine accessway# > 30 tonnes > 30 tonnes > 50 tonnes
Axle/ Jack loading See Table 4.2D & Table 4.2E
Turning facility
See Diagram 4.2.2e.
See Diagram 4.2.2e.
U-turn radii under (>10 & <50)
Note:
# = The appended figures for loading capacity of fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road are characteristic values
TABLE 4.2D: AXLE LOADING OF FIREFIGHTING APPLIANCES

Type of firefighting appliances
Pump Ladder CPL 34 AL 56 CPL 60 HLA 90
Axle No. (from font)
Loading Wt. No of Loading Wt. No of Loading Wt. Loading Wt. No of Loading Wt.
No of wheels No of wheels
(kg) wheels (kg) wheels (kg) (kg) wheels (kg)
Axle 1 10000 2 7500 2 9000 2 9000 2 9000 2
Axle 2 14000 2 10500 2 10500 4 9900 4 9000 2
Axle 3 - - 10500 4 10500 4 9900 4 10500 4
Axle 4 - - - - - - 8200 2 10500 4
Axle 5 - - - - - - - - 10000 2
Axle 6 - - - - - - - - - -
Note:
The appended figures for axle loading are characteristic values
TABLE 4.2E: JACK LOADING OF FIREFIGHTING APPLIANCES

Type of Fire Appliance CPL 34 AL 56 CPL 60 HLA 90
Jack load contact area 5625 cm2 5625 cm2 7125 cm2 7125 cm2
Page 164
Maximum pressure per Jack (4 jacks per vehicle) 37 N/cm2 37 N/cm2 37 N/cm2 50 N/cm2
Note:
The appended figures for jack loading are characteristic values
TABLE 4.4A: WATER SUPPLY & STORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIVATE FIRE HYDRANT
Minimum Water supply and
Accessible Floor Area* Minimum Flow Rate Minimum Running Pressure
Purpose Group Storage Duration
(m2) (L/s) (bar) (mins)
PG I & II - 27 2 45
Covered car park not within PG VI &
NL 38 2 45
VIII buildings +
≤ 1000 38
> 1000 & ≤ 5000 57
PG III, IV, V & VII 2 45
> 5000 & ≤ 10000 76
> 10000 95
≤ 500 38
> 500 & ≤ 5000 57
> 5000 & ≤ 10000 76
PG VI & VIII 2 90
> 10000 & ≤ 15000 95
> 15000 & ≤ 20000 114
> 20000 133
Note:
NL - No limit
* - Based on the Accessible Floor Area (AFA) of the largest compartment in the building
+ - This requirement is only applicable to car parking facilities within PG II, III, IV, V & VII buildings, either as a standalone multi-storey car park or within a building (above ground or below
ground). The hydrant requirements for the remaining parts of the buildings shall comply with Cl.4.4.2a., Cl.4.4.2b. and Cl.4.4.2c.
Page 165
Amendment History - Chapter 4 - Site Planning & External Firefighting Provision
Amendment
Date
4.2.1 01 Mar 2019 Revised ---
Fire engine accessway and fire engine access road
a. Provision
(1) PG I and II buildings not exceeding 10m habitable

height
A fire engine accessway is not required for the

following buildings, however, a fire engine access
road for access by firefighting appliances shall be
4.2.2 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification provided to within a travel distance of 60m of every 15 Sep 2020
point on the projected plan area of the following
buildings:
(a) PG I buildings;
(b) PG II buildings of habitable height not exceeding

10m; and
a. Provision
(1) PG I and II buildings not exceeding 10m habitable

height
A fire engine accessway is not required for the

following buildings, however, a fire engine access
road for access by firefighting appliances shall be
4.2.2 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification provided to within a travel distance of 60m of every 15 Sep 2020
point on the projected plan area of the following
buildings:
(a) PG I buildings;
(b) PG II buildings of habitable height not exceeding

10m; and
4.2.2a(3)(b) 10 May 2019 Immediate Clarification 10 May 2019
4.2.2a(3)(b) 10 May 2019 Immediate Clarification 10 May 2019
For a building under PG II that exceeds the habitable

4.2.2a.(3)(a)
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification height of 10m, all of the following shall be complied 1 Sep 2021
and (b)
with:
(a) A fire engine accessway/fire engine access road

shall be provided within a travel distance of 18m to
the entrance of all exit staircases where the landing
Page 166
Amendment
Date
valves (dry or wet riser) are provided.
(b) A fire engine accessway shall be provided to

access at least one entire façade of each block and
shall be located at a distance of at least 2m and at
most 10m away from the façade of the building.
(c) The fire engine accessway shall be designed to

meet the specifications stipulated in Table 4.2A,
Table 4.2D and Table 4.2E.
For a building under PG II that exceeds the habitable

height of 10m, all of the following shall be complied
with:
(a) A fire engine accessway/fire engine access road

shall be provided within a travel distance of 18m to
4.2.2a.(3)(a)
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification the entrance of all exit staircases where the landing 1 Sep 2021
and (b)
valves (dry or wet riser) are provided.
(b) A fire engine accessway shall be provided to

access at least one entire façade of each block and
shall be located at a distance of at least 2m and at
most 10m away from the façade of the building.
(c) The fire engine accessway shall be designed to

meet the specifications stipulated in Table 4.2A,
Table 4.2D and Table 4.2E.
A fire engine accessway of at least ¼ length of

perimeter (minimum 15m), whichever is greater, shall
be provided to access at least one entire façade of
each block and shall be located at a distance of at
4.2.2a.(3)(b) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Relaxation 1 Sep 2022
least 2m and at most 10m away from the façade of
the building. This is to facilitate rescue with direct
access to unit windows (excluding exit staircase,
smoke-free approach to exit staircase).
A fire engine accessway of at least ¼ length of

perimeter (minimum 15m), whichever is greater, shall
be provided to access at least one entire façade of
each block and shall be located at a distance of at
4.2.2a.(3)(b) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Relaxation 1 Sep 2022
least 2m and at most 10m away from the façade of
the building. This is to facilitate rescue with direct
access to unit windows (excluding exit staircase,
smoke-free approach to exit staircase).
4.2.2a.(3)(b)
01 Mar 2019 New ---
and (c)
Basement
In the case of a basement, the fire engine

accessway/fire engine access road shall be provided
to within a travel distance of 18m to the entrance of all
4.2.2a.(5) 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021
exit staircases that are provided with landing valves
(dry or wet riser) in accordance with Cl.6.2.2b.. The
measurement of 18m shall be between the fire engine
accessway/fire engine access road and the entrance
of exit staircase.
Page 167
Amendment
Date
Revised, formerly
4.2.2a.(6) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.2(b)(i)
Revised, formerly
4.2.2a.(6) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.2(b)(i)
PG III, IV, V & VII buildings exceeding 10m habitable

height
For buildings under PG III, IV, V and VII exceeding

the habitable height of 10m, a fire engine accessway
shall be located directly below the fire access
openings to provide direct reach to the designated fire
access panels. The required length of fire engine
accessway shall be computed based on the largest
Accessible Floor Area (AFA) of any aboveground
4.2.2a.(6) (
dated 2 Dec 2 Dec 2019 2 Dec 2019 Clarification floors as follows: 2 Dec 2019
2019 ) (a) for interconnected floors, including basements
connected to aboveground floors, the AFA shall be
the aggregate areas of all the interconnected floors,
or
(b) for buildings with more than one group of

interconnected floors, the AFA shall be taken as the
largest of the aggregate floor areas among the groups
of interconnected floors.
PG III, IV, V & VII buildings exceeding 10m habitable

height
For buildings under PG III, IV, V and VII exceeding

the habitable height of 10m, a fire engine accessway
shall be located directly below the fire access
openings to provide direct reach to the designated fire
access panels. The required length of fire engine
accessway shall be computed based on the largest
Accessible Floor Area (AFA) of any aboveground
4.2.2a.(6) (
floors as follows:
dated 2 Dec 2 Dec 2019 2 Dec 2019 Clarification 2 Dec 2019
2019 ) (a) for interconnected floors, including basements
connected to aboveground floors, the AFA shall be
the aggregate areas of all the interconnected floors,
or
(b) for buildings with more than one group of

interconnected floors, the AFA shall be taken as the
largest of the aggregate floor areas among the groups
of interconnected floors.
4.2.2a.(8) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Revised, formerly
4.2.2b 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.2(d)(ii)
Revised, formerly
4.2.2e.(2) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.2(d)(vi)
4.2.2f.(2) to
01 Mar 2019 New ---
(5)
Page 168
Amendment
Date
h. Obstruction
Fire engine accessways/fire engine access roads

4.2.2h. 1 Mar 2021 1 Sep 2021 Revised/Clarification shall be kept clear of obstructions at all times. Plants, 1 Mar 2021
trees or other fixtures shall not obstruct the path
between the fire engine accessway and fire access
openings.
A sign post with white background and red wording of

not less than 50mm in height shall be provided at the
start and end of a fire engine accessway/fire engine
access road. The height measured from the ground to
the lowest point of the sign shall be between 1m and
Change in
4.2.2i(3) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 1.5m. The sign post shall be visible at night and shall 10 May 2019
requirements
not be positioned more than 3m from the fire engine
accessway/fire engine access road. Every part of the
fire engine accessway/fire engine access road shall
not be more than 15m from the nearest sign post.
See Diagram 4.2.2i.(3).
Marking of fire engine accessway and fire engine

access road
(1) All corners of fire engine accessway/fire engine

access road shall be marked, except where public
roads are designated as fire engine accessway/fire
engine access road.
(2) Metalled/non-metalled or paved/non-paved

surface fire engine accessways/fire engine access
roads shall be marked with reflective white or yellow
strips of size not less than 100mm (W) x 400mm (L).
The markings shall be visible at night and shall be
provided on both sides of the fire engine
4.2.2i. 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised accessways/fire engine access roads at an interval of 15 Sep 2020
not more than 5m.
(3) A sign post with white background and red

wording of not less than 50mm in height shall be
provided at the start and end of a fire engine
accessway/fire engine access road. The height
measured from the ground to the lowest point of the
sign shall be between 2m and 2.2m. The sign post
shall be visible at night and shall not be positioned
more than 3m from the fire engine accessway/fire
engine access road. Every part of the fire engine
accessway/fire engine access road shall not be more
than 15m from the nearest sign post. See Diagram
4.2.2i.(3).
Revised, formerly
4.2.2j. 1 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.2(d)(i)
4.2.2l. 1 Mar 2021 1 Sep 2021 Revised/Clarification Nil 1 Mar 2021
Fire access opening to building for firefighting
a. Provision
Fire access openings shall be provided on the

4.2.3a. (1
1 Mar 2023 1 Sep 2023 Revised external wall for external firefighting and rescue 1 Mar 2023
March 2023)
operations. This can include unobstructed external
wall openings, windows, balcony doors, glazed wall
panels and access panels. Windows, doors, wall
panels or access panels shall be readily openable
from the inside and outside. The inside and outside of
Page 169
Amendment
Date
fire access openings shall be unobstructed at all

times during the occupancy of the building. There
shall be no furniture or any other obstruction within
1m from the fire access openings at the landing inside
the building.
b. Location
The fire access opening shall be placed against an

4.2.3b. 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification 1 Sep 2021
occupied space. It shall not be placed at plant/store
room, exit staircase, smoke-stop/fire lift lobby or
space that leads only to a dead end.
4.2.3b. Location
4.2.3b.( The fire access opening shall be placed against an
dated 25 Aug 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/ Clarification occupied space. It shall not be placed at plant/ store 25 Aug 2023
2023) room, exit staircase, smoke -free approach to exit
staircase or space that leads only to a dead end.
Revised, formerly
4.2.3e.(3) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.3(f)
Revised, formerly
4.2.3e.(4) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.4.2.3(f)(iv)
4.2.3e.(4) Additional openings for ventilation
For buildings under PG III to VIII where an area or

space has a ceiling height greater than 10m,
4.2.3e.(4) additional high level ventilation openings for smoke
(dated 25 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications venting and firefighting purposes shall be provided 25 Aug 2023
Aug 2023) and located in the external walls opening into the area
or space. The ventilation opening shall meet the
following criteria:
(a) ………
Ringed fire hydrant pipes
For a building that is required to have an island site

fire engine accessway under Cl.4.4.2b., the fire
hydrant pipe shall be a ring system. Isolation valves
4.4.1e 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification shall be provided on the fire hydrant ring such that 15 Sep 2020
individual fire hydrant can be isolated when required
for maintenance without affecting the water supply
(both designed pressure and flow) to the other fire
hydrants on the ring.
4.4.1f. 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Water supply for private fire hydrant
a. Private fire hydrant at or below reduced level

125m
Private fire hydrants installed at reduced level 125m
and below can receive direct supply from public water
Clarification
4.4.2 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 mains. If the flow and pressure from the public water 1 Dec 2020
/Relaxation
mains cannot meet the fire hydrant requirements as
shown in Table 4.4A, a storage tank of sufficient
capacity with the requisite pumping facilities shall be
provided. For premises with private fire hydrants
receiving direct supply from public water mains and
not able to comply with the flow requirements
Page 170
Amendment
Date
stipulated in Table 4.4A, the following requirements

shall be complied with:
(1) the compartment size shall not exceed
1000m2;
(2) the nominal bore of the fire hydrant pipe and the
bulk water meter shall not be less than 150mm in
diameter; and
(3) the running pressure/flow at the hydraulically
most unfavourable fire hydrant of the private fire
hydrant system shall comply with the following:
(a) running pressure >= 0.9 x (running pressure of

the nearest public fire hydrant – pressure drop across
the bulk water metre); and
(b) flow rate >= 0.9 x water flow of the nearest

public fire hydrant or >= total flow demand (as
required in Table 4.4A) of the private fire hydrant
system, provided the running pressure at the most
remote private fire hydrant is greater than 2 bars.
Note:
In calculating the frictional loss for the private fire
hydrant system, the design flow rates shown in Table
4.4A shall be used. The pressure drop across bulk
water metre shall not be more than 1 bar.
b. ……………..
Water supply for private fire hydrant
a. Private fire hydrant at or below reduced level

125m
(1) Private fire hydrants installed at reduced level

125m and below can receive direct supply from public
4.4.2a.(1)(a) 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification/Relaxation water mains provided the flow and pressure from the 1 Sep 2021
public water mains meet the fire hydrant requirements
as shown in Table 4.4A, or the following requirements
are complied with:
(a) the AFA of the largest compartment shall not
exceed 1000m2 for PG III, IV, V & VII and not exceed
500m2 for PG VI & VIII;
(b) …………
Protection of fire hydrant mains in buildings
All fire hydrant mains which pass through a building

shall have its full length within the building protected
with fire resistance construction complying with
Cl.3.8.7b. of at least the same fire resistance as the
element of structure, provided all of the following
requirements are complied with:
a. The fire hydrant mains shall be located in common

4.4.3 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised 15 Sep 2020
circulation areas, such as car parking spaces and
driveways, i.e. they shall not pass through private or
confined spaces.
b. No services (except sprinkler pipes) shall be

located above or crossing over the fire hydrant mains.
c. The fire hydrant mains shall be located away from

explosion risk areas.
Page 171
Amendment
Date
d. The protective enclosure to the fire hydrant mains

shall be labelled with the words “FIRE HYDRANT
MAIN” of minimum 50mm height at suitable intervals.
Protection of fire hydrant mains in buildings
All fire hydrant mains which pass through a building

shall have its full length within the building protected
with fire resistance construction complying with
Cl.3.8.7b. of at least the same fire resistance as the
element of structure, provided all of the following
a. The fire hydrant mains shall be located in common

circulation areas, such as car parking spaces and
4.4.3 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised driveways, i.e. they shall not pass through private or 15 Sep 2020
confined spaces.
b. No services (except sprinkler pipes) shall be

located above or crossing over the fire hydrant mains.
c. The fire hydrant mains shall be located away from

explosion risk areas.
d. The protective enclosure to the fire hydrant mains

shall be labelled with the words “FIRE HYDRANT
MAIN” of minimum 50mm height at suitable intervals.
Diagram
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Existing Diagram 4.2.2e. 1 Sep 2021
4.2.2e
Table 4.2A 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Existing Table 4.2A 1 Sep 2021
Table 4.2C 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Existing Table 4.2C 1 Sep 2021
Clarification
Table 4.4A 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Existing Table 4.4A 1 Dec 2020
/Relaxation
Page 172
The installation, control and distribution of wiring of electrical equipment in buildings shall be in accordance with SS 638 and SS 551.
Page 173
CLAUSE 5.2 - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POWER SUPPLIES
5.2.1 Installations requiring primary and secondary power supplies
Where any of the following installations is required by this Code or other Codes/ Regulations, its primary and secondary source of power
supply shall comply with the corresponding Code of Practice stated therein.
a. Electrical lifts
Where an electrical passenger or goods lift is required, its electrical installations, including batteries and other forms of secondary power
supply, shall comply with SS 550. Where the provision of fire lift is required by this Code, installation of the primary and secondary
supplies shall also comply with the above- mentioned Code of Practice.
b. Electrical fire alarm system
Where electrical fire alarm system is required, its primary power supply as well as its type and capacity of battery shall comply with SS
645.
c. Exit light and emergency lighting systems
Where exit or emergency lighting system is required, its electrical wiring, type and capacity of battery or other form of secondary power
supply shall comply with SS 563.
d. Emergency voice communication system
Where an emergency voice communication system is required, its electrical wiring shall be fire-rated or otherwise fire-protected in
accordance with SS 546. The appropriate type and capacity of secondary source of supply shall also be provided accordingly.
e. Wet rising main system
Where a wet rising main system is required, the relevant electrical supply shall be installed in accordance with SS 575. A secondary
source of power supply with capacity stipulated in SS 575 shall be provided for the wet rising main pumps.
f. Fire sprinkler system
Installation of electrical supply for sprinkler systems shall comply with SS CP 52. The capacity of the secondary source of supply, where
required, shall satisfy operational requirements under the respective hazard category.
g. Mechanical ventilation/ pressurisation systems
The following systems shall be provided with secondary source of power supply:
(1) mechanical ventilation system for the following rooms or spaces:
(a) exit staircases;
(b) exit passageways;
(c) smoke-free/ fire lift lobbies;
(d) area of refuge within the same building;
(e) basement car parks;
(f) fire command centres;
(g) emergency power generator rooms;
(h) engine driven fire pump rooms;
(i) rooms involving the use and/ or storage of flammable liquid/ gas and explosive substances;
(j) any other areas where such systems are installed for fire precautionary measures; and
(2) pressurisation systems for the following areas:
(a) smoke-free/ fire lift lobbies;
Page 174
(b) internal exit staircases;
(c) hotel corridors;
(d) hostel corridors;
(e) healthcare corridors; and
(f) any other areas where such systems are installed.
(3) all smoke control/ purging systems, including associated equipment forming part of the systems.
h. Air supply system for generator and fire pump
A secondary source of power supply shall be provided for the mechanical ventilation system which is installed to
provide air for the operation of the following equipment:
(1) emergency generator; and
(2) engine driven fire pump.
5.2.2 Cable installation
Power supply cables for equipment that are required to operate during a fire emergency shall be of fire resistant type. The fire resistant
cables shall comply with SS 299.
5.2.3 Electric motors and control equipment
All motors and their control equipment, as well as the associated wiring and accessories, shall be suitable for their particular application
and for the environment they are exposed to. In addition, they shall comply with all of the following requirements:
a. High Rupturing Capacity Fuses (HRC) or Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) with magnetic release shall be installed and be
capable of protecting the cable connections to the motor, and of carrying the stalled current of the motor for a period not less than
75% of the period for which such a current would cause the motor windings to fail;
b. any no-volt release mechanism shall be of the automatic resetting type, such that on restoration of supply the motor can start
automatically;
c. thermal overload trips shall not be permitted; and
d. magnetic (short circuit) trips are permitted for use in motor circuits of mechanical ventilation systems serving essential services.
5.2.4 Emergency generator
a. Where emergency generators are provided as a secondary source of supply, they shall comply with SS 535.
b. For outdoor emergency generator, all of the following requirements shall be complied with:
(1) Day tank incorporated within the body of the emergency generator shall be constructed of steel. The day tank shall be of double
skin construction. The emergency generator enclosure shall be able to contain any leakage of diesel.
(2) Alternatively, an internal bund wall shall be built within the outdoor emergency generator’s day tank large enough
to contain 100% of the diesel content within the day tank.
(3) The maximum quantity of diesel permitted in the day tank is 1000 litres.
Page 175
Amendment History - Chapter 5 - Electrical Power Supplies
Amendment
Date
Revised, formerly
5.2.1g.(1) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.5.2.1(g)(i) to (x)
5.2.1g.(2) and (3) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
5.2.4b 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Page 176
6.1 PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS
6.1.1 General
a. Portable fire extinguishers, where required, shall be constructed in accordance with SS EN 3.
b. All portable fire extinguishers, where required to be provided, shall be charged, tested, maintained and properly tagged in accordance
with SS 578.
6.1.2 Provision
a. Fire extinguishers shall be provided in all buildings except the following:
(1) PG I buildings;
(2) residential floors of PG II buildings;
(3) car parking areas in standalone car parks or mixed-use residential buildings;
(4) roof level of single storey buildings with roof height not more than 12m or inaccessible pitched roof up to 24m from grade level
used solely for roof-mounted PV installations in accordance with Cl.10.2.1b.(1); and
(5) roof level of an external/ open-sided overhead bridge/ shed/ linkway/ walkway with clear width less than 6m, roof height not more
than 12m and used solely for roof-mounted PV installations in accordance with Cl.10.2.1b.(1).
b. Where the roof level is a non-habitable floor, fire extinguishers shall be provided to cover the M&E plants/ equipment.
6.1.3 Type, size and siting
The classification of portable fire extinguishers provided shall be selected in accordance with SS 578 such that the nature of processes and
contents within the building concerned can be effectively protected. The size, quantity and siting of these portable fire extinguishers shall
comply with the requirements in SS 578 under the respective class of occupancy hazard.
6.1.4 Installation and marking
Portable fire extinguishers provided shall be installed and conspicuously marked in accordance with requirements by SS 578.
Page 177
Updated 1 September 2021 inclusive of 9 th batch of Amendments
Page 178
CLAUSE 6.3 - ELECTRICAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
6.3.1 General
a. PG III to VIII occupancies
(1) Every building or part of a building, except that of PG I or II (residential floors), having a total floor area of more than that specified
in column (3) of Table 6.3A having regard to the purpose group of the building or part of the building, shall be installed with a fire
alarm system, either of the automatic or manual type as indicated in column (4), which shall be an electrically supervised system
complying with the requirements of the SS 645. The fire alarm system shall be connected to the SCDF’s Operations Centre through an
approved alarm monitoring company if required under Cl.6.3.8.
(2) Notwithstanding Cl.6.3.1a.(1) above, if the total floor area per storey of a 2 to 4 storey building of any of the PG III to VIII exceeds
the sizes as stipulated in column (2) of Table 3.2A, the building shall be provided with an automatic fire alarm system.
b. PG II mixed occupancy
For PG II mixed occupancy buildings where an automatic sprinkler system and/ or electrical fire alarm system is provided to the non-
residential part of the building:
(1) Alarm sounders shall be able to produce a minimum sound level of 65dBA, or 5dBA above the ambient noise level, whichever is
greater but not more than 120dBA, at all parts of the following areas:
(a) the non-residential units;
(b) the common areas of the non-residential floors; and
(c) the common areas of the immediate two residential floors above the non-residential floor.
(2) Connection of the fire alarm system to an approved alarm monitoring company stipulated under Cl.6.3.8 is not required if the
number of non-residential floors is not more than one storey.
c. Dormitories
For dormitories, including workers' dormitories, an electrical fire alarm system shall be provided as follows:
(1) For single storey dormitory buildings, manual fire alarm system is to be provided to comply with SS 645.
(2) For dormitories exceeding one storey, both automatic and manual fire alarm systems shall be provided to comply with SS 645.
d. The following are not required to be provided with electrical fire alarm system:
(1) Roof level of single storey buildings with roof height not more than 12m or inaccessible pitched roof up to 24m from grade level
used solely for roof-mounted PV installations in accordance with Cl.10.2.1b.(1).
(2) Roof level of an external/ open-sided overhead bridge/ shed/ linkway/ walkway with clear width less than 6m, roof height not more
than 12m and used solely for roof-mounted PV installations in accordance with Cl.10.2.1b.(1).
6.3.2 Fire alarm panel
a. An electrical fire alarm system of the automatic or manual type shall be provided with a fire alarm panel to indicate the location of the
alarm which has been actuated or operated. Such an alarm panel shall be accurate to the maximum allowed alarm group area limitations
specified in SS 645.
b. The associated control and supervisory equipment, indicating equipment, wiring and arrangement of power supplies for the fire alarm
panel shall comply with the requirements in SS 645.
c. All automatic systems which are activated via the general building alarm shall be connected directly to the fire alarm panel.
d. The fire alarm panel shall be located near the main entrance of the building, in the Fire Command Centre (FCC), in the guardhouse or in
the fire lift lobby.
e. Sub fire alarm panel, where provided, shall comply with the requirements in SS 645 be located at the fire lift lobby, smoke-free lobby, or
protected staircase, in that order of priority, or at the main point of entry into the area covered by the alarm zone.
Page 179
6.3.3 Manual alarm call points
a. In a manual alarm system, except as otherwise exempted in Cl.6.3.1, the manual call points shall be provided on every storey of the
building or part of the building and shall be so located that no person need travel more than 30m from any position within the building to
activate the alarm.
b. Manual call points shall be located on exit routes preferably next to hose reels and in particular on the floor landings of exit staircases
and at exits to the street. In the case where an automatic fire alarm system is provided, grouping for indication of location of the manual
call points shall comply with the requirements in SS 645.
c. Manual call points shall be located between 800mm and 1.2m above the finished floor level and shall be located at easily accessible
and conspicuous positions free from obstructions. The installation of the sounding device shall be in accordance with SS 645.
d. Exemption
Manual call points can be omitted for the following:
(1) car parks, regardless whether the parking facility is standalone type or forms part of a building;
(2) open-to-sky roof gardens/terraces, provided an alarm sounder is extended to this level and positioned near the exit staircase
except for developments where fire alarm system is not required; and
(3) mezzanine floor of factory unit, subject to compliance with Cl.9.6.1a.(2) and provided no person on the mezzanine floor need to
travel more than 30m to activate the nearest manual call point located on the main floor.
e. Manual call point shall be provided for buildings protected with an automatic fire sprinkler system or automatic fire alarm system.
6.3.4 Automatic fire alarm
Where an automatic fire alarm system is required by this Code, the type, location, spacing and installation of the detectors shall comply with
the requirements in SS 645.
6.3.5 Alarm device
a. General
(1) The alarm device, which should normally issue an audible or visible signal, unless specifically allowed or required otherwise by the
SCDF, shall be actuated if the electrical fire alarm system is activated or operated. The type, number and location of the alarm device
shall comply with the requirements in SS 645.
(2) All sounders and visual alarm signals in the building shall be actuated simultaneously in the event of an activation. However, in
cases permitted or required by the SCDF where the operation of alarm sounders are grouped or activated in stages, the arrangement
shall comply with the requirements in SS 645.
b. Audio alarm
The fire alarm sounder shall have a sound that is readily distinguishable from any other alarm systems. In places of entertainment or areas
where sound and/or special effects lighting systems are installed, including KTV kiosks/booths placed within building premises, the sound
systems shall be electronically interlocked with the fire alarm system to enable these systems to be automatically cut-off when the fire
alarm system is activated.
c. Visual alarms
(1) Visual alarms shall be provided in addition to the audible alarms for buildings protected by fire alarm systems and separate visual
alarm(s) shall be provided in the following:
(a) Where persons with hearing impairment can be isolated, especially when they are not in their identified locations, visual
alarm(s) shall also be provided:
(i) in toilets and inside full-height partitioned cubicles;
(ii) car park floors;
(iii) lift lobbies; and
(iv) in places of entertainment, e.g., dance halls, gaming outlets, internet games cafes, arcades where users use headgear
that affect hearing or areas where sound and/ or special effects lighting systems are installed.
Page 180
(2) Visual alarms shall not be used in place of audible alarms.
(3) Siting of visual alarms
Visual alarms shall be located together with fire alarm sounder. Where they are not readily visible from areas accessible to persons
with hearing impairment who may be in isolation, additional visual alarms shall be provided. The height of the visual alarms shall be
between 2m to 3m above finished floor level.
(4) Technical specifications
Visual alarms shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(a) They shall take the form of a flashing beacon or strobe light for use in conjunction with the conventional fire alarm system.
(b) They shall be clearly distinguishable from any other visual indicator used in the premises.
(c) They shall be labelled with the word “Fire” of at least 15mm in height and lettering colour shall contrast with the background.
(d) The flashing rate shall be within 30 to 130 flashes per minute.
(e) The visual alarm signal shall be in white or red.
(f) The flashing of all visual alarm signals within a same space/ room shall be synchronised.
(g) The intensity of the light signal shall be sufficient to draw the attention of people in the vicinity.
6.3.6 Home Fire Alarm Device (HFAD)
For individual residential units under PG I or II, HFAD shall be installed in accordance with all of the following requirements:
a. HFAD shall possess the following features and comply with all the requirements stated below:
(1) operate on smoke detection technology alone, or have a multi-sensor detector (a detector with multiple sensors built into the
device) with smoke detection capability;
(2) indicator lights to inform users on the status/ condition of the device(s);
(3) temporary silence/ reset feature to address false alarms;
(4) alarm sounder with sound level compliant with any standard listed in item (7);
(5) test button to allow the device(s) to be tested/checked periodically;
(6) to be powered by long-life built-in battery (i.e., battery that lasts at least 10 years) with low battery alert capability, or to be wired
to household electrical supply;
(7) detector design to comply with any of the following standards (EN 14604, AS 3786, UL 217);
(8) where two or more HFADs are installed, all devices shall be interconnected (either wired or wirelessly) such that when one of the
HFADs is triggered, all connected HFADs shall sound an alarm simultaneously (see Diagram 6.3.6a.(8)); and
(9) the HFAD shall be either:
(a) listed by any accredited certification body accepted by the SCDF, or
(b) listed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), or
(c) listed under the ActivFire Scheme, or
(d) CE marked with certification from approved 3rd party Notified Bodies, or
(e) listed under BSI Product Directory.
b. Additional independent functions to enhance the operation of the HFAD may be included as optional features (Such as connection to
smart home systems, remote controls, visual alarms, vibrating pads, etc.) of the HFAD, given that the requirements indicated in Cl.6.3.6a.
are met.
c. Table 6.3.6 states the minimum number of HFAD required for different home types, as well as the locations in which the detectors shall
be installed.
Page 181
TABLE 6.3.6 MINIMUM NUMBER OF HFAD TO BE INSTALLED FOR DIFFERENT HOME TYPES
Home type Number and location of detectors (Also refer to Diagram 6.3.6 c. - 1 & 2)
Single storey homes:
(1) Minimum 1 smoke detector
(1) HDB flats
(2) Installed along circulation area / escape route, e.g. living room, corridor
(2) Apartments/Condominium
(3) Optional: Additional detectors can be installed in other spaces for enhanced protection.
(3) Single storey landed dwellings
Multi-storey homes: (1) Minimum 1 smoke detector per storey

(1) Landed/Non-landed dwellings (2) For storeys with circulation area > 70m2, at least 2 smoke detectors need to be installed on that storey.
(2) HDB flats (3) Installed along circulation area / escape route e.g. living room, corridor, and/or staircase landing
(3) Apartments/ Condominiums (4) Optional: Additional detectors can be installed in other spaces for enhanced protection.
6.3.7 Alarm system for cinema
A theatre or cinema shall be provided with an electrical fire alarm system of the manual type complying with all of the following:
a. The manual alarm system shall be installed in the lobbies and other areas adjoining the hall and shall be connected to the SCDF
Operations Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company.
b. Visual indicators and audible sounders shall be installed in the projection room and in another room where a designated staff member
can alert the audience in case of a fire.
c. The provision of the fire protection system in cinema which forms part of a building shall be similar to that of the building.
6.3.8 Connection to the SCDF Operations Centre
The electrical fire alarm system required to be installed in a building or premises under this clause shall be connected to the SCDF Operations
Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company when the building or premises is:
a. a health care occupancy, hotel or other similar occupancies, or
b. an oil refinery, oil depot, general warehouse, chemical plant or other high hazard factory or premises, or
c. a theatre, cinema or concert hall as specified in Cl.6.3.7, or
d. a building required under the provisions of this Code to be protected by an automatic fire alarm (except those exempted
under Cl.6.3.1b.) or fire extinguishing system.
6.3.9 Sprinkler-protected building
Where sprinkler system is required by this Code, provision of automatic thermal/ smoke detectors in sprinkler-protected premises is exempted
except where such detectors are required to activate/ operate the sprinkler, engineered smoke control system or other systems.
6.3.10 Exemption of automatic fire alarm protection
The following areas are exempted from automatic fire alarm protection in an automatic fire alarm building:
a. External open-sided linkways not exceeding 5m in width measured from eave to eave, provided these areas are not for commercial
activities or storage.
b. Areas which are covered with trellises, louvres or perforated panels having 50% or more evenly distributed effective free openings. An
alarm sounder and visual alarm shall be provided near the exit staircase in accordance with SS 645.
c. Open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces located within PG II buildings or mixed-use residential buildings, provided there are no covered
commercial activities/ spaces at the open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces. When there is other non-residential occupancy other than the
open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces located within the same PG II building, the alarm sounder and visual alarm shall be extended to the
open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces and positioned near the exit staircase in accordance with SS 645.
6.3.11 Video Image Fire Detection System (VIFDS)
a. VIFDS shall be installed in addition to the electrical fire alarm system for buildings which meet all of the following conditions:
(1) It is an unmanned buildings belonging to PG III to VIII.
(2) It has an internal open space of more than 2000m 2 or a ceiling height of more than 12m.
Page 182
(3) It requires the provision of automatic fire alarm system in accordance with Table 6.3A .
b. VIFDS shall comply with SS 645 and can be used to complement smoke, heat and flame detectors in an electrical fire alarm system.
c. It shall be connected to the SCDF Operations Centre through an approved alarm monitoring company. Alarm signals and live video
images of fire and/or smoke captured shall be transmitted to the approved alarm monitoring company upon activation of the building fire
alarm system.
Page 183
6.4 FIRE SPRINKLER INSTALLATION
6.4.1 Provision
Every storey/ room of a building, unless otherwise exempted by this Code, shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system under the
following situations:
a. Compartment size
Whenever compartmentation requirements under Table 3.2A of Chapter 3 of this Code cannot be complied with.
b. Buildings other than PG I and II
Every storey of buildings of more than 24m in habitable height, except for PG I and II, regardless of whether the compartmentation
requirements are complied with.
c. PG II mixed occupancy
(1) For PG II mixed occupancy buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height, the non-residential parts shall be protected by an
automatic sprinkler system if they:
(a) comprise more than one storey, or
(b) are located above the first storey.
(2) For PG II mixed occupancy buildings regardless of habitable height, the non-residential parts shall be protected by an automatic
sprinkler system if they are not compartmented from the basement storeys.
(3) For non-residential parts where sprinkler protection is not required under sub-clauses (1) & (2) above, an automatic fire alarm
system shall be provided for the non-residential parts in accordance with Cl.6.3.1b.
d. Basement
(1) All basement storeys irrespective of compartment size, except for those used as PG I or II, shall be provided with an automatic
sprinkler system. Where the upper storeys of the building are fully compartmented from the basement storeys, the requirement for
provision of an automatic sprinkler system for floors above the basement shall be considered separately and in accordance with
Cl.6.4.1a., b. and c.
(2) Exemption
(a) Where the basement storey is effectively cross ventilated to prevent smoke logging, the basement storey can be exempted
from providing an automatic sprinkler system.
(b) In the case of residential developments located over basement car parks, relaxation on the provision of these sprinkler system
and smoke purging systems to the basement car park can be granted if all of the following conditions are met:
(i) The basement car parking shall consist of one level only.
(ii) External openings shall be provided to achieve effective cross ventilation by means of evenly distributed vertical openings
along the perimeter walls and evenly distributed voids over the basement in such manner that:
• no point within the basement is more than 12m from any vertical opening or void for spaces that are in between two
openings or voids;
• no point shall be more than 6m from any opening or void for spaces that are ventilated by such opening or void on only
one side; and
• such vertical openings shall be at least 600mm in height.
(iii) The total aggregate area of these voids and vertical openings shall be not less than 20% of the total basement floor area.
(iv) An automatic fire alarm system shall be provided for the basement car parks with extension of alarm bells to the
common/lobby areas of the upper storeys in accordance with Cl.6.3.1a. and b.
e. Atrium space
A fire sprinkler system shall be provided for an atrium space not exceeding 18m in height. For an atrium with ceiling height exceeding 18m
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(in whole or in part), water monitor, deluge and/ or extended-throw sprinkler systems shall be provided to cover the entire atrium space.
f. Exemption of sprinkler protection
(1) All of the following areas are exempted from sprinkler protection in a sprinkler-protected building:
(a) Covered areas
Areas which are covered with trellises, louvres or perforated panels, which have 50% or more evenly distributed effective free
openings. An alarm sounder and visual alarm shall be provided near the exit staircase in accordance with SS 645.
(b) Areas under roof-mounted PV installations on non-habitable roof
Each sub-array of PV installation shall not exceed 5m in width, with maintenance aisle of minimum 400mm width in between the
sub-arrays. Each sub-array shall be open-sided without any commercial activities or storage within these areas. The maximum
dimensions of PV arrays shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.1d..
(2) All of the following areas not located within PG VI or VIII buildings are exempted from sprinkler protection in a sprinkler-protected
building:
(a) Canopies/ car porches
(i) Such areas are to be used solely for the purpose of passengers pick-up and drop-off.
(ii) There shall be no commercial activities or storage within these areas.
(iii) Cut-off sprinklers and fire-rated walls are not required to be provided to separate the sprinkler-protected and non-
sprinkler-protected areas.
(b) External corridor
External corridors shall not exceed 4m in width, and there shall be no commercial activities or storage within these areas.
(c) External/ open-sided linkways
External/ open-sided linkways shall not exceed 5m in width, and there shall be no commercial activities or storage within these
areas.
(d) Open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces
Open-to-sky roof gardens/ terraces provided there are no covered commercial activities/ spaces at the open-to-sky roof gardens/
terraces and positioned near the exit staircase in accordance with SS 645.
6.4.2 Standard
Installation of the sprinkler system and its associated water supply, and control and testing requirements shall comply with the SS CP 52.
6.4.3 System design
a. Connection to the SCDF Operations Centre
The sprinkler system shall be electrically monitored so that on the operation of any sprinkler head, the fire signal is automatically
transmitted to a fire station through an approved alarm monitoring company.
b. Fire pumps
Installation of fire pumps for sprinkler systems shall comply with requirements of SS CP 52. Sprinkler pumps shall be installed within a fire
compartmented fire pump room, whose fire rating shall be in accordance with Table 6.4A. The sprinkler pump room floor level shall not be
lower than the main floor level.
c. Sprinkler control valve
The sprinkler control valve(s) shall be located in one of the following areas:
(1) Facing an external space within a travel distance of 10m from entrance to the FCC.
(2) Within a fire lift lobby/ smoke-free lobby.
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(3) Within a sprinkler pump room.
(4) Within a 1-hr fire-rated enclosure, located at most 10m travel distance from the entrance to the exit staircase.
d. Location plan
A floor plan showing the locations of the sprinkler tank room, sprinkler pump room, breeching inlets and control valves shall be
prominently displayed within the FCC. In the absence of the FCC, the floor plan shall be located in the following order of priority:
(1) within the guard house, or
(2) next to the main fire alarm panel.
6.4.4 Special purpose rooms
a. Where a building is required to be provided with an automatic sprinkler system under this Code, parts of the building which are used for
purposes stipulated in Table 6.4A shall be compartmented in accordance with columns 3(a) and 3(b) of the table.
b. Where a building is not required to be provided with an automatic sprinkler system under this Code, special purpose rooms stipulated
in Table 6.4A shall be compartmented in accordance with columns 2(a) and 2(b).
c. For the protection of communication nerve centres, data process centres and process control rooms composing of high value computers
or telecommunication equipment, if automatic sprinklers are to be replaced by an automatic fire extinguishing system, the enclosure to the
hazard or occupancy shall comply with the following:
(1) it shall be constructed to have 1-hr fire resistance rating;
(2) any door opening shall be protected with a 1-hr fire door;
(3) it shall not be provided with more than two exits;
(4) the direct travel distance to any exit door of the enclosure shall not exceed 15m; and
(5) the fire extinguishing system shall use clean agent and shall conform to Cl.6.5.2.
6.4.5 Car park
In multi-storey buildings under PG II to VIII with an aboveground car park, the provision of fire protection and smoke control systems for the
car park shall be in accordance with Table 6.4B.
6.4.6 Water mist systems
Water mist systems can be permitted as a substitute for automatic sprinklers in sprinkler-protected buildings, provided all of the following
a. The water mist system shall be of a propriety design that has been tested to meet the performance requirements of a standard
acceptable to the SCDF.
b. The design and installation of water mist system shall conform to NFPA 750 or AS 4587.
c. The components of the water mist system shall be listed by a recognised testing laboratory.
6.4.7 Reduced water storage for automatic fire sprinkler system
This reduced water storage is only applicable to existing buildings of habitable height not exceeding 60m, and which have a hazard
classification of Ordinary Hazard Group I, II or III under SS CP 52. It shall not apply to new buildings, any building housing storage risks and
chemical processes.
a. Design considerations
(1) Tank sizing
The minimum water storage capacity of the sprinkler tank shall be capable of providing adequate water supply for 30 mins of the
sprinkler pump operation.
(2) System with reliable inflow
For sprinkler systems with a constant reliable inflow from the town mains to replenish the sprinkler tank, the effective tank storage
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capacity for the various hazard categories shall be as follows:
TABLE 6.4.7a.(2): EFFECTIVE TANK CAPACITY FOR RELIABLE INFLOW OF NOT LESS THAN 1.0m3/min, & WATER INLET POINT AT REDUCED LEVEL OF 125m OR BELOW
Occupancy group System demand** Minimum effective capacity of storage tank, or 30 mins’ storage, whichever is greater
OH1 540 L/min 12.5m3
OH2 1000 L/min 25.0m³
OH3 1350 L/min 37.5m³
Note:
** = the upper limit in column 6 of Table 17 of SS CP 52
(3) System with unreliable inflow
For sprinkler systems with an unreliable inflow from the town mains to replenish the sprinkler tank, the effective tank storage capacity
for the various hazards categories shall be as follows:
TABLE 6.4.7a.(3): EFFECTIVE TANK CAPACITY FOR UNRELIABLE INFLOW OF LESS THAN 1.0m3/min, OR WATER INLET POINT AT REDUCED LEVEL GREATER THAN 125m
Occupancy group System demand** Minimum effective capacity of storage tank, or 30 mins’ storage, whichever is greater
OH1 540 L/min 16.2m3
OH2 1000 L/min 30.0m³
OH3 1350 L/min 40.5m³
Note:
** = the upper limit in column 6 of Table 17 of SS CP 52
(4) Pipe sizing
Full hydraulic calculation methods shall be adopted for the design of the sprinkler system pipework. The sprinkler design must ensure
that the flow does not exceed the system demand as stipulated in Table 6.4.7a.(2) and Table 6.4.7a.(3), throughout the installation.
The flow and pressure limitations can be overcome by employing constant flow pressure reducing valves or by including orifice plates
at connections to main distribution pipes.
b. Water supply
(1) Size of incoming mains
The pipe size of the replenishing water mains to the sprinkler storage tank shall not be less than 150mm in diameter. Hydrants, hose
reels and external drenchers shall not be connected to the sprinkler system or draw from the sprinkler water supply.
(2) Inlets to storage tank
The inlets to the storage tank shall be fitted with a non-modulating type of pilot float valve listed by the authority having jurisdiction.
6.4.8 Combined firefighting water tank for sprinkler and wet riser systems
a. Combining firefighting water tank for sprinkler and wet riser systems is permitted for buildings of ordinary hazard category classification
provided their designs comply with the provisions stipulated in SS CP 52 and SS 575, respectively.
b. The water storage shall be based on the larger water storage demand of the systems.
c. Separate pump sets shall be provided to allow for the simultaneous operation of the sprinkler and wet riser systems.
d. The combined systems’ sprinkler riser and wet riser stacks shall not be interconnected by sprinkler system piping or a single riser that
serves both systems.
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6.5 FIXED AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
6.5.1 Installation
Installation of any fixed automatic fire extinguishing systems which are not deemed to be required by this Code shall not be accepted as
substitute of any provision stipulated in this Code unless otherwise approved by the SCDF. Such systems will be considered additional
protection for property safety and their installation shall not adversely affect the performance of the stipulated systems.
6.5.2 Design standard
The design and installation of such automatic fire extinguishing systems shall comply with corresponding Codes of Practice acceptable to the
SCDF.
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6.6 LIFTS
6.6.1 General
All lift installations and operations shall comply with SS 550.
6.6.2 Lift well ventilation
Lift well shall be vented in accordance with SS 550.
6.6.3 Emergency power supply
a. Emergency power supply for lighting, ventilation and alarm systems for all lifts shall comply with the requirements in SS 550.
b. A standby generating plant shall be provided for: (1) homing of lifts during an emergency for:
(1) homing of lifts during an emergency for:
(a) PG II buildings with private lifts or that which exceed the habitable height of 60m;
(b) mixed-use residential buildings where the lifts serve the residential and/or non-residential floor(s);
(c) PG III to VIII buildings exceeding four storeys; and
(d) all basement occupancies (excluding PG I buildings or basements within single household dwelling houses classified as cluster
housing within PG II developments).
(2) operating of the following lifts during an emergency:
(a) fire lifts;
(b) PWD evacuation lifts for buildings exceeding four storeys and buildings which require the provision of such lifts; and
(c) fire escape bed lifts.
c. The power supply to the lift shall be connected to a sub-main circuit exclusive to the lift and be independent of any other main or sub-
main circuits. The power cables serving the lift installation shall be routed through an area of negligible fire risk.
6.6.4 Fire lift
a. General
(1) The installation of the fire lift shall be in accordance with SS 550.
(2) The fire lift(s) shall be contained within a separate protected shaft. Alternatively, the fire lift(s) can be contained within a common
protected shaft containing other lifts, provided such other lifts are served at each storey by the fire lift lobby.
(3) The fire lift shaft shall be continuous throughout the building and serve every storey except a non-habitable roof.
(4) A lift mainly intended for the transport of goods shall not be designated as a fire lift.
(5) Cargo lift shall not open into a fire lift lobby.
(6) In the case of motor-room-less fire lifts, the fire lift control panel enclosure located at the fire lift lobby shall be compartmented
with a fire-rated door of same rating as the lift shaft.
b. Number of fire lifts
(1) With the exception of PG I and II buildings, all other buildings shall be provided with at least two fire lifts if the habitable height
exceeds 24m.
(2) For PG II buildings, at least one fire lift shall be provided if the habitable height exceeds 24m. In the case of super high-rise
(above 40 storeys) residential buildings, at least two fire lifts shall be provided.
(3) All buildings, except PG I, shall also be provided with at least two fire lift if the depth of the basement exceeds 9m below the
average grade level.
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c. Accessibility and coverage
(1) A fire lift shall be located such that the travel distance between the nearest edges of the lift landing door and exit staircase door is
not more than 5m. In addition, the exit staircase shall be approached through a fire lift lobby or a corridor connected directly to a fire
lift lobby at each storey. This corridor shall comply with fire lift lobby requirements except that the width can be at least 1.2m.
Exception:
(a) For the final discharge of exit staircase at ground level for PG II buildings, the travel distance between the nearest edge of the
fire lift landing door and exit staircase door can be extended to at most 10m. Where the travel distance between the nearest edge of
the fire lift landing door and exit staircase door exceeds 5m, additional signage shall be displayed prominently at the fire lift lobby to
indicate the location of exit staircase door. This exception is not applicable to PG II mixed occupancy buildings.
(b) In cases when two fire lifts are located adjacent to each other, only one of the two fire lifts need to comply with the 5m
requirement.
(2) The fire lift shall be located such that any part of every storey shall be accessible by firefighters from the fire lift.
(3) Regardless of whether the building is installed with an automatic sprinkler system, the number of fire lifts required shall be such
that any part of a storey of the building is within 60m coverage from the fire lift door, subject to the provision of at least two fire lifts in
accordance with Cl.6.6.4b.(1) & (3).
d. Fire lift switch
(1) The operational features of the fire lift shall be provided in accordance with SS 550, including the provision of a fire lift switch.
(2) A fire lift switch shall be provided at both the designated and alternate designated floors.
6.6.5 Evacuation lift
a. General
Evacuation lifts shall be provided for evacuation of occupants requiring assistance during an emergency. The requirements stipulated
herein shall be applicable to all, except PG I and II, buildings:
(1) exceeding 24m in habitable height, or
(2) accessible to PWDs, except those stipulated under Cl.2.4.1a..
b. Provisions
(1) For buildings provided with at least two fire lifts, one of the fire lifts can be used for the evacuation of occupants, including PWDs.
(2) Where a fire lift serves the dual purpose of an evacuation lift for PWDs, it shall have a clear car platform area of minimum 1.2m by
1.4m instead of 1.45m 2 . For PG II buildings having more than 40 storeys, the minimum clear car platform size of the fire lift shall be at
least 1.7m by 1.5m.
(3) For buildings without a fire lift, at least one of the passenger lifts shall be designated as a PWD evacuation lift.
(4) All passenger lifts in buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height shall be designed for use together with the fire lifts so as to
speed up occupant evacuation.
c. Communication
(1) A lift monitoring system shall be provided within the FCC. It shall monitor the floor location of the lift, direction of travel, status with
respect to occupation, both the normal and emergency power supplies to the lifts, and activation of a fire alarm within the lift shaft or
lift motor room or lift lobby. Provision to manually override the lift shall be installed in the FCC for use by the firefighters/ CERT if
required.
(2) A voice communication system shall be provided in the building.
(3) An intercom system in the lift car shall be provided for communication between the lift operator and the FCC.
(4) CCTV cameras shall be installed at lift lobbies to facilitate situational awareness for the authorised personnel overseeing the
evacuation at the FCC or 24-hourly manned station. Alternatively, a suitable means of communication to call for assistance during a
fire can be provided between the protected lobby and FCC or any 24-hourly manned station. It can be in the form of a distress button
or voice communication.
(5) The means of communication shall be:
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(a) located between 800mm and 1200mm above ground level;
(b) appropriately labelled;
(c) provided with prominently displayed clear instruction signage on its operation; and
(d) when activated, generate a clear visual indication for the person requesting for assistance to know that the distress signal has
been relayed.
d. Evacuation switch
(1) A switching device, similar to the fire lift switch, shall be installed next to each evacuation lift landing door on the designated floor
(and the alternate designated floor, if provided) for persons authorised by the building owner or firefighters to activate the evacuation
mode of the lift.
(2) Under the evacuation mode, the lift operation shall be similar to the firefighters service operation as stipulated in the SS 550.
(3) The switching device shall be housed in a breakable glass-fronted box marked “Evacuation Switch”.
e. Signage
(1) For buildings provided with a PWD evacuation lift, a prominent sign marked “Evacuation Lift” shall be affixed onto the wall adjacent
to the lift door at every landing of the evacuation lift.
(2) The size of the letters shall not be less than 25mm in height.
f. Protected lobby
(1) Evacuation lifts shall be located within a protected lobby such as a smoke-free lobby, external exit passageway or external
corridor.
(2) For buildings not exceeding 4 storeys, the provision of a protected lobby for PWD evacuation lift is not required. However, should
passenger lifts be installed in such buildings, these lifts shall be provided with a lift evacuation switch for use by emergency
responders. If there is no protected lift lobby provided for the said passenger lifts, the PWD Holding Point shall be located inside a
protected exit staircase or along the external corridor.
g. Secondary evacuation lifts
(1) All passenger lifts in buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(a) A secondary evacuation switch (labelled accordingly) shall be provided at the FCC for each passenger lifts.
(b) Power cables shall be routed through an area of negligible fire risk.
(c) Close circuit television shall be provided at all lift lobbies.
(2) The passenger lifts provided with a secondary evacuation switch need not be backed up by a secondary source of supply for
evacuation operation.
6.6.6 Homing of lifts
a. For buildings requiring fire alarm system
(1) In a fire emergency, when any one of the fire detection devices or fire alarm systems is activated, all the lifts, including passenger,
service, designated fire and designated evacuation lifts, shall be brought to the designated floor (usually 1 st storey). Otherwise, the
lifts shall home to an alternate designated floor (if the designated floor is a fire floor) and park with the lift landing doors remaining
opened.
(2) Goods lifts with automatic doors shall be similarly homed to the designated floor.
(3) Goods lifts with manual doors shall be homed if the doors are closed.
b. For buildings requiring standby generating plants
(1) In the event of power failure or power interruption in the building, the supply to the lifts shall be automatically switched over to the
emergency power supply from the generating plant.
(2) The lifts shall be brought to the designated floor and park with the lift landing doors remaining open until all the lifts have been
brought down to the designated floor.
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(3) Thereafter, one or more lifts can resume operation depending on the capacity of the emergency generating plant, in addition to the
fire lift.
(4) Normal operation of the lift shall be automatically reset on the return of normal power supply.
c. For buildings which do not require standby generating plants, and for buildings with standby generating plants but without automatic fire
alarm or sprinkler system
(1) For buildings without standby generating plants, the smoke/ heat detectors shall form part of the lift system and shall be connected
to the lift control panel to home the lift under normal power upon activation. All lifts, including hydraulic lifts, shall be provided with
Automatic Rescue Device (ARD). The ARD shall permit the lifts to move and park at the nearest lift landing floor with the lift/ landing
doors open in the event of power failure. Homing any of the lifts to a basement storey is not permitted.
(2) Smoke/ heat detectors shall be provided at all lift lobbies such that all lifts serving the same lobby shall be brought to the
designated floor or alternate designated floor upon activation of the detectors. For buildings without a fire alarm system, the smoke/
heat detectors shall form part of the lift system and shall be connected to the lift control panel to home the lift under normal power
upon activation.
(3) The above requirements on homing of lifts need not be applied to residential buildings under PG I or lifts serving within single
household dwelling houses classified as cluster housing within PG II developments.
d. For mixed developments comprising residential and non-residential components
(1) All lifts which serve the residential and non-residential floors shall be required to home to the designated or alternate designated
floor (if the designated floor is a fire floor) in the event of power failure and/ or fire. The lifts shall be provided with secondary power
supply from standby generating plant of sufficient capacity.
(2) Where the passenger lifts serve only the residential floors and by-pass the non-residential floors in a protected shaft, the lifts shall
be required to be installed with Automatic Rescue Device (ARD), provided the habitable height of the highest floor does not exceed
60m.
(3) Where the lifts serve the upper residential floors and the basement non-residential floor(s), including car parks, the lifts shall be
provided with emergency power supply from a standby generating plant for homing to the designated floor when there is a power
failure in the building. In a fire emergency, the lifts shall be brought to the designated floor or alternate designated floor (if the
designated floor is a fire floor) when any of the fire alarm systems in the basement non-residential floor(s) is activated.
e. Requirements for alternate designated floor
(1) An alternate designated floor (e.g., 2 nd storey) shall be identified.
(2) The lifts shall be brought to the alternate designated floor in the event of a fire at the designated floor.
(3) Localised detectors
(a) Localised detector(s) shall be provided to cover the lift landing space at the designated floor.
(b) The activation of any of the localised detectors or any other detectors or sprinklers covering the designated floor shall cause all
the lifts to be re-directed to home to the alternate designated floor.
(c) The localised detector(s) shall cover the area within at least 3m surrounding the lift landing door opening.
(d) Where the lift landing is protected by a fire-rated enclosure, only the space within the enclosure is required to be covered by
localised detector(s).
(4) The alternative alternate floor shall have minimum fire hazard and pre-selected for the homing of passenger lifts, and where people can
escape to safety in an exit staircase or other exit from the lift landing door.
(5) In building under Cl.6.6.6c . which are not provided with sprinklers or automatic fire alarm system, suitable sensors shall be provided at
the ceiling level to cover the lift landing space. The activation of any sensor shall cause the lifts to be re-directed to home to the alternate
floor.
(6) The above requirements on homing of lifts to an alternate designated floor need not be applied to standalone open-sided car parks and
residential buildings under PG I.
6.6.7 Provisions for lift rescue
a. General
The following requirements shall apply to buildings with blind lift hoist ways exceeding 11m, except for PG I buildings. They shall be read
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in conjunction with SS 550.
b. Rescue hooks
(1) When the distance between consecutive lift landing doorsills is more than 11m but less than 18m (see Diagram 6.6.7b.(1) – 1),
rescue hooks complying with Cl.6.6.7b.(3) shall be provided at the underside of the upper lift landing door head (see Diagram
6.6.7b.(1) – 2).
(2) Alternatively, these hooks shall be installed in the ceiling space directly above the upper lift landing door, such that the heights of
these hooks are not more than 3m above the finished floor level of that upper lift landing, and at an approximate distance of 1m away
from the lift shaft wall. The ceiling space shall be easily accessible, and a sign shall be provided to indicate the locations of the rescue
hooks (see Diagram 6.6.7b.(1) - 1& 2).
(3) Rescue hook design
Each rescue hook shall have pull-out strength of at least 1000kg (10kN) and a thickness of at most 14mm in diameter. The clear space
between the hook and the emergency door frame shall not be less than 100mm, and the spacing between the two hooks shall be
between 500 to 700mm. (see Diagram 6.6.7b.(3)).
c. Landing emergency doors
(1) Where the distance between consecutive lift landing doorsills exceeds 18m, intermediate landing emergency doors shall be
provided, such that the distance between sills is at most 18m. However, for adjacent cars fitted with car emergency doors complying
with Cl.6.6.7d., intermediate landing emergency doors are not required.
(2) The landing emergency doors shall conform to all of the following requirements (see Diagram 6.6.7c.(2)):
(a) The dimension of landing emergency doors shall comply with the requirements of SS 550.
(b) The dimensions of car emergency doors shall comply with the requirements of SS 550.
(c) They shall be either of the horizontally sliding or swinging single-leaf type.
(d) They shall be self-closing and self-locking and shall be marked in letters not less than 50mm high: “DANGER, LIFT WELL”.
(e) They shall be provided with a landing door lock which can be unlocked only from the landing side through the use of a key.
The lock shall not be unlocked by any key which will open any other lock or device used for any other purpose in the building. The
key shall be kept where it is accessible only to authorised persons.
(f) Each door shall be provided with an electrical contact, the opening of which will render the lift inoperable.
(g) Two rescue hooks complying with Cl.6.6.7b.(3) shall be provided at the underside of each emergency door head. Alternatively,
these hooks can also be installed in the ceiling space as stipulated under Cl.6.6.7b.(2).
d. Car emergency doors
(1) When car emergency doors are provided in adjacent cars to permit the lift-to-lift rescue and evacuation of passengers, there is
no limit on the maximum allowable length of the blind lift hoist way. (See Diagram 6.6.7d.(1))
(2) When car emergency doors are provided, all of the following requirements shall be complied with (see Diagram 6.6.7d.(2)):
(a) The horizontal distance between cars shall comply with the requirements of SS 550.
(b) The dimension of car emergency doors shall comply with the requirements of SS 550.
(c) Car emergency doors shall be openable from outside the car without a key and from inside the car using a key.
(d) Car emergency doors shall open towards the inside of the car.
(e) Car emergency doors shall not be located in the path of a counter-weight or in front of a fixed obstacle (except for beams
separating the cars) preventing passage from one car to another.
(f) A portable/ movable bridge or a bridge integrated into the car complying with the requirements of SS 550 shall be provided.
(g) Each car emergency door shall be provided with an electrical safety device, the opening of which will render the lift
inoperable. A safety feature to prevent the lift from operating when the bridging plate or the handrail is deployed shall also be
provided.
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6.7 COLOUR SCHEME OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
6.7.1 Equipment, fixtures and fittings
The following equipment/fixtures/fittings for the fire protection systems shall be painted in red. For those equipment/ fixtures/ fittings not listed
below, the colour scheme shall be in accordance with that specified in the relevant Codes of Practice.
a. Fire sprinkler system
(1) Fire pump & control panel
(2) Breeching inlet (excluding breeching inlet cabinet/ enclosure)
(3) Sprinkler control valve
(4) Sprinkler water proofing system/ device
b. Electrical fire alarm system
(1) Main fire alarm panel/ cabinet
(2) Sub fire alarm panel/ cabinet
(3) Manual call point
(4) Visual alarm light housing (Note: fire alarm bell need not be in red)
c. Private fire hydrant
(1) Wet pillar hydrant (with yellow band in accordance with SS 575)
(2) Dry pillar hydrant (whole hydrant in yellow)
d. Wet/ dry rising mains
(1) Fire pump & control panel
(2) Breeching inlet (excluding breeching inlet cabinet/ enclosure)
(3) Dry riser breeching inlet in yellow
(4) Wet riser breeching inlet in red
(5) Rising mains pipe
(6) Landing valve (except dry landing valve to be in yellow)
(7) Standby hose cabinet/ enclosure
e. Hose reel system
(1) Hose reel pump & control panel
(2) Hose reel drum (excluding cabinet/ enclosure)
f. Total flooding fire extinguishing system
Breathing apparatus cabinet/ enclosure
g. Emergency Voice Communication System
Handset/ cabinet/ enclosure
h. Fire extinguisher
Housing cabinet/enclosure
(Note: Alternatively, red graphic signage or red wordings “Fire Extinguisher” of minimum size 20mm shall be provided.)
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6.7.2 Pipework, conduits, trunkings and cable trays
For fire protection systems pipework, conduits, trunkings and cable trays which are not required to be painted in red, red colour bands of width
not less than 20mm and labelling shall be provided at an interval of not more than 6m apart.
6.7.3 Graphical symbols
Graphical symbols to depict fire safety equipment are allowed for use in buildings provided the signs comply with SS 508. Either graphic or
text format can be used for the design of the signage. The Table below shows the different sizes of the graphical symbol with respect to the
viewing distance.
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6.8 REDUNDANCY FOR FIRE PUMPING SYSTEM
The pumping system for wet rising mains, hose reels, sprinklers and hydrants shall be provided with redundancy such that the system
performance is not affected when one of the pumps and/ or the associated control system is out of operation due to routine maintenance or
break-down.
Diagram 6.2.5a.(3): Dutch roll folding method
Diagram 6.2.5b.(1): Dutch-rolled fire hose with cabinet

(surface-mounted or recessed)
Page 196
Diagram 6.3.6a.(8): Home fire alarm system
Diagram 6.3.6c. - 1: Location of HFAD installation in single storey home
Diagram 6.3.6c. - 2: Location of HFAD installation in multi-storey home
Page 197
Diagram 6.6.7b.(1) – 1: Lift landing sill to sill distance > 11m but < 18m
Diagram 6.6.7b.(1) – 2: Rescue hooks located at lift landing
Diagram 6.6.7b.(2) – 1: Rescue hooks located within lift landing ceiling space
Page 198
Diagram 6.6.7b.(2) – 2: Rescue hooks located within lift landing ceiling space
Diagram 6.6.7b.(3): Rescue hook design
Diagram 6.6.7c.(2): Landing emergency door
Page 199
Diagram 6.6.7d.(1): Car emergency doors for lift-to-lift rescue
Diagram 6.6.7d.(2): Car emergency doors - Deployment of bridging plate
TABLE 6.3A: PROVISION OF FIRE ALARMS ACCORDING TO PURPOSE GROUP, HEIGHT & SIZE OF THE BUILDING
Total floor area

Purpose group Building type Type of fire alarm systems
per storey
(1) (2) (4)
(3)
PG I & II NR NR HFAD
Single storey building >400m2 Manual*

PG III to VIII
(Without stay-in facilities) Building of 2 to 4 storeys >200m2 Manual*
Building of more than 4 storeys NR Automatic + manual
PG III to VIII Single storey building NR Manual**
(With stay-in facilities)

Building of more than one storey NR Automatic + manual
Note:
- When there are 2 or more purpose groups in a building, the strictest requirement for any one of the purpose groups shall be applicable to the whole building
- Where PG II forms part of a mixed-use building, Cl.6.3.1b.(1) shall be followed and HFAD shall be provided in the residential units.
NR - Not relevant
* - Except otherwise exempted under Cl.6.3.3d.
Page 200
** - Healthcare occupancy with patient accommodation ward shall be provided with both automatic fire alarm system and manual fire alarm system. See Cl.9.3.2b.(5)(b)
TABLE 6.4A COMPARTMENTATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE ROOMS IN BUILDINGS
Non‑sprinkler protected building Sprinkler-protected building
Usage
Compartmentation Door
(1) Compartmentation Door rating Sprinkler
rating
(3a) (3b) (3c)
(2a) (2b)
Store room(1) 1 hr 1 hr N N S
AHU room(3) N N N N S
Kitchen(2) 1 hr 1/2 hr 1 hr 1/2 hr S
Boiler room (oil fired) 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Low voltage switch room B B B B Ex
High voltage switch room B B B B Ex
Transformer room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Oil tank room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Generator room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
A/C plant room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Electric lift motor room 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr Ex
Hydraulic lift motor room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Essential fan room 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr S
Electrical room 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr Ex
Battery room(6) 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr S(5)
Sprinkler/Wet riser tank room B B B B S
Fire pump room B B B B S
Fire Command Centre 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr S
N N B B Ex
(4)
Telecommunication/ Non-essential equipment room
N N S
Note:
The fire resistance rating stipulated in this table shall be the minimum
N - no specific requirement on compartmentation/ door rating
B - compartmentation and door rating of the special purpose room shall not be less than the fire resistance of the elements of structure of the building where the room is located
S - Sprinkler system has to be extended into such rooms
Ex - Sprinkler system is exempted from the corresponding area provided the area is fitted with an automatic fire alarm system installed according to SS 645
(1) - Requirements stated herein apply to store room which is required to be compartmentalised
Page 201
(2)
= Requirements stated herein apply to kitchens in hotel, restaurant, coffee house or other similar places where the preparation of food is required. However, special considerations will be
given to the followings:
(a) kitchens where “open flame” cooking appliances are NOT used, or
(b) kitchens where all the cooking facilities are fitted with approved extinguishing systems
(3) - Where AHU rooms are vertically stacked, each AHU room shall be separated by a compartment floor at every level. In the case of AHU serving more than one compartment, fire
dampers shall be provided in air ducts at penetration through the compartment wall and floors, see Cl.7.1.8
(4) - Requirements stated herein apply to non-essential equipment rooms such as a PABX/ MDF room, potable water tank/ pump, ejector room, Police Equipment Room (PER) or Electronics
Parking System (EPS) room etc.
(5) - Water mist system can be considered in lieu of conventional automatic fire sprinkler system
(6) - This requirements of compartmentation shall apply to any room that is designated as a battery room or of Threshold Stored Energy exceeded the limits stated in Table 10.3.1. This does
not apply to battery used in consumer products such as laptop, phone, etc.
Page 202
Amendment History - Chapter 6 - Firefighting Systems
Amendment
Date
6.1.2a.(3) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Extracted from SCDF's

6.3.10 16 Jun 2016 15 Dec 2015
circular

6.3.10 16 Jun 2016 15 Dec 2015
circular
Exemption of automatic fire alarm protection
The following areas are exempted from automatic

fire alarm protection in an automatic fire alarm
building:
a. areas which are covered with trellises, louvres
6.3.10 (dated
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification or perforated panels having 50% or more evenly 1 Sep 2021
1 Sep 2021)
distributed effective free openings; and
b. external open-sided linkways not exceeding 5m

in width measured from eave to eave, provided
these areas are not for commercial activities or
storage.
Exemption of automatic fire alarm protection
The following areas are exempted from automatic

fire alarm protection in an automatic fire alarm
building:
a. areas which are covered with trellises, louvres
6.3.10 (dated
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification or perforated panels having 50% or more evenly 1 Sep 2021
1 Sep 2021)
distributed effective free openings; and
b. external open-sided linkways not exceeding 5m

in width measured from eave to eave, provided
these areas are not for commercial activities or
storage.
6.3.11 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.3.11 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Every building or part of a building, except that of

PG I or II (residential floors), having a total floor area
of more than that specified in column (3) of Table
6.3A having regard to the purpose group of the
building or part of the building, shall be installed with
a fire alarm system, either of the automatic or
6.3.1a(1) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification 10 May 2019
manual type as indicated in column (4), which shall
be an electrically supervised system complying with
the requirements of the SS CP 10. The fire alarm
system shall be connected to the SCDF’s
Operations Centre through an approved alarm
monitoring company if required under Cl.6.3.7.
Revised, extracted from

SCDF's circular.
6.3.1b 1 Nov 2016 11 Aug 2016
Formerly Cl.6.3.1(b)(i) &
(ii)
Page 203
Amendment
Date
Connection of the fire alarm system to an approved

alarm monitoring company stipulated under Cl.6.3.7
6.3.1b(3) 10 May 2019 Immediate Clarification 10 May 2019
is not required if the number of non-residential floors
is not more than one storey.
b. PG II mixed occupancy
For PG II mixed occupancy buildings where an

automatic sprinkler system and/or electrical fire
alarm system is provided to the non-residential part
of the building:
(1) Alarm sounders shall be installed within the non-

residential units, at the common areas of the non-
6.3.1b. ( residential floors and extended to the immediate
dated 2 Dec 2 Dec 2019 1 June 2020 Revised two residential floors above the non-residential floor. 2 Dec 2019
2019)
(2) The alarm sounders shall be able to produce a
minimum sound level of 65dBA, or 5dBA above the
ambient noise level in all parts of such areas.
(3) Connection of the fire alarm system to an

approved alarm monitoring company stipulated
under Cl.6.3.8 is not required if the number of non-
residential floors is not more than one storey.
6.3.3d.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.3.3e 01 Mar 2019 New ---
The fire alarm sounder shall have a sound that is

6.3.5b 10 May 2019 Immediate Change in requirements 10 May 2019
readily distinguishable from any other alarm system.
b. Audio alarm
The fire alarm sounder shall have a sound that is

readily distinguishable from any other alarm
6.3.5b.
systems. In places of entertainment or areas where
(dated 15 15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised 15 Sep 2020
sound and/or special effects lighting systems are
Sep 2020)
installed, the sound systems shall be electronically
interlocked with the fire alarm system to enable
these systems to be automatically cut-off when the
fire alarm system is activated.
In dance clubs, gaming centres, places of

entertainment or areas where sound and/or special
effects lighting systems are installed, they shall be
6.3.5c(1)(c) 1 March 2019 1 March 2019 Relocated and Revised
electronically synchronised with the fire alarm
system to enable these systems to be automatically
cut-off when the fire alarm system is activated.
(1) Provision
(a) Visual alarms shall be provided for buildings
protected by fire alarm systems, and shall not be
used in place of audible alarms.
6.3.5c. 10 May 2019 Immediate Change in requirements (b) Visual alarms shall also be provided in places 10 May 2019
where persons can be isolated. This is to account for
persons with severe hearing impairment, especially
when they are not in their identified locations. Such
isolated spaces includes full-height enclosed
washroom spaces, car park floors, lift lobbies, etc..
Page 204
Amendment
Date
(c) In dance clubs, gaming centres, places of

entertainment or areas where sound and/or special
effects lighting systems are installed, they shall be
electronically synchronised with the fire alarm
system to enable these systems to be automatically
cut-off when the fire alarm system is activated.
Visual alarms shall be located together with manual
alarm call points. Where they are not readily visible
from all accessible locations, additional visual
alarms shall be provided. the height of the visual
alarms shall be between 2m to 2.5m above finished
floor level.
6.3.5c. Visual alarms
(1) Visual alarms shall not be used in place of

audible alarms and shall be provided:
(a) for buildings protected by fire alarm systems
(b) in places, such as full-height enclosed washroom

spaces, car park floors, lift lobbies, etc. where
persons with hearing impairment can be isolated,
6.3.5c.
especially when they are not in their identified
(dated 25 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023
locations; and
Aug 2023)
(c) in places of entertainment e.g. dance halls,

gaming outlets, internet games cafes, arcades
where users use headgear that affect hearing or
areas where sound and/ or special effects lighting
systems are installed.
Visual alarms shall be located …….
Relocated from
6.3.5c.(1)(b) Immediate Appendix 20 (Cl.7.2) of ---
Fire Code 2013
Relocated from
6.3.5c.(2)
Immediate Appendix 20 (Cl.7.2) of ---
and (3)
Fire Code 2013

6.3.6 1 Jun 2018 16 Nov 2017
circular

6.3.6 1 Jun 2018 16 Nov 2017
circular
Home Fire Alarm Device (HFAD)
For individual residential units under PG I or II,

HFAD shall be installed in accordance with all of the
following requirements:
6.3.6 (dated
2 Mar 2020) a. HFAD shall possess the following features and
comply with all the requirements stated below:
(1) operate on smoke detection technology alone, or

have a multi-sensor detector (a detector with
multiple sensors built into the device) with smoke
Page 205
Amendment
Date
detection capability;
(2) indicator lights to inform users on the

status/condition of the device(s);
(3) temporary silence/reset feature to address false

alarms;
(4) alarm sounder with sound level compliant with

any standard listed in item (7);
(5) test button to allow the device(s) to be

tested/checked periodically;
(6) to be powered by long-life built-in battery (i.e.

battery that lasts at least 10 years) with low battery
alert capability, or to be wired to household electrical
supply;
(7) detector design to comply with any of the

following standards (EN 14604, AS 3786, UL 217);
(8) where two or more HFADs are installed, all

devices shall be interconnected (either wired or
wirelessly) such that when one of the HFADs is
triggered, all connected HFADs shall sound an
alarm if they are installed on 2 or more storeys (see
Diagram 6.3.6a.(8)); and
Home Fire Alarm Device (HFAD)
For individual residential units under PG I or II,

HFAD shall be installed in accordance with all of the
following requirements:
a. HFAD shall possess the following features and

comply with all the requirements stated below:
(1) operate on smoke detection technology alone, or

have a multi-sensor detector (a detector with
multiple sensors built into the device) with smoke
detection capability;
(2) indicator lights to inform users on the

status/condition of the device(s);
(3) temporary silence/reset feature to address false

alarms;
6.3.6 (dated
2 Mar 2020)
(4) alarm sounder with sound level compliant with
any standard listed in item (7);
(5) test button to allow the device(s) to be

tested/checked periodically;
(6) to be powered by long-life built-in battery (i.e.

battery that lasts at least 10 years) with low battery
alert capability, or to be wired to household electrical
supply;
(7) detector design to comply with any of the

following standards (EN 14604, AS 3786, UL 217);
(8) where two or more HFADs are installed, all

devices shall be interconnected (either wired or
wirelessly) such that when one of the HFADs is
triggered, all connected HFADs shall sound an
alarm if they are installed on 2 or more storeys (see
Page 206
Amendment
Date
Diagram 6.3.6a.(8)); and
Sprinkler-protected building
Where sprinkler system is required by this Code,

6.3.9 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification provision of automatic thermal/smoke detectors in 1 Sep 2021
sprinkler-protected premises will be exempted
except where such detectors are required to activate
or operate the sprinkler or other systems.
Sprinkler-protected building
Where sprinkler system is required by this Code,

6.3.9 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification provision of automatic thermal/smoke detectors in 1 Sep 2021
sprinkler-protected premises will be exempted
except where such detectors are required to activate
or operate the sprinkler or other systems.
Provision
The following shall be provided with an automatic

sprinkler system:
6.4.1 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification a. Compartment size 1 Sep 2021
Whenever compartmentation requirements under

Chapter 3 of this Code cannot be complied with.
b. …………….
Provision
The following shall be provided with an automatic

sprinkler system:
6.4.1 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification a. Compartment size 1 Sep 2021
Whenever compartmentation requirements under

Chapter 3 of this Code cannot be complied with.
b. …………….

6.4.1c. 01 Mar 2019 11 Aug 2016
circular, revised
Revised, formerly
6.4.1e. 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.6.4.1(e)(iii)

6.4.1f.(4) 16 Jun 2016 15 Dec 2015
circular
Provision
f. Exemption of sprinkler protection

All of the following areas not located within PG VI or
VIII buildings are exempted from sprinkler protection
in a sprinkler-protected building:
6.4.1f.(4) and
1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021
(5)
(1) Canopies/car porches
(a) Such areas are to be used solely for the purpose

of passengers pick-up and drop-off.
(b) There shall be no commercial activities or
Page 207
Amendment
Date
storage within these areas.
(c) Cut-off sprinklers and fire-rated walls are not

required to be provided to separate the sprinkler-
protected and non-sprinkler-protected areas.
(2) External corridor
External corridors shall not exceed 4m in width, and

there shall be no commercial activities or storage
within these areas.
(3) External/open-sided linkways
External/open-sided linkways shall not exceed 5m in

width, and there shall be no commercial activities or
storage within these areas.
(4) Covered areas
Areas which are covered with trellises, louvres or

perforated panels, which have 50% or more evenly
distributed effective free openings (applicable to all
purpose groups).
Revised, formerly
6.4.3c 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.6.4.3(b)
6.4.3d 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Water supply
(2) Inlets to storage tank
6.4.7.b(2) 2 Dec 2019 2 Dec 2019 Revised The inlets to the storage tank shall be fitted with a 2 Dec 2019
non-modulating type of pilot float valve listed by the
SCDF.
Relocated from
6.4.8 Immediate Appendix () of Fire Code ---
2013
Relocated from
6.4.8 Immediate Appendix () of Fire Code ---
2013
Combined sprinkler and wet riser systems
a. Combining sprinkler and wet riser systems is

permitted for buildings of ordinary hazard category
classification provided their designs comply with the
provisions stipulated in SS CP 52 and SS 575
6.4.8 (dated respectively.
15 Sep 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification 15 Sep 2020
2020) b. There is no necessity to cater for water storage
for the sprinkler system’s demand separately.
c. Pump sets shall be designed for the

simultaneous operation of both the sprinkler and wet
riser systems.
Page 208
Amendment
Date
d. The combined systems’ sprinkler riser and wet riser

stacks shall not be interconnected by sprinkler
system piping or a single riser that serves both systems.
a. Combining sprinkler and wet riser systems is

permitted for buildings of ordinary hazard category
classification provided their designs comply with the
respectively.
b. There is no necessity to cater for water storage

6.4.8 (dated for the sprinkler system’s demand separately.
15 Sep 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification 15 Sep 2020
2020)
c. Pump sets shall be designed for the
simultaneous operation of both the sprinkler and wet
riser systems.
d. The combined systems’ sprinkler riser and wet riser

stacks shall not be interconnected by sprinkler
system piping or a single riser that serves both systems.
6.4.8.a 2 Dec 2019 Immediate Clarifications a. Combining sprinkler and wet riser systems is 2 Dec 2019
permitted provided their design complies with the
respectively.
6.4.8.a 2 Dec 2019 Immediate Clarifications a. Combining sprinkler and wet riser systems is 2 Dec 2019
permitted provided their design complies with the
respectively.
Revised, formerly
6.6.3b.(1)(c) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.6.6.2(b)
Emergency power supply
a. Emergency …….
b. A standby …………………for:
(1) homing of lifts during an emergency for:
6.6.3b.(1)(d) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Relaxation (a) PG II ……………… 1 Sep 2022
(b) mixed-use…….
(c) PG III to …….
(d) all basement occupancies;
Page 209
Amendment
Date
6.6.3b.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.6.4a.(5) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.6.4c.(1) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Relaxation 1 Sep 2022
6.6.4c. Accessibility and coverage
(1) A fire lift shall be located such that the travel

distance between the nearest edges of the lift
6.6.4c.(1) landing door and exit staircase door is not more than
(dated 25 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications 5m. In addition, the exit staircase shall be 25 Aug 2023
Aug 2023) approached through a fire lift lobby at each storey.
Exception :
(a) ……….
6.6.4d.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.6.5e.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.6.6a.(2)
01 Mar 2019 New ---
and (3)
Immediate
(extracted Revised, formerly
portion) 01 Cl.6.6.4(c) and Cl.
6.6.6c. 8 Nov 2012
Mar 2019 6.6.4(d)(i). Extracted
(revised from SCDF's circular
portion)
6.6.6c.(3) 1 Sep 2022 1 Mar 2023 Relaxation Nil 1 Mar 2022
6.6.6e.(3) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Landing emergency doors
(2) The landing ………
6.6.7c.(2)(a) 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021

(a) They shall form a clear opening of at least
760mm wide and 2m high.
(b) ……..
Provisions for lift rescue
d. Car emergency doors
(1) When car ……

(2) When car ……
(a) The horizontal distance between cars shall not
6.6.7d.(2) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications exceed 750mm. 1 Sep 2022
(b) The dimension of …….
(c) Car emergency doors ...
(d) Car emergency doors ….
(e) Car emergency doors ….
(f) A set of detachable bridging plate and handrail,

painted in bright yellow, shall be provided and
Page 210
Amendment
Date
secured to each emergency door. The plate shall

have an anti-slip surface and means shall be
provided to prevent accidental dropping of the plate
and handrail into the lift well during deployment.
(g) The detachable bridging plate shall have a

minimum loading capacity of 200kg and shall not
weigh more than 10kg. The maximum loading
capacity shall be clearly marked on the top- face of
the plate. Means shall be provided to prevent the
plate and handrail from slipping off when deployed.
(h) Each car emergency door shall be provided with

an electrical contact, the opening of which will
render the lift inoperable. A safety feature to prevent
the lift from operating when the bridging plate or the
handrail is deployed shall also be provided.
Car emergency doors
(1) When car emergency ………
(2) When car emergency doors are provided, all

of the following requirements shall be complied with
(see Diagram 6.6.7d.(2)):
6.6.7d.(2)(b) 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification 1 Sep 2021
(a) ……….
(b) Car emergency doors shall measure at least

1.8m high and 350mm wide.
(c) ………
6.7 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Total flooding fire extinguishing system
(1) Manual release control

6.7.1f . 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Change in requirements 10 May 2019
(2) Abort switch
(3) Breathing apparatus cabinet/enclosure
Electromechanical locking system (for exit and exit

6.7.1i. 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Change in requirements access door) 10 May 2019
Emergency door release
6.7.3 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Sep 2021
6.8 01 Mar 2019 New ---
6.8 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Table 6.4A 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications Existing Table 6.4A 1 Sep 2022
Page 211
CLAUSE 7.1 - AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
7.1.1 General
Where an air-conditioning system is provided in lieu of a mechanical ventilation system for emergencies, all the requirements specified in this
Code for mechanical ventilation systems shall apply to the air-conditioning system.
7.1.2 Construction of ductwork
Ducts for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems shall be constructed in compliance with all of the following requirements:
a. Materials
Air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts, including framing thereof, shall be constructed of steel, aluminium, glass fibre batt or mineral
wool batt or other approved materials.
b. Support
Air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts shall be adequately supported.
c. Duct linings & coverings
Duct covering and lining shall be non-combustible. However, if it is necessary to use combustible material, it shall:
(1) when tested in accordance with methods specified in this Code, have a surface flame spread rating of not lower than Class 1,
except in areas of a building where Class 0 flame spreading rating is required for the ceiling construction under this Code, a Class 0
rating for the covering and lining materials shall instead be required;
(2) when involved in fire, generate a minimum amount of smoke and toxic gases; and
(3) be at least 1m away from a fire damper.
d. Flexible joints and connections
(1) Flexible connections at the ends of ventilation ductwork connecting terminal units, extract units and ventilation grilles shall not
exceed 4m.
(2) Flexible joints, which are normally provided to prevent and/or allow for thermal movements in the duct system, shall not exceed
250mm in length.
(3) Flexible joints shall be made of material classified as ‘not easily ignitable’ when tested under BS 476: Part 5.
e. Duct enclosure
Enclosure of ducts shall comply with the requirements in Cl.3.8.9a..
f. Ductwork through smoke-free or fire lift lobbies
Ventilation ducts should not pass through smoke-free or fire lift lobbies. Where unavoidable, the part of the ventilation duct within the
lobby shall be enclosed in masonry construction with fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the elements of structure. If other forms
of fire resisting construction are used, a fire damper shall be fitted where the duct penetrates the lobby enclosure.
g. Ductwork through separating walls
No air-conditioning or ventilation duct shall penetrate separating walls.
h. Fire-rated duct
(1) Where proprietary fire-rated materials are used to construct the fire-rated duct, the fire rating of the fire-rated duct shall have the
same period of fire resistance as the wall or floor it penetrates.
(2) Proprietary fire-rated duct shall be tested to BS 476 Part 24 or equivalent and its usage be approved by the SCDF.
(3) Running of non-fire-rated duct and/ or other building services above the proprietary fire-rated duct should be avoided. When
unavoidable due to physical constraints, the supports to such non-fire-rated duct and/ or other building services running above the
proprietary fire-rated duct shall be strengthened, such that the tensile stress generated on the supports shall not exceed 10N/mm 2 .
The non-fire-rated duct and/ or building services shall also be adequately protected to prevent collapse in a fire which will otherwise
Page 212
affect the stability of the proprietary fire-rated duct below.
(4) Fans forming part of a fire-rated duct shall also be enclosed in the same fire-rated enclosure.
i. Control panel
(1) The location and placement of control panels serving engineered smoke control and smoke purging systems shall be located within
a common space such that the panels are clearly visible and readily accessible for operation and maintenance. Control panel shall be
mounted at a height not less than 1.5m or not more than 1.8m from the finished floor level.
(2) For control panels serving smoke purging systems, it shall be located at least 1.5m away from fire hazards e.g. control panels for
smoke purging system in carparks sited away from vehicle parking lots. Alternatively, the control panel shall be protected with at least
1-hr fire resisting rating enclosure.
7.1.3 Pipework
Insulation for pipework associated with the air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems shall comply with the following requirements:
a. Flame spread rating
Insulation material for pipework, together with vapour barrier lining and adhesives shall, when tested in accordance with the methods
specified in this Code, have a surface flame spread of not lower than Class 1. However, in areas of buildings where Class 0 flame spread
is required for the ceiling construction under this Code, a Class 0 rating for the insulation material shall be required.
b. Plastic and foam rubber insulation
Notwithstanding the requirements of Cl.7.1.3a., the use of plastic and foam rubber insulation materials of a lower classification is
permitted if:
(1) it is of the self-extinguishing type; and
(2) the insulation is covered by or encased in a metal sheath or hybrid plaster or other non-combustible cladding material,
provided that any opening in the element of structure or other part of a building penetrated by the pipework shall be effectively fire-
stopped by replacement of the insulation material at the junction of penetration with fire resistant material having equal fire resistance
rating. A fire-rated proprietary pipework system can be used if it is tested in the manner acceptable to the SCDF.
7.1.4 Air plenum
A concealed space between the ceiling and floor above it, ceiling and roof, or raised floor and structural floor of a building can be used as a
plenum provided:
a. The concealed space contains only:
(1) mineral insulated metal sheathed cable, aluminium sheathed cable, copper sheathed cable, rigid metal conduit, enclosed metal
trunking, flexible metal conduit, liquid tight flexible metal conduit in lengths not more than 2m, or metal-cladded cables;
(2) electric equipment that is permitted within the concealed spaces of such structures, if the wiring materials, including fixtures, are
suitable for the expected ambient temperature to which they will be subjected;
(3) other ventilation ducts complying with Cl.7.1.2a. to d.;
(4) communication cables for computers, television, telephone and inter-communication systems;
(5) fire protection installations; and
(6) pipes of non-combustible material conveying non-flammable liquids.
b. The supports for the ceiling membrane are of non-combustible material.
c. Exception
Low-smoke and low-flame plenum rated PVC cables conforming to NFPA 262 can be run exposed in plenum, provided that:
(1) the plenum space is protected by a sprinkler system or gaseous total flooding system; and
(2) a FCU or AHU using a plenum for air return and serving more than one room, is installed with smoke detector(s) at the return air
plenum space to shut down the FCU/ AHU upon detection of smoke.
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7.1.5 Fire Dampers
Any fire damper shall have a fire resisting rating of not less than that required for the compartment wall or compartment floor through which the
relevant section of the ventilation duct passes. Fire dampers shall be of the type approved by the SCDF and constructed in accordance with
the requirements in SS 333.
a. Provision of fire dampers
Ventilation ducts which pass directly through a compartment wall or compartment floor shall comply with the following:
(1) where the ventilation duct does not form a protected shaft or is not contained within a protecting structure, the duct shall be fitted
with a fire damper where it passes through the compartment wall or compartment floor; and
(2) where the ventilation duct forms a protected shaft or is contained within a protecting structure, the duct shall be fitted with fire
dampers at the shaft inlets and outlets.
b. Installation of fire dampers
(1) Fire dampers shall be installed so that the casing completely penetrates through the compartment wall or floor, and the casing
shall be retained, either:
(a) on both sides by means of flanges in such a manner that it can expand under fire conditions without distorting the blades in the
closed position, or
(b) on the accessible side by means of one flange only, which can be fixed to the damper and to the wall through slotted holes to
allow for expansion.
(2) Flanges shall be butted against the face of the compartment wall or floor and fixed to the damper casing.
(3) Ductwork connected to the damper shall be attached in such a manner as to ensure that the damper remains securely in position
and is fully functional in the event of damage of ductwork.
(4) The clearance between the damper body and the sides of the penetration shall not be less than that of the tested prototype and be
not greater than half the width of the angled section of the collar.
(5) The space between the damper body and the opening in the wall or floor shall be fire-stopped.
(6) Vertically positioned fire dampers shall be installed in such a manner that the direction of air flow assists in the closure of the
damper.
(7) Connections to fire dampers
The distance between the plane through a closed fire damper and ducting, flexible connections, duct coverings, internal linings and
the like, shall be
(a) not less than 1m when such parts are made of materials with fusing temperatures less than 1000 o C;
(b) not less than three times the diagonal or diameter of the damper; and
(c) not less than 2m when such parts are made of materials that are combustible, except for vapour barrier to provide thermal
insulation.
(8) Fire damper inspection access doors
Each fire damper installation shall be provided with an inspection access door in the ventilation duct, either upstream or downstream,
as appropriate. The access door dimension shall measure 450mm (length) X 450mm (width); for smaller ducts, the door width
dimension can be reduced to the width or depth of the duct. Access doors shall be hinged and fitted with sash locks, and be
constructed of minimum 1.25mm suitably braced sheet steel. Openings in ducts shall be stiffened by a sheet steel frame.
c. Prohibition of fire dampers
Fire dampers shall not be fitted in any of the following locations:
(1) openings in walls of a smoke extract shaft, or a return air shaft which also serves as a smoke extract shaft, or
(2) openings in walls of a protected shaft when the openings have a kitchen exhaust duct passing through it, or
(3) opening in walls of a protected shaft when the openings have a fume hood exhaust duct passing through it, or
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(4) anywhere in an air pressurising system, or
(5) in locations explicitly prohibited in this Code.
d. Standards
Where a fire damper is required by this Code to be installed in an air- conditioning and mechanical ventilation system, its type, details of
installation, connection of accessories, inspection door, etc., shall be in accordance with SS 333.
7.1.6 Fire resisting floor ceiling and roof ceiling
a. The space above a suspended ceiling which forms part of a fire-rated floor ceiling or roof ceiling construction shall not contain ducting,
unless said ducting was incorporated in a prototype that qualified for the required fire resistance rating, in which case the ducting shall be
identical to that incorporated in the tested prototype.
b. Openings in the ceiling, including openings to enable the ceiling to be used as a plenum, shall be protected by fire dampers identical to
those used in the tested prototype. Such openings in the ceiling shall be so arranged that:
(1) no opening is greater in area than that in the corresponding prototype test panel;
(2) the aggregate area of the openings per unit ceiling area does not exceed that of the prototype test panel; and
(3) the proximity of any opening to any structural member is not less than that in the prototype test panel.
7.1.7 Locations of intakes and return air openings
a. Openings for the intakes of outdoor air to all air handling systems, mechanical ventilation systems, pressurisation systems of exit
staircases and internal corridors, and smoke control systems shall be no less than 5m from any exhaust discharge openings.
b. All return air openings and outdoor air intakes shall be located and arranged such that sources of ignition, such as lighted matches and
cigarette butts, which accidentally enter the openings and intakes cannot be deposited onto the filter media.
7.1.8 Air handling unit (AHU) room
a. Air plenums
Air handling systems shall not use protected shafts of exits, smoke-free lobbies, including its concealed space for supply, exhaust or
return air plenums.
b. Compartmentation
(1) Where the air handling equipment serves more than one compartment, fire dampers shall be provided in air ducts at penetrations
through the compartment walls and floors to comply with the requirements in Cl.7.1.5.
(2) Where AHU rooms are vertically stacked, each AHU room shall be separated by a compartment floor at every level.
c. Smoke detectors
(1) Smoke detectors of approved type shall be incorporated in the return air stream immediately adjacent to:
(a) AHUs serving more than one storey or compartment, or
(b) a single AHU in excess of 15000m³/h.
(2) The function of smoke detectors, where required by this Code, is to initiate action to shut down the AHU automatically when the
smoke density in the return air system has become unacceptable for recycling.
d. Stop switch
Where the AHUs in a building are not centrally controlled, each AHU exceeding 8500m³/h shall be provided with a manual stop switch to
facilitate quick shutting down of the fan in the case of fire. For ease of access, this switch shall be located on the wall next to the door
opening of the air handling equipment room.
7.1.9 Ventilation system for exits
a. Air plenums
Protected shaft of exits, smoke-free lobbies, including their concealed spaces shall not be used for supply, exhaust or return air plenum of
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air handling systems.
b. Exit staircase and internal exit passageway
A mechanical ventilation system for each exit staircase and internal exit passageway, if provided, shall be an independent system of
supply mode only exclusive to the particular staircase and internal exit passageway, and it shall comply with all of the following
requirements:
(1) Supply air for the system shall be drawn directly from the external space, with intake point not less than 5m from any exhaust
discharge openings.
(2) For exit staircase serving more than four storeys, supply air shall be conveyed via a vertical duct extending throughout the
staircase height and discharging through outlets distributed at alternate floors.
(3) Where the supply air duct serving the exit staircase has to penetrate the staircase enclosure, the portion of the duct where it
traverses outside the staircase shall be enclosed in masonry construction or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b. of at least the same fire
resistance as the elements of structure, and it shall not be fitted with fire dampers.
(4) The ventilation system shall be of supply mode only, and of not less than 4 air changes per hour.
(5) The mechanical ventilation system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system. In addition, a remote manual
start-stop switch shall be made available to firefighters at the FCC, or, where there is no FCC, at the fire alarm panel.
(6) Visual indication of the operational status of the mechanical ventilation system shall be provided.
7.1.10 Ventilation system for smoke-free lobby and fire lift lobby
a. The ventilation system shall be of supply mode only of not less than 10 air changes per hour.
b. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the external space with intake point not less than 5m from any exhaust discharge or openings for
natural ventilation.
c. Any part of the supply duct running outside the smoke-free or fire lift lobby which it serves shall either be enclosed or constructed to
give a 1-hr fire resistance rating. The SCDF may, at its discretion, require a higher fire resistance rating if the duct passes through an area
of high fire risk.
d. The mechanical ventilation system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system. In addition, a remote manual start-
stop switch shall be made available to firefighters at the FCC, or, where there is no FCC, at the main fire alarm panel.
e. Visual indication of the operational status of the mechanical ventilation system shall be provided.
f. Where air conditioning is required for daily operations, this can be provided via supply and return air duct from the FCU/ AHU outside of
the smoke-free/ fire lift lobby. Fire dampers shall be provided in the supply and return air ducts at penetrations through the compartment
walls and/or floors. The ducts shall be fire-rated if it forms part of the other services passing through the smoke-free/ fire lift lobbies and/or
the duct insulations are not of non-combustible type.
7.1.11 Ventilation system for engine-driven fire pump room and generator room
Where mechanical ventilation is installed to provide a smoke-free environment for the room housing the engine-driven fire pump or emergency
generator, such systems shall be independent of each other and of any other system serving other parts of the building, and shall comply with
all of the following requirements:
a. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the external space and its intake point shall not be less than 5m from any exhaust discharge
openings. Exhaust discharge shall also be direct to the external space.
b. Where the corresponding ducts run outside the room they shall either be enclosed in a structure or be constructed to give at least the
same fire rating as the room which they serve, or that of the room through which they traverse, whichever is higher. The rating shall apply
to fire exposure from both interior and exterior of the duct or structure. Where the duct risers are required to be enclosed in a protected
shaft constructed of masonry or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b., they shall be compartmented from the rest of the shaft space containing
other ducts or service installations.
c. No fire damper shall be fitted in either supply or exhaust duct required under this clause.
d. A duct serving areas other than rooms housing equipment stated in this clause shall not pass through such rooms.
7.1.12 Ventilation system for Fire Command Centre (FCC)
The FCC can either be air-conditioned, naturally ventilated or mechanically ventilated. The air-conditioning or mechanical ventilation shall be
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independent of each other and any other system serving other parts of the building. Where air-conditioning or mechanical ventilation is
provided, the fan coil unit or ventilation fan serving the FCC can be located within the FCC and shall also comply with all of the following
requirements:
a. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the external space and its intake point shall not be less than 5m from any exhaust discharge
openings. Exhaust discharge shall also be direct to the external space.
b. Where the corresponding ducts run outside the FCC, they shall either be enclosed in a structure or be constructed to give at least the
same fire rating as the room which they serve or that of the room through which they traverse, whichever is higher. Where the duct risers
are required to be enclosed in a protected shaft constructed of masonry or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b., they shall be compartmented
from the rest of the shaft space containing other ducts or service installations.
c. No fire damper shall be fitted in either supply or exhaust duct required under this Clause.
d. A duct serving areas other than the FCC shall not pass through the room.
7.1.13 Exhaust system for kitchen
a. Provision
A mechanical exhaust system for the cooking area of a kitchen in a hotel, restaurant, coffee house or the like shall be independent of
those serving other parts of the building. It shall also comply with all of the following requirements:
(1) The hood and ducts for the exhaust shall have a clearance of 500mm from unprotected combustible materials.
(2) The exhaust shall discharge directly to the external space and shall not be less than 5m from any air intake openings.
(3) The exhaust duct, where it runs outside the kitchen, shall either be enclosed in a structure or be constructed to give at least the
same fire rating as the kitchen or that of the room through which it traverses, whichever is higher. The rating shall apply to fire
exposure from both interior and exterior of the duct or structure. Where the duct riser is required to be enclosed in a protected shaft
constructed of masonry or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b., it shall be compartmented from the rest of the shaft space containing
other ducts or services installations.
(4) No fire damper shall be fitted in kitchen exhaust ducts.
b. Sharing of kitchen exhaust system
Sharing of kitchen exhaust system for food and beverage outlets is allowed, provided all of the following conditions are complied with:
(1) For food courts
(a) The food court shall be under a single ownership/ operator.
(b) All kitchen exhaust ducts running outside the food court shall have 1-hr fire resistance rating, or shall not be less than that for
the elements of structure, whichever is higher.
(2) For restaurants/small F&B outlets (e.g. snack bars, food kiosks, etc.)
(a) Restaurants and small F&B outlets that are sharing the same kitchen exhaust system shall be located on the same storey and
within the aggregate zone area not exceeding 2000m 2 . The maximum length of the aggregate zone covering from the first to the
last restaurant/F&B outlet shall not exceed 50m.
(b) The aggregate floor area of the restaurants and F&B outlets shall not exceed 1000m 2 .
(c) Common ducts shall be provided with a common exhaust fan.
(d) The building shall be protected by an automatic fire sprinkler system.
(e) The exhaust hood shall be fitted with a wet chemical fire extinguishing system.
(f) The fire rating of the common kitchen exhaust duct running outside the restaurants shall have 1-hr fire resistance rating, or
shall not be less than that for the elements of structure, whichever is higher.
(Note: Kitchen exhaust ducts include both horizontal and vertical ducts.)
c. Kitchen exhaust duct (KED)
(1) A KED running outside a building shall not be located within 3m of any unprotected openings. This separation distance can be
reduced to 1.5m if the unprotected opening is on the same plane as the duct. (See Diagram 7.1.13c.(1) - 1 and 2)
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(2) Where the distances mentioned above cannot be achieved, a fire resistant construction having at least ½-hr fire resistance shall be
placed between the duct and the unprotected opening. (See Diagram 7.1.13c.(2))
(3) A non-fire-rated KED shall not be located above an LPG storage cabinet, unless they are separated from LPG cylinders by a
minimum of 2-hr fire-rated masonry construction above and beside the cylinders. (See Diagram 7.1.13c.(3))
(4) The KED shall be located at least 3m from any unprotected LPG cylinders. Non-fire-rated KED shall be located at least 600mm
from the vapouriser or any liquid-phase LPG pipeline. (See Diagram 7.1.13c.(4))
(5) Access panels for KED
KED shall be provided with openings via access panels to facilitate inspection and maintenance, which shall comply with the following:
(a) Access panels shall be provided to allow the interior of the duct to be viewed without the assistance of tools, to facilitate
thorough cleaning. The access panels shall not be obstructed by suspended ceilings, cable routes, pipes or other installations.
(b) Access panels shall be located at the sides of the duct.
(c) Access panels are not required at the duct entry, duct discharge, or sections of the duct which are fire-rated or protected
with fire-rated enclosure. Excluding these exempted areas, access panels shall be provided at the following locations:
(i) at changes of ducting direction;
(ii) if fire extinguishing systems are provided, to facilitate installation and servicing of the fire extinguishing systems;
(iii) within 900mm of each side of exhaust fan assemblies;
(iv) at least 40mm from all outside edges of the duct or welded seams; and
(v) in addition to compliance with subclause (i) to (iv), access panels shall be located at maximum 3m intervals for horizontal
ducting, and at the top and bottom of sections of vertical ducting which runs solely at the building exterior.
(d) Access panels shall be conspicuously marked with the following wording: ACCESS PANEL – DO NOT OBSTRUCT. The
lettering shall be at least 25mm in height, in a colour contrasting with the background.
d. Maintenance
All kitchen exhaust systems shall be properly maintained in accordance with the following:
(1) The entire (interior and exterior) exhaust duct and kitchen hood shall be degreased and cleaned at least once every 12 months.
(2) The work shall be carried out by a specialist and the records of cleaning and degreasing shall be kept by the owner/ operator for
verification. This requirement shall be included in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual.
7.1.14 Ventilation system for rooms involving use of flammable and explosive substances
a. Dedicated system
Mechanical ventilation systems, where required for rooms which involve the use of flammable and explosive substances, shall be
independent from those serving other parts of the building. They shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(1) Ventilation system shall consist of exhaust and supply parts with a rate of 20 air changes per hour or any other rates acceptable to
the SCDF. The exhaust shall direct to the external space and shall not be less than 5m from any air intake openings.
(2) Where such ducts run outside the room they shall either be enclosed in a structure or be constructed to give at least the same fire
rating as the room which they serve or that of the room through which they traverse, whichever is higher. The rating shall apply to fire
exposure from both interior and exterior of the duct or structure. Where the duct risers are required to be enclosed in a protected shaft
constructed of masonry or drywall complying with Cl.3.8.7b., they shall be compartmented from the rest of the shaft space containing
other ducts or service installations.
(3) No fire damper shall be fitted in either a supply or exhaust duct required under this Clause.
(4) Ducts serving other areas shall not pass through rooms involving use of flammable and explosive substances.
b. Sharing of supply air duct
A common fire-rated supply air duct can serve various compartments within the same floor level or other floor levels, provided:
(1) the compartments are sprinkler-protected;
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(2) the compartments are of the same purpose group;
(3) the duct is fitted with a fire damper where it passes through the wall or floor of each fire compartment; and
(4) a dedicated exhaust duct is provided for individual fire compartments and shall be maintained in operation (with the minimum flow
rate) even it is under fire mode situation to prevent smoke entering into other fire compartments.
7.1.15 Ventilation system for rooms housing batteries
Rooms housing batteries shall comply with the following requirements:
a. The batteries shall be of either vented or sealed type.
b. The room ventilation system shall be designed to limit the maximum concentration of Hydrogen (H 2 ) gas to 1% of the total volume of the
room during the worst case event of simultaneous “boost” charging of the batteries. The inlets and outlets of the ventilation system shall
be properly located so that there is no stagnant area in the room.
c. Adequate hydrogen gas detectors shall be provided inside the room to monitor the hydrogen concentration and to activate the fan, if
necessary, to ensure that the hydrogen concentration level at any part of the room does not exceed 1% of the total volume of the room.
Display panels showing the readings of the detectors shall be located at the entrance to the room. At the same time, an alarm signal shall
be sent to a manned station such as security control room, guard house or FCC.
d. The design of the battery room ventilation shall be in accordance with BS EN IEC 62485-2 & BS EN IEC 62485-3.
e. For mechanically ventilated battery rooms, the ventilation requirement shall be based on Cl.7.1.15d., or 6 air changes per hour,
whichever is higher.
f. No fire damper shall be provided in the essential ventilation system and ducts passing through other compartments shall have 2-hr fire
resistance rating.
g. Essential fans and associated electrical controls shall be backed up with a secondary source of power supply.
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CLAUSE 7.2 - PRESSURISATION FOR EXIT STAIRCASES
7.2.1 Provision
a. Internal exit staircase
In any building of which the habitable height exceeds 24m, any internal exit staircases without adequate provision for natural ventilation
shall be pressurised to comply with the requirements in this Code. Where the upper part of the staircase is naturally ventilated, its lower
part can be provided with mechanical ventilation or pressurisation, whichever is appropriate, in accordance with Cl.2.3.3d.(9).
b. Basement
In a building comprising more than four basement storeys, exit staircases connected to a fire lift lobby in basement storeys shall be
pressurised to comply with the requirements in this Code.
c. PG II occupancy
Where PG II building is provided with a mechanical ventilation system or pressurisation system for its staircase storey shelter, an
automatic smoke detection system complying with SS 645 shall be installed. The smoke detector shall be located at the entrance of each
exit staircase at every storey, including the non-residential floors. Activation of any smoke detector shall initiate the operation of the
mechanical ventilation system or pressurisation system.
7.2.2 Pressurisation level
a. When in operation, the pressurisation system shall maintain a pressure differential of not less than 50 Pa between the pressurised exit
staircase and the occupied area when all doors are closed.
b. Where a smoke-free lobby is also pressurised, the pressure at the exit staircase shall always be higher.
c. The force required to open any door against the combined resistance of the pressurising air and the automatic door closing mechanism
shall not exceed 110N at the door handle.
7.2.3 Egress velocity
a. When in operation, the pressurisation system shall maintain an airflow of sufficient velocity through open doors to prevent smoke from
entering into the pressurised area.
b. The flow velocity shall be attained when a combination of two doors from any two successive storeys and the main discharge door are
fully open.
c. The velocity averaged over the full area of each door opening shall not be less than 1.0 m/s.
7.2.4 Leakages
a. The rate of supply of pressurised air to the pressurised areas shall be sufficient to make up for loss through leakages into the
unpressurised surroundings.
b. Adequate relief of leaked air out of the occupied area shall be provided to avoid a pressure build-up in this area. The relief can be in the
form of perimeter leakages or purpose built extraction systems.
7.2.5 Distribution of pressurising air
a. The number and distribution of injection points for supply of pressurising air to the exit staircase should ensure an even pressure profile
complying with Cl.7.2.2.
b. The arrangement of the injection points and the control of the pressurisation system shall be such that when the opening of doors or
other factors cause significant variations in pressure difference, the condition in Cl.7.2.2 shall be restored as soon as practicable.
7.2.6 Pressurisation equipment and controls
a. All the equipment and the relevant controls associated with the pressurisation system shall be designed and installed to ensure
satisfactory operation in the event of a fire.
b. Supply air for the pressurisation system shall be drawn directly from the external space and its intake shall not be less than 5m from
any exhaust discharge openings.
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c. The pressurisation system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system. In addition, a remote manual start-stop
switch shall be made available to firefighters at the FCC, or at the fire alarm panel where there is no FCC. Visual indication of the
operation status of the pressurisation system shall be provided.
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CLAUSE 7.3 - PRESSURISATION OF INTERNAL CORRIDORS IN HOTELS
7.3.1 Pressure differences
a. Where internal corridors in hotels are required to be pressurised in compliance with Cl.9.7.2a.(3), the pressure within such corridors
shall be higher than that in the guest rooms by 12.5 Pa. Corridor pressurisation shall be activated for the floor on fire and two floors
above.
b. The pressure within the smoke-free lobby/ fire lift lobby serving these internal corridors shall be higher than that of the internal corridors
by 12.5 Pa. The pressurisation fans serving the smoke-free lobby/ fire lift lobby shall activate on all floors during a fire.
c. Pressure within the internal exit staircases shall comply with Cl.7.2.2a..
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CLAUSE 7.4 - SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM
7.4.1 Provision
a. An engineered smoke control system as specified in Cl.7.4.5 shall be provided where:
(1) the requirements for compartmentation specified in Cl.3.2.1, Cl.3.2.4a. and Cl.3.2.4b. are relaxed under the conditions in Cl.3.2.6
for Atrium spaces in a building, or
(2) the total floor area of any compartment in a building or part of a building exceeds 5000m², or
(3) the total aggregate floor area of all basement storeys exceeds 2000m², except in any of the following situations:
(a) Where the basement or a portion of the basement is used as a car park, the car park shall comply with the requirements of
Cl.7.4.3, provided it is compartmented from the rest of the basement.
(b) Where a plant/ equipment room with floor area not exceeding 250m² is compartmented from rest of the basement, two doors
remotely located from each other for better reach in firefighting operations shall be provided. The provision of a single door
opening for this room is permitted provided the most remote part of the room is less than 8m from the door, and the equipment
found inside this room, does not obstruct the throw of a water jet from a firefighting hose.
(c) Where a plant/ equipment room with floor area exceeds 250m² but not 2000m², and for which smoke vents in accordance with
Cl.7.4.2 or smoke purging system of at least 9 air changes per hour are provided.
(d) Where a service area comprising storerooms or workshops (restricted to staff only) which are compartmented, which are
provided with smoke venting in accordance with Cl.7.4.2, or a smoke purging system of at least 9 air changes per hour in lieu of
an engineered smoke control system. An automatic fire alarm/ extinguishing system in accordance with Table 6.4A shall be
provided where required.
b. A smoke vent in accordance with Cl.7.4.2 shall be provided if the total aggregate floor area of all basement storeys does not exceed
2000m², except for PG I buildings . In lieu of smoke vents, a smoke purging system or an engineered smoke control system is permissible
for car parks or other occupancies respectively.
7.4.2 Smoke vent
Smoke vents shall be adequately distributed along the perimeter of the space served, and its outlets shall be easily accessible during
firefighting and rescue operations. Smoke vents shall comply with the following requirements:
a. the number and their sizes shall be such that the aggregate effective vent openings shall not be less than 2.5% of the floor area served;
b. the vent outlets, if covered under normal conditions, shall be openable in case of fire;
c. the position of all vent outlets and the areas they serve shall be suitably indicated adjacent to such outlets;
d. where ducts are required to connect the vent to outlets, the ducts shall either be enclosed in structure or be constructed to give at least
1-hr fire resistance rating; and
e. separate ducts and vent outlets shall be provided for each storey.
7.4.3 Smoke purging system
Smoke purging system, where permitted under this Code in buildings, shall conform to all of the following requirements:
a. The smoke purging system shall be independent of any other system serving other parts of the building.
b. The purging system’s purge rate shall be at least 9 air changes per hour.
c. The purging system shall be activated automatically by the building fire alarm system. In addition, a remote manual start-stop switch
shall be located at the FCC, or at main fire alarm panel on first storey (where there is no FCC in the building). Visual indication of the
operation status of the smoke purging system shall also be provided with this remote control.
d. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the external space and its intake shall not be less than 5m from any exhaust discharge openings.
Outlets for the supply air shall be adequately distributed over the area served.
e. Where there is natural ventilation for the area served based upon evenly distributed openings equal to not less than 2.5% of the floor
area of a given storey, such natural ventilation can be considered a satisfactory substitute for the supply part of the smoke purging
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system.
f. Replacement air shall be provided and if it is supplied by a separate mechanical system, such a system shall be connected to a
secondary power supply.
g. Exhaust ducts shall be fabricated from heavy gauge steel of at least 1.2mm thickness.
h. The exhaust fan shall be capable of operating effectively at 250ºC for 2 hours and be connected to a secondary power supply.
7.4.4 Ductless jet fan system
a. General
This system can be used in lieu of a smoke purging system for conventional car parks where passenger cars/light weight vehicles are
parked alongside each other with common driveways. It is not intended for mechanised car park systems or other forms of car parking
systems.
b. Provision of sprinkler system
(1) The basement car park shall be sprinkler-protected in accordance with the SS CP 52.
(2) The arrangement of the sprinkler heads and the jet fans shall be such that, upon the operation of the jet fans, the effect on the
spray pattern of the sprinklers is minimised.
c. Zoning of car park
(1) All car park spaces shall be divided into smoke control zones with each zone not larger than 2000m 2 (excluding plant rooms and
circulation spaces) for the purpose of smoke containment and quicker location of fire. A commissioning test will be carried out using
hot smoke to demonstrate that smoke can be contained within each zone and channelled to the extract fans.
(2) Each smoke control zone shall have its own jet fan system (fresh air fans, exhaust air fans and jet fans) to purge smoke from the
affected zone. The ducts shall be fabricated from heavy steel gauge steel of 1.2mm thickness. Alternatively, sharing of the fresh air
and exhaust air fans is permitted provided the fans, wiring and control panel are protected with at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. The
exhaust fan system shall also be designed to run in at least two parts, such that the total exhaust capacity does not fall below 100% of
the required rate of extract for the zones affected in the event of failure of any one part. This requirement is also applicable for
mechanised supply fan system, if it is used.
d. Jet fan system
(1) The jet fan system shall be activated by the sprinkler system serving the basement car park level and any other areas located within
the same level. The activation of the jet fan system shall be confined to the smoke control zone on fire and all its adjacent zones. A
firefighter cut-off and activation (override) switch shall be provided at the FCC. As an alternative form of fan activation, the use of smoke
detectors to activate the jet fan system is allowed, provided:
(a) the detectors are positioned at the effective mid-range of the jet fan profile;
(b) in-duct smoke detector is located at the start point of the exhaust duct; and
(c) jet fan system shall only operate upon activation of two smoke detectors. This is to minimise false alarms.
(2) The jet fan system shall be provided with a secondary source of power supply through automatic operation of an emergency generator
in case of failure of the primary power supply source.
(3) The jet fans shall be distributed at a spacing of 2⁄3 of the tested effective range of each jet fan. The tested effective range of the
jet fan shall be taken as the distance up to the point at 0.2m/s of the air-velocity distribution profile.
(4) The minimum headroom for the installation of the jet fan system is 3m.
(5) The interaction of the various components of the jet fan system shall be as follows:
(a) Each group of exhaust fans for each smoke control zone shall be interlocked with its corresponding groups of jet fans for that zone.
(b) If the group of exhaust fans stops/ fails in any smoke control zone, the corresponding group of jet fans in that zone shall stop. But if
any of the exhaust fans is still in operation in a particular smoke control zone, all the jet fans in that zone shall continue to operate.
(c) The exhaust fan shall continue to run even if any corresponding group of jet fans fails.
(d) The other groups of jet fans shall continue to run even if any one group of jet fans fails.
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(e) If the fire alarm signal is isolated, the exhaust fans and jet fans shall continue to run at high speed. If the fans are manually restarted,
both the exhaust fans and jet fans shall continue to run at high speed until they are set to low speed at the field control panel.
(6) The jet fan system shall be independent of any systems serving other parts of the building.
(7) The jet fan system design shall be such that the bulk air velocity induced by the jet fans is sufficient to stop the advance of the ceiling
jet within 5m from the fire location in the direction opposite to the induced bulk air flow.
(8) The smoke control sub-panel in each smoke control zone is to be connected to the main smoke control panel, such that any isolation of
jet fan system at a particular zone is automatically displayed at the main smoke control panel.
(9) The car park main smoke control panel at the FCC/ Guard house and remote local panel for the supply and exhaust fans shall indicate,
by means of indicator lights, whether the fans are on low or high speed. The panels are also required to have the individual group of jet
fans indication lights interlocked with the main exhaust fans in the respective smoke control zones.
(10) In the event of failure of the primary source of power supply and subsequent operation of the secondary power supply, the mode of
operation of the jet fan system during the fire mode shall follow that prior to the failure of the primary power supply. For example, if the
operation of jet fan system in a particular smoke control zone is switched off by the firefighter during fire mode condition and the primary
source of power fails, the subsequent operation of the secondary power supply shall be such that the jet fan system remains in the
previous fire mode condition, i.e., non-operational mode for that smoke control zone, while the other smoke control zones resume
operation.
(11) The jet fan system design shall take into consideration the presence of any down-stand beams and other obstructions that are of
depths of more than 1/10 of the car park floor to ceiling height so as to account for any resistance to airflow.
(12) On activation of the jet fan system, the movement of smoke towards the extraction point(s) shall not adversely affect the means of
escape and cause smoke to be blown into the lobby area or exit staircases.
(13) The operation of the jet fan system should be such that there are no stagnant areas where smoke can accumulate in the event of fire.
(14) The operation of the jet fan system shall not cause the volume of air movement to be greater than that volume extracted by the main
exhaust fans.
(15) There shall be at least one viable approach route (i.e. where acceptance criteria for firefighters are in accordance with Cl.7.4.4g. and
Diagram 7.4.4e.(4)-2) for the firefighters to any possible fire location up to a distance of 5m from that fire. As such, information as to the
viable approach route shall be displayed at the main fire alarm panel. This can be achieved by arranging the sprinkler control zone to
correspond with that of the smoke control zone. Upon detection of the fire within a particular smoke control zone/ sprinkler zone, reference
can be made to the display showing the viable approach route for that particular smoke control zone.
e. Wiring arrangement of jet fans
(1) All jet fans shall be connected to the local jet fan control panel in groups of not more than three jet fans.
(2) Each group will be connected by fire-rated cabling.
(3) Each group of jet fans will be protected by a separate MCB (main circuit breaker), with power supply compliant with SS 638, to prevent
the failure of all the jet fans at once due to tripping of the main RCB, e.g., due to overloading.
(4) The jet fans shall also be wired in a zigzag configuration and no two consecutive jet fans in a straight line are to be wired in the same
group. In the event of failure of one group of jet fans, the next corresponding group will be able to drive the smoke towards the exhaust
location to be extracted (see Diagram 7.4.4e.(4) - 1 & 2). Should one group of jet fans fail, all other groups shall still continue to run.
(5) The location of the local control panel for the operation of the jet fans within each zone shall be in a relatively safe area within the
zone and be spaced as least 5m apart from the local control panels of adjacent zones. This is to minimise the risk of a fire affecting all the
control panels if they be spaced closely together, and thus rendering the ineffectiveness of the jet fan system.
f. Provision of supply air
(1) Supply air to the car park can be provided via mechanised supply air fans or by permanent openings of at least 2.5% of the floor area.
Whichever is used, the maximum inlet air speed shall be 2m/s to prevent recirculation of smoke.
(2) The air velocity within escape routes and ramps shall not exceed 5m/s to prevent escapees from being hindered by the air flow.
(3) The replacement air intakes shall face away from any smoke exhaust points and be sited at least 5m apart so as to prevent
recirculation of smoke. If the supply and exhaust louvers are located on the same façade of the building, they shall also be sited at least
5m apart.
(4) The replacement air intake shall be located on the opposing end of the smoke exhaust points so that there is no opposing flow between
the supply air and the smoke that is drawn towards the exhaust fan.
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g. Exhaust fan design
(1) The car park shall be provided with at least 12 air changes per hour during a fire. A lower air change not less than 9 air changes can
be permitted provided the acceptance criteria stipulated in the Cl.7.4.4g.(1)(b) can be achieved through fire modelling:
(a) Hot smoke test/ CFD fire modelling
The effectiveness of the jet fans system design shall be demonstrated using hot smoke test in accordance with Cl.7.4.4j.. The heat release
rate of the fuel load for the hot smoke test shall be at least 1MW. The relevant PE or Fire Safety Engineer should decide on the fire
location(s) that is (are) deemed most onerous with justification. In addition to the hot smoke test, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) fire
modelling will also be required in the following instances:
(i) If air change per hour is smaller than 12.
(ii) If there are general goods vehicle or coaches where design fire size exceeds 4 MW (i.e., car fire).
(iii) If replacement air is a combination of natural and mechanical means.
(iv) If spacing of jet fans is more than 2/3 of the tested effective range.
The CFD study is to be endorsed by a Fire Safety Engineer (FSE) to verify the conformance of the jet fans system with the acceptance
criteria as stipulated in Cl.7.4.4g.(1)(b). The FSE is also required to put up a fire engineering report. Some of the accepted fire
modelling software includes FDS, Swift-AVL, Fluent and Pheonics.
(b) Acceptance criteria
(i) Not more than 1000m 2 of the car park space can be smoke-logged for at least 20 mins, regardless of whether the fire is located
within the smoke control zone or across the zone boundaries (Note: After the 20 mins duration, smoke is expected to remain confined
within the 1000m 2 area). Within this smoke-logged area, there shall be at least 1 viable route for the firefighters where the following
conditions are satisfied:
* Smoke temperature shall not exceed 250 o C at a height of 1.7m from floor level.
* Visibility shall not be less than 5m at a height of 1.7m from floor level.
These conditions shall commence at a distance of 5m from the fire location in the direction opposite to the induced bulk air flow
induced by the jet fans. All other areas outside the smoke-logged area shall be kept substantially free from smoke i.e. smoke
temperature not more than 60 o C and visibility of at least 25m (Diagrams 7.4.4e (4) - 1 & 2).
(Note: If hot smoke test is performed, assessment is to be made on the operation of the jet fans system, movement of smoke towards
the extraction points and smoke spread. The latter 2 aspects can be generally verified using the above visibility criterion. The
temperature criterion need not be verified in view of the nature of the hot smoke test.)
(c) CFD fire modelling input parameters
(i) Fire Size
The design fire size shall be based on at least 4MW steady-state fire (i.e., car fire). For general goods vehicle, the design fire size
shall be based on at least 10MW steady state fire (FSE is expected to provide justification for the bigger fire size other than the car
fire).
(ii) Type of fire
The type of fire shall be flaming polyurethane.
(iii) Location of fire
Generally, the fire should be located furthest away from the exhaust points and in between zones. The relevant PE or Fire Safety
Engineer should decide on the fire location(s) that is (are) deemed most onerous with justification.
(iv) Down-stand beams and other obstruction
The CFD model shall take into consideration the presence of any down-stand beams and other obstruction that are of depths of more
than 1/10 of the car park floor to ceiling height so as to account for any resistance to airflow and turbulence.
(v) Jet fan velocity profile
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Validation model of the velocity profile is to be carried out for a single jet fan. The data from the model shall be compared against
physical test data.
As such, the jet fan shall be tested for velocity profile by an accredited testing laboratory for comparison with the simulated velocity
profile. The test report is to be attached to the Fire Engineering Report. The equation to be used for the deviation between the CFD
profile and actual test profile is as follows:
Equation : Deviation = [(A-B) / B] X 100%
Where :
A = distance/width/height from CFD profile

B = distance/width/height from actual test profile
The deviation of the distance, width and height of the actual profile from the simulated profile at the various air velocities should be
within 10%.
(vi) Duration of fire simulation
The duration of the fire simulation shall be at least 20 mins.
(vii) Sprinkler activation
The model shall assume there is no sprinkler activation for the design fire size specified in Cl.7.4.4g.(1)(c)(i).
(viii) Grid resolution
The grid size to be used in the fire model shall not be larger than 200mm X 200mm X 200mm in the smoke control zone where fire is
located and its adjacent zones. Other than these zones, the grid size shall not be larger than 400mm X 400mm X 400mm.
Alternatively, the relevant PE or FSE undertakes a grid resolution study to ascertain the appropriate grid size needed for the fire size
and smoke flows modelled (e.g., outcome of study showing that additional resolution does not make much of a difference to the
results).
(ix) Sensitivity study
A sensitivity study is to be carried out to show the impact of 1 group of jet fan failure nearest the fire on the overall effectiveness of
the jet fans system. This study is applicable to both fire modelling and hot smoke test. Notwithstanding the failure of 1 group of jet
fans, the acceptance criteria must still be maintained.
(2) The capacity of the exhaust fan and any associated ducting shall be calculated on the basis that the pressure in the car park close to
the extract points is equal to the external atmospheric pressure.
(3) Each smoke control zone of the car park shall have its own exhaust fan system. The exhaust fan system in each zone shall be
designed to run in at least two parts, such that the total exhaust capacity does not fall below 50% of the required rate of extract in the
event of failure of any one part, and that a fault or failure of the exhaust fan system in one zone will not affect the operation of the exhaust
fan system in the other zones. The above requirement is also applicable for mechanised supply fan systems, where used.
(Note: If there is sharing of the exhaust air fans, see Cl.7.4.4c.(2))
(4) The smoke discharge points shall be located such that the smoke extracted from the smoke exhaust fans does not affect any occupied
area or means of escape at the level where smoke is discharged.
h. Fire resistance of jet fan system
The jet fan system, such as the mechanised air supply fans, smoke exhaust fans, jet fans, duct works and wiring shall be capable of
operating effectively at 250°C for 2 hours. The fans, ducts and wiring shall be tested in accordance with EN 12101-3, BS 476: Part 24 and
SS 299, respectively.
i. Operations and maintenance manual
An operations and maintenance manual shall be attached. The manual shall contain the roles and responsibilities of the building owner/
operator, the restrictions placed on the building, identification of the sub-systems, servicing and maintenance plan, fault identification, etc.
The manual can also be used as a guide for future renovations and changes to the building.
j. Commissioning test
The Registered Inspector who carries out commissioning test of the jet fans system may make reference to Table 2 of BS 7346 - Part 7 as
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a guide. When hot smoke test is performed, the PE/ FSE shall use a test fire size of 1MW. Reference may be made to AS 4391 on hot
smoke test and PE is advised to make reference on how the test can be prepared and carried out in a proper manner.
7.4.5 Engineered smoke control system
a. Acceptable design guidance
The engineered smoke control system shall be in the form of a smoke ventilation system by natural or mechanical extraction designed in
accordance with BR 186, BR 258, BR 368 and other acceptable standards:
b. Sprinkler system
A building provided with an engineered smoke control system shall be sprinkler-protected.
c. Fire size
(1) Non-industrial buildings
The capacity of the engineered smoke control system shall be calculated based on the incidence of a likely maximum fire size for a
sprinkler controlled fire as recommended in the following table:
TABLE 7.4.5c.(1) : FIRE SIZE FOR NON- INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Fire Size
Occupancy (Sprinkler-protected)
Heat Output (MW) Perimeter of Fire (m)
Shops 5 12
Shops (fast response sprinklers) 2.5 9
Offices 1 14
Hotel Guest Room 0.5 6
Hotel Piublic Areas 2.5 12
Assembly Occupancy with Fixed Seating 2.5 12
(2) Industrial buildings
The requirements for design fire size are applicable to sprinkler- protected industrial premises (factory and warehouse) without in-rack
sprinklers and limited to the design of smoke control system based on Cl.7.4.
(a) Fire growth
The fire growth can be evaluated by the following generic fire growth curve (also referred to as ‘t2 fire’), that represents the
general types of combustible material present within an enclosure:
Q max = (t-ti) 2 ------------------------------------- equation (1)

where:
Q max = heat release rate (kW);
= fire growth parameter (kJ/s 3 );
t = time (s);
t i = time of ignition (s) (taken here as zero)
The fire growth parameter varies with the fire load density and the fire load configuration factor. However, for purpose of design,
fire growth parameter can be generally defined as follows:
TABLE 7.4.5c.(2)(A) : FIRE GROWTH PARAMETER FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Fire growth rate Fire growth parameter (kJ/s3) Time for Qg = 1MW (s)
Slow 0.0029 600
Medium 0.012 300
Fast 0.047 150
Ultra fast 0.188 75
Note:
The fire growth rate that is applicable through available literature or standard such as the SFPE Handbook shall be adopted. In the instance where the fire growth rate lies in between the
range as stated above, the more conservative fire growth rate is to be used.
(b) Design fire – sprinkler-protected
(i) The heat output of the design fire is assumed to increase according to equation (1) until sprinkler operation is deemed to
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occur at time t8. Following sprinkler operation, the heat output of the fire is considered to remain constant.
(ii) The capacity of the smoke control system shall be based on the fire size that is controlled by activation of 2nd ring of
sprinklers.
(iii) The operation of the sprinkler system at ts and the corresponding fire size can be determined by hand calculations based
on fire engineering principles or the use of fire engineering tools such as FPETool from National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). Whichever approach is used, the following design factors governing its calculation are as follows:
• Rate of fire growth

The type of fuel load and its configuration in the premises shall govern the rate of fire growth which can be represented
using equation (1) and Table 7.4.5c.(2)(a).
• Sprinkler response time index (RTI)

The RTI is the thermal sensitivity of the sprinkler and shall be based on the manufacturer’s specification.
Example:
Standard response sprinkler – 105m 0.5 s 0.5 ;
0.5 0.5
Fast response sprinkler - 50m s ;
0.5 0.5
ESFR - 26m s
• Temperature rating of sprinkler

The operating temperature of the sprinklers shall be based on SS CP 52 (e.g., 141°C or 68°C).
• Ambient temperature
Room temperature for air-conditioned spaces and non-air conditioned spaces can be taken as 25°C and 30°C,
respectively.
• Ceiling height
The ceiling height shall be based on the height, measured from the finished floor level to the soffit of the ceiling/ roof.
• Spacing of sprinkler above fire

Sprinkler spacing shall be based on SS CP 52 (e.g. 3m by 3m or 4m x 3m).
Note: The application of FPETool from NIST or any other software in determining the activation time of the sprinkler
system and the corresponding fire size has its limitations. Some of the software programs are based on Alpert’s
correlations where a number of fundamental assumptions are made such as flat smooth ceilings, unconfined smoke flow,
axisymmetric plumes (not near walls or corners), location of detector close to the ceiling, etc. Such assumptions shall
thus be taken into consideration when using this tool.
(iv) The capacity of the smoke control system shall also take into consideration the possibility of forklift or general goods
vehicle on fire along the internal ramps/driveways. For design purposes, the design fire size shall be taken as follows:
TABLE 7.4.5c.(2)(b)(iv) : VEHICLE DESIGN FIRE SIZE

Type of vehicle Design fire size
Forklift or car 4MW
General goods vehicle 10MW
(c) Determination of perimeter of fire
(i) Fire perimeter for forklift/car and goods vehicle
The fire perimeter is used to determine the mass flow rate of smoke. For forklift or general goods vehicle, the perimeter of fire
shall be taken as follows:
TABLE 7.4.5c.(2)(C)(I) : FIRE PERIMETER SIZE

Type of vehicle Perimeter of fire
Forklift or car 5m x 2m
General goods vehicle 9m x 2.5m
(ii) Fire perimeter other than for forklift/car and general goods vehicle
Other than for forklift/car and general goods vehicle, the following equation is used to calculate the fire perimeter for a square
fire of equal sides:
P = 4(Q c /Q r ) 0.5 -------------------------------- equation (2)
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where:
P = fire perimeter (m);
Q c = convective heat output = 0.7Q max (kW);
Q r = heat release rate per unit area (kW/m 2 ), see Table 7.4.5c.(2)(c)(ii)
Where elongated storage configurations such as racking or shelving are used, the fire perimeter is determined using the
following equation:
P = 2[Q c /(Q r x d)] --------------------------- equation (3)

where:
Q c = convective heat output = 0.7Q max (kW);
Q r = heat release rate per unit area (kW/m 2 ), see Table 7.4.5c.(2)(c)(ii)
d = depth of rack (m)
For purpose of calculating the fire perimeter, the values for Q r given in Table 7.4.5c.(2)(c)(ii) are used.
TABLE 7.4.5c.(2)(C)(II) : HEAT RELEASE RATE

Building Use Heat release rate per unit area, Qr (kW/m2)
Industrial 260
Storage 500
d. Capacity
The capacity of an engineered smoke control system shall be capable of handling the demand for smoke exhaust in a worst case scenario.
e. Clear layer
The design smoke layer base shall be above the heads of people escaping beneath it. The minimum height shall be 2.5m.
f. Smoke reservoir
(1) Smoke reservoirs to prevent the lateral spread of smoke, and to collect smoke for removal, shall be of non-combustible
construction capable of withstanding smoke temperatures.
(2) For cases where smoke is removed from the room of origin, the smoke reservoir size for a smoke ventilation system shall not
exceed:
(a) 2000m² for a natural smoke ventilation system; and
(b) 2600m² for a mechanical smoke ventilation system.
(3) For cases where smoke is removed from a circulation space or atrium space, the smoke reservoir size for a smoke ventilation
system shall not exceed:
(a) 1000m² for a natural smoke ventilation system; and
(b) 1300m² for a mechanical smoke ventilation system.
(4) Reservoir length
The maximum length of the smoke reservoir shall not exceed 60m.
(5) Stagnant regions
Adequate arrangement(s) shall be made in each smoke reservoir for the removal of smoke in a way that will prevent the formation of
stagnant regions.
(6) Perforated ceiling
For cases where the smoke reservoir is above the false ceiling, the ceiling shall be of perforated type with at least 25% opening.
g. Discharge of smoke
(1) Removal of smoke
For cases where smoke is removed from a circulation space or atrium space, the rooms discharging smoke into the circulation
space/atrium spaces shall either:
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(a) have a floor area of not exceeding 1000m² (for natural ventilation system) or 1300m² (for mechanical ventilation system), or
(b) be subdivided such that smoke is vented to the circulation space or atrium only from part of the room with floor area not exceeding
1000m² (for natural ventilation system) or 1300m² (for mechanical ventilation system), that is adjacent to the circulation space or
atrium. However, the remainder of the room needs to be provided with an independent smoke ventilation system(s).
(2) Exhaust points
The minimum number and siting of exhaust points within a smoke reservoir shall be determined to prevent “plug-holing” effect at the
exhaust points. The exhaust point shall comply with the following plugholing equation.
h. Limitations
Owing to practical limitations, a smoke ventilation system shall have:
(1) a maximum mass flow not exceeding 175kg/s; and
(2) a minimum smoke layer temperature of 18°C above ambient temperature.
i. Replacement air
(1) Replacement air shall by natural means be drawn directly from the external space.
(2) The design replacement air discharge velocity shall not exceed 5m/s to prevent the escapees being hindered by the air flow.
(3) Replacement air intake shall be sited at least 5m away from any exhaust air discharge.
(4) Replacement air shall be discharged at a low level, at least 1.5m beneath the designed smoke layer, to prevent fogging up of the
lower clear zone.
(5) Where the inlet cannot be sited at least 1.5m below the smoke layer, a smoke curtain or a barrier shall be used to prevent
replacement air disrupting the smoke layer.
(6) Where replacement air is taken through inlet air ventilators or doorways, devices shall be incorporated to automatically open such
inlet ventilators and doors to admit replacement air upon activation of the smoke ventilation system.
(7) Where the roller shutters are used as replacement air inlets in the design and installation of an engineered smoke control system
or smoke purging system, they shall be of perforated type, having the required effective free area for the effective operation of the
engineered smoke control system. Non-perforated type of roller shutters with solid surface shall not be used.
j. Emergency power supply
The engineered smoke ventilation system shall be provided with secondary source of power supply.
k. Mode of activation
(1) Automatic activation
(a) The engineered smoke ventilation system shall be activated by smoke detectors located in the smoke control zone. Use of
smoke detectors for activation shall be carefully designed, so that accidental or premature activation of smoke detectors in a non-
fire zone (due to smoke spills or spread from other areas) are avoided.
(b) Provision of activating smoke detectors shall comply with SS 645.
(2) Manual activation
A remote manual activation and control switches, as well as visual indication of the operation status of the smoke ventilation system,
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shall also be provided at the FCC. Where there is no FCC, it shall be indicated at the main fire alarm panel.
l. Interlocking with other ACMV systems
Except for ventilation systems in Cl.5.2.1g. and Cl.5.2.1h., all other air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems within the areas
served shall be shut down automatically upon activation of the smoke ventilation system.
m. Standby fans/ multiple fans
(1) Either a standby fan or multiple fans with excess capacity shall be provided for each mechanical smoke ventilation system, such
that in the event the duty fan or the largest capacity fan fails, the required smoke extraction rate will still be met. The standby fan shall
be automatically activated in the event the duty fan fails.
(2) Fans shall be capable of operating at 250°C for 2 hours.
(3) Protected circuits
The fans and associated smoke control equipment shall be wired in protected circuits designed to ensure continued operation in the
event of fire.
(4) Electrical supply
The electrical supply to the fans shall, in each case, be connected to a sub-main circuit exclusive thereto after the main isolator of the
building. The cables shall be of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating in accordance with SS 299.
n. Smoke ventilation ducts
(1) Smoke ventilation ducts (both exhaust and replacement air ducts) shall be of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. The rating shall
apply to fire exposure from both the interior and exterior of the duct or structure and the duct shall also comply with Cl.7.1.2h..
(2) Where a duct passes through another fire compartment with higher fire rating, the duct shall be constructed to have fire-rating as
that of the compartment. Where a duct is installed in a single fire compartment and does not pass through another compartment,
smoke control ducts (both exhaust and replacement air ducts) within that compartment need not comply with the 1-hr fire resistance
rating requirement subject to the following conditions:
(a) the smoke ventilation ducts (both exhaust and replacement air ducts) are constructed of at least 1.2mm thick galvanised steel
sheet;
(b) sprinklers, designed to SS CP 52, shall be provided above and below the entire length of the ducts (regardless of the duct
dimensions) to protect the duct surfaces from the effect of water spray through the activated sprinklers; and
(c) the construction and support of the duct shall conform to the appropriate requirements of the duct construction standards
contained in ASHRAE Handbook, IHVE Guild books or SMACNA Manuals.
o. Fire damper
(1) Fire dampers shall not be fitted in the smoke ventilation system, except where used in an engineered smoke control system. In
such a situation, a combination of fire and smoke dampers shall be constructed in accordance with SS 333, and its electric actuator
shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of UL 555S for at least 2 hours at 250ºC.
(2) The damper shall be in closed position during fail-safe mode.
(3) The combination fire and smoke damper, and any duct extension between it and the protected vent shaft, shall be of the same
rating as the element of structure.
(4) Sprinkler protection shall be provided to the electric actuator.
(5) The electrical power supply cables to the electric actuator shall be fire resistant.
p. Time taken
The time for a smoke ventilation system within a smoke zone to be fully operational shall not exceed 60 secs from the time of activation.
q. Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation shall not be used together with mechanical ventilation.
r. Smoke curtain
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All smoke curtains, where required, unless permanently fixed in-position, shall be brought into position automatically to provide adequate
smoke-tightness and effective depth.
s. Obstruction to means of escape
A smoke curtain, or other smoke barrier, located at any access route forming part of or leading to a means of escape, shall not in its
operational position obstruct said escape route.
t. Smoke or chanelling screens
Where glass walls or panels are being used as smoke screens to form a smoke reservoir or as channelling screens, they shall be able to
withstand the design highest temperature.
u. Smoke control equipment
All smoke control equipment (including smoke curtains) shall be supplied and installed in accordance with BS EN 12101-1, BS EN 12101-3
and BS 7346 Part 7 or equivalent.
7.4.6 Fail-safe system
For natural smoke ventilation system, the natural ventilators shall be-
(1) in the “open” position in the event of power/system failure; and
(2) positioned such that they will not be adversely affected by positive wind pressure.
Note: Natural ventilators refer to any device e.g., entrance sliding doors or any other mechanised openings for fresh air replacement
or smoke venting to external space.
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CLAUSE 7.5 - REDUNDANCY FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND PRESSURISATION SYSTEMS
7.5.1 Provision
a. Powered system
A standby fan (N+1) shall be provided for each of the following systems, such that in the event one of the duty fans fails or taken out of
service, the standby fan shall be automatically activated to meet the required ventilation rate.
(1) mechanical ventilation systems for:
(a) smoke-free/ fire lift lobbies;
(b) exit staircases; and
(c) essential rooms (e.g., sprinkler/ wet riser/ hydrant/ hose reel pump room, standby generator room, FCC, etc.).
(2) engineered smoke control systems;
(3) car park smoke purging systems*; and
(4) pressurisation systems for smoke-free/ fire lift lobbies, exit staircase and hotel internal guestroom corridor.
Note * redundancy (N+1) achieved by having at least 2 zones for ductless system in operation, in which N+1 fans for each zone is not
required.
b. Non-powered system
Where automatic smoke ventilators are used as part of the smoke control system, there shall be at least 10% redundancy on the quantities
of ventilators and shall be located such that they are not affected by the wind. The quantity of the redundant ventilators shall be round up
to whole numbers, based on the largest size of the ventilators used.
Diagram 7.1.13c.(1) - 1 : Unprotected opening perpendicular to the kitchen exhaust duct
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Diagram 7.1.13c.(1) - 2 : Unprotected opening parallel to the kitchen exhaust duct
Diagram 7.1.13c.(2) : Fire resistance construction for kitchen exhaust duct
Diagram 7.1.13c.(3) : Installation of non-fire-rated kitchen exhaust duct above LPG cylinders
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Diagram 7.1.13c.(4) : Installation of non-fire-rated kitchen exhaust duct in close proximity to LPG cylinders and vapouriser
Diagram 7.4.4e.(4) - 1 : Wiring arrangement of jet fan system
Diagram 7.4.4e.(4) - 2 : Wiring arrangement of jet fan system
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Amendment History - Chapter 7 - Mechanical Ventilation & Smoke Control Systems
Amendment
Date
Ventilation system for smoke-free lobby and fire lift

lobby
a. The ventilation system shall be of supply mode only
of not less than 10 air changes per hour.
b. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the

external space with intake point not less than 5m
from any exhaust discharge or openings for natural
ventilation.
c. Any part of the supply duct running outside the

smoke-free or fire lift lobby which it serves shall
either be enclosed or constructed to give a 1-hr fire
7.1.10 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification resistance rating. The SCDF may, at its discretion, 1 Dec 2020
require a higher fire resistance rating if the duct
passes through an area of high fire risk.
d. The mechanical ventilation system shall be

automatically activated by the building fire alarm
system. In addition, a remote manual start-stop
switch shall be made available to firefighters at the
FCC, or, where there is no FCC, at the main fire
alarm panel.
e. Visual indication of the operational status of the

mechanical ventilation system shall be provided.
Ventilation system for smoke-free lobby and fire lift

lobby
a. The ventilation system shall be of supply mode only
of not less than 10 air changes per hour.
b. Supply air shall be drawn directly from the

external space with intake point not less than 5m
from any exhaust discharge or openings for natural
ventilation.
c. Any part of the supply duct running outside the

smoke-free or fire lift lobby which it serves shall
either be enclosed or constructed to give a 1-hr fire
7.1.10 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification resistance rating. The SCDF may, at its discretion, 1 Dec 2020
require a higher fire resistance rating if the duct
passes through an area of high fire risk.
d. The mechanical ventilation system shall be

automatically activated by the building fire alarm
system. In addition, a remote manual start-stop
switch shall be made available to firefighters at the
FCC, or, where there is no FCC, at the main fire
alarm panel.
e. Visual indication of the operational status of the

mechanical ventilation system shall be provided.
7.1.13b.(2)(a) Revised, formerly

01 Mar 2019 ---
and (b) Cl.7.1.7(b)(ii)
Kitchen exhaust duct

7.1.13c. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications 1 Sep 2022
Page 237
Amendment
Date
(1) A kitchen exhaust duct running outside a

building shall not be located within 3m of any
unprotected openings. This separation distance can
be reduced to 1.5m if the unprotected opening is on
the same plane as the duct. (See Diagram
7.1.13c.(1) - 1 and 2)
(2) Where the distances mentioned above cannot

be achieved, a fire resistant construction having at
least ½-hr fire resistance shall be placed between
the duct and the unprotected opening. (See
Diagram 7.1.13c.(2))
(3) A non-fire-rated kitchen exhaust duct shall not

be located above an LPG storage cabinet, unless
they are separated from LPG cylinders by a
minimum of 2-hr fire-rated masonry construction
above and beside the cylinders. (See Diagram
7.1.13c.(3))
(4) The kitchen exhaust duct shall be located at

least 3m from any unprotected LPG cylinders. Non-
fire-rated kitchen exhaust duct shall be located at
least 600mm from the vapouriser or any liquid-
phase LPG pipeline. (See Diagram 7.1.13c.(4))

7.1.13c.(1) - 1 and 2)

7.1.13c. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications Diagram 7.1.13c.(2)) 1 Sep 2022

7.1.13c.(3))


7.1.13c. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications unprotected openings. This separation distance can 1 Sep 2022
7.1.13c.(1) - 1 and 2)
Page 238
Amendment
Date

Diagram 7.1.13c.(2))

7.1.13c.(3))


7.1.13c.(1) - 1 and 2)

7.1.13c. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications Diagram 7.1.13c.(2)) 1 Sep 2022

7.1.13c.(3))

7.1.13c. and Extracted from SCDF's

1 Dec 2014 29 May 2014
d. circular

1 Dec 2014 29 May 2014
d. circular

1 Dec 2014 29 May 2014
d. circular

1 Dec 2014 29 May 2014
d. circular
Maintenance
7.1.13d. 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications 1 Sep 2022
Page 239
Amendment
Date
All kitchen exhaust systems shall be properly

maintained. The entire (interior and exterior)
exhaust duct and kitchen hood shall be degreased
and cleaned at least once every 12 months. The
work shall be carried out by a specialist and the
records of cleaning and degreasing shall be kept by
the owner/operator for verification by the authority
having jurisdiction. This requirement shall be
included in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual.
Maintenance

Maintenance

Maintenance

Revised, formerly
7.1.14b 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.7.1.8(a)
7.1.15 01 Mar 2019 New ---
7.1.2h.(5) Control panels serving engineered smoke

control and smoke purging systems shall be clearly
visible and located within a common location readily
accessible for operation and maintenance,
preferably within circulation space, with a mounting
7.1.2i 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification 1 Sep 2021
height of not less than 1.5m or more than 1.8m from
the finished floor level. For smoke purging systems
in car parks, the control panel shall be sited at least
1.5m away from any car park lot or other fire
hazards.
Page 240
Amendment
Date
If a common accessible location is not possible, the

control panels shall be protected with at least 1-hr
fire resistance rating.
7.1.2h.(5) Control panels serving engineered smoke

control and smoke purging systems shall be clearly
visible and located within a common location readily
accessible for operation and maintenance,
preferably within circulation space, with a mounting
height of not less than 1.5m or more than 1.8m from
the finished floor level. For smoke purging systems
7.1.2i 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification 1 Sep 2021
in car parks, the control panel shall be sited at least
1.5m away from any car park lot or other fire
hazards.
If a common accessible location is not possible, the

control panels shall be protected with at least 1-hr
fire resistance rating.
Revised, formerly
7.2.1c 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.7.2.1(c)
7.3 01 Mar 2019 Revised, formerly Cl.7.3 ---
Where the basement or a portion of the basement

is used as a car park, the car park shall comply with
7.4.1a.(3)(a) 10 May 2019 Immediate Clarification 10 May 2019
the requirements of Cl.7.4.5, provided it is
compartmented from the rest of the basement.
7.4.4d.(15) 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Nil 1 Mar 2021
requirement
Exhaust fan design
Reinstatement of past (1) The car park shall be provided with at least 12
7.4.4g.(1) 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021
requirement air changes per hour during a fire.
(2) ………………..
7.4.4i 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Nil 1 Mar 2021
requirement
7.4.4j 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Nil 1 Mar 2021
requirement
Discharge of smoke
For cases where smoke is removed from circulation

space or atrium space, the rooms discharging
smoke into the circulation space/atrium spaces
shall either:
(1) have a floor area of not exceeding 1000m² (for

7.4.5g 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification natural ventilation system) or 1300m² (for 15 Sep 2020
mechanical ventilation system), or
(2) be subdivided such that smoke is vented to the

circulation space or atrium only from part of the
room with floor area not exceeding 1000m² (for
natural ventilation system) or 1300m² (for
mechanical ventilation system), that is adjacent to
the circulation space or atrium. However, the
Page 241
Amendment
Date
remainder of the room needs to be provided with an

independent smoke ventilation system(s).
7.4.5g. Discharge of smoke
(1) For cases where smoke is removed from a

7.4.5g. (dated circulation space or atrium space, the rooms
25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification discharging smoke into the circulation space/atrium 25 Aug 2023
25 Aug 2023)
spaces shall either:
(a) have ….
Replacement air
(7) Where the automatic roller shutters are used at

replacement air inlets in the design and installation
7.4.5i. 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification of an engineered smoke control system, it shall be 15 Sep 2020
of perforated type having the required effective free
area for the effective operation of the engineered
smoke control system.
Revised, formerly
7.4.5n 01 Mar 2019 Cl.7.6.24. Extracted 17 Apr 2015
from SCDF's circular.
7.4.5o.(2) to
01 Mar 2019 New ---
(5)
All smoke control equipment (including smoke

7.4.5v 10 May 2019 9 Nov 2019 New requirement curtains) shall be supplied and installed in 10 May 2019
accordance with BS 7346 or equivalent.
7.4.5q. Fail-safe system
For natural smoke ventilation system, the natural

ventilators shall be-
7.4.6 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification 25 Aug 2023

(1) in the “open” position in the event of power/
system failure; and
(2) positioned such that they will not be adversely

affected by positive wind pressure.
7.4.5q. Fail-safe system
For natural smoke ventilation system, the natural

ventilators shall be-
7.4.6 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarification 25 Aug 2023

(1) in the “open” position in the event of power/
system failure; and
(2) positioned such that they will not be adversely

affected by positive wind pressure.
7.5 01 Mar 2019 New ---
The fan and its associated controller for the

following systems shall be provided with
7.5.1 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification 1 Dec 2020
redundancy such that the system performance is
not affected when one of the fans and/or controllers
Page 242
Amendment
Date
is out of operation due to routine maintenance or

breakdown:
a. mechanical ventilation systems for:
(1) smoke-free/fire lift lobbies;
(3) essential rooms (e.g. sprinkler/wet

riser/hydrant/hose reel pump room, standby
generator room, FCC, etc.).
b. engineered smoke control systems;
c. car park smoke purging systems; and
d. pressurisation systems for smoke-free/fire lift

lobbies, exit staircase and hotel internal corridor.
The fan and its associated controller for the

following systems shall be provided with
redundancy such that the system performance is
not affected when one of the fans and/or controllers
is out of operation due to routine maintenance or
breakdown:
a. mechanical ventilation systems for:
(1) smoke-free/fire lift lobbies;

7.5.1 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification 1 Dec 2020
(3) essential rooms (e.g. sprinkler/wet

riser/hydrant/hose reel pump room, standby
generator room, FCC, etc.).
b. engineered smoke control systems;
c. car park smoke purging systems; and
d. pressurisation systems for smoke-free/fire lift

lobbies, exit staircase and hotel internal corridor.
Table
15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification Existing Table 7.4.5C.(1) 15 Sep 2020
7.4.5C.(1)
Page 243
8.1 EXIT LIGHTING AND EXIT SIGN
8.1.1 Exit lighting
a. Exits of all buildings, except for PG I, shall be provided with artificial lighting facilities to the satisfaction of the requirements under this
Code.
b. The minimum illuminance to be provided for all exits and the spacing for luminaires shall be in accordance with the requirements in SS
563.
c. The delay between the failure of the electrical supply to normal lighting and the energisation of the exit lighting shall not exceed 1 sec.
8.1.2 Emergency lighting for corridors and lobbies
a. Emergency lighting shall be provided in all corridors and lobbies of all buildings except PG I.
b. The minimum level of illuminance, the spacing of luminaires and the maximum delay for emergency lighting required in this clause shall
be the same as that for the exit lighting.
8.1.3 Emergency lighting for occupied areas
a. For all buildings except PG I or II, emergency lighting shall be provided in the occupied areas following the requirements below:
(1) along paths leading to corridors, lobbies and exits in all occupied areas where the direct distance from the entry point of the
corridor, lobby or exit to the furthest point in the area concerned exceeds 13m; or
(2) over the whole of such area if there are no explicit paths leading to corridors, lobbies and exits.
b. The provision of emergency lighting is exempted for:
(1) open-to-sky roof terrace/ garden; and
(2) open-sided single storey building, with floor area not exceeding 200m 2 and openings that constitute at least 80% of the perimeter
wall area (measured along the roof eaves).
c. Notwithstanding the requirements in Cl.8.1.3a. above, emergency lighting shall be provided in the following locations:
(1) Lift cars as stipulated in this Code;
(2) Fire Command Centres;
(3) Generator rooms;
(4) Basement and aboveground multi-storey car parks;
(5) Fire pump rooms; and
(6) Areas of refuge within the same building.
d. The minimum level of illuminance shall comply with the requirements in SS 563.
e. The delay between the failure of the electrical supply to normal lighting and the energisation of the emergency lighting for occupied
areas shall not exceed 15 secs.
8.1.4 Emergency lighting for firefighting facilities
a. Fire alarm panels, fire alarm call points and firefighting equipment shall be adequately illuminated at all times so that they can be
readily located.
b. The minimum level of illuminance shall comply with the requirements in SS 563.
c. The delay between the failure of the electrical supply to normal lighting and the energisation of the emergency lighting for firefighting
facilities shall not exceed 15 secs.
8.1.5 Secondary source of power supply
Page 244
a. The delay for energisation of the exit and emergency lighting systems between normal supply and the secondary source shall be as
stipulated in the relevant clauses.
b. Duration of the secondary source of power supply shall comply with the requirements in SS 563.
c. Location, arrangement and control, installation of electrical wiring of the secondary source of supply, be it in the form of battery,
standby generator, inverter or other accepted equipment, shall comply with the requirements in SS 563.
8.1.6 Luminaire
All exit and emergency luminaires required by this Code shall be of approved type as specified in SS 563.
8.1.7 Exit and exit directional signs
a.Exit sign
(1) The entrance to every exit on every floor shall be clearly indicated by an exit sign placed over the exit door. Such signs shall
be placed so as to be clearly visible at all times.
(2) Exit sign shall be provided over all the exit access doors for rooms with more than one door. (See Diagram 8.1.7a.(2) )
(3) Exit sign shall be provided over final discharge door within exit enclosure such as exit staircase and internal exit passageway
having other exit/ exit access door opening into the exit enclosure at the discharge floor (see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)).
(4) Exemption
Exit sign is not required under the following situations:
(a) PG I and II buildings
(b) Room provided with emergency lighting
When a room is provided with only one door (see Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(b ) .
(c) Room without emergency lighting
(i) When a room is provided with only one door and the direct distance from the furthest distance in the room to the exit
access door is 7m or less (see Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(c)(i) – 1 & 2 ) ; or
(ii) When the furthest point in the room to the exit access door is 13m or less and wall of the room comprises not less
than 50% clear glazing facing ( see Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(c)(ii) ) :
• an internal corridor covered by emergency lighting,
• an external corridor, or
• the external of the building.
(d) Open-sided single storey building, with floor area not exceeding 200m 2 and openings that constitute at least 80% of the
perimeter wall area (measured along the roof eaves).
(e) When a room or internal space is fully open towards an external corridor or the external of a building.
(f) Exit enclosure such as exit staircase and internal exit passageway not provided with final discharge door (see Diagram
8.1.7a.(4)(f)).
b.Directional signs
(1) In long corridors, in open floor areas, and in all situations where the location of the exits may not be readily visible, directional
signs shall be provided to serve as guides from all portions of the corridors or floors. (See Diagram 8.1.7b.(1))
(2) In rooms where the line of sight to the exit access door is obstructed, directional sign shall be provided.
(3) Exemption
Directional sign is not required under the following situations:
Page 245
(a) PG I and II buildings.
(b) Open-to-sky roof terrace/ garden.
(c) Open-sided single storey building, with floor area not exceeding 200m 2 and openings that constitute at least 80% of the
perimeter wall area (measured along the roof eaves).
c. Low level signs
Additional low level or floor-mounted exit and exit directional signs shall be provided in hotel accommodation floors including boarding
houses.
d. Signs within exit staircase
(1) Where the SCDF has allowed under Cl.2.3.5d . for upper storey staircase to be continuous with that serving the basement,
appropriate signage, including pictorials, shall be placed at strategic location inside the staircase to direct occupants out of the
building in times of emergency.
(2) Where the direction of travel to exit discharge is upward, the staircase signage required under Cl.2.3.1b . shall comply with SS
508.
e. Electrically-powered exit and directional signs
The legends, dimensions, design and installation of electrically-powered exit and directional signs shall comply with SS 563.
Either graphic or text format can be used for the design of the signage.
f. Self-luminous sign
The use of self-luminous exit and directional signs powered by radioactive material are permitted in buildings, provided the signs
comply with UL 924, SS 563 and SS 508 (Part 1, 2, 3 & 5). Either graphic or text format can be used for the design of the signage.
In addition, SS 563 Part 1 shall be complied with for determination of the viewing distance with distance factor (Z) fixed at 50.
8.1.8 Photoluminescent marking
a. In all buildings, except PG I & II, photoluminescent marking/ tape to guide occupants along evacuation routes to appropriate exit shall
be provided:
(1) along internal walls and/ or floors of the exit staircase, smoke-free lobby and fire lift lobby;
(2) on the doors of smoke-free lobby, fire lift lobby and exit staircase; and
(3) along corridor with exit directional signs.
b. The width of photoluminescent marking or tape shall be at least 50mm and be placed at low level. The bottom of the low level sign shall
not be less than 150mm or more than 400mm above the floor level.
c. Omission of photoluminescent marking/ tape is permitted on the following conditions:
(1) the emergency power supply of the exit lightings, exit signs and directional signs in the above locations shall be self-contained
battery pack (single point emergency lighting system) in compliance with SS 563 or central battery supply backed up by stand-by
generator;
(2) there shall be at least 2 emergency luminaires in the smoke-free lobby, fire lift lobby and corridor with exit directional signs, such
that no part of such spaces shall be left in total darkness should there be failure of any one of the emergency luminaires; and
(3) there shall be at least one emergency luminaire at every exit staircase landing.
Page 246
8.2 EMERGENCY VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND FIRE COMMAND CENTRE (FCC)
8.2.1 One-way emergency voice communication system
One-way emergency voice communication system and a FCC shall be provided as follows:
a. For all large buildings under PG III (not applicable to primary school, secondary school and junior colleges), IV, V, VI, VII and VIII with
AFA greater than 5000m² or having a total occupant load exceeding 1000 persons. The calculation of AFA and occupant load shall exclude
the aboveground or underground car park; or
b. For all buildings belonging to PG III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII of more than 24m in habitable height; or
c. For building of mixed commercial-cum-residential usage:
(1) where the commercial component of the building occupies only the lower portion of the building and is separated from the
residential occupancies, the habitable height of the commercial component of the building exceeds 24m, or
(2) where a commercial component of the building is located above any residential occupancies, the habitable height of the building
exceeds 24m.
d. Exception
For hotel or healthcare buildings of less than 24m in habitable height, AFA not greater than 5000m² and total occupant load not exceeding
1000 persons, an ordinary public address system shall be provided. However, FCC is not required. Loudspeakers for the ordinary public
address system shall be provided in every lift lobby, staircase enclosure and other strategic positions within audible distance of all parts of
all storeys throughout the building.
8.2.2 Two-way emergency voice communication system
a. Two-way emergency voice communication system shall be provided for
(1) buildings, which are required to be provided with one-way emergency voice communication system under Cl.8.2.1 a., b. or c.; and
(2) all multi-level basements of buildings under PG II to VIII, except the following:
(a) Single-level basement, irrespective of its usage of building under PG II to VIII and basements of building of PG I.
(b) Multi-level basements of building under PG II, provided the basements are used solely for car parking and not exceeding two
basement storeys in depth.
b. Two-way emergency voice communication system, where required, shall provide two-way communication between the FCC and the
following areas:
(1) Every fire lift lobby, including 1 st storey.
(2) All firefighting-related mechanical equipment rooms. These include sprinkler pump room, wet rising main pump room, hose reel
pump room, switch rooms and generator rooms.
(3) All rooms housing smoke control equipment.
(4) All lift machine rooms.
(5) Fire lift. Where the lift car is equipped with built-in intercom system that complies with SS 546, the two-way communication system
can be exempted.
(6) Each area of refuge.
(7) Air-handling control rooms. Where AHU can be remotely monitored and controlled at the FCC, and cannot be by-passed locally,
and the electrical cabling between AHU rooms and FCC are fire-rated, the two-way emergency voice communication system can be
exempted.
8.2.3 Standard
Where a one-way or two-way emergency voice communication system is required by this Code, it shall comply with the requirements stipulated
in SS 546.
Page 247
8.2.4 Fire Command Centre
a. Provision
A FCC shall be provided in any building, with the exception of buildings under PG I and II (PG II building having not more than two
basement storeys used solely for car parking), which requires any of the following installations:
(1) Fire lift.
(2) Emergency voice communication system.
(3) Engineered smoke control system.
b. Supporting equipment
A FCC is a room within a building dedicated to the controlling and monitoring of fire protection systems during a fire emergency. As such,
equipment/services not meant for this purpose shall not be located inside the FCC with exception of the following:
(1) Lift supervisory panel.
(2) Background music system connected to one-way emergency voice communication system rack.
(3) Workstation/server rack for security card access & CCTV system for security monitoring.
(4) Workstation/server rack for car park access control system.
(5) Workstation/server rack for fire alarm's colour graphics system.
(6) Workstation/server rack for BMS/BAS monitoring and controlling other ACMV system.
(7) Walkie-talkie charging stations.
(8) UPS system with totally sealed battery capacity not exceeding 750Amp-hr.
c. Size
A FCC shall be of adequate size to house all the terminals and supervisory/ control equipment etc. of the building's fire
protection/detection systems, as well as a free working space (unobstructed by door swing) of at least 6m 2 and minimum clear width of 2m.
d. Location
(1) The FCC shall be located at the same level as the fire engine accessway or fire engine access road and its entrance shall be
located in the following order of priority:
(a) The travel distance between the nearest edges of the FCC door and fire lift lobby door at the designated storey of the building
shall not exceed 5m.
(b) In the case where there is no fire lift lobby, it shall be located within vicinity of the fire engine accessway or fire engine access
road. The travel distance between the nearest edges of the FCC door and entrance of one of the protected stairs serving all
storeys of the development shall not exceed 5m.
(c) It shall be at any other location as may be designated by the SCDF.
(2) In the case of a site consisting of more than one building which required FCC in accordance with Cl.8.2.1, there shall be more than
one FCC. For such cases, the SCDF shall be consulted.
e. Construction
The construction of enclosure, facilities and lighting of a FCC shall comply with the SS 546.
f. Air-conditioning and/ or mechanical ventilation
Air-conditioning and/ or mechanical ventilation where required for the FCC shall be provided with secondary power supply and shall have
ductworks independent of any other ductwork serving other parts of the building.
Page 248
Diagram 8.1.7a.(2)
Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(b)
Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(c)(i) - 1
Page 249
Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(c)(i) - 2
Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(c)(ii)
Page 250
Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)
Diagram 8.1.7a.(4)(f)
Diagram 8.1.7b.(1)
Page 251
Amendment History - Chapter 8 - Emergency Lighting & Voice Communication Systems
Amendment
Date
8.1.3b 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Exit and exit directional signs

a. Exit sign
(1) …………
(2) ………..
(3) Exemption
Exit sign is not required under the
(b) Room provided with
emergency lighting
(i) When a room is provided
with only one door
(see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(b)(i)); or
(ii) When a room or internal space is fully
open towards an external corridor or the
external of a building.
(c) Room without emergency
lighting
8.1.7a.(3) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarification (i) When a room is provided with only one door 1 Mar 2023
and the direct distance from the furthest
distance in the room to the exit access door is 7m or less
(see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(c)(i) – 1 & 2);
(ii) When the furthest point in the room to the

exit access door is 13m or less and wall of the
room comprises not less than 50% clear glazing
facing (see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(c)(ii)):
• an internal corridor covered by emergency
lighting,
(iii) When an internal space is fully open towards
an external corridor or the external of a
building.
(d) Open-sided single storey building, with floor area
not exceeding 200m2 and openings that
constitute at least 80% of the perimeter wall area
(measured along the roof eaves).

a. Exit sign
(1) …………
(2) ………..
(3) Exemption
8.1.7a.(3) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarification (b) Room provided with 1 Mar 2023
emergency lighting
with only one door
lighting
Page 252
Amendment
Date
(i) When a room is provided with only one door

(see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(c)(i) – 1 & 2);

lighting,
building.

a. Exit sign
(1) …………
(2) ………..
(3) Exemption
emergency lighting
with only one door
lighting
8.1.7a.(3) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarification (i) When a room is provided with only one door 1 Mar 2023
(see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(c)(i) – 1 & 2);

lighting,
building.

a. Exit sign
8.1.7a.(3) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarification 1 Mar 2023
(1) …………
Page 253
Amendment
Date
(2) ………..
(3) Exemption
emergency lighting
with only one door
lighting
(i) When a room is provided with only one door
(see Diagram 8.1.7a.(3)(c)(i) – 1 & 2);

lighting,
building.
b. For all buildings belonging to PG III, IV, V, VI, VII, and

8.2.1.b. 2 Dec 2019 2 Dec 2019 Revised 2 Dec 2019
VIII of more than 24m in habitable height.
Revised, formerly
8.2.1a 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.8.2.1(a)(i)
Revised, formerly
8.2.1c.(1) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.8.2.1(c)(i)
Two-way emergency voice communication system
a. Two-way emergency voice communication system shall

be provided for
8.2.2.a.(1) 2 Dec 2019 2 Dec 2019 Revised 2 Dec 2019
(1) buildings, which are required to be provided with one-
way emergency voice communication system under
Cl.8.2.1 a., b. and c.; and
b. Size
A FCC shall be of adequate size to house all the terminals

8.2.4b. 2 Mar 2020 2 Mar 2020 Clarification 2 Mar 2020
and supervisory/ control equipment, etc. of the building’s
fire protection/detection systems and a free working
space (unobstructed by door swing) of at least 6m².
8.2.4d 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications Location 1 Mar 2023
Page 254
Amendment
Date
(1) The FCC shall be located at the same level as the fire
engine accessway or fire engine access road and its
entrance shall be located in the following order of priority:
(a) It shall be within 5m from entrance of the fire lift lobby

at the designated storey of the building.
(b) In the case where there is no fire lift lobby, it shall be

located within vicinity of the fire engine accessway or fire
engine access road and within 5m from the entrance of
one of the protected stairs serving all storeys of the
development.
Page 255
This chapter specifies the additional requirements peculiar to buildings of respective purpose groups. These additional requirements shall be
read in conjunction with other requirements relevant to the respective purpose groups stipulated in Chapter 1 to 8 of this Code. Where there
are conflicting requirements between this chapter and the preceding chapters, the requirements stipulated in this chapter shall take
precedence.
9.1 PURPOSE GROUP I OCCUPANCY
9.1.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) Single household dwelling
Buildings under PG I can consist of more than three floors if they are occupied as a single household dwelling.
(2) Basement levels
For PG I building which has four or more levels (including the basement levels and attics), the basement levels shall discharge directly
to the external space at grade level.
(3) Access staircases
Means of escape for a building or a separate part of a building of single occupancy of PG I can be provided via access staircase(s).
b. Structural fire precautions
(1) Attic floor
An attic in buildings under PG I can be constructed of timber boarding on timber joists, provided it is protected to achieve the fire
resistance rating required of the elements of structure of the building or compartment.
(2) Floor over a basement
For PG I building which has four or more levels (including the basement storeys and attics), the floor immediately over the basement
storeys shall be compartmented by compartment walls/ floors. Where there is an internal connection between the basement storeys
and upper levels, it shall be compartmented by a fire-rated door at the 1st storey landing.
c. Extent of unprotected openings
(1) The extent of unprotected openings in an external wall of a building under PG I, in relation to its distance from the relevant
boundary, can be based on the internal room/space in the building that has the largest extent of unprotected openings to comply with
Table 1 of Annex 3B.
(2) Internal walls enclosing the room/space in the building except glazing, are not required to be fire-rated, but shall be constructed of
non-combustible materials.
d. PV installation
For PV installations the requirements shall be as follows:
(1) For access to the PV installations on the roof, a portable sturdy or cat/ ship ladder to the roof access shall be provided.
(2) All access hatches, if provided, shall be readily accessible from the roof. The access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear
width of 1m in diameter.
(3) A clearance of 1m around the access/ hatch opening shall be provided.
(4) For fire resistance of PV modules, it shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.1c..
(5) For emergency disconnection of the PV modules, it shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.1e..
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9.2 PURPOSE GROUP II OCCUPANCY
9.2.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) Means of escape for a building or a separated part of a building of PG II shall comply with the provision of Cl.2.3 .
(2) Number of exit staircases or exits per storey
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes, at least two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey shall be
provided, in compliance with the requirements of Cl.2.2.11, unless otherwise permitted.
(3) Provision for buildings not exceeding 24m in habitable height
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes not exceeding 24m in habitable height, one exit staircase can be allowed provided
the one-way travel distance is complied with.
(4) Provision for buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes exceeding 24m in habitable height, one exit staircase can be provided, subject to
all of the following conditions:
(a) The building’s habitable height shall not exceed 60m, unless otherwise permitted by the SCDF.
(b) The single exit staircase shall serve not more than four apartments or maisonettes at each storey.
(c) Provision of exits for each residential apartment or maisonette shall comply with the requirements under Cl.9.2.1a.(5).
(d) Travel distance from the most remote exit door to the exit staircase from each apartment or maisonette shall not exceed 15m.
(e) The approach to the exit staircase shall be through cross ventilated corridor/ lobby in accordance with Cl.1.4.29, except that
the ventilation openings shall have a minimum width of 2m and a minimum height of 1.2m, as well as the following requirements:
(i) the openings shall be unobstructed from the parapet wall or balustrade level upwards and be positioned on opposite sides
of the corridor/ lobby such that they provide cross ventilation throughout the entire space of the corridor/ lobby; and
(ii) the entire cross ventilated corridor/ lobby shall be unobstructed and maintained at minimum 2m width throughout.
(f) Where multiple ventilation openings are provided on opposite sides of the corridor/ lobby, the minimum width and height of
each opening shall not be less than 1m and 1.2m, respectively, provided the aggregate width of the openings at each opposite
side is not less than 2m. See Diagram 9.2.1a.(4)(f).
(5) Exits from residential unit
(a) In each residential apartment or maisonette unit, the exit access door or doors shall be provided such that the travel distance
measured from any point within the unit to the entrance door(s) of the unit shall not exceed 20m. See Diagram 9.2.1a.(5)(a).
(b) In the case of a maisonette unit comprising not more than two storeys, where a single entrance door is provided:
(i) the door shall not be located on the upper storey of the unit; and
(ii) the floor area of the upper storey shall not exceed 60m², unless a separate exit is provided on this upper storey.
(c) The escape route within the unit to the unit entrance/ rear door(s) shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed at all
times, any room denied of access shall not serve as part of the escape route.
(d) All exits from residential, or maisonette units shall have direct access to an exit staircase, exit passageway or external
space.
(6) Measurement of travel distance
Travel distance of a residential unit shall be measured from its entrance door(s) to the exit staircase. Where a residential unit requires
two entrance doors at the same storey level, and if only one exit staircase is required, the travel distance shall be measured from the
most remote door. If two or more exit staircases are required, the travel distance shall be measured from the entrance door of each
unit.
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(7) Smoke-free approach to exit staircase
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes, a smoke-free approach to an exit staircase can be provided by means of an
external corridor, complying with Cl.2.3.10.
(8) Travel distance
(a) One-way travel distance
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes where the means of escape is through an external corridor, the one-way travel
distance measured from the door of the apartment or maisonette to the exit staircase shall not exceed 20m, or 24m if the
aggregate one-way travel distance within the unit and along the external corridor does not exceed 40m. The above one-way travel
distances along the external corridor shall not apply to residential apartment s or maisonettes in a building exceeding 24m
permitted under Cl.9.2.1a.(3).
(b) Two-way travel distance
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes, the two-way travel distance can be extended to 45m if the means of escape is
through an external corridor as in Cl.2.3.10.
In the case of buildings which are required to be provided with rising mains, the number and distribution of rising mains specified
in Chapter 6 shall be complied with.
(9) Protection of staircases
The requirements for unprotected openings stipulated under Cl.2.3.3a.(2) and Cl.2.3.3b.(2) for internal and external exit staircases,
respectively need not be complied with for PG II buildings provided:
(a) the exit staircases are cross ventilated and maintained under smoke-free conditions at all times; and
(b) unprotected openings of the apartment or maisonette units are not facing or ventilating into the exit staircase enclosures, as
shown in Diagram 9.2.1a.(9).
(10) Ventilation
(a) Exit staircase
All exit staircases shall be naturally ventilated. Where an exit staircase is used as storey shelter, mechanical ventilation is
permitted provided there are more than one exit staircase, with the remaining exit staircase(s) being naturally ventilated.
(b) Common internal corridor
(i) The internal corridor not forming part of smoke-free approach to exit staircase shall have ventilation openings of not less
than 15% of the floor area and located not more than 9m from any part of the common internal corridor.
(ii) Where the common internal corridor is cross ventilated, it shall be in accordance with Cl.2.2.13b.(7)(c).
(b) Structural fire precaution
(1) Wall separating residential apartment or maisonette
(a) Each residential dwelling unit shall be compartmented from adjoining units and other parts of the same building by construction
having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating and unit’s exit access door of ½-hr fire resistance rating, unless otherwise permitted
under Cl.2.3.10d..
(b) Any compartment wall separating a residential apartment or maisonette from any other part of the same building, shall
separately comply with fire resistance requirements:
(i) the wall forms part of a protected shaft and the minimum period of fire resistance required by the provisions of this Code
for the protecting structure is more than one hour, or
(ii) the part of the building from which the wall separates the residential apartment or maisonette is of a different purpose
group and the minimum period of fire resistance required by the provisions of this Code for any element of structure in that
part is more than one hour.
(2) Attic floor
An attic in buildings under PG II can be constructed of timber boarding on timber joists, provided it is protected to achieve the fire
resistance rating required of the elements of structure of the building or compartment.
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(3) Separation of residential floor facade
For residential buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height, the facade of every unit shall be separated from each other by:
(a) a minimum 1-hr fire-rated spandrel of at least 1.5m in height, or
(b) a minimum 1-hr fire-rated horizontal projection that extends at least 600mm from the building.
Note: Balcony and air-con ledge can be used as part of this horizontal projection if they protrude at least 600mm from the building
facade and have at least 1-hr fire-rated construction.
c. Single household dwelling house classified as cluster housing within PG II development
In a PG II mixed occupancy development, the single household dwelling house classified as cluster housing can adopt the
requirements stipulated in Cl.9.1.1.
9.2.2 Super high-rise residential building
a. Refuge floor
Super high-rise residential buildings, with or without mixed occupancies, shall be provided with at least one refuge floor at an interval of
not more than 20 storeys, i.e., each refuge floor shall not serve more than the 20 storeys immediately above it. The refuge floor shall
comply with all of the following requirements:
(1) It shall be of masonry construction having at least 2-hr fire resistance rating.
(2) At least 50% of the accessible floor area of the refuge floor shall be designated as an evacuee holding area. There shall be no
residential unit or part of the unit on the refuge floor.
(3) There shall be no commercial activities in the evacuee holding area, however, it can be used as space for physical exercises or a
children’s playground. All equipment placed within the evacuee holding area shall be made/constructed of non-combustible materials.
(4) The size of the evacuee holding area shall be adequate to accommodate at least the total occupant load of all storeys above the
refuge floor, up till the next higher refuge floor, or the remaining floors, based on 0.3m² per person.
(5) The evacuee holding area shall be separated from other areas of the refuge floor by compartment walls having at least 2-hr fire
resistance rating. Linking of the evacuee holding area with other occupied rooms/areas shall be via an external corridor, or a smoke-
free lobby complying with Cl.2.2.13a..
(6) The evacuee holding area shall be naturally ventilated with permanent openings on at least two sides of the external walls, with
total area of at least 25% of the floor area of the evacuee holding area.
(7) The minimum height (measured from the sill to the top) of each opening shall be at least 1.2m.
(8) All parts of the evacuee holding area shall be within 9m of a ventilation opening.
(9) Ventilation openings shall be located at least 1.5m horizontally from and 3m vertically above unprotected openings, except for
ventilation openings which total area as specified in Cl.9.2.2a.(6) above is at least 50% of the evacuee holding area, the vertical
distance from the unprotected openings can be reduced to 1.5m.
(10) A sprinkler system shall be provided for the refuge floor if there is any non-residential room located on the same floor.
(11) Escape routes leading to the evacuee holding area shall be through a smoke-free/ fire lift lobby or external corridor.
(12) Emergency lighting shall be provided to cover all areas of the evacuee holding area. Such lighting shall be connected to a
secondary power supply, i.e., generator, battery, etc., and shall be able to provide horizontal luminance at floor level of not less than 5
lux. The delay between the failure of the electrical supply for normal lighting and the energization of the emergency lighting for
occupied areas shall not exceed 15 secs.
(13) A sign depicting “EVACUEE HOLDING AREA” shall be displayed inside the exit staircase and on wall immediately outside the exit
staircase at the refuge floor. The sign of lettering size of at least 50mm shall be displayed at a height of 1.5m above the landing/
finished floor level.
(b) Provision of fire lift
(1) The fire lift car shall have a clear area/ space of not less than 1.7m (depth) x 1.5m (width).
(2) Two-way emergency voice communication system shall be provided between the fire lift lobby at the refuge floor and the following
locations in order of priority:
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(a) FCC, or
(b) Main alarm panel, or
(c) Respective fire lift lobby at grade level nearest the fire engine access road.
(3) At least two fire lifts shall be provided for a super high-rise residential building.
Diagram 9.2.1a.(4)(f): Provision of exit staircase for residential building not exceeding 60m in habitable height
In a block of residential apartments or maisonettes not exceeding 60m in habitable height, one exit staircase only can be provided to every
storey.
Diagram 9.2.1a.(5)(a): Provision of exit for apartment unit
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Diagram 9.2.1a.(9): Cross-ventilated exit staircase to residential apartment/ maisonette
Exit staircase is cross-ventilated and maintained under smoke-free condition at all times. Unprotected openings of the apartment/ maisonette
units are not facing or ventilating into the exit staircase enclosure.
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9.3 PURPOSE GROUP III OCCUPANCY
9.3.1 General
(Not in use)
9.3.2 Healthcare occupancy
a. General
Sprinkler shall be provided for healthcare occupancy with patient accommodation if:
(1) it comprises more than one storey, or
(2) it is located on an upper storey other than first storey, or
(3) its largest non-compartmented AFA exceeds 750m².
b. Hospital
They shall comply with the following additional requirements:
(1) Basement
Patient accommodation area containing beds shall not be located in basement storeys.
(2) Width of exit
The minimum clear width of an exit door opening shall be not less than 1.2m.
(3) Number of exits per ward
For patient accommodation wards where the occupant load exceeds 50 persons, each ward shall be provided with at least two exits,
which shall be remotely located from each other.
(4) Provision of area of refuge
Every upper storey used for the accommodation of patients shall be provided with at least one area of refuge. The size of the area of
refuge shall be computed based on Table 1.4B. For hospital and nursing home, the area of refuge shall be sized adequately to
accommodate the number of beds of minimum dimension 2.55m (length) by 1.1m (width) and computed based on occupant load factor
of 2.8m 2 /person for the ward served by the area of refuge.
(a) For area of refuge not adjacent to the patient ward, the routes leading to the area of refuge shall be through:
(i) an external corridor complying with Cl 2.3.10, or
(ii) a protected lobby separated from the adjoining areas of the building by a wall and door of at least 1-hr fire
resistance rating. The protected lobby shall have a minimum size of 4m (length) by 2m (width) and ventilated in accordance
with Cl 2.2.13b.(7)(a) or (b)
(b) For area of refuge immediately adjacent to a patient ward, the routes leading to the area of refuge need not be through an
external corridor provided both the area of refuge and the adjacent patient ward are:
(i) fire compartmented from each other by a wall and door of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating;
(ii) provided with engineered smoke control and the design smoke layer height shall be at least 2.5m above the finished floor;
and
(iii) provided with minimum of 2 remotely located exit access between them.
(5) Size and compartmentation of patient accommodation area
(a) Each patient accommodation ward shall not exceed a floor area of 750m² and an occupant load of 75 persons, calculated on
the basis of Accessible Floor Area (AFA) of 10m² per person.
(b) For single storey premises not protected by sprinkler, each patient accommodation ward shall be constructed as a
compartment having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating and at least ½-hr fire resistance rating door for protection of door
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openings. It shall be provided with an automatic fire alarm system.
(c) For sprinkler-protected premises, patient accommodation ward area shall not exceed a fire compartment size 2100m² and shall
be separated by full-height smoke barrier (up to soffit of the slab) for patient rooms of aggregated area not exceeding 750m²
within the ward.
(6) Provision of fire escape bed lifts
(a) At least two fire escape bed lifts shall be provided for premises with more than one storey. They shall be located remotely from
each other and sited adjacent to a protected exit staircase. Each area of refuge shall also be served by at least one fire escape
bed lift. Fire lift can double-up as a fire escape bed lift provided there is more than one fire lift and at least one shall remain as a
dedicated fire lift. Where the fire lift doubles up as fire escape bed lift, its dimension shall be as specified in Cl.9.3.2b.(6)(c).
(b) The fire escape bed lift shall be contained within a protected shaft, constructed to comply with the relevant requirements
under Cl.3.8.
(c) The entry into the fire escape bed lift and the protected exit staircase shall be through a common protected lobby. The fire
escape bed lift shall have a minimum clear platform size of 2.8m (depth) by 1.8m (width). The protected lobby shall have a
minimum size of 5m (length) by 4m (width). In the situation where the protected lobby is also serving as a smoke-free lobby or fire
lift lobby, the floor area of the lobby shall be of sufficient size to accommodate both the evacuation of the required number of
beds, as well as the passage of other occupants into the protected staircase.
(d) A signage shall be displayed outside the bed lift stating “FIRE ESCAPE BED LIFT”.
(e) The escape route for the fire escape bed lift at the 1 st storey level shall be protected from other occupancy areas by 1-hr fire
resistance separation and shall discharge directly into an external space.
(f) An fire escape bed lift that opens directly into an external corridor and which is sited adjacent to a protected exit staircase
does not require a protected lobby, provided there is no unprotected opening within 3m horizontally from the fire escape bed lift
door opening. The fire escape bed lift provided in this situation may be treated as a common bed lift that can serve multiple
compartments located on the same floor.
(g) An fire escape bed lift shall be provided with the following features:
(i) a secondary power supply from an emergency generating plant;
(ii) a switch labelled “Fire Escape Bed Lift”, situated next to the lift landing door at the final exit storey, which enables an
authorised person nominated by the building management to take control of the lift car during an emergency. The operating of
the switch shall be similar to fire lift operational features stipulated in SS 550. Such a switch is not needed in two-storey
buildings;
(iii) a communications system (except in two-storey buildings) shall be installed to allow communication between occupants at
each lift landing and the operator in the lift car; and
(iv) the installation of fire escape bed lifts shall be in accordance with SS 550.
(7) Internal access to wards
A patient accommodation ward with access through an internal corridor shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) each ward shall be separated from the internal corridor by a wall having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating;
(b) doors opening into an internal corridor shall have at least ½-hr fire resistance rating and be fitted with an automatic self-
closing device to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2; or be held open by an electromagnetic or electromechanical device;
(c) requirements on fire compartmentation under Cl.9.3.2b.(7)(a) and Cl.9.3.2b.(7)(b) can be relaxed up to a size of 2100m² as per
Cl.9.3.2b.(5)(c), if the premises is sprinkler-protected;
(d) an internal corridor shall be naturally cross ventilated in accordance with Cl.2.2.13b.(7)(c);
(e) an internal corridor can be provided with mechanical ventilation and pressurisation in lieu of natural ventilation; and
(f) other non-patient accommodation areas or spaces which open into or form part of the internal corridor, and which can
jeorpadise the means of escape provision, shall be compartmentalised by 1-hr fire-rated enclosures and ½-hr fire-rated doors
unless otherwise allowed under Cl.9.3.2b.(4)(b) and Cl.9.3.2b.(6)(c).
(8) External access to wards
External access to a patient accommodation ward shall be through external corridor complying with Cl.2.3.10.
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(9) Smoke-free approach to exit staircase
(a) Entry into an exit staircase from any part of a building of more than four storeys above ground level shall comply with the
requirements of smoke-free approach to an exit staircase, as stipulated in Cl.2.2.13.
(b) Where a smoke-free lobby is provided to an exit staircase to serve a patient accommodation floor, or any area where patients
may need to be evacuated on mattresses or stretchers, the lobby shall have a minimum clear space (unobstructed by door swing)
of 6m².
(10) Staircase landing width/depth
(a) Exit staircases that serve a patient accommodation floor to be used by patients in an emergency fire situation shall be
designed to allow the evacuation of patients on mattresses or stretchers.
(b) The width of stairs, and staircase landing width and depth shall comply with Table 9.3A .
c. Nursing home, convalescent home, home for the aged and hospice
They shall comply with the full requirements stated under Cl.9.3.2a. and b. for hospital.
d. Custodian care facility
It shall comply with the following additional requirements:
(1) where such facilities are located within a building of mixed use, they shall be compartmentalised from other spaces and occupancies by
walls and doors having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. The requirement on the provision of fire compartmentation will not apply if the
building is sprinkler-protected. In addition, the following requirements shall be complied with:
(a) where such facilities are located on the 1st storey, they shall be provided with direct access to the exterior of the building;
(b) where located on upper storeys, they shall be sited adjacent to an exit staircase with direct access through a smoke-free lobby to
the staircase (minimum one exit staircase); and
(c) where there is no fire lift lobby or smoke-free lobby, there shall be at least one direct access to the exit staircase.
(2) Institutions for the mentally disabled shall be designed with each storey having an area of refuge in accordance with Cl.1.4.9 and Table
1.4B. Fire safety requirements under Cl.9.3.2b. - Hospital, shall be fully complied with, except Cl.9.3.2b.(6) on provision of escape bed lift
and Cl.9.3.2b.(10) on staircase landing width/depth.
e. Supervisory care facility
It shall comply with Cl.9.3.2a. and b., except Cl.9.3.2b.(6) on provision of fire escape bed lift and Cl.9.3.2b.(10) on staircase landing
width/depth.
f. Ambulatory healthcare centre
It shall comply with the following additional requirements:
(1) if located within a building of mixed use, shall be compartmentalised from other tenants and occupancies by walls and doors
having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating;
(2) shall be provided with its own means of escape to at least one exit staircase; and
(3) shall fully comply with Cl.9.3.2a. and b., except Cl.9.3.2b.(4) on provision of area of refuge for horizontal evacuation,
C l.9.3.2b.(6) on provision of fire escape bed-lift and Cl.9.3.2b.(10)on staircase landing/depth.
g. Other outpatient clinics
Outpatient clinics shall be categorised as PG V occupancy and shall comply with all relevant requirements for such premises/ usage.
9.3.3 Workers’ dormitory
Workers’ dormitories shall comply with the following additional requirements:
a. Size
Each dormitory bedroom shall not exceed 120m 2 and an occupant load of 20 persons.
b. Occupant load
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The occupant load shall be based on 4.2m² per person in accordance with Table 1.4B.
c. Number of exit staircases or exits per storey
There shall be at least two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey of a workers’ dormitory.
d. Maximum travel distance
The travel distance, measured from the most remote point of the dormitory bedroom to the nearest exit staircase or other storey exit, shall
not exceed the maximum travel distance permitted under Table 2.2A.
e. Internal corridor to dormitory bedrooms
Dormitory bedrooms with access through an internal corridor shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) dormitory bedrooms shall be separated from the internal corridor by a wall having at least 1-hr fire resistance;
(2) doors opening into internal corridors shall have at least ½-hr fire resistance and be fitted with an automatic self-closing device to
comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2; and
(3) an internal corridor shall be naturally cross ventilated in accordance with Cl.2.2.13b.(7)(c);
(4) pressurisation of internal corridors in lieu of natural ventilation is not permitted; and
(5) other rooms or spaces which open into or form part of the bedroom corridor and which can jeopardise the means of escape shall
be compartmented by enclosures with at least 1-hr fire-resistance rating and doors with at least ½-fire resistance rating.
f. External access to dormitory bedrooms
External access to dormitory bedrooms shall be through an external corridor complying with Cl.2.3.10.
g. Smoke-free approach to exit staircase
Entry into an exit staircase from any part of a building of more than four storeys above ground level shall comply with requirements of
Cl.2.2.13 - requirements of smoke-free approach to exit staircase. Pressurisation of a staircase in lieu of the provision of smoke-free lobby
is not permitted.
h. Bedroom compartmentation
(1) Each dormitory bedroom shall be compartmented from adjoining rooms and other parts of the same building by construction having
at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, unless otherwise permitted under Cl.9.3.3f. for the provision of window openings between the
bedroom and external corridor; and
(2) Dormitory bedrooms and other rooms or spaces which open into or form part of the dormitory bedroom corridor shall be separated
from the corridor to comply with Cl.9.3.3e. and Cl.9.3.3f..
i. Kitchen compartmentation
A kitchen with open-flame cooking activity shall be enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-rated compartment wall and ½-hr fire-rated door.
The kitchen shall not be located within the dormitory unit.
9.3.4 Temporary workers’ quarter in uncompleted permanent buildings on construction sites
a. General
(1) The temporary workers’ quarters shall not be located higher than 10m above the fire engine access road level of the uncompleted
building and shall not be lower than first basement level.
(2) The temporary workers’ quarters shall only be used for housing workers working within the construction site.
(3) Hot work is not allowed in the basement(s) where the temporary workers’ quarters are located.
b. Means of escape
(1) For above ground levels, provision of only one exit staircase is permitted provided that the one-way travel distance is complied with
Table 2.2A and the occupant load does not exceed 20 persons on any storey. The exit staircase shall discharge directly to exterior open
space.
(2) At least two independent exit staircases shall be provided for the temporary workers’ quarters located in basement levels or when the
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occupant load exceeds 20 persons on any aboveground storey.
(3) Every storey shall be provided with exit facilities for its occupant load. Only those exits designated for escape of the workers shall be
included in the exit capacity calculations.
c. Compartmentation
(1) Cooking is only allowed at a designated kitchen area, including basement(s). Such kitchen, shall be enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-
rated compartment wall and at least ½-hr fire-rated door and shall not be located within the dormitory unit.
(2) Office and storage are allowed in the basement(s) where the temporary workers’ quarters are located. They shall be compartmented
from the accommodation areas with at least 1-hr fire-rated compartment wall and at least ½-hr fire-rated door.
(3) Only non-combustible materials shall be used for the construction of temporary workers’ quarters.
(4) The floor area of each worker bedroom or the total floor area of a group of small worker bedrooms shall not exceed 120m 2 .
Compartment wall of having fire resistance rating of at least 1-hr shall be provided to separate the bedrooms so as to limit each
compartment size to a maximum of 120m 2 .
(5) Notwithstanding subclause (4), the worker bedrooms shall be separated from any internal corridor by a wall having fire resistance
rating of at least 1-hr. Doors opening into the internal corridor shall have fire resistance rating of at least half an hour.
(6) The worker bedrooms shall be separated from any external corridor by a wall having fire resistance rating of at least 1-hr, except that
ventilation openings of non-combustible construction can be fixed at or above a level of 1.1m, measured from the finished floor level of the
external corridor to the sill height of the opening. Doors opening into the external corridor are not required to have fire resistance rating.
d. Fire engine access
(1) Provision of fire engine access road shall be provided in accordance with the requirements for the development. Only the portion of the
fire engine access road serving the temporary workers’ quarters shall be made available.
(2) Every part of the required fire engine access road shall be within an unobstructed distance of 50m from the nearest working fire
hydrant. Where the remotest temporary workers’ quarter is located not more than 100m away from the site entrance at the public road,
provision of working private fire hydrant is exempted.
(3) A temporary “dry” fire hydrant is allowed. The “dry” fire hydrant shall be connected to a 150mm diameter pipe, which shall be
connected the other end to a 4-way breeching inlet. This breeching inlet shall be within 18m from any fire engine accessway or fire engine
access road having minimum 4m width and within 50m from any wet fire hydrant.
e. Emergency power supply
(1) Emergency power supply lasting at least 2-hr shall be provided for all firefighting systems serving the temporary workers’ quarters.
(2) The location, arrangement, control and installation of electrical wiring of the secondary source of power supply, be it in the form of
battery, standby generator, inverter or other accepted equipment, shall be in accordance with Chapter 5.
f. Firefighting systems
(1) Where dry riser system is required for the main development, they shall be commissioned and made operable for the storeys housing
the temporary workers’ quarters during the accommodation period.
(2) Provision of automatic sprinkler system and smoke control system is exempted for basement provided the basement is effectively cross
ventilated as follows:
(a) no point within the basement(s) is more than 12m from any vertical opening or void for spaces that are in between two openings or
voids;
(b) no point shall be more than 6m from any opening or void for spaces that are ventilated by such opening or void on only one side;
(c) all ventilation openings shall be at least 1000 x 600mm; and
(d) the total aggregate area of these voids and vertical openings shall be at least 20% of the total basement floor area.
(3) An automatic fire alarm system shall be provided if provision of automatic fire sprinkler system is exempted for the temporary workers’
quarters located in the basement(s).
(4) For temporary workers’ quarters located above ground level, fire alarm system shall be provided as stipulated under Table 6.3A.
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(5) Connection of fire protection systems to the approved alarm monitoring company is not required.
(6) Standby fire hoses can be installed in lieu of the dry riser system, on condition that the temporary workers’ quarters are adequately
covered by fire hose reel(s).
(7) Provision of fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with Cl.6.1.
(8) Provision of fire hose reels shall be in accordance with Cl.6.2.8.
g. Engineered smoke control system
Engineered smoke control and sprinkler systems shall be required for the basement levels where the workers’ quarters are located, if the
provision of cross ventilation stipulated in Cl.9.3.4.f. cannot be fulfilled.
h. Storage of hazardous materials
(1) All stores of highly flammable substances shall be sited in open space at a minimum distance of 5m away from the building where
the temporary workers’ quarters are located and shall comply with the relevant standards.
(2) All LPG cylinder installations serving the temporary workers’ quarters shall be in accordance with Cl.10.1.
i. Occupant load
The occupant load shall be based on the floor area of the temporary workers’ quarters on the basis of 4.2m 2 per person, excluding non-
simultaneous areas such as toilets, kitchens etc., or the actual number of occupants for which each occupied space of the floor is
designed as shown on the plan, whichever is greater.
j. Emergency lighting and exit signs
Emergency lightings and exit signs serving the temporary workers’ quarters shall be in accordance with Cl.8.1.
TABLE 9.3A STAIRCASE LANDING WIDTH/DEPTH

Stair Width Minimum Landing width Minimum Landing Depth
1 2.8 1.9 Allows mattress or stretcher evacuation only (i.e. no pedestrian passing)
1.25 2.8 1.9
Allows mattress or stretcher evacuation and restricted ambulant passing
1.5 3.2 1.55
1.75 3.6 1.35*
Allows mattress or stretcher evacuation and ambulant passing.
2 4 1.25*
Note:
* = Clear landing depth, instead of the clear stair width, shall be taken for the purpose of calculating the exit capacity of the staircase.
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9.4 PURPOSE GROUP IV OCCUPANCY
9.4.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) Aboveground office floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve an aboveground office floor

provided:
(a) the habitable height of the floor shall not exceed 15m;
(b) the floor shall not be located above 4 th storey; and
(c) the AFA of the floor shall not exceed 200m².
(2) Underground office floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve an office basement provided:
(a) the building is of non-combustible construction;
(b) the depth of basement storey shall not exceed 9m below the average ground level;
(c) compartment below ground shall not comprise more than one storey; and
(d) the AFA of each basement storey, including service ducts, lift shafts, toilets, staircase, etc., shall not exceed 200m 2 .
(Not in use)
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9.5 PURPOSE GROUP V OCCUPANCY
9.5.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) Aboveground shop floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve an aboveground shop floor provided:
(2) Underground shop floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve a shop basement provided:
(a) the building is of non-combustible construction;
(b) the depth of basement storey shall not exceed 9m below the average ground level;
(c) compartment below ground shall not comprise more than one storey; and
(d) the AFA of each basement storey, including service ducts, lift shafts, toilets, staircase, etc., shall not exceed 200m 2 .
(Not in use)
9.5.2 Outdoor Display Areas (ODAs)
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to the following four types of Outdoor Display Areas (ODAs).
(1) Non-roofed-over ODAs detached from building
This refers to the ODAs where goods are displayed at the outdoors without any roofing. An example of this type of ODAs is the
outdoor flea market.
(2) Roofed-over ODAs detached from building
This refers to the ODAs where goods are displayed at the outdoors with roofing. An example of this type of ODAs is the outdoor kiosk.
(3) ODAs along covered walkway
This refers to the ODA where goods are displayed along the common walkway in front of a shop unit.
(4) ODAs with extended awning/ canopy
This refers to the ODAs where goods are displayed underneath the awning/ canopy from a shop front.
b. Fire Safety Requirements for Outdoor Display Areas (ODAs)
(1) Non roofed-over ODAs detached from building
(a) The goods display area shall be located at least 3m from the roof eaves and/or boundaries of the neighbouring buildings.
(b) There is no control on the size/height of the ODAs and the materials used for displaying goods at the ODAs.
(See Diagram 9.5.2b.(1))
(2) Roofed-over ODAs detached from building
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(a) The goods display area shall be located at least 3m from the roof eaves and/ or boundaries of the neighbouring buildings.
(b) The maximum total length of stalls shall not exceed 6m. A separation distance of at least 3m shall be provided between stalls
if the total length exceeds 6m. However, the continuous length of stalls can exceed 6m if hose reel is provided to cover these
stalls.
(c) There is no control on the size/ height of the ODAs and the materials used for displaying goods at the ODAs.
(3) ODAs along covered walkway
(a) A clear width of not less than 1.2m shall be maintained along the covered walkway at the shop front.
(b) Racks for displaying goods shall not exceed 3m in length. There shall be a minimum 1m wide clear path between rows of
racks. Goods shall not be stacked higher than 2m above floor level.
(c) There shall not be any drop-down screen at the ODAs for protecting merchandises from weather elements, except the
retractable type approved by the SCDF. The retractable screen shall retract upon activation of smoke detectors or during a power
failure.
(d) Goods shall not be placed within 3m from the discharge points of exit staircases. However, if there is more than one exit
staircase or there is a rear escape at the 1 st storey for single exit staircase, the distance can be reduced to 1.5m.
(e) Goods, shelves or racks shall not be left overnight at the ODAs outside the shop after operating hours.
(f) Hose reel shall be provided to cover the ODAs if the total area of shop and ODAs per unit exceeds 150m 2 or if the unit above
the shop is used for non-residential purposes. The hose reel shall be located not more than 5m from exit.
(4) ODAs with extended awning/canopy
(a) The depth of awning/canopy shall not exceed 2.4m. There is no restriction on the use of material for the awning/canopy.
(b) The awning/canopy shall be set back at least 3m from the discharge points of exit staircases. However, if there is more than
one exit staircase or there is a rear escape at the first storey for single exit staircase, the distance can be reduced to 1.5m.
(c) Goods, shelves or racks shall not be left overnight at the ODAs outside the shop after operating hours.
(d) A clear width of at least 1.2m shall be maintained along the covered walkway at the shop front.
(e) Racks for displaying goods shall not exceed 3m in length. There shall be a minimum 1m wide clear path between rows of
racks. Goods shall not be stacked higher than 2m before floor level.
(f) There shall not be any drop-down screen at the ODAs for protecting merchandises from the weather elements, except the
retractable type approved by the SCDF. The retractable screen shall retract upon activation of smoke detectors or during a power
failure.
(g) Hose reel shall be provided to cover the ODAs if the total area of shop and ODAs per unit exceeds 150m 2 or if the unit above
the shop is used for non-residential purposes. The hose reel shall be located not more than 5m from exit.
(h) For sprinkler-protected buildings, the sprinkler system shall be extended to cover the ODAs. The sprinkler shall not be
obstructed by the stacked merchandises and a minimum vertical clearance of 500mm shall be maintained between the goods and
the sprinkler heads.
(5) Other fire safety requirements applicable to all ODAs
(a) There shall be no open-flame activities at the ODAs.
(b) The ODAs shall not encroach onto any fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road.
(c) Fire extinguisher(s) shall be provided to cover the ODAs so that no person needs to travel more than 15m to reach an
extinguisher. For roofed-over ODAs detached from building, fire extinguisher shall be provided for each stall.
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Diagram 9.5.2b.(1) : Non-roofed-over ODAs detached from building
The goods display area shall be located at least 3m from the roof eaves and/or boundaries of the neighbouring buildings.
Diagram 9.5.2b.(2) : Roofed-over ODAs detached from building
The goods display area shall be located at least 3m from the roof eaves and/or boundaries of the neighbouring buildings.
The maximum total length of stalls shall not exceed 6m. A separation distance of at least 3m shall be provided between stalls if the total length
exceeds 6m. However, the continuous length of stalls can exceed 6m if hose reel is provided to cover these stalls.
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Diagram 9.5.2b.(3) : ODAs along covered walkway
Diagram 9.5.2b.(4) : ODAs underneath extended awning/canopy
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CLAUSE 9.6 - PURPOSE GROUP VI OCCUPANCY
9.6.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) Aboveground factory floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve an aboveground factory floor provided:
(2) Mezzanine floor
One open staircase is allowed to serve a mezzanine floor(s) within an aboveground factory floor provided:
(a) the aggregate AFA of the mezzanine floor(s) per factory unit shall not exceed 60m²;
(b) the open staircase has a width of at least 1m and be constructed of non-combustible materials;
(c) the maximum travel distance measured from remote point on the mezzanine floor(s) to the exits complies with Table 2.2A;
(d) the elements of structure of the mezzanine floor(s) are of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating construction;
(e) the habitable height of mezzanine floor shall not exceed 24m; and
(f) the mezzanine floor is only be used for store and/or ancillary office.
Fire compartmentation between individual tenancy units within a terraced or flatted factory building shall be provided. The entire enclosure
of each of these units shall be fire compartmented with walls and floors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating.
c. Storage within PG VI premises
(1) In a non-sprinkler-protected factory with storage areas/ spaces:
(a) Where the aggregate storage areas/ spaces (including transient) within a factory unit exceeded 100m 2 , the entire factory unit shall
comply with general warehouse requirements under PG VIII buildings, or
(b) Where the aggregate storage areas/ spaces (including transient) within a factory unit exceed 100m 2 , they shall be compartmented
from the factory such that the areas/spaces of storage within the factory do not exceed 100m 2 .
(2) The area stipulated in Cl.9.6.1c.(1) can be increased to 700m 2 if the factory is protected by an automatic sprinkler system.
9.6.2 Petroleum service stations
a. General
(1) Any site chosen shall be sufficiently spacious for it to be designed to minimise unauthorised access, i.e., it shall be away from
areas of high human traffic and the entrances/exits of other buildings.
(2) The boundary line of petroleum service stations shall be at least 50m from any residential building, or 90m from any place of public
assembly.
(3) The route for tank vehicles leading to petroleum service stations shall not pass through or be near to places of public assembly, as
stated in Cl.9.6.2a.(2).
(4) A service station shall be stand-alone, and dispensing of petrol shall be restricted to the ground level only (see
Diagram 9.6.2a.(4)).
(5) Convenience stores integrated with the petroleum service station shall be at most 150m 2 .
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b. Storage and tank requirements
(1) Tanks for all classes of petroleum in a petroleum service station shall be installed underground.
(2) All underground tanks shall have a water capacity of not more than 30kl each.
c. Tank requirements
The tank shall be designed, constructed, installed and tested to meet any of the following:
(1) BS 2594: Carbon Steel Welded Horizontal Cylindrical Storage Tanks, or
(2) Underwriters Laboratories (UL 58): Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, or
(3) Standards Association of Australia (1962): Steel Tanks for the Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, or
(4) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, or
(5) other equivalent standards.
d. Underground tanks and access pits
All underground tanks installations shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) the road surface above the underground tanks shall be of reinforced concrete of the thickness necessary to support itself and any
superimposed loads, but not less than 150mm;
(2) the depth from the road surface to the top of the tank shall be not less than 450mm; and
(3) each access pit shall be fitted with a cover that is watertight or raised above the level of the surrounding ground to prevent the
entry of surface water, and be strong enough to withstand any superimposed loads. The strength of such a cover shall not be inferior
to those of 5mm low carbon steel.
e. Separation from property boundaries and building foundations
The distance of the underground tank to any property boundaries and foundations shall be not less than 2.5m and 1m respectively
(see Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) ).
f. Corrosion protection
Any underground tank and its associated piping shall be protected from corrosion by one or more of the following methods:
(1) protective coating or wrappings, or
(2) cathodic protection, or
(3) corrosion-resistant materials of construction.
g. Venting
Each tank shall incorporate a vent to atmosphere for the vapour space above the liquid to allow vapours to vent to the atmosphere.
h. Vent capacity
The size of any vent shall be such that pressure or vacuums resulting from filling, emptying or atmospheric temperature change, will not
cause stresses in excess of the maximum design stress for the tank. The vent shall have a minimum internal diameter of 38mm.
i. Vent piping
Any vent piping between the tank vent connection and the discharge point shall comply with the following requirements
(see Diagram 9.6.2i):
(1) the vent pipes shall fall consistently back to the tank at a slope not less than 1 in 40;
(2) a vent pipe shall not pass through building foundations, but can be embedded in concrete, which is part of other types of building
construction. A vent shall not be run within a cavity wall but can pass through a cavity wall or through masonry which incorporates
cavities, provided that it is in a sleeve which will prevent vapour gaining access to the cavities; and
(3) a vent pipe can be either embedded in a concrete slab or laid in the earth. If the vent pipe is laid in the earth, it shall be:
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(a) located not less than 300mm below ground level;
(b) surrounded by clean washed sand, or provided with equivalent corrosion protection;
(c) suitably protected if the area is subject to vehicular traffic;
(d) the vent pipe and its terminal shall be located or protected so that they are not liable to damage resulting from normal
activities;
(e) the vent pipe shall be vapour-tight throughout its length; and
(f) all underground tanks or compartments in a tank shall have a separate individual vent pipe.
j. Vent outlet location
The discharge point of a vent shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) the location, direction and velocity of discharge shall be such that venting vapour will not cause danger to the surroundings;
(2) the vent discharge point shall be not less than 2m from any boundary or opening of a building, e.g. windows, doors, ventilators, air
conditioners and forced air intakes (see Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) ); and
(3) the vent shall discharge into open air and vent discharge point shall be located not less than 4m above ground level
(see Diagram 9.6.2i).
k. Vent terminal
(1) The discharge end of a vent shall be protected from the ingress of foreign material by a protective cage of fitting and shall
discharge only vertically upward in order to disperse vapours.
(2) A vent provision shall be connected to a vapour recovery or collection system, as similarly provided for at the filling mentioned
in Cl.9.6.2l.
l. Filling connection
The filling connection to a storage tank, which is filled from a tank vehicle, shall incorporate a vapour-tight connection. A cap or cover with
lock shall be provided for the filling point. A vapour recovery system shall be provided to prevent accumulation or abnormal discharge of
vapour during refilling.
m. Location of filling point
The location of the filling point for any storage tank intended to be filled from a tank vehicle shall comply with the following requirements
(see Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) ):
(1) the length of any hose required to connect a tank vehicle to the filling point shall not exceed 5m;
(2) the filling point shall be protected from accidental or physical damage. Guardrails or any necessary measures shall be installed to
prevent damage by collision;
(3) the filling point for any tank containing Class I, Class II or Class III petroleum shall be in open air at least 3m from any building
opening or boundary. If a distance of 3m cannot be complied with, a vapour barrier made of material of at least 2-hr fire resistance
rating shall be installed and shall not be less than 500mm above the centre of the filling point inlet. The vapour barrier shall be at least
1m from the boundary line. The distance measured in a horizontal plane around the end of any vapour barrier shall be 3m from the
centre of the outermost filling point inlet to the building and boundary (See Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) for details);
(4) the edge of the tank vehicle designated parking area for refilling shall be at least 3m from any building opening or boundary; and
(5) the filling point for the underground tank shall be located in such a way that tank vehicles have unobstructed entry and egress from
the service station.
n. Piping design suitability
The design, fabrication, assembly, test and inspection of piping shall be suitable for the expected working pressure temperatures and
structural stresses and shall comply with relevant local (where available) or international standards.
o. Piping material suitability
Any material used in the construction or installation of piping shall be suitable for the conditions of use, and in particular:
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(1) it shall be compatible with the particular petroleum or any other component with which it may be in contact;
(2) it shall be resistant to any heat (during operations) to which it may be exposed; and
(3) it shall be corrosion-resistant.
p. Piping flexible tube
Flexible tubing, piping or hose can be used only on condition that:
(1) the use of such tubing is unavoidable because of the need to provide for movement or to reduce the effect of vibration; and
(2) the tubing is of flexible metallic, metal-reinforced, armoured or other construction suitable for the working pressure, temperature
and the liquid being handled.
q. Piping design and construction
The following general design considerations shall be taken into account when designing or installing any piping:
(1) the layout shall take into account the needs for all operating accesses and shall ensure that fire engine accessways are not
impeded;
(2) supports and fitting of the pipework shall be secure and the piping shall be not unduly exposed to mechanical damage;
(3) wherever necessary, provision shall be made for the expansion or contraction of the piping and its contents;
(4) any buried piping shall be protected from superimposed loads, ground settlement, etc.;
(5) any necessary electrical bonding and earthing shall be provided; and
(6) piping shall be painted and/or marked in a manner sufficient to facilitate identification of its contents.
r. Pump drive
Any motor or engine that drives a pump for use with any classes of petroleum shall be of the type specifically approved for such use.
s. Fuel dispensing system
(1) Dispensing units at a service station shall be located in the open air where they will be adequately ventilated. These shall be
located such that all parts of the vehicle being served will be on the premises of the service station, and shall be sited not less than
6m away from any building, public roadway or boundary (see Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) ).
(2) A clearly identified and easily accessible switch or circuit breaker (a centralised Emergency Shut-Off Device) shall be provided at a
location remote from the dispensing devices, including remote pumping systems, to shut off the power to all dispensing devices in the
event of an emergency, and shall not be less than 6m or more than 15m from the dispenser. A sign incorporating the wordings
“EMERGENCY CUT-OFF” shall be provided in the vicinity of the cut-off switch (see Diagram 9.6.2s.(2) ). A similar device shall be
provided in close vicinity to the console area/cashier as stipulated in Cl.9.6.2u.(1).
(3) Petroleum shall be transferred from underground tanks by means of fixed pumps designed and equipped to allow control of the
flow and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge.
(4) A control shall be provided such that the pump will operate only when a dispensing nozzle is removed from its bracket or normal
position with respect to the dispensing unit and the lever on this dispensing unit is manually activated. This control shall also stop the
pump when all nozzles have been returned, either to their bracket or to the normal non-dispensing position.
(5) The dispensing unit and its piping shall be mounted on a concrete island. Each island shall rise not less than 150mm above the
surrounding ground level and shall extend not less than 300mm on both sides of the dispensing units and at least 500mm from the
dispensing unit to the edge of the base measured longitudinally (see Diagram 9.6.2s.(2) ).
(6) The length of hose at each service station shall not exceed 5m. When not in use the hose shall be secured so as to protect it from
damage.
(7) The nozzle through which fuel is dispensed to a vehicle shall be designed to automatically close when the fuel tanks of the
vehicles are full.
(8) Individual dispensing units shall be provided with an emergency shut-off device.
(9) A rigidly anchored emergency shutoff valve, incorporating a fusible link or other thermally activated device, designed to close
automatically in the event of a severe impact or fire exposure, shall be properly installed in the supply line at the base or inlet of each
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dispenser. The automatic closing feature of this valve shall be checked at the time of initial installation, and at least once a year
thereafter by manually tripping the hold-open linkage.
t. Remote pumping systems
For systems where petroleum is transferred from storage to individual or multiple dispensing units by pumps located other than at the
dispensing units, the following requirements shall apply:
(1) pumps shall be designed or equipped so that no part of the system will be subjected to pressure above its allowable working
pressure;
(2) pumps installed above grade level shall be located not less than 3m from the boundary or building opening, and shall be
substantially anchored and protected against physical damage; and
(3) pit lids or covers for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of submersible pumps shall be in accordance with Cl.9.6.2d.(3).
u. Attended self-service stations
(1) The dispensing area at all times shall be in clear view of the console area/ cashier (area having control of the emergency shut-off
devices for all and individual dispensing units, including remote pumping systems).
(2) The console/cashier operator shall at all times be able to communicate with persons at the dispensing area. This can be by means
of a voice communication system.
(3) Sufficient close circuit cameras are to be installed at the petroleum service station to cover the forecourt, backcourt, dispensing
areas and other critical areas of the petroleum service station.
(4) Provisions must be made for bollards and chains to be installed at the exit and the entrance of the petroleum service station during
refilling by the tank vehicle to be utilised during high alert situations.
(5) The setback distance from the edge of the roof of the dispensing area to any boundary line must be in accordance to the
requirements of Cl.3.5.3, or 3m, whichever greater. (See Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) )
v. Electrical equipment and area classification
(1) General
All electrical wiring and equipment shall be of a type suitable for the location, in accordance with NFPA 70 or SS 254.
(2) Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station
(a) EV charging station located within a petrol station shall be sited in the following order of priority:
(i) Open-to-sky areas.
(ii) Forecourt.
(b) Main isolation shut-off switches shall be provided as per Cl.10.4.2.
(c) There shall be at least 12m separation distance between the EV charging station and the refilling points and vent pipes.
(d) There shall be at least 6m separation distance between the EV charging station and the designated oil tanker parking area.
(e) There shall be at least 8m distance separation distance from the EV charging station to any fuel dispensing unit.
(f) No electrical connection within EV charger shall be located within 500mm from the finished floor level of the forecourt.
(g) EV charging station shall be fully enclosed unless such openings are located at least 1m above the finished floor level of the
forecourt.
w. Caution labelling
An emergency information panel shall be provided at the filling point.
x. Warning signs
(1) Warning signs shall be conspicuously displayed at the individual dispensing area incorporating the following wordings: “WARNING
- NO SMOKING, NO NAKED LIGHTS, STOP ENGINE”. The lettering shall be at least 50mm high.
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(2) The signs shall be displayed not less than 1.8m and not more than 2.5m above the ground level.
y. Firefighting and prevention
(1) Fire extinguishers
Approved types of fire extinguishers of rating not less than 70B (9kg) or 34B (2 x 4.5kg) shall be provided at the individual dispensing
units and protected from the weather.
(2) Hose reels
(a) Sufficient hose reel coverage shall be provided such that the service station usable/accessible area is within 6m of a nozzle
attached to a 30m hose.
(b) Hose reels shall comply with the requirements of SS 575.
(3) Absorbents
A small quantity of absorbent material or sand (as a guide, one full bucket minimum of 40 litres) shall be provided at the service
station to mop up any spillage. These absorbent materials shall be kept in a container with a close fitting lid and shall be installed in
an accessible place.
(4) Fire hydrant
Fire hydrants shall be within 50m from any part of the fire engine access road. The actual travel distance from the edge of the fire
engine access road to the most remote point of the petroleum service station usable/ accessible space shall not be more than 50m.
9.6.3 High containment facilities
a. General
The purpose of this section of the Code is to stipulate fire safety requirements for high containment facilities and laboratories that handle
biological agents or toxins, which are designed to meet the requirements of WHO and the authority having jurisdiction for Bio-Safety Level
3 (BSL-3) or higher.
b. General requirements
(1) A BSL-3 or BSL-4 containment laboratory shall be located at the ground floor and shall be separated from areas that are open to
unrestricted traffic flow within the building. They shall be designed and constructed to comply with the requirements listed herein.
(2) The word “BSL-3” or “BSL-4” shall be stated clearly in the project title and printed on the top-right corner (lettering shall be bold, in
red colour and at least 15mm in size) of all the fire safety plans of the high containment facility.
c. Fire compartment
(1) In a sprinkler-protected building, the high containment facility (including interstitial space, waste treatment areas, anterooms, etc.)
shall be fire compartmented from adjoining spaces with at least 1-hr fire-rated walls, floor and ceiling. For a non-sprinkler-protected
building, the fire rating shall be at least 2 hours.
(2) The protecting structure shall be constructed of masonry or drywall. If drywall construction is used, it shall be in accordance with
Cl.3.8.7b.
d. Firefighter staging lobby
For high containment facilities, an additional (on top of the usual requirement to have a fire lift lobby next to exit staircases) firefighter
staging lobby shall be provided to comply with the following requirements:
(1) it shall be located at every entrance of the facility;
(2) it shall be fire-compartmented with at least 1-hr fire resistance rating;
(3) in the absence of (1), an anteroom with the same fire resistance rating shall be provided to serve this function;
(4) it shall have at least 6m 2 free working space;
(5) it shall comply fully with Cl.2.2.13b.(1) to (6), (7)(a) and (b); and
(6) it shall be installed with designated main landing valve, standby fire hose and fire hose reel.
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e. Two-way emergency communication system
For a biomedical facility or building provided with a two-way emergency voice communication system, the two-way emergency
communication system shall be extended to the firefighter staging lobby.
f. Fire detection and suppression systems
All high containment facilities shall be protected with sprinkler systems. High containment facilities without sprinkler protection shall
comply with the following:
(1) smoke detectors shall be installed along the exterior of the periphery walls of the high containment facility;
(2) the fire protection circuit for BSL-3 or BSL-4 shall be grouped in a different fire zone for ease of identification;
(3) the fire protection systems shall be linked to the building fire alarm system and shall be connected to the SCDF Operations Centre
through an approved alarm monitoring company; and
(4) if water discharge within the high containment facility is undesirable or unacceptable, the sprinkler system can be replaced by an
approved fire extinguishing system.
g. Label and sign
(1) Caution labels shall be provided at all the laboratory entrances and exits in accordance with SS 586. In addition, a label indicating
the information as shown in Diagram 9.6.3g.(1) shall be also provided.
(2) A sign shall be displayed at all entrances to the high containment facility, with the following wording: “In the event of fire or any
water discharge, please notify the authority having jurisdiction for control of contaminated water runoff.”
Diagram 9.6.2a.(4) : Typical petroleum service station
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Diagram 9.6.2i : Vent
Diagram 9.6.2s.(2) : Pump island
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Diagram 9.6.3g.(1) : Biohazard caution label
9.6.4 Farm buildings
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to farm buildings that meet the following criteria:
(1) the habitable height of the building shall not be more than 10m;
(2) the building shall be used for the sole purpose of farming (e.g. growing of crops, fish harvesting and egg production) and not involve
activities such as packaging, storage and retail;
(3) other usages such as packaging, storage, retail, office and non-farming related production can be co-located within the building,
provided they are compartmented and comply fully with the respective requirements stipulated in this Code; and
(4) the total computed Fire Load Energy Density (FLED) within the compartment that is used solely for farming shall not exceed 200
MJ/m 2 .
b. Fire Safety Requirements
(1) Occupant Load
The occupant load shall be based on the accessible floor area, excluding designated farming areas, on the basis of 30m 2 per person.
(2) Width of corridor
Where the building is exempted from barrier-free accessibility compliance by the authority having jurisdiction, the clear width of corridor
shall be at least 1m.
(3) Travel distance
The one-way and two-way travel distances shall not exceed 25m and 60m respectively.
(4) Fire engine accessibility
A fire engine accessway is not required, however a fire engine access road for access by firefighting appliances shall be provided to within
a travel distance of 60m of every point on the project plan area of the building.
(5) Compartment size
The compartment size limitations given in Table 3.2A is not applicable. The maximum AFA per compartment shall not exceed 8000m 2 and
the maximum cubical extent per compartment shall not exceed 30000m 3 . The full height of the compartment shall be used for computing
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the cubical extent.
(6) Sprinkler system
An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided where the AFA of any compartment that is used for farming purpose, exceeds the
compartment size limit stated under Cl.9.6.4b.(5).
(7) Smoke control system
An engineered smoke control system as specified in Cl.7.4.5 shall be provided where the AFA of any compartment that is used for farming
purpose, exceeds size limit of 8000m 2 .
(8) Setback distance due to unprotected openings
The requirements on setback of unprotected openings from building/notional boundary stipulated under Cl.3.5.3 shall be complied with and
in accordance with Table 1 of Annex 3B. However, the height of the unprotected openings for greenhouses, used for the computation of
the setback requirement, shall be in accordance with Table 9.6.4b.(8).
(9) Emergency voice communication system and Fire Command Centre (FCC) are exempted.
(10) External wall construction
The requirements of Cl.3.5.1a.(1) for non-combustibility of external walls need not apply for greenhouse buildings. Where plastic glazing
materials are used as screens or shades for a greenhouse, the material shall comply with Table 3.15G.
9.6.5 Fuel dispensing system
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to premises installed with fuel dispensing system other than petrol service station
stipulated under Cl.9.6.2. Approval for the installation of fuel dispensing system shall be obtained from the relevant authority having
jurisdiction.
b. Fuel storage tank
Fuel storage tank shall be installed in accordance with SS 532.
c. Fuel dispensing system
Fuel dispensing system shall be installed in accordance with Cl.9.6.2s..
9.6.6 Waste management and recycling premises involved in processing of flammable liquid waste
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to waste management and recycling premises with any of the following processes:
(1) reconditioning of empty storage container that is used to store flammable liquid;
(2) disposal of flammable liquid waste; and
(3) recovery of flammable liquid waste.
(1) Classification
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(a) All recycling processes shall be classified under high hazard occupancy and shall only be located at grade level.
(b) For disposal and recovery processes stipulated under Cl.9.6.5a.(2) and (3), they shall comply with Cl.9.8.4.
(2) Spillage control
(a) Spillage control in accordance with SS 532 shall be provided to all areas where flammable liquid waste is located.
(b) For reconditioning process, each untreated container will shall be assumed to contain a remnant capacity of 10% volume of the
container or the actual declared content, whichever is larger, to determine the spillage control stipulated in Cl.9.6.5b.(2)(a).
(3) Electrical wiring and equipment
All electrical wiring and equipment used within the processing areas shall be spark-proof and intrinsically safe in accordance with IEC
60079.
(4) Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation system in accordance with Cl.7.1.14 shall be provided for disposal and recovery processes.
(5) External processing area (open-to-sky)
(a) For external area, requirements stipulated in SS 532, e.g. separation distance, provision of fire engine access road, hydrant,
etc., shall be complied with.
(b) Where separation distance is not able to comply with requirements stipulated in SS 532, use of 4-hr fire resistance rating
masonry wall is allowed provided all of the following are complied with:
(i) The fire-rated wall shall be at least 1m above the stockpile and shall also intersect the direct line between the on-sites
facilities and top of the stockpile. (see Diagram 9.6.5b.(5)(c)(i)).
(ii) The fire-rated wall shall be at least 2m beyond the outermost edge of the stockpile. (see Diagram 9.6.5b.(5)(c)(ii)).
(iii) When fire-rated wall is used, at least one façade shall remain open for firefighting accessibility.
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9.6.7 Electrical transformer room in underground structures
a. Scope
This set of fire safety requirements is applicable to electrical distribution transformer room located within underground structures e.g.
consumer or power grid substation.
(1) Compartment size and depth limits
(a) The AFA of each transformer room shall not exceed 250m 2 .
(b) The depth of the transformer room shall not exceed 9m below the average grade level and not more than one level below
grade level.
(2) The transformer oil shall be tested to ASTM D 92 or ISO 2592 standard and with the fire point exceeding 300ºC.
(3) The underground structure housing the transformer shall not be sited within 15m travel distance measured between the nearest
edges of the transformer door and exit staircase shaft.
(4) Provision to contain spillage of transformer insulating liquid shall be provided.
(5) Firefighting systems
(a) Automatic fire alarm system
(i) An automatic fire alarm system shall be provided for the electrical transformer room.
(ii) The fire alarm system for the underground transformer room shall be a dedicated zone, linked to the building fire alarm
system. A summary fire alarm status (alarm/ fault) shall be provided to the main fire alarm panel in the building development.
(b) Fire suppression system
Automatic fire suppression system such as automatic sprinklers, foam-water sprinklers or water mist shall be provided for the
electrical transformer room.
a. Scope
This set of fire safety requirements is applicable to electrical distribution transformer room located within underground structures e.g.
consumer or power grid substation.
(1) Compartment size and depth limits
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(a) The AFA of each transformer room shall not exceed 250m 2 .
(b) The depth of the transformer room shall not exceed 9m below the average grade level and not more than one level below
grade level.
(2) The transformer oil shall be tested to ASTM D 92 or ISO 2592 standard and with the fire point exceeding 300ºC.
(3) The underground structure housing the transformer shall not be sited within 15m travel distance measured between the nearest
edges of the transformer door and exit staircase shaft.
(4) Provision to contain spillage of transformer insulating liquid shall be provided.
(5) Firefighting systems
(a) Automatic fire alarm system
(i) An automatic fire alarm system shall be provided for the electrical transformer room.
(ii) The fire alarm system for the underground transformer room shall be a dedicated zone, linked to the building fire alarm
system. A summary fire alarm status (alarm/ fault) shall be provided to the main fire alarm panel in the building development.
(b) Fire suppression system
Automatic fire suppression system such as automatic sprinklers, foam-water sprinklers or water mist shall be provided for the
electrical transformer room.
9.6.8 Sea-based buildings
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to sea-based buildings that meet the following criteria:
(1) the building is more than one storey (including attic and mezzanine); or s
(2) any usage or part thereof used for Purpose Group V or VII.
b. Fire safety requirements
(1) Evacuee holding area
Evacuee holding area(s) on the basis of 0.3m 2 /person shall be provided. The designated evacuee holding area shall be open-to-sky
and located not less than 3m from any unprotected openings. In lieu of the separation distance, a 1-hr fire-rated wall of at least 1.8m
high shall be provided to separate between the unprotected openings and teh evacuee holding area. The evacuee holding area shall
be located at first storey.
(2) Means of escape
One-way and two-way travel distance shall not exceed 15m or 30m, respectively as per Table 2.2A.
(a) Single storey structure
The travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point in any room or space to an open-to-sky space.
(b) Multi-storey structure
The travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point in any room or space to an exit staircase. An internal and/ or
external exit staircase which serves as the required exit shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Cl.2.3.3;
(i) For mezzanine floors (excluding stay-in facility), one open staircase is permitted in accordance with Cl.9.6.1a.(2); and
(ii) Where there are stay-in facilities provided at the upper floor(s), at least two exit staircases shall be provided.
(3) Structural fire precaution
(a) Single storey structure
The element of structure (excluding the floor) shall be constructed of non-combustible material.
(b) Multi-storey structure
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(i) The flooring immediately above the sea level need not be constructed of fire-rated or non-combustible material. For other
parts of the building, element of structure shall be constructed of fire-rated and non-combustible materials, in accordance with
Cl.3.3 and Table 3.3A, respectively.
(ii) Where wooden stilts are used for construction of sea-based building (e.g. Kelong), the part that is above the sea level
shall be constructed of fire-rated and non-combustible material.
(4) Marine fire vessel accessibility
(a) To facilitate SCDF’s marine firefighting and rescue operations, there shall be unobstructed access to the evacuee holding
area.
(b) A minimal 3m depth is required for berthing of SCDF’s marine firefighting vessels all-around the building.
(5) Fire protection systems
(a) Hydraulic hose reel(s) conforming to the requirements in SS 575 shall be provided to every storey of the building.
(b) Fire extinguishers complying with Cl.6.1 shall be provided to every storey of the building.
(c) Every part of the sea-based building shall be installed with a fire alarm system in accordance with Table 6.3A.
(6) Exit signs and emergency lightings
(a) Exit and exit directional signs shall be provided in accordance with Cl.8.1.7; and
(b) Emergency lightings shall be provided in accordance with Cl.8.1.3 and Cl.8.1.4, respectively.
(7) Solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) installation
Roof-mounted modules shall comply with Cl.10.2 in terms of:
(a) means of access;
(b) fire performance of PV modules;
(c) design and installation criteria; and
(d) emergency disconnection.
(8) Storage of flammable liquids
Storage of flammable liquids shall be located at the first storey. For the maximum capacity of flammable liquids, it shall be in
accordance with SS 532 Table 1 - Minor Storage.
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CLAUSE 9.7 - PURPOSE GROUP VII OCCUPANCY
9.7.1 General
(Not in use)
9.7.2 Hotels, boarding houses, serviced apartments, hostels, backpacker hotels & capsule hotels & staff
quarters
a. Access through an internal corridor
Guestrooms or accommodation units with access through an internal corridor shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(1) Each guestroom or accommodation unit shall be compartmented from adjoining rooms and other parts of the same building,
including the internal corridor, by construction having fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour.
(2) Doors opening into internal corridors shall have fire resistance of at least half an hour and fitted with automatic self-closing device
to comply with the requirements of Cl.3.9.2.
(3) The common internal corridor can be naturally or cross ventilated. A naturally ventilated corridor shall have ventilation openings of
not less than 15% of the floor area and located not more than 9m from any part of the common internal corridor. Where a corridor is
cross ventilated, it shall comply with Cl.2.2.13b.(7)(c). Internal corridors which cannot be naturally or cross ventilated shall be
pressurised to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7.
(4) Other rooms or spaces which open into or form part of the guestroom or accommodation unit corridor which can jeopardise the
means of escape shall be required to be compartmented to the same extent as the guestroom or accommodation unit.
b. Access through an external corridor
Guestrooms or accommodation units with access through an external corridor shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(1) Each guestroom or accommodation unit shall be compartmented from adjoining rooms and other parts of the same building by
construction having fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour, unless otherwise permitted under Cl.2.3.10 for the provision of window
openings between the guestroom or accommodation unit and external corridor.
(2) Doors opening into the external corridor need not have fire resistance rating.
(3) The external corridor shall comply with Cl.2.3.10.
c. Measurement of travel distance
The travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point of a guestroom or accommodation unit or suite to the exit door of an exit
staircase, exit passageway or external space.
d. Spacing of smoke barrier
(1) Internal corridors which are not naturally-ventilated shall be subdivided by smoke barriers into the following lengths:
(a) Building protected by sprinkler system - 45m, or
(b) Building not protected by sprinkler system - 30m
(2) Smoke barriers shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(a) The smoke barriers shall consist of non-combustible partitions containing smoke check doors. The smoke barriers, including
the enclosing walls to the corridor, shall be constructed to full height, carried right up to form a close joint with the soffit of the
floor slab above, or an imperforate non-combustible ceiling or the roof coverings.
(b) The smoke barriers shall be sited at suitable locations across the corridor to create multiple sections, with each having free
and direct access to an exit or exit staircase, exit passageway or exit ramp.
(c) Smoke-check doors excluding glass doors, shall be provided with clear glass vision panels having at least 25% of the surface
area of each door leaf.
(d) Smoke-check doors shall be of the self-closing, swinging type. Double swing type is permitted provided that the door opening
is closed completely with such clearance as is reasonably necessary for proper operation. The doors shall be closely fitted around
their edges and the bottom clearance gap between such doors and the floor shall not exceed 4mm.
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(e) Smoke-check doors shall normally be in the closed position. However, they can be left open if they are arranged to close
automatically by an approved electromagnetic or electromechanical device which can be activated by the presence of smoke
and/or the building fire alarm system.
e. Visual alarm system
At least 10% of the guestrooms or accommodation units shall be provided with visual alarms. In the case of staff quarters accommodation
units, this requirement need not be complied with.
f. Additional requirements for capsule hotels
(1) Capsule designs
(a) All capsules shall have a clear access opening of at least 800mm (width) x 600mm (height) or equivalent area of at least 0.5m 2
opening space. If the access opening comes with a door/hatch, it shall have an emergency access from outside of the capsule.
(b) The number of tiers of capsules stacked on top of one another shall be limited to a maximum of 2.
(2) Compartmentation
The capsules shall be located within individual guestroom which complies with the following requirements:
(a) Compartmented in accordance with Cl.9.7.2;
(b) Maximum AFA of not exceeding 60m 2 ; and
(c) Occupant load not exceeding 20 persons.
(3) Construction materials
(a) Capsules that are constructed of plastics shall comply with the acceptance criteria listed in Table 3.15B.
(b) Capsules that are constructed of combustible materials shall comply with flame spread rating of Class 1 under BS 476 Part 7,
or Class B or Class C under EN 13501-1.
(4) Fire protection systems
(a) Sprinkler protection shall be provided in the entire building where the capsule hotel occupied in whole or in part. Inside each
capsule, at least one sprinkler shall be provided and the minimum pressure and flow rate for this sprinkler shall be at least 50 kPa
and 56 L/min respectively.
(b) The sprinkler system for capsule hotel shall be designed to meet requirements for Ordinary Hazard Group 1 occupancy.
(c) A minimum clearance of 500mm shall be kept between the top surface of the capsule enclosure to the deflector of the room
ceiling sprinklers.
(d) K factor for the ceiling sprinkler shall be 11.5.
(e) Hydraulic calculation shall be performed to verify that water supply for the sprinkler system can meet the flow and pressure
demands for all the ceiling sprinklers within a single compartmented guestroom plus 6 numbers of in capsule sprinklers to operate
for a minimum duration of 60 mins.
(f) The capsule sprinkler shall be protected against tampering by occupant in the capsule.
(g) As an alternative, water-mist system in compliance with NFPA 750 is acceptable. The proposed water mist system shall be
type tested and listed for ordinary hazard protection and is capable to handle fire risk similar to that of a capsule fire.
(h) In addition, smoke/heat detector shall be provided within each capsule and when activated fire alarm signal shall be sent to the
building’s main fire alarm panel to activate all fire alarm sounders and visual alarms in the building, not only to those in the
capsule hotel.
(i) Each capsule shall be provided with a sensor to detect the presence and motion of the occupant within the unit. This shall
facilitate the conduct of search and rescue operations during a fire emergency. A display panel indicating the occupancy and
motion status of the occupant within each capsule shall be co-located with the main fire alarm panel.
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9.7.3 Assembly occupancy
a. General
Number and minimum width of exits for assembly occupancies shall comply with the provisions tabulated as follows:
TABLE 9.7.3a. : MINIMUM WIDTH OF EXITS FOR ASSEMBLY OCCUPANICIES
No. of Occupants Min No. of Doors Min width of corridors
51 - 200 2 1.20m
201 - 500 2 1.25m
501 - 1000 3 1.25m
exceeding 1000 4 1.25m
b. Assembly occupancy with fixed seating (Performance theatres, Cinemas, Auditoriums, Concert Halls, etc.)
(1) Aisles and gangways
(a) clear aisles or gangways of not less than the minimum width of corridors shall be provided around the auditorium, stalls and
balconies leading to doors or exit doors;
(b) aisles or gangways shall be provided with intersecting rows of seating and the number of seats in a row shall be in accordance
with the provisions tabulated as follows:
TABLE 9.7.3b.(1)(b) : NUMBER OF SEATS IN A ROW
Seatway width Maximum no. of seats in a row
mm
Gangway on one side Gangway on two sides
300 - 324 7 14
325 - 349 8 16
350 - 374 9 18
375 - 399 10 20
400 - 424 11 22
425 - 449 12 24
450 - 474 12 26
475 - 499 12 28
500 or more 12 Limited by the travel distance
The seatway shall be the minimum clear width between rows, which shall not be less than 300mm, measured as the clear
horizontal distance from the back of the row ahead (including seats that tip up automatically) and the nearest projection of the row
behind when the seats are in upright position. The seatway widths shall be constant throughout the length of the row. (See
Diagram 9.7.3b.(1)(b) - 1 and 2)
(c) for changes of level, steps shall not be used to overcome differences in level in aisles or gangways unless the slope of such
gangways exceeds 1 in 10;
(d) handrails shall be provided, where steps of a pitch exceeding 30º or ramps of a slope exceeding 1 in 10 are provided in aisles
or gangways flanking the seating;
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(e) flooring for the surface of steps and ramps forming the aisles or gangways shall be finished using non-slip materials; and
(f) illumination of steps shall be such that each step is clearly visible in the event of emergency.
(g) Combustible seats for cinemas, theatre, auditorium, etc.
The construction of combustible upholstered seats in cinema, theatre, auditorium, etc. shall comply with BS 5852 in respect of the
following testing standard:
(i) Smouldering Ignition Source;
(ii) Flaming Ignition Source 1; and
(iii) Crib Ignition Source 5.
(2) Exits from a theatre, cinema or a concert hall
(a) The number and capacity of exits from an enclosed space in an assembly occupancy used or intended for use as cinema,
concert hall, auditorium, performance theatre that is not normally provided with natural ventilation and lighting, shall be provided
its own means of escape without having to take into account exits provided for its adjoining parts of the same building in which it
is housed. Exception can be permitted where the occupancy load does not exceed 200 persons, in which case at least half the
capacity of exits shall be provided within the compartment.
(b) Where a building or part of a building is designed as a cineplex to house multiple mini-cinemas, the means of escape to be
provided can be shared by all the mini-cinemas. Each cineplex shall be treated as a single big cinema for the purpose of
determining the exit requirements under Cl.9.7.3b.(2).
(c) The exits adjacent or attached to cinema, theatre or concert hall and the like can be shared as exits with the other parts of the
building, provided the exits are accessible from the common circulation areas. The occupancy load of the cinema, theatre, concert
hall and the like does not exceed 200 persons.
(3) Separation of theatre, cinema or concert hall from other parts of the building
A theatre, cinema or concert hall shall be separated from other parts of the same building, which is of a different purpose group, by
compartment walls and floors having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours. If the building is protected by an automatic sprinkler
system, the fire resistance rating of the compartment walls or floors can be reduced to 1 hour. Where openings are provided for
access between the theatre, cinema or concert hall and any other part of the same building of a different purpose group, the openings
shall either be protected by fire doors having the necessary fire resistance rating as the enclosing walls or floors, or be provided with
lobby which complies with the following requirements:
(a) The lobby is enclosed by walls having fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour, is naturally ventilated complying with the
requirements for ventilation of smoke-free lobbies, or mechanically ventilated to comply with the requirements in Chapter 7; and
(b) All doors to the lobby shall each have fire resistance rating of at least ½ hour and fitted with an automatic self-closing device.
(4) Separation by proscenium wall in theatres or concert halls
(a) In a place of public resort, such as theatres, and concert halls, capable of seating more than 500 persons and in which fly
tower is used for stage scenery or when extensive stage scenery is installed on the stage side, the stage shall be separated from
the seating area by a proscenium wall of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating in such a way that the stage and the audience seating
area form separate compartments.
(b) The entire stage side of the proscenium wall shall be fitted with an automatic sprinkler system which complies with the
(c) The proscenium opening shall be protected by fire curtain with fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour, automatically operated
by a fusible link or a smoke detector. In lieu of fire curtain, a smoke curtain is acceptable, if engineered smoke control and
automatic sprinkler systems are to be provided to the stage area.
(d) Not more than three other openings can be provided in the proscenium wall. Such openings shall not exceed 2m 2 in area and
shall be fitted with doors having fire resistance rating of at least ½ hour and fitted with an automatic self-closing device.
(5) Smoke control system
(a) Multi-tier/level seating auditorium shall be protected by an automatic sprinkler system and engineered smoke control system.
For single tier/level seating auditorium that is either sprinkler-protected or non sprinkler-protected, smoke vents complying with
the following criteria can be provided in lieu of engineered smoke control system:
(i) at least 2.5% of the floor area;
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(ii) at least 600mm X 600mm in size;
(iii) adequately distributed such that no part of the auditorium is more than 12m from any ventilation opening;
(iv) located at high level close to soffit of the ceiling or within a perforated ceiling space; and
(v) activated by automatic device.
(b) Exception:
Lecture theatres and the like are exempted from the requirement to provide smoke vents, provided they fulfil all of the following
criteria:
(i) without stage curtain, fly tower, props, and back stage areas;
(ii) used solely for the conduct of lessons;
(iii) not located below ground level; and
(iv) not exceeding 5000m 2 in size.
9.7.4 Outdoor Refreshment Areas (ORAs)
a. General
(1) This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to all food and beverage (F&B) outlets where ORAs are permitted by
the authority have jurisdiction. F&B outlets shall include eating houses, restaurants, coffee shops, hawker centres, fast food
outlets, cafeterias, canteens, pubs, bars and the like.
(2) The total occupant load within each F&B outlet shall not exceed 200 persons. Where the limit is exceeded, alternate rear exit
opening directly into a back lane or safe external space shall be provided.
(3) Where an ORA encroaches on neighbouring property(s) or state land, it is the responsibility of the F&B’s owner/operator to
seek no objection from the property owner(s) for the setting up of the ORA on his property.
b. Fire safety requirements for ORAs
(1) ORAs along covered walkway
(a) A five-foot way of width not less than 1.2m shall be provided along the covered walkway. Tables and chairs shall be abutting
the F&B shop front or located at the outer edge of the building within the covered walkway. The entrance of the F&B outlet shall
not be blocked.
(b) For F&B outlet located next to an exit staircase, a clear escape path from the staircase discharge point to external space shall
be maintained. The width of the escape path shall not be less than the width of the exit staircase. No table(s), chair(s) or any form
of obstruction shall encroach onto this escape path at all times.
(2) ORAs open to the sky
(a) There is no limit to the number of table(s) or chair(s) placed in areas open to the sky, subject to compliance to other
authorities having jurisdiction.
(b) When placement of table(s) or chair(s) is extended to any covered walkway, the requirements stipulated
under Cl.9.7.4b.(1) shall be complied with.
(c) There is no control on the size/height of the ODAs and the materials used for displaying goods at the ODAs. There shall be no
encroachment of table(s), chair(s) or any form of obstruction on the escape path from the exit staircase discharge point to external
space. The portion of covered ORAs beyond the building lines and abutting the escape path shall be demarcated from the escape
path with a red colour line of width not less than 50mm. Red colour wordings, “NO OBSTRUCTION OF EXIT”, of height not less
than 100mm shall be marked along the line at regular intervals of not more than 1.5m.
(3) ORA with umbrellas
(a) When umbrellas are used to provide shelter for diners, its size shall not be larger than 2m in diameter or 2m x 2m. The
umbrellas shall be placed at a distance of not less than 1.5m from the building line (eaves of building).
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(b) There shall be no limit on the number of umbrellas placed in areas open to the sky. A separation distance of not less than
1.5m shall be provided between rows of umbrella. There shall be no roofing between rows of umbrellas.
(c) Where placement of table(s), chair(s) or any form of obstruction is extended to any covered walkway, the requirements
stipulated under Cl.9.7.4b.(1) shall be complied with.
(d) There shall be no encroachment of table(s), chair(s) or umbrella(s) or any form of obstruction on the escape path from the exit
staircase discharge point to external space. Where umbrellas are placed close to the exit staircase discharge path,
Cl.9.7.4b.(2)(c) shall be complied with.
(e) Umbrella having dimensions larger than 2m in diameter or 2m x 2m shall be treated as canopy/awning. Hence, requirements
stipulated under Cl.9.7.4b.(4) shall be complied with.
(4) ORAs with canopy/awning
(a) There shall be no encroachment of table(s) or chair(s) or any form of obstruction onto the escape path from the exit staircase
discharge point to the external space. This path beyond the building façade shall be clearly demarcated as per Cl.9.7.4b.(2)(c) .
(b) For canopy/awning with projection not exceeding 1m
(i) No separation between the canopy/awning and the nearer edge of the exit staircase discharge path is required.
(ii) The high/low separation requirements stipulated under Cl.3.5.7 need not be complied with.
(iii) The requirements on set back of unprotected openings from building/notional boundary stipulated under Cl.3.5.3 need not
be complied with.
(iv) Placement of table(s) or chair(s) beneath the canopy/awning is permitted.
(v) The canopy/awning can be continuous and cover the exit staircase discharge path. Separation between the canopy/
awning of the F&B outlet and those of the neighbouring units is not required.
(vi) There shall be no control on the material of the canopy/ awning.
(See Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(b))
(c) For canopy/awning with projection greater than 1m but not exceeding 2m
(i) A minimum separation distance of 500mm between the canopy/awning and the nearer edge of the exit staircase discharge
path shall be maintained and shall only be exempted if the awning/canopy is designed to retract automatically when
fire/smoke is detected within the F&B unit or its ORA.
(ii) The high/low separation requirements stipulated under Cl.3.5.7 shall be complied with.
(iii) The requirements on set back of unprotected openings from building/notional boundary stipulated under Cl.3.5.3 shall be
complied with.
(iv) At least 500mm separation distance shall be maintained between the canopy/awning of the F&B outlet and the projection
line of the separating wall and shall only be exempted if the awning/canopy is designed to retract automatically when
fire/smoke is detected within the F&B unit or its ORA.
(v) For auto-retractable canopy/awning as mentioned in C1.9.7.4b.(4)(c)(i), the canopy/awning can be continuous and cover
the exit staircase discharge path and separation between the canopy/awning of the F&B outlet and those of the neighbouring
units is not required.
(vi) The surface flame spread rating of the canopy/awning shall be at least Class 2.
(See Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(c) - 1 & 2)
(d) For canopy/awning with projection greater than 2m but not exceeding 3m
(i) A minimum separation distance of 500mm between the canopy/awning and the nearer edge of the exit staircase discharge
path shall be maintained.
(ii) The high/low separation requirements stipulated in Cl.3.5.7 shall be complied with.
(iii) The requirement on set back of unprotected openings from building/notional boundary stipulated under Cl.3.5.3 shall be
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complied with.
(iv) At least 500mm separation distance shall be maintained between the canopy/awning of the F&B outlet and the projection
line of the separating wall.
(v) The surface flame spread rating of the canopy/awning shall be at least Class 1.
(See Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(d))
(e) For canopy/awning with projection exceeding 3m
All relevant requirements stipulated in this Code shall be complied with.
(5) Other fire safety requirements
(a) There shall be no open-flame cooking in ORAs, except those open to the sky.
(b) For buildings which are installed with automatic fire sprinkler system, the sprinkler protection shall be extended to protected
the covered ORAs.
(c) Every part of covered ORAs shall be within the coverage of fire hose reel(s).
(d) Approval of fire safety plans.
Diagram 9.7.3b.(1)(b) - 1 : Seatway width and number of seats in a row
Diagram 9.7.3b.(1)(b) - 2 : Determination of seatway width
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Diagram 9.7.4b.(1) : ORAs along covered walkway
Diagram 9.7.4b.(2) : ORAs open to sky
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Diagram 9.7.4b.(3) : ORAs with umbrella
Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(b) : ORAs with canopy/awning projection not exceeding 1m
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Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(c) - 1 : ORAs with canopy/awning projection greater than 1m but not exceeding 2m - (without auto retraction)
Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(c) - 2 : ORAs with canopy/awning projection greater than 1m but not exceeding 2m - (with auto retraction)
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Diagram 9.7.4b.(4)(d) : ORAs with canopy/awning projection greater than 2m but not exceeding 3m
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CLAUSE 9.8 - PURPOSE GROUP VIII OCCUPANCY
9.8.1 General
a. Means of escape
(1) aboveground warehouse floors
One exit staircase is permitted to serve an aboveground warehouse floor provided:
(b) the floor shall not be located above 4th storey; and
(2) Mezzanine floors
One open stair is allowed to serve a mezzanine floor(s) within an aboveground warehouse floor provided:
(a) the aggregate AFA of the mezzanine floor(s) per warehouse unit shall not exceed 60m²;
(b) the open stair shall have a width of at least 1m and be constructed of non-combustible materials;
(c) the maximum travel distance measured from remote point on the mezzanine floor(s) to the exits shall comply with Table 2.2A;
(d) the elements of structure of the mezzanine floor(s) shall be of at least 1-hr fire resistance construction;
(e) the habitable height of mezzanine floor shall not exceed 24m; and
(f) mezzanine floor shall only be used for store and/or ancillary office.
(1) Vehicle parking area
Fire compartmentation shall be provided between a vehicle parking area (PG VIII) and other areas, except for ancillary washrooms
and other rooms stated in footnote (4) of Table 6.4A, the fire compartment walls and floors shall have at least 1-hr fire resistance
rating.
Exceptions:
(a) For a sprinkler-protected factory, compartmentation between the vehicle parking areas and the factory is not required,
provided the vehicle parking area and adjacent driveway are provided with an engineered smoke control system.
(b) For a sprinkler-protected warehouse, thermal insulation of the fire-rated shutters between the vehicle parking area and the
warehouse is not required, provided the vehicle parking/loading and unloading area and adjacent driveway are provided with an
engineered smoke control system.
(2) Warehouse
Warehouse compartment size exceeding 700m² for above ground level and 100m² for below ground level are subject to full compliance
of Cl.9.8.3.
(3) Tenancy units
Fire compartmentation between individual tenancy units within a warehouse building shall be provided. The entire enclosure of each of
these units shall be fire compartmented with walls and floors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating.
9.8.2 Coldroom
Where coldrooms are provided in PG III, IV, V, VI, VII or VIII buildings, the following requirements shall be complied with:
a. Coldroom constructed of combustible insulation panels
(1) For non-sprinkler-protected buildings
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Where the aggregate floor area of coldroom(s) exceeds 10m², a separate outer layer of non-combustible construction, including the
door, having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, shall be provided to compartmentalise the coldroom(s) from other areas. The maximum
aggregate floor area of the coldroom(s) shall not exceed 100m 2 in each compartment.
(2) For sprinkler-protected buildings
Where the aggregate floor area of coldroom(s) exceeds 20m², a separate outer layer of non-combustible construction, including the
door, having 1-hr fire resistance rating, shall be provided to compartmentalise the coldroom(s) from other areas/usages. The maximum
aggregate floor area of the coldroom(s) shall not exceed 700m 2 in each compartment.
(3) Non-compartmentalised coldroom shall not be used for storage of highly flammable chemicals.
b. Coldroom constructed of fire-rated insulation panels
Where the coldroom panels are constructed of material having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, the compartment sizes stipulated in
Cl.9.8.2a.(1) and (2) above need not be complied with but are subject to a maximum of 2000m 2 (for non-sprinkler-protected buildings) or
4000m 2 (for sprinkler-protected buildings), or sizes stipulated under Cl.9.8.4 for storage of chemical/hazmat materials, whichever is
applicable and smaller.
c. Properties of coldroom panel
(1) All coldroom panels shall achieve at least Class B under EN 13501-1 or its equivalent, when tested as a composite panel with
plastic or other types of core material.
(2) For a coldroom that consists of a processing/handling area, the toxicity emission and smoke density requirements shown in Table
9.8.2c.(2) for the insulation material shall be complied with.
TABLE 9.8.2c.(2) : TOXICITY EMISSION AND SMOKE DENSITY REQUIREMENTS
Applicable fire test

Fire risk Acceptance criteria
standards
BS EN 45545-2; or
Toxicity emission CIT < 0.75
EN ISO 5659-2
(a) Smoke classification to be of s1 rating

EN 13501-1; or
Smoke density (b) Flaming droplet classification to be d0 rating
EN ISO 5659-2 VOF4 < 300 min
(3) For a standalone coldroom that does not have a processing/handling area, the above toxicity emission and smoke density
requirements for the insulation material need not be complied with.
d. Coldroom panels supporting structures
All coldroom panels supporting structures shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour, unless it is located at an external space.
e. Activities involving open flame
Open-flame activities shall not be carried out in coldrooms. Where such activities are required due to the nature of the operation, the
areas where open- flame activities are carried out shall be protected in accordance with Cl.3.2.5f.(1) and (4) and the coldroom insulation
materials shall meet the toxicity emission and smoke density requirements stipulated under Table 9.8.2c.(2) above.
9.8.3 General warehouses
a. General
The scope of this section covers the fire safety requirements for general warehouses which include single-storey single-user warehouses,
single-storey multi-user warehouses, underground warehouses, multi-storey warehouses with or without basements and warehouse within
other non-industrial buildings.
b. Compartment
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(1) Departmental stores and supermarkets having displayed storage height more than 4m (with sprinkler protection) or 2.5m (without
sprinkler protection) shall comply with the requirements as stipulated in this section.
(2) The size of compartment shall not exceed the maximum allowable dimensions shown in the Table 9.8A, depending on the type of
fire protection and location of the warehouse.
(3) Compartmentation, in respect of size limitation, can be achieved by using fire-rated roller shutter. Localised smoke detector shall
be installed to activate the roller shutter. The roller shutter shall also be linked to the building automatic fire alarm system which shall
act as a backup for the activation of the shutter.
Note: Such localised smoke detection system shall be provided with zone indication on the main fire alarm panel with buzzer sound,
however its activation is not necessary to sound the general fire alarm.
(4) Compartmentation between the warehouse and loading/unloading/ staging area shall be provided (to comply with Cl.9.8.3b.(3)),
except where:
(a) the warehouse is a single-storey single-user or multi-storey single-user per storey type, with the loading/unloading area
abutting an external space, or
(b) the roof over the loading/unloading (or staging) area abutting an external space is not more than 3m in depth.
Note: Down-stand fire wall of minimum depth 1m hanging from the ceiling shall be provided [except for Cl.9.8.3b.(4)(b)] between
the loading/unloading area and the warehouse storage area.
(5) The compartment size limit stipulated in Table 9.8A shall include the loading/unloading (or staging) area if it is not fire-
compartmented from the warehouse area, unless:
(a) the entire warehouse including the loading/unloading and driveway area, is protected with sprinkler and smoke control
systems; and
(b) the roof over the loading/unloading (or staging) area abutting an external space is not more than 3m in depth.
c. Sprinkler protection
(1) Automatic sprinkler system shall be provided if the compartment size of the warehouse exceeds the maximum allowable size
shown in the Table 9.8A.
(2) Sprinkler coverage shall be extended to the areas shielded by access platforms in the high-rack storage warehouse. The
supporting structures of the platforms shall have the same fire resistance rating as the element of structure of the warehouse.
d. Storage height control
(1) Signage shall be provided on the walls of the warehouse (including the loading/unloading or staging area) to control the maximum
allowable storage height and to maintain the minimum clearance below the sprinkler heads in accordance with SS CP 52.
(2) A 50mm wide red line shall be drawn around the wall with signage indicated as “No Storage Above This Line”. This sign shall be
provided at intervals not exceeding 15m.
(3) The lettering of the sign shall be at least 100mm.
(4) The storage height limitations shall be clearly indicated on building plans and on the walls of the warehouse at intervals not
exceeding 15m.
(5) Transient storage at loading/unloading (or staging) area shall comply with the Table 9.8D and Table 9.8E in terms of the storage
height limit. For non-sprinkler-protected warehouse, the storage height shall be limited to 2.5m.
e. Smoke control
(1) Provision
The provision of smoke control shall be in accordance with Table 9.8B, either in the form of smoke vent, smoke purging or engineered
smoke control system depending on the fire compartment size and type of fire protection system.
(2) Smoke vents
Smoke vents (refer to Table 9.8B) shall comply with the requirements stipulated below:
(a) They shall be of permanent open type and the effective opening shall be either comply with Table 9.8B or Table 9.8C. Panels
can be used as smoke vents provided they are designed to be activated automatically. The use of glass blocks as smoke vents
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are not permitted.
(b) The minimum dimensions of vertical smoke vent shall be 400mm (length) x 600mm (height) and horizontal smoke vent (roof or
ceiling) shall be 0.25m 2 in area.
(c) No area in the warehouse shall be more than the stipulated distance (refer to either Table 9.8B or Table 9.8C) measured
horizontally away from any vertical or horizontal smoke vent.
(d) They shall be located at the highest unobstructed level along the perimeter walls of the warehouse.
(3) Smoke purging system
Replacement of smoke vents by smoke purging system is allowed provided that the warehouse is sprinkler-protected. The smoke purging
system shall comply with Cl.7.4.3.
(4) Engineered smoke control
Engineered smoke control systems shall comply with the requirements stipulated below:
(a) They shall be provided if the floor area of the compartment is more than 5000m 2 or 2000m 2 for aboveground or underground
warehouses respectively;
(b) They shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements stipulated in this Code or equivalent standards approved
by the SCDF; and
(c) The fire size determined shall be concurred by the SCDF before it is used for the design of the engineered smoke control system.
f. Fire extinguishers
(1) Fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with SS 578.
(2) Classification of storage hazards based on storage height shall follow Table 21(A) and Table 21(B) of SS CP 52 (refer to Table
9.8D and Table 9.8E) for the different categories of storage and overall stack heights. Ordinary hazard classification in SS CP 52 shall
be taken as equivalent to medium hazard classification in SS 578.
9.8.4 Chemical/HazMat warehouses
a. Scope
(1) Chemicals or hazardous materials (HazMat) have a wide range of properties and hazards, which shall be identified and understood
in order to fulfil the requirements of safe warehousing. A complete understanding of the hazards requires an assessment of the
container and packaging systems and storage arrangements. In addition, the requirements of general warehouse shall be complied
with.
(2) The fire safety requirement for laboratory storing and using chemicals/ hazmat shall be in accordance with NFPA 45 [except for
Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) which shall be as stipulated in Table 9.8K and Table 9.8L].
b. Identification of hazardous materials (HazMat)
Substances listed as hazardous materials are classified as shown in Table 9.8F.
c. Size limitation
(1) For chemical/HazMat warehouses storing Class 3, 4 & 5 hazardous materials, the maximum floor area per compartment and type of
fire protection system shall be as shown in Table 9.8G.
(2) Storage of compressed gases (Class 2), flammable liquid (Class 3), flammable solid (Class 4.2 & 4.3), oxidising agent (Class 5.1)
and organic peroxide (Class 5.2) shall be located only at the ground floor with at least one external wall facing directly to an exterior
open safe space unless otherwise stipulated.
(3) Solid materials (Class 4.1) is allowed to be stored at aboveground floors of habitable height not more than 24m and the storage
quantity shall be limited to 1200kg/m² of floor area.
(4) Compressed gas cylinders (Class 2) are allowed to be stored at aboveground floors of habitable height not more than 24m
provided that a vehicular ramp (with turning facility) suitable for 30-tonne firefighting appliances is erected for direct access to the
storage area.
(5) For Class 2 HazMat, no stacking is allowed. The hazardous materials shall be laid directly on the floor.
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(6) Storage, use and handling of compressed gases (Class 2) shall be in compliance with NFPA 55 and it be allowed to be located at
aboveground floor.
(7) For sprinkler-protected warehouses, the storage height shall be limited to 18m for single- storey warehouse and 15m for
warehouse that is located at 1st storey of a multiple-storey building. For non-sprinkler- protected warehouse storing Class 3 HazMat,
storage height shall be in compliance with NFPA 30 (basing on the flash points of the hazardous materials), subject to a maximum
height of 3.6m.
(8) Storage of oxidizers (Class 5.1, solid or liquid) shall be in compliance with NFPA 430 or AS 4326.
(9) Storage of organic peroxide (Class 5.2) shall be in compliance with NFPA 432 or AS 2714.
(10) No compartment in the chemical/hazmat warehouse shall comprise more than one storey.
(11) Recommendations made within the individual Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) shall be complied with.
(12) An approved layout plan (with the relevant TFP/FSC) with such hazmat warehouse/storage capacity highlighted shall be kept
within the premises to facilitate the inspection and emergency operation procedures.
d. Provision of fire engine accessway
(1) Fire engine accessway shall be provided for firefighting appliances. The minimum length of the accessway, based on the gross
cubical extent of the entire warehouse space, shall be as shown in Table 9.8J.
(2) At least one external wall of the warehouse shall be directly fronting an empty space (such as turf area) of minimum width 2m. One
of the access doors provided along this external wall shall be placed not more than 30m (for type K1) or 15m (for type K2) from the
fire engine accessway/ fire engine access road for ease of firefighting.
(3) For K3 and K4 compartments, at least one external wall shall be directly fronting an engine access road or access way. At least
two exit access doors (minimum 15m apart) shall be provided along this external wall for ease of firefighting.
(4) The loading and unloading (the area may be roofed over) shall be carried out directly from the exterior open space for type K2, K3
and K4 compartments.
(5) For type K1 compartment, the distance from the external loading/ unloading area (may be roofed over) to the access door of the
compartment shall not be more than 10m for non-sprinkler-protected buildings and 15m for sprinkler-protected buildings. For Class 3
HazMat, the maximum volume of hazardous liquid shall be limited to 3000L or 5000L for non-sprinkler-protected and sprinkler-
protected compartments respectively.
(6) For storage of Class 4.1 HazMat aboveground level, fire engine accessway and the associated FAPs shall be provided for the full
stretch of the external wall of the storage area.
e. Water supply for private hydrant
(1) Water supply for hydrant system shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) hydrant fed by PUB mains is allowed for type K1 and K2 compartments. The water supply requirement shall comply with the
Cl.4.4.2a..
(b) hydrant with dedicated pumping & storage facilities shall be provided for type K3 and K4 compartments. The water supply
requirement shall comply with Table 4.4A of this Code with minimum running pressure of 3.5 bars (it shall be designed accordingly to
individual emergency response plan and respective SOP).
(2) The spillage control and retention basin for firefighting water for warehouse storage hazardous substances shall be in accordance
with SS 532, NFPA 30 and requirements of authority having jurisdiction. Gate valve(s) shall be provided from the second containment
(such as bund wall) at a safe location to allow the firefighters to operate during emergency and, the outlet shall be directly drained to
a safe area or storm drain.
f. Mechanical ventilation systems
(1) The ventilation systems for warehouse storing Class 3 HazMat shall comply with SS 532 and the smoke control system shall
comply with the requirements for general warehouse.
(2) The ventilation system for Class 2 shall comply with NFPA 55.
(3) Mechanical ventilation system for removal of vapour shall be interlocked with the smoke control system to ensure that both
systems will not be affecting one another.
(4) The ventilation system shall be designed to provide air-movement across all portions of the room to prevent the accumulation of
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vapours. Short-circuiting of the mechanical ventilation system shall be avoided.
(5) Fresh air inlets and exhaust outlets shall be properly located according to the type of gases or vapours to be exhausted.
(6) The air-conditioning system and MV system for the storage area of HazMat shall not be shared with other occupied areas.
g. Fire extinguisher
(1) Fire extinguisher shall be provided complying with SS CP 578, SS 532 and other related standards. (Also, refer to the relevant
MSDS and consult the manufacturer or supplier for the details.)
(2) Additional mobile type 50kg ABC (foam or chemical powder) fire extinguishers having minimum 6m throw and discharge hose
length of minimum 6m shall be provided to cover the loading and unloading area for K2, K3 and K4 compartment under hazard grade
2, 3 & 4. The access from any remote point of the loading/unloading area (including the parking lots area) to the 50kg fire
extinguishers shall not be more than 15m.
(3) For K1 compartment size, mobile type 50kg fire extinguisher shall only be required when the overall hazmat storage area is more
than 100m 2 .
h. Determination of exit requirement
(1) The determination of travel distance in chemical/HazMat warehouse shall be in compliance with Table 2.2A for high hazard
occupancy, 10m/20m for non-sprinkler-protected building and 20m/35m for sprinkler-protected building.
(2) All exit and access doors shall be provided with the proper hazard and warning sign on both sides of these doors.
i. Other fire safety requirements
The following standards and codes of practices (non-exhaustive) shall be complied with for the proposed chemical/HazMat warehouse:
(1) SS CP 10, SS CP 52
(2) SS 98, SS 254, SS 286, SS 532, SS 575, SS 578
(3) AS 2714, AS 4326
(4) NFPA 16, NFPA 45, NFPA 55, NFPA 400, NFPA 495
(5) IEC 60079
9.8.5 Fully Automated Mechanised Car Parks (FAMCPs)
a. General
The provisions of this chapter of the Code shall serve to stipulate the fire safety requirements for the FAMCP. These requirements shall
assist with plans submissions to the design, construction, protection, location and arrangement of the various fire safety provisions.
b. Parking height
The parking height refers to the height that shall be measured from the average level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external
walls of the building to the highest or lowest car parking level. In situations where mixed usage involving above ground and underground
car parking, the height shall be measured between the highest and lowest car parking levels.
c. Classification of FAMCP
The FAMCP shall be subdivided into three categories as follows:
(1) Category 1a: Small aboveground having the following sizes:
(a) Maximum floor area: 200m 2 (Total area of car parking decks)
(b) Maximum cubical extent: 1400m 3
(c) Maximum parking height: 10m
(d) Minimum side openings: At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the fire engine access road
(2) Category 1b: Small above ground with deck sunken, having not more than 2 car parking level sunken below the ground level and
having the following sizes:
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(a) Maximum floor area: 200m 2 (Total area of car parking decks)
(b) Maximum cubical extent: 1400m 3
(c) Maximum parking height: 14m (Subject to maximum parking height of 10m above ground level)
(d) Minimum side openings: At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the fire engine access road
(3) Category 2: Any above ground that does not fall under Category 1.
(4) Category 3: Any underground that does not fall under Category 1, including FAMCP that combines above ground (Category 2) and
underground (Category 3) parking.
d. Fire safety requirements that are applicable to all three categories of FAMCP
The fire safety requirements that are applicable to all three categories of car parks are as follows:
(1) areas within the car park building shall not be accessible to the public;
(2) the car park building shall be classified as PG VIII (storage) as per Table 1.4A;
(3) means of escape shall be provided where there are areas that are accessible by the public and these shall be in accordance with
the requirements as for PG VIII buildings;
(4) where a separation wall or floor is required, fire-rated floor of at least 2- hr fire resistance rating subject to compliance with the
requirements of the elements of structure for PG VIII buildings shall be provided;
(5) where an external wall is required in Cl.3.5, fire-rated floor of at least 1- hr fire resistance rating subject to compliance with the
requirements of the elements of structure for PG VIII buildings shall be provided;
(6) for unprotected openings, Table 2 of Annex 3B to Cl.3.5 shall be complied with;
(7) fire extinguishers having a minimum rating of 70B shall be provided at every entrance and exit of the car park;
(8) hose reel coverage shall be provided for every entrance and exit of the car park;
(9) where any such installation is required, its primary and secondary source of power supplies shall be in accordance with Chapter 5;
and
(10) fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.
e. Category 1 fire safety requirements for small above ground fully automated mechanised car park (SA- FAMCP)
(1) The SA-FAMCP shall not exceed the following compartment limits as indicated in the table below:
TABLE 9.8.5e.(1) : COMPARTMENTATION OF SA-FAMCP
Compartment Maximum Floor Area Maximum Cubicle Extent
200m2
Compartment between average ground level and a height of
1400m3
10m. (Total area of car parking decks)
(2) The SA-FAMCP shall be constructed of structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element shall be provided according to
Cl.3.3.
(3) For SA-FAMCP having multi-car parking level, vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non- perforated
and non- combustible materials (e.g. structural steel plate) shall be provided.
(4) Fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.
(5) Private fire hydrants if required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4.
(6) At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the access road. The maximum distance measured from the
opening(s) to the most remote part of the car parking deck shall not exceed 8m.
f. Category 2 fire safety requirements for above ground fully automated mechanised car park (A - FAMCP)
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All A-FAMCP shall be subjected to the Fire Certificate scheme. The specific fire safety requirements for the A-FAMCP shall be as
follows:
(1) the A-FAMCP shall be constructed of structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element of structure shall be provided
according to Cl.3.3.
(2) the vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non-perforated and non-combustible materials (structural
steel plate) shall be provided.
(3) firefighting provisions shall be provided as follows:
(a) all exit staircases shall conform to the requirements of Cl.2.3.3;
(b) smoke-free approach as stated in Cl.2.2.13 and Cl.2.2.14;
(c) fire doors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating for the access of firefighters via the exit staircase into the car park. The fire door
shall be of at least 850mm wide by 1m high with a visual glass panel. Wordings of “For smoke venting, do not enter” shall be posted
on the external side of the door. The wordings shall be of at least 25mm in height.
(d) the numbers of exit staircases provided shall depend on the number of rising mains. Each rising main serving every car parking
level shall provide the following coverage:
(i) an access platform of minimum width of 900mm shall be provided and shall be constructed with at least 1-hr fire resistance
rating. Handrails shall be provided on both sides to prevent falls.
(ii) no part of any car parking deck shall exceed 28m.
(e) Breeching inlet serving rising main shall be located within 18m of the fire engine access road.
(f) Dry rising main shall be provided for height exceeding 10m and up to 60m. When the height exceeds 60m, wet rising main shall be
provided. The breeching inlet shall be located at the foot of the riser stack. One standby fire hose shall be provided at the ground level
of each staircase.
(g) Fire lift shall be provided for habitable height exceeding 24m.
(h) Where fire lift is required, a two-way voice communication system shall be provided between the Fire Command Centre and the
following areas:
(i) every fire lift lobby, including 1st storey; and
(ii) all firefighting-related mechanical equipment rooms inclusive of sprinkler pump room, wet riser pump room, etc..
(i) FCC shall be provided in accordance with C1.8.2.4.
(j) Private fire hydrant where required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4;
(k) Fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to exit staircases.
(l) The A-FAMCP shall be protected by active firefighting systems such as sprinklers or clean agent fire extinguishing systems:
(i) Where sprinkler protection is installed, quick response sprinklers shall be provided. Each parking deck shall be protected by at
least one sprinkler head.
(ii) Where clean agent fire extinguishing systems are installed, the amount of agent required to achieve the design concentration
shall be based on total flooding method. Standby cylinders at 100% capacity shall be provided on site.
(iii) All doors, shutters, dampers, and/or openings shall be closed throughout the duration of gas deployment.
(iv) Bypass door shall be provided in the event where there are occupants inside A-FAMCP during gas deployment.
(v) Firefighters shall be able to activate the clean agent manually if the system was not activated during a fire.
(m) Sump pit shall be provided to contain water discharge from sprinkler system. The capacity of the sump put shall be based on
simultaneous operation of sprinklers for 4 car park decks for duration of 20 mins. Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be
provided adjacent to the sump pit to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).
(n) For A-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet
sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated automatically
by activation of sprinklers or heat detectors, if such openings are not naturally ventilated.
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(o) For A-FAMCP protected by clean agent systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet
sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated manually by
firefighters.
(p) Addressable heat detectors shall be installed according to SS CP 10 and provided to every parking deck to assist firefighters in
identifying the exact location of the car on fire. Each addressable heat detector shall be represented by its own LED indicator and
shall be displayed at the sub-alarm panel according to their locations/levels. Sub-alarm panel shall be provided at the entrance on
FAMCP.
(q) Thermocouple reading for every parking level shall be provided as a means for firefighters to identify if the fire has been effectively
extinguished. No point in the FAMCP shall exceed 10m from a thermocouple. A panel to display temperature readings shall be
installed adjacent to sub-alarm panel.
(r) The deck to deck height shall be at least 2.2m.
(s) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) shall be provided and maintained in a clearly marked cabinet for maintenance
personnel. Maintenance personnel must be equipped with SCBA while working in A-FAMCP. Signage with words minimum 50mm shall
be clearly visible and state: “Personnel must be equipped with SCBA during maintenance”
(t) A-FAMCP shall be maintained and inspected yearly or at intervals specified by the individual system suppliers, whichever is
shorter.
g. Category 3 fire safety requirements for underground fully automated mechanised car park (U – FAMCP)
All U-FAMCPs shall be subjected to the Fire Certificate scheme. The specific fire safety requirements for the U-FAMCP shall be as follows:
(1) The compartmentation of the U-FAMCP shall not exceed the following sizes:
TABLE 9.8.5g.(1) : COMPARTMENTATION OF U-FAMCP
Maximum Parking Depth Maximum Floor Area Cubical Extent
2000m2
28m 7000m3
(Total area of car parking decks)
(2) The U-FAMCP shall be constructed on structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element of structure shall be provided
according to Cl.3.3.
(3) The vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non-perforated and non-combustible materials (structural
steel plate) shall be provided.
(4) The U-FAMCP shall be provided with the following firefighting provisions:
(a) all exit staircases shall conform to the requirements of Cl.2.3.3;
(b) smoke-free approach as stated in Cl.2.2.13 and Cl.2.2.14;
(c) fire doors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating for the access of firefighters via the staircase into the car park;
(d) the number of exit staircases provided shall depend on the number of rising mains. Each rising main serving every car parking
level shall provide the following coverage:
(i) where internal access to every car parking deck is provided:
• an access platform of minimum width of 900mm shall be provided and shall be constructed with at least 1-hr fire
resistance rating with handrails provided on both sides; and
• no part of any car parking deck shall exceed 28m.
(ii) where no internal access to every car parking deck is provided, the maximum distance measured from the staircase door
to the most remote part of the car parking deck shall not exceed 8m.
(e) Breeching inlet serving rising main shall be located within a travel distance of 18m from the fire engine accessway/fire engine
access road.
(f) Dry rising main shall be provided for height exceeding 10m and up to 60m. When the height exceeds 60m, wet rising main shall
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be provided. The breeching inlet shall be located at the foot of the riser stack. One standby fire hose shall be provided at the
ground level of each exit staircase.
(g) Fire lift shall be provided for basement depth exceeding 9m.
(h) Where fire lift is required, a two-way emergency voice communication system shall be provided between the FCC and the
following areas:
(i) every fire lift lobby, including first storey; and
(ii) all firefighting-related mechanical equipment rooms, inclusive of sprinkler pump room, wet riser pump room etc..
(i) FCC shall be provided in accordance with Cl.8.2.4.
(j) Basement levels shall be provided with two-way emergency voice communication system in accordance with Cl.8.2.2.
(5) Private fire hydrant where required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4.
(6) Fire engine access road to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.
(7) The U-FAMCP shall be protected by sprinklers or clean agent fire extinguishing systems.
(a) Where sprinkler protection is installed, it shall be in accordance with SS CP 52. Quick response sprinklers shall be provided.
Each parking deck shall be protected by at least one sprinkler head.
(b) Where clean agent fire extinguishing systems are installed, they shall comply with NFPA 2001. The amount of agent required
to achieve the design concentration shall be based on total flooding method.
(i) Standby cylinders at 100% capacity shall be provided on site;
(ii) All doors, shutters, dampers, and/or openings shall be closed throughout the duration of gas deployment;
(iii) Bypass door shall be provided in the event there are occupants inside U-FAMCP during gas deployment; and
(iv) Firefighters shall be able to activate the clean agent manually if the system was not activated during fire.
(c) Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be provided to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).
(8) Sump pit shall be provided to contain water discharge from the sprinkler system. The capacity of the sump pit shall be based on
simultaneous operation of sprinklers for four car park decks. Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be provided adjacent to the
sump pit to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).
(9) Smoke vents shall apply to basements not exceeding 1000m 2 in floor area and maximum 5m in depth measured from the ground
level area to the lowest floor level.
(a) For U-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet
sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated
automatically by activation of sprinklers or heat detectors, if such openings are not naturally ventilated.
(b) For U-FAMCP protected by clean agent fire extinguishing systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high
level and fresh air sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any parking level shall be provided. It shall be
operated manually by firefighters. Smoke purging systems of 9 air changes per hour shall be provided if the basement exceeds
1000m 2 in floor area or 5m in depth measured from the ground level area to the lowest floor level.
(c) For U-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, the smoke purging systems shall be operated automatically by activation of heat
detectors.
(d) For U-FAMCP protected by clean agent fire extinguishing systems, smoke purging systems shall be operated manually by
firefighters.
(10) Detection systems shall be installed as follows:
(a) Addressable heat detectors shall be installed according to SS CP 10 and provided to every parking deck to assist firefighters
in identifying the exact location of the car on fire. Each addressable heat detector shall be represented by its own LED light
indicator and shall be displayed at the sub-alarm panel in accordance to their locations/ levels. Sub-alarm panels shall be
provided at the entrance of U-FAMCP.
(b) Thermocouple for every parking level shall be provided such that no point in the U-FAMCP shall exceed 10m from a
thermocouple. A panel to display temperature readings shall be installed adjacent to the sub-alarm panel.
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(11) The deck-to-deck height shall be at least 2.2m.
(12) Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) shall be provided and maintained in a clearly marked cabinet for maintenance
personnel. Maintenance personnel must be equipped with SCBA while working in U-FAMCP. Signage with words minimum 50mm shall
be clearly visible and state: “Personnel must be equipped with SCBA during maintenance”.
(13) U-FAMCP shall be maintained and inspected yearly or at intervals specified by the individual system suppliers, whichever is
shorter.
TABLE 9.8A : COMPARTMENT SIZE & STORAGE HEIGHT FOR GENERAL WAREHOUSE
Sprinkler-
Non-sprinkler-protected
protected
Location of Warehouse Item

Storage Hazard Storage Hazard
All Normal High
Max. floor area per compartment 12000m2 3000m2 2000m2
Max. cubical extent per

NC 12000m3 7500m3
Single storey warehouse compartment
+
Ref Table 9.8D &
Max. storage height 18m 12m
E

NC 12000m3 7500m3
Warehouse located on 1st storey of multi-storey warehouse compartment
+
Ref Table 9.8D &
E

Multi-storey warehouse with vehicular ramp (min. loading 30 tonnes with dry rising NC 12000m3 7500m3
compartment
mains)
+
Ref Table 9.8D &
E

NC 12000m3 7500m3
compartment
Multi-storey warehouse without vehicular ramp
+
Ref Table
9.8D & E
Max. floor area per compartment 3000m2 NP NP

Warehouse located in basement 12000m3 NP NP
compartment
Max. storage height 12m NP NP
Note :
NC = No Control
NP = Not Permit
* = Subject to full compliance of Cl.3.2.7a. and Cl.1.4.68d.
+
= Storage height not exceeding the limits for goods in the various categories suitable for ordinary hazard protection (you may also refer to Table 9.8D & Table 9.8E.
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TABLE 9.8B : SMOKE CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL WAREHOUSE
Location of Warehouse Compartment Size Provision of Sprinkler System Smoke Control Requirement
<= 100m2 no NR
a
Smoke vent
2 2
> 100m and <= 400m no
(min % openings follow Table 9.8C)
> 400m2 to size limit of

b
no Smoke vent (20% / 12m)
Table 9.8A
Aboveground level
<= 700m2 yes NR
c
Smoke vent or
2 2
> 700m and <= 5000m yes
+
purging system
engineered smoke
> 5000m2 yes
control system
c
Smoke vent or +purging
2
<= 2000m yes
system
Underground level
(*Basement)
engineered smoke
> 2000m2 yes
control system
Note:
NR = Not Required
a = smoke vent openings base on the Table 9.8C;
b = smoke vent shall be at least 20% of the floor area it served and shall not be more than 12m measured horizontally away from any part of the warehouse;
c = smoke vent shall comply with Cl.7.4.2 (adequately & evenly distributed along the perimeter of the fire compartment or basement);
+
= smoke purging system shall comply with Cl.7.4.3 (adequately & evenly distributed within the fire compartment or basement);
* = smoke control system shall be provided for the entire basement except the protected exit shafts, lift shafts and M&E riser shafts.
TABLE 9.8C: SMOKE VENT REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDING
Minimum size of smoke vent opening Horizontal distance from smoke vent*
(Percentage of floor area) (m)
2.5% 12m
5.0% 15m
10.0% 18m
15.0% 21m
20.0% 24m
Note:
* - No area in the warehouse shall be more than the indicated distance measured horizontally from any vertical or horizontal smoke vent
TABLE 9.8D : HIGH-PILED STORAGE RISK INVOLVING FREE-STANDING STORAGE OR BLOCK STACKING
[Extract from TABLE 21(A) of SS CP 52]
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Category of storage Overall stack height (m)
Non-encapsulated storage Encapsulated storage
1 4.0 3.00
2 3.0 2.25
3 2.1 1.60
4 1.2 0.90
Note:
1. The term “store” or “storage” includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials while undergoing process.
2. To provide for any future requirements, the height of storage shall be taken as not less than 1m below any ceiling or roof.
TABLE 9.8E : HIGH-PILED STORAGE RISK INVOLVING POST OR BOX PALLETS OR PALLETISED RACK STORAGE
[Extract from TABLE 21(B) of SS CP 52]
Overall stack height (m)

Category of storage
Non-encapsulated storage Encapsulated storage
1 3.5 2.7
2 2.6 2.0
3 1.7 1.3
4 1.2 0.9
Note :
1. To provide for any future requirements, the height of storage shall be taken as not less than 1m below any ceiling or roof.
2. Good practice dictates that box or post pallet storage shall not exceed 2 rows wide in one direction.
3. Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2m in width is treated as multiple row racks.
TABLE 9.8F : IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Class Type of HazMat
1 Explosives (1.1 to 1.6)
2.1 Flammable gases
2.2 Non-flammable compressed gases
2.3 Poisonous gases
3 Flammable and combustible liquids
4.1 Flammable solids
4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
4.3 Substances which, dangerous when contact with water
5.1 Oxidizers
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5.2 Organic peroxides
6.1 Poisonous substances
6.2 Infectious substances (etiologic agents)
Radioactive materials Category I
7 Radioactive materials Category II
Radioactive materials Category III
8 Corrosive materials
9 Miscellaneous hazardous materials (dangerous sub-substances)
TABLE 9.8G : SIZE LIMITATION
Maximum Fire Compartment Size (m²)

Hazard Grade#
K1* K2* K3* K4*
3&4 ≤ 50m2 ≤ 200m2 ≤ 600m2 ≤ 900m2
2 ≤ 100m2 ≤ 400m2 ≤ 2400m2 ≤ 3600m2
1 ≤ 400m2 ≤ 2000m2 ** **
Note :
(1) The required fire protection system is only restricted to the chemical/ HazMat warehouse fire compartment. However, automatic fire detectors (linked to approved alarm monitoring
company) shall also be provided along the perimeter of the fire compartment wall if the building housing the HazMat warehouse is not protected with the automatic or the sprinkler system (it
is only applicable where the warehouse is directly connected to other occupied area within the building through access opening).
(2) The fire compartment wall shall be constructed with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating, regardless of the type of fire protection system. For Class 3 HazMat storage, it shall be masonry
construction except the ceiling (all floor element above such HazMat storage shall be masonry construction with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating) can use fire-rated board but to comply fully
with the M&E riser shaft requirements.
(3) Different classes and incompatible HazMat shall be stored in separate fire compartment with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating.
(4) No basement floor is allowed to store Hazardous materials.
(5) The compartment size limit and type of fire protection system for Class 2 HazMat shall follow Hazard Grade 1 requirements.
(6) Fire-rated roller shutter is not allowed for the purpose to limit the compartment size control; any fire-rated roller shutter at the access opening shall be activated by either local automatic
smoke detection system or/ and the general building automatic fire alarm system.
** = No specific limit but to comply with the fire safety requirements for general warehouse.
* = Refer to Table 9.8H for classification of fire protection system
#
= Refer to Table 9.8I for hazard grade classification
TABLE 9.8H : CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fire Protection System

CLASS
Type Monitoring
K1 Manual fire alarm system To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K2 Automatic fire alarm system To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K3 Automatic fire sprinkler system To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K4 Automatic foam sprinkler system To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
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TABLE 9.8I : HAZARD GRADE CLASSIFICATION
Hazard Grade
Hazard
Classification
4 3 2 1 0
Category
Category 3 Category 4
I&2
Only burns with supporting
Liquids Class 3 Flash point > 150°C
fire
Flash point 23 - Flash point 60 -
Flash point < 23°C
60°C 150°C
Ignites and burns Readily Moderately Combustible only with

Solid Materials Class 4 Ignites very easily and burns rapidly
rapidly combustible combustible supporting fire
Class 4 Class 3 Class 2

Oxidizing Class
- -
5.1
Agent Vary strong oxidizing agent (may be classified under Strong oxidizing Weak oxidizing
explosive substance) agent agent
Oxidizing Class
Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V
Peroxide 5.2
TABLE 9.8J : PROVISION OF FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY
Minimum Length of Fire Engine Acessway*

Cubical Extent
< 7100m³ ⅙ perimeter

⅙ perimeter
> 7100m³ and < 14200m³ ¼ perimeter
> 14200m³ and < 28400m³ ½ perimeter ¼ perimeter
> 28400m³ and < 42400m³ ¾ perimeter ½ perimeter
> 42400m³ and < 56800m³ ¾ perimeter

island site access
> 56800m³ island site access
Note :
* = Length of fire engine accessway shall be as shown or 15m, whichever is the greater.
TABLE 9.8K : MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES (MAQ)
IN LABORATORY FOR LIQUID
Max Quantity (excluding qty in cabinet) Max Quantity (including qty in cabinet)
Laboratory Unit
(litres per lab unit floor
(litres per lab unit floor area)
area)
Laboratory not within hospital or healthcare (a) 50L or

occupancy 3.2 L/m2 and not more than:
(b) 1.6 L/m2 and not more than:
(1) 750 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or
1. liquids stored/used do not consist of category 1 (2) 1000 L for sprinkler-protected building)
or 2 flammable liquid (2) 500 L for sprinkler- protected building)
2. liquids stored / used consist of category 1 or 2 (a) 20 L or 1.6 L/m2 and not more than:
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flammable liquid (b) 0.8 L/m2 and not more than: (1) 500 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or
(1) 250 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 750 L for sprinkler-protected building)
(2) 350 L for sprinkler- protected building)
Laboratory within hospital (a) 10 L or

0.8 L/m² and not more than:
or healthcare occupancy (b) 0.4 L/m² and not more than:
(1) 250 L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or
1. liquids stored/used do not consist of category 1 (2) 500 L for sprinkler-protected building)
or 2 flammable liquid (2) 250 L for sprinkler- protected building)
(a) 5 L or
0.8 L/m² and not more than:
(b) 0.4 L/m² and not more than:
2. liquids stored/used consist of category 1 or
(1) 250 L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or
2 flammable liquid (1) 150L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or
(2) 500 L for sprinkler-protected building)
(2) 250 L for sprinkler- protected building)
Note :
(1) Individual lab unit shall be a fire compartment.
(2) Each safety cabinet is still restricted to max of 250L (to comply with SS 532).
(3) Laboratory operators are strongly advised and encouraged to minimise their amount of flammable liquids on benches by returning them to chemical store or safety cabinets (UL, FM or
PLS listed product) when the liquids are not needed for the day. The quantity of these liquids placed on benches and fume cupboards shall not exceed 10% of the total allowable storage
capacity within the lab unit. Liquids used for running and operating laboratory instruments or other works-in- progress which may require some quantities of solvents to operate are exempted
from the 10% limit.
TABLE 9.8L : MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES (MAQ) IN LABORATORY FOR GASES
Maximum Quantity
Item Types of Gases
(litres per lab unit floor area protected by sprinkler system)
(a) 170 L or
1 Flammable gases
(b) 3.4 L/m2 per cluster
(a) 170 L or
2 Oxidizing gases
(a) 30 L or
3 Liquefied flammable gases*
(a) 8 L or
4 Toxic gases
Note :
(1) The capacity in litres (L) is referred to the internal volume (water capacity) of the gas cylinder.
(2) Laboratory work Area is not necessary be individual fire compartment but shall be housed within a lab unit.
(3) For item 1 to 3, the MAQ shall be halved for those building which is not protected with sprinkler system.
(4) Item 1 to 4 may be accommodated in a single cluster and be spaced at least 3m apart from each cluster (6m for building without sprinkler protection).
(5) To comply with NFPA 45 for others requirements such as the ventilation (4 & 8 air changes), hazard identification and” No Smoking” signs etc.
(6) The provision of sprinkler system shall be designed under the Ordinary Hazard Group 3 Special (SS CP 52).
(7) No combustible materials shall be placed within 3m buffer range of the gas cylinder;
(8) No flammable or combustible liquid shall be placed within 6m buffer range of the gas cylinder.
(9) For storage and handling of Class 2 HazMat in enclosed space (including the concealed space of raised floor and ceiling), metal pipe sleeve and gas leak detection system shall be
provided to reduce the accumulation of gases and vapours that may cause danger to occupant, building and emergency response team. Oxygen-level monitoring system shall be provided to
prevent the possibility of oxygen-deletion (asphyxiation) within the room;
(10) The air-conditioning system and MV system for laboratory unit shall not be shared with other occupied areas.
* = For LPG cylinders, only 2 x 4.5kg cylinders are allowed for each lab unit.
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CLAUSE 9.9 - OTHERS
9.9.1 Buildings designated for conservation and buildings built before 1969
a. General
Cl.9.9.1 is applicable to buildings with timber floor/ staircase designated for conservation by the authority having jurisdiction or
buildings built before 1969. Change of use of these buildings to public accommodation purpose is not permitted. Upgrading of fire
safety works shall be applicable to the whole building; partial upgrading of building is not allowed.
b. Timber floor joists and boards without addition of new attic
(1) 2 and 3-storey shophouses
(a) Timber floor boards shall be pressure impregnated with flame retardant chemicals, in order to expose the timber floor joists
and boards to retain the existing characteristics of the shophouse. For timber floor joints that fulfil the fire resistance rating
requirements, they are not required to be pressure impregnated. Alternatively, timber floor boards shall be lined on the floor joists
with non-combustible boards to achieve at least ½-hr fire resistance rating. For residential use, this condition does not apply.
Existing timber floors can be retained provided there is no increase in floor areas or addition of a new attic. (See Diagram
9.9.1b.(1)(a) - 1 & 2)
(b) Timber floor joists and boards at the soffit of the five-footway ceiling can be left exposed.
(2) 4-storey shophouses
(a) Timber floor joists and boards shall be lined on the underside between the floor joists with non-combustible boards to achieve
at least 1-hr fire resistance rating.
c. Timber floor joists and boards with addition of new attic
(a) Timber floor boards lined on the underside between the floor joists with non-combustible boards to achieve at least ½-hr fire
resistance rating. (See Diagram 9.9.1c.(1)(a))
(c) The floor area of the attic shall not be lower than the highest point of the front façade window at the last storey, i.e. top of the
window or fanlight.
(d) The floor area of the attic shall not exceed 50% of the floor immediately below or 50m 2 , whichever is less, per compartment.
(e) An open connecting staircase to the attic can be considered, provided that the travel distance complies with Cl.9.9.1g..
(a) Full protection shall be provided for floor joists and boards of all floors, i.e. timber floor boards shall be lined on the underside
between the floor joists to achieve at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. (See Diagram 9.9.1c.(2)(a)).
(c) The floor level of the attic shall not be lower than the highest point of the front façade window at the last storey, i.e., top of the
window or fanlight.
(d) The attic floor shall be set-back at least 1.5m from the inner face of the front façade and rear walls to allow for visual
connection to the storey below. See Diagram 9.9.1c.(2)(d).
(e) The floor area of the attic shall not exceed 50% of the floor immediately below or 50m 2 , whichever is less, per compartment.
(f) An open connecting staircase to the attic is allowed provided that the travel distance complies with Cl.9.9.1g..
d. Protection of exit staircases
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(a) Timber staircases, which serve as a means of escape, shall be protected and comply with:
(i) Compartmentation requirements of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating; and
(ii) Pressure impregnation with flame retardant chemicals.
(b) For residential shophouses, without addition of new attic and to be occupied by one family only, the timber staircase can be
left exposed and need not be compartmentalised.
(c) For non-residential shophouses, the timber staircase can be left exposed at the second storey level, provided all of the
following are complied with:
(i) Travel distances on the second storey are complied with, i.e. the distance from the most remote point of the floor to the
edge of the staircase landing is less than 13m or alternative escape staircase is available, e.g. rear escape staircase.
(ii) The timber staircase is compartmentalised at the first storey by at least 1-hr fire-rated enclosures.
(iii) There is no attic level in the second storey.
(a) Timber staircases, which serve as a means of escape, shall be protected and comply with:
(i) Compartmentation requirements of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating; and
(ii) Pressure impregnation with flame retardant chemicals.
(b) For residential shophouses, without addition of new attic and to be occupied by one family only, the timber staircase can be
left exposed and need not be compartmentalised.
Timber staircases, which serve as a means of escape, shall be protected and comply with:
(a) Compartmentation requirements of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating; and
(b) Pressure impregnation with flame retardant chemicals.
e. Air well and covering over air well
(a) For air well that has the same usage for all floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed covering up to the level below the main roof eaves with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip
polycarbonate and glass, or
(ii) A fully openable covering (retractable or spring open type), by activation of smoke detectors and fire alarm system, up to
the level below the roof eaves with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and glass.
(b) For air well that has different usage for all floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed covering up to the 2nd storey floor level with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate
and glass, or
(c) The air well shall not be enclosed.
(a) For air well that has the same usage for all floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed opening up to the third storey level with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and
glass, is allowed, or
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the level below the roof eaves with, such as non-drip acrylic, non- drip polycarbonate and glass.
(b) For air well that has different usage for all floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed covering up to the 2nd storey floor level with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate
and glass, or
f. Amalgamation of shophouse units
(1) If the amalgamation of shophouses is more than two units, fire shutters or fire doors shall be provided to the openings at the
separating wall between every two units of shophouses.
(2) For amalgamation of shophouse units exceeding an AFA of 2000m 2 , sprinkler system shall be provided for protection against rapid
spread of fire due to higher fire load in a larger space.
(3) Timber floor joints and boards shall be provided with full protection for all floors, i.e. covering the underside of the floor boards in
between joists with non-combustible boards if the joist size is adequate.
(4) Addition of attic floor shall not exceed 50m 2 per compartment.
(5) There shall be at least two independent exit staircases or other exits from every storey of a building, unless otherwise permitted
under Cl.9.4.1 and Cl.9.5.1.
g. Means of escape for all shophouses
(1) If there is only one escape route, the maximum travel distance shall not exceed 13m for non-sprinkler-protected buildings.
Residential shophouses not exceeding 3 storeys and occupied by one family only are not subject to this requirement.
(2) Provision of at least ½-hr fire-rated door at the exit staircase discharge can be accepted in lieu of Cl.2.3.3a.(3), which states that
there shall be no unprotected openings of occupancy areas within 1.5m horizontally of the internal exit staircase ventilation/discharge
point.
h. Alarm system for all shophouses
(1) For shophouses not exceeding 3 storeys and/or amalgamation of not more than 2 shophouse units, manual alarm system is
acceptable.
(2) For shophouses exceeding 3 storeys or having an amalgamation of more than 2 units, automatic alarm system shall be provided.
i. Covering of rear courtyard for all shophouses
(1) If there is a protected exit staircase located at the rear courtyard, the entire space can be covered, up to the 2nd storey floor level,
provided the exit staircase discharges to the back-lane.
(2) If the exit staircase does not discharge directly to the back-lane but through the rear courtyard, that part of the rear courtyard
forming the escape route from the staircase door to the back door shall be made a protected passageway.
j. Direction of door swing for all shophouses
(1) Door swings at the first storey are allowed to swing into the units so as not to obstruct the walkways.
(2) However, where the aggregate occupant load served by the exit staircase exceeds 50 persons, the door shall swing in the escape
direction and shall be recessed.
k. Electrical/ water/ gas meters, telecoms trunking and hose reel pipes for all shophouses
(1) For shophouses with a separate exit staircase enclosure at the front leading to the upper storeys, electrical and water meters and
Telecoms trunking are allowed to be located within the exit staircase enclosure provided that they are boxed-up with non-combustible
materials, e.g. non-combustible boards or metal casing.
(2) All hose reel pipes are to be located within the shophouse and hose reels shall be located near exit doorways.
l. Retention of timber floor in main building to be conserved with new rear extension of reinforced concrete floors
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(1) Timber floors in the main building to be conserved with new extension of reinforced concrete floors are subject to the following
requirements:
(a) The old and new blocks are to be treated as separate buildings;
(b) Independent escape staircases are to be provided in each of the old and new blocks and the requirement on maximum travel
distance is to be complied with;
(c) A fire separation in the form of fire walls and fire doors is to be provided between the old and new blocks (see Diagram
9.9.1l.(1)(c));
(d) Air wells, if provided, shall have a minimum distance of 4m apart between window openings; and
(e) If integration is such that it is considered as a single block, the building (old and new) shall be constructed of reinforced
concrete.
(2) Existing timber flooring of PG I residential building under conservation need not comply with the above-mentioned requirements
provided that the following conditions are met:
(a) the residential building shall not exceed 3 levels (attic and basement shall be considered as a level);
(b) there shall be no amalgamation of units; and
(c) other requirements stipulated in the conservation requirements, such as protection to the existing timber flooring, etc. shall be
complied with.
9.9.2 Temporary buildings on construction sites
All temporary structures/ buildings including site offices or housing quarters on construction sites shall comply with SS 547.
9.9.3 Buildings under construction
For buildings under construction, the following fire safety requirements shall be complied with.
a. Provision of dry & wet risers
(1) All rising mains (dry & wet) shall be made operational for all storeys (except the uppermost 3 storeys) as soon as the uppermost
completed storey reaches 24m.
(2) Dry & wet rising mains shall be installed progressively as the building gains height, in order to provide firefighting capabilities
during all stages of construction. All outlets, landing valves inlets, water tanks and pumps, where required shall be provided and made
readily operational.
b. Provision of normal lift/ passenger hoist
A normal lift shall be provided for the purpose of firefighting. If this is not possible at the construction stage, a passenger hoist (usually
installed on site) shall be made available.
c. Provision of electrical supply
A generator set shall be provided for firefighting if the permanent power supply is not available prior to the completion of the building.
d. Provision of fire engine accessway
(1) Adequate fire engine accessway shall be provided where practicable.
(2) Where there is no fire engine accessway provided at site, the quantity of portable fire extinguishers shall be doubled and installed
at every floor.
e. Provision of adequate pressure and flow
(1) Rising mains shall be hydraulically tested and a pressure-release valve shall be installed at the highest point of the riser stack. For
wet riser system, a break tank of 11.5m 3 shall be installed to support firefighting for at least 5 mins. The break tank and fire pumps
shall be installed before the building reaches 60m.
(2) For the testing of flow rate for the wet riser system, the topmost landing valve shall be tested (under pump/gravity feed) with a flow
rate of at least 27 L/s.
f. Inspection checklist
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The inspection checklist attached as Annex 9.9A shall be used for checking fire safety provisions for buildings under construction.
9.9.4 Use of hoardings and safety nets for alteration and alteration work
a. General
The use of hoardings and safety nets in existing buildings undergoing addition and alteration works shall comply with the requirements
stated herein.
b. Means of escape
(1) Hoarding erected within building
(a) It shall be constructed of non-combustible material. A minimum of 1.2m wide corridor shall be provided leading to the exit(s).
The hoardings shall not obstruct the escape path of occupants within the building.
(b) Alternate means of escape shall be provided outside the hoarded area if the exit(s) is obstructed due to the erection of the
hoarding.
(2) Hoardings erected at the external of building
(a) It shall be constructed of non-combustible material and a minimum 1.2m wide foot path shall be maintained for pedestrians.
The hoardings shall not obstruct the discharge route of occupants exiting at the 1st storey units and from the exit staircase(s).
(b) It shall not obstruct smoke dispersal and means of escape of nearby buildings. Where the close proximity of the partitions may
affect the smoke dispersion and escape of occupants from the nearby building, the partitions shall be located at least 1.2m away
from the building.
See Diagram 9.9.4b.(2) - 1 to 4
c. Fire protection and firefighting provisions
(1) Hoardings erected within building
(a) For addition & alteration works involving sprinkler/ automatic alarm system, the systems covering these areas not under
addition & alteration works shall remain active. For areas not involved in addition & alteration works but detector/ sprinkler heads
are being isolated due to same zone/ control valve, the management shall arrange for additional surveillance checks so as to be
alerted of fire at its incipient stage.
(b) Whenever possible, new systems shall be installed first before deactivating the existing systems so as to minimise the duration
of no sprinkler/ automatic alarm protection to the areas affected by A&A works.
(c) The sprinkler/ automatic alarm system shall resume its operation again immediately at the end of the day wherever feasible.
(d) Within the hoarded area(s), 50kg fire extinguisher(s) in trolley shall be provided near the hoarding exit access door. Each fire
extinguisher shall not cover more than 20m.
(e) Fire extinguishers and hose reels outside the hoarded area(s) shall be made available.
(2) Hoardings erected at the external of building shall not obstruct public/private hydrant and fire engine accessway/fire engine access
road.
d. Fire safety requirements for safety nets
(1) Safety nets shall not obstruct the ventilation opening to rooms/areas where smoke ventilation is required, such as exit staircase,
fire lift lobby, smoke-free lobby, flammable stores, kitchen with open-flame cooking, car parks, etc.
(2) No hot work and activities which generate sparks such as welding, cutting and grinding shall be permitted within 3m from the
safety net. If unavoidable, these works shall be isolated/ shielded from the safety nets by a non-combustible shielding material.
9.9.5 Engineered timber building construction
a. General
The engineered timber product shall be listed in accordance with the requirements of the product listing scheme.
b. Building design
(1) The habitable height of any healthcare occupancy in an engineered timber building shall not exceed 12m, including mezzanine
Page 318
levels.
(2) A fire safety performance-based (PB) approach shall be adopted in the design of any engineered timber building where its
habitable height exceeds 12m.
(3) The engineered timber building shall be fully protected by an automatic sprinkler system.
Exception: An automatic sprinkler system can only be exempted under the following circumstances:
(a) alternative fire protection measures (e.g., fully encapsulated timber elements) are provided to minimise fire damage to the
timber structures, in lieu of the sprinkler system;
(b) the building does not exceed 12m in habitable height;
(c) the building is protected by an automatic fire alarm system compliant with SS 645; and
(d) the building does not contain any healthcare occupancy.
(4) Where an automatic sprinkler system is required, the system shall be designed in accordance with SS CP 52. The automatic
sprinkler system shall not be shared among different engineered timber buildings if the latter is under different occupier. If the external
facade of the engineered timber building is unable to meet the stated performance in accordance with Cl.3.5 for prevention of external
fire spread, the external facade shall be required to be protected by a deluge system in accordance to SS CP 52, or any other
suppression system that is shown to be effective in preventing vertical fire spread.
(5) The use of engineered timber for elements of structure shall be permitted only for areas above the floor slab of the ground floor.
The ground floor slab and basement floors below it shall not have elements of structure constructed using engineered timber.
(6) Essential escape provisions such as staircase shafts and lift shafts of an engineered timber building shall be constructed of non-
combustible materials which achieve the necessary fire resistance rating.
Exception: Engineered timber can only be used as elements of structure for essential escape provisions under the following
circumstances:
(a) the surfaces of engineered timber elements shall be protected by fire-rated board so that the composite element is able to
achieve the necessary fire rating;
(b) the building does not exceed 12m in habitable height; and
(c) the building does not contain any healthcare occupancy.
This exception shall not apply to staircase shelters designed to comply with the Technical Requirements for Storey Shelters.
(7) Essential facilities for fire safety and firefighting operations (such as FCC, fire pump rooms, generator rooms, and smoke-free/ fire
lift lobbies) shall be separated from other areas of the engineered timber building project by non-combustible material or encapsulated
engineered timber, either of which shall achieve the necessary fire resistance rating.
(8) The use of flammable gas cylinders for cooking is not permitted in the engineered timber building premises if the engineered
timber building has access to piped-gas supply for cooking.
(9) Where the usage of the building potentially involves the use of flammable gas cylinders (either for cooking, storage, factory
production, etc.) which may result in explosions, the use of engineered timber as elements of structure is not allowed unless the
engineered timber building is designed to take into account the explosive actions based on EN 1991 or other relevant internationally
recognised standards.
(10) Residential engineered timber building projects shall fully comply with the Technical Requirements for Household Shelters and
Technical Requirements for Storey Shelters.
(11) The engineered timber building project shall comply with the design & fire test performance requirements stipulated in European
(EN) standards which include BS EN 1995, BS EN 1363, BS EN 1365 & other internationally recognised standards deemed appropriate
and necessary by the SCDF.
9.9.6 Use of flammable refrigerants
a. For PG I and II buildings, the use of flammable refrigerants is not permitted in building air-conditioning systems which require
installation of piping into occupied areas. This includes both single and multi-split systems.
Exception:
(1) The use of R32 is permitted in split air-conditioning systems.
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(2) The use of flammable refrigerants is permitted in refrigerators, and standalone wall-mounted air-conditioners, provided:
(a) the refrigerator or air-conditioner is regulated by the a authority having jurisdiction;
(b) the refrigerator or air-conditioner is meant solely for domestic use;
(c) the amount of flammable refrigerant has a charge weight cap of at most 150g; and
(d) the refrigerant is hermetically sealed within the refrigerator.
b. For PG III to VIII buildings, the use of flammable refrigerants is not permitted in refrigeration systems, e.g., coldrooms, chiller rooms,
and food storage factories, which are meant for commercial purposes.
Exception:
The use of flammable refrigerants is permitted in standalone commercial refrigeration systems, provided Cl.9.9.6a.(2)(c) and
Cl.9.9.6a.(2)(d) are complied with.
c. For industrial process refrigeration systems, flammable refrigerants are not permitted unless:
(1) there are no alternatives which can achieve the necessary specific performance required for the industrial process; and
(2) workplace safety requirements of the authority having jurisdiction are complied with.
9.9.7 Mega underground developments
a. General
This section provides the broad fire safety requirements for mega underground developments. It is applicable to mega underground
developments regardless of size and number of occupants. Mega underground development refers to underground levels with lifts and/ or
horizontal access as the primary means of egress. There is no habitable space immediately above the cavern units, which are enclosed
chambers within the fire-compartmented underground developments.
b. Means of escape
(1) Each underground development shall be provided with at least two exit shafts.
(2) At least two exit staircases (at least 1.5m in width but not exceeding 2m) located at the exit shafts shall be provided for the
underground development. The width of exit staircases shall be determined by the occupant load and uses of the cavern. The
minimum width requirement is not applicable to exit staircases serving the cavern units. Such exit staircases shall comply with the
requirements stipulated in Cl.2.3.3. Exit staircases are not the primary means of escape.
(3) Fire lift lobby shall be provided at each exit shaft.
(4) All cavern units shall be provided with at least two-way escape regardless of whether one-way travel distance can be complied
with. One-way travel distance shall not exceed 20m and two-way travel distance shall not exceed 50m.
(5) The travel distance refers to the distance required to be traversed from the most remote point in the cavern to the edge of a fire
door opening directly into the protected corridor.
(6) Protected corridors (enclosed by fire-rated wall/ floor) shall be provided for all cavern units at every storey. The corridor shall have
direct access to the protected shaft.
(7) Protected corridors shall be sectorised by fire doors. Each sector shall not consist of more than four cavern units or more than 60m
(measure along the corridor). Only those doors in the sectors affected by fire need to be closed during activation of alarm.
c. Structural fire precautions
(1) Fire compartmentation shall be provided for each cavern unit. Each compartment shall not exceed 4000m 2 and 15000m 3 .
(2) Different tenancy units shall be compartmented.
(3) The element of structure/compartment of each cavern unit shall have fire resistance rating of at least 4 hours.
(4) Walls, ceilings, roof covering and finishes containing plastic material shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Cl.3.15.19.
(5) Internal non-load bearing walls and ceilings shall be constructed of non- combustible material.
(6) The surface of a wall or ceiling along protected corridor shall have a surface spread of flame of Class 0 rating.
Page 320
(7) The exit staircases shall be constructed of masonry. However, if drywall construction is used it shall comply with Cl.3.8.7b..
d. Vehicular access
(1) Fire engine access road having minimum 4m width and overhead clearance of at least 4.5m for access by pump appliance shall be
provided for firefighters to conduct firefighting and rescue operations.
(2) Provision to alternative means of vehicle access into the underground development shall be considered.
(3) The fire engine access road shall be protected from fire and smoke, and shall lead directly to the ground level.
(4) Clear smoke height shall be maintained along the access road. Pushing the smoke out directly through the tunnel is not allowed.
(5) Private hydrants shall be provided along the fire engine access road such that every part of the fire engine access road shall be
within an unobstructed distance of 50m from the nearest hydrant.
e. Firefighting provisions
A room shall be provided to house the firefighting and rescue equipment. The requirements for storage area are as follows:
(1) two storage areas per storey, with one near each of the exit shafts;
(2) room size shall comply with the dimensions 2m in width, 2m in length and 2.1m in height; and
(3) provision of four 64mm-diameter hoses, four 38mm-diameter hoses, one dividing breeching, two 38mm-diameter nozzles and two
complete sets of breathing apparatus.
(4) buggies shall be provided at each level to facilitate firefighting and rescue operations. The requirements for buggies are as follow:
(a) 2 buggies per level. Each near the room storing firefighting equipment;
(b) 4 seaters;
(c) able to mount 1 stretcher;
(d) electrically-operated;
(e) the size of the buggies shall be of approved type by the SCDF; and
(f) the buggies can be used by in-house fire and security personnel provided the buggies are driven back to the holding area
during emergency.
f. Firefighting system, detection and alarm
(1) The underground development shall be protected with an automatic sprinkler system.
(2) Wet risers shall be provided such that every part of the underground development is not more than 38m from the nearest wet riser
landing valve. The wet riser pipes are allowed to run horizontally but the landing valves shall be located within the protected corridor.
(3) Breeching inlet shall be installed at one of the vertical access shafts at ground level. It shall be located near the FCC.
(4) At least two fire lifts shall be provided for each exit shaft. The fire lift shall have access to every habitable floor and shall be
adjacent and accessible to an exit staircase and be approached by a firefighting lobby at each storey. The fire lifts shall home to the
ground level (i.e., top of shaft) during activation of alarm and power failure.
(5) All passenger lifts shall be double up as evacuation lift and shall be located within the fire lift lobby. They need not be fire lifts but
shall be installed with evacuation switch, connecting to the emergency backup supply, and shall home to ground level in an
emergency. The use of these lifts for emergency evacuation shall be supervised by the emergency responders.
(6) The fire lift car shall have a clear area/ space of not less than 2m (depth) x 1.5m (width).
(7) Water mist system can be permitted as substitute of automatic sprinklers provided that the requirements are in accordance with
Cl.6.4.6.
(8) FCC shall be located at ground level. It shall be located beside one of the protected shafts.
g. Effective communication systems and holding area
(1) Effective communication system shall be provided for the SCDF at the underground developments to conduct firefighting and
Page 321
rescue operations.
(2) One-way emergency voice communication system such as emergency wireless broadcast system shall be provided for the
underground developments. Two-way emergency voice communications system shall be provided between FCC and the essential
areas stipulated in Cl.8.2.2.
(3) A holding area shall be provided for the underground development. The size of the holding area shall take into considerations the
total occupant load within that floor and shall be calculated based on 0.3m 2 /person.
(4) The holding area shall be provided with engineered smoke control system and shall have direct connection to the fire lift lobby.
h. Mechanical ventilation and smoke control system
(1) Engineered smoke control system shall be provided for the underground development and fire engine access road.
(2) Exit staircases, smoke-free lobbies and fire lift lobbies shall be pressurised.
(3) The air-handling system for the affected smoke zone and the adjacent zones shall be shut down to avoid re-circulating through the
system.
i. Restriction of hazardous materials
(1) Hazardous, flammable and combustible materials shall be prohibited or controlled strictly if they have to be used within the
facilities.
(2) If small quantities are needed, special approval has to be obtained from the SCDF.
j. Provision for emergency directional signage/ generator
(1) Photoluminescent marking/ tape to guide occupants along evacuation routes to appropriate exits shall be provided:
(a) along internal walls and/ or floors of the exit staircase and protected lobby;
(b) at the exit staircase door; and
(c) in designated corridor with exit directional sign.
(2) The duration of operation for standby generator shall be in accordance with the requirements stipulated in SS 535.
(3) Lifts at the cavern units shall be connected to the standby generator.
Diagram 9.9.1b.(1)(a) - 1 : Retaining exiting 2-storey shophouse
Page 322
Diagram 9.9.1b.(1)(a) - 2 : Retaining exiting 3-storey shophouse
Diagram 9.9.1c.(1)(a) : Adding new attic to exiting 2-storey shophouse
Diagram 9.9.1c.(2)(a) : Adding new attic to exiting 3-storey shophouse
Page 323
Diagram 9.9.1c.(2)(d) : Visual connection between the attic and the floor below
Diagram 9.9.1l.(1)(c) : Fire separation between the old and new blocks
Diagram 9.9.4b.(2) - 1 : Hoarding obstructing means of escape
Page 324
Diagram 9.9.4b.(2) - 2 : Hoarding obstructing means of escape
Diagram 9.9.4b.(2) - 3 : Hoarding obstructing openings for smoke dispersal
Diagram 9.9.4b.(2) - 4 : Hoarding obstructing openings for smoke dispersal
Page 325
ANNEX 9.9A: INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION
ANNEX 9.9A : INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION
In Order
If no, remedy
S/No. Description
action/comments
Yes No
PART A : PROVISION OF FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
Rising Mains
1 Dry rising mains shall be installed progressively during the course of construction as per approved plan and made operational for all storeys
except the uppermost 3 storeys, for building exceeding 8 storeys or habitable height of 24m.
2 Wet rising mains shall be installed progressively during the course of construction as per approved plan and made operational for all storeys
except the uppermost 3 storeys, for building exceeding 18 storeys or habitable height of 60m. The following shall be provided:
(a) break tank with minimum water capacity of 11.5m3; and
(b) fire pumps which are operational and supplied with emergency power supply.
3 Provision of breeching inlets (2-way/4-way)* provided as per approved plan. The following shall be complied with:
(a) breeching inlets made operational and housed in protective enclosure; and
(b) labelled and numbered accordingly.
4 Riser stacks are labelled and numbered and:
(a) earthing is provided; and
(b) air relief valve is provided.
5 Landing valves provided with blank caps and are strapped and padlocked in closed position.
Lift
6 Lift/passenger hoist ready for firefighters’ use shall be provided for building exceeding 8 storeys or habitable height of 24m.
Generator
Generator set or adequate PUB power supply shall be

7
provided for emergency lighting and firefighting purpose.
Fire Engine Accessway
8 Provision of adequate fire engine accessway (where practicable) for firefighting purpose.
Fire Extinguisher
At least one fire extinguisher of 13A rating shall be provided for every 500m² or less on each floor. Where provision of fire engine accessway
9
is not practicable, the quantity of fire extinguishers shall be doubled on each floor.
PART B : TESTING OF RISING MAINS
Breeching inlet
1 Inlet housed in protective enclosure.
2 Rigidly support
3 Labelled “dry/wet riser inlet” and numbered accordingly
Page 326
4 Clear of obstruction
Riser
5 Air relief valve provided
6 Labelled & numbered accordingly
7 Earthing provided
Landing Valve
8 Blank cap provided
9 Strapped and padlock in closed position
10 Clear of obstruction
Pressure/Flow
Rising mains pipping

11
Hydrostatically tested at 1380 kPa (13.8 bar) or 1.5 times the design pressure, whichever is greater, for 2 hours.
Wet rising mains
12 (a) Flow rate at the topmost fully-opened landing valve (under pump/gravity feed) is at least 27 L/s; and
(b) Running pressure is between 2 bars and 5.5 bars at the landing valve
* Delete as appropriate
Date inspected:_________________ by__________________________ Signature______________________
Page 327
Amendment History - Chapter 9 - Additional Requirements for Each Purpose Group
Amendment
Date
Revised, formerly
9.1.1a.(2) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.3.2.5(c)(i)
Revised, formerly
9.1.1a.(2) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.3.2.5(c)(i)
Revised, formerly Cl.

9.1.1b.(2) 01 Mar 2019 ---
3.2.5(c)(i)
9.1.1c. 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification Nil 1 Sep 2021
9.1.1d. 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Sep 2021
Revised, formerly
9.2.1a.(10)(a) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.3.3(f)
Revised, formerly
9.2.1a.(10)(a) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.3.3(f)
9.2.1a.(10)(b) Common internal corridor
(i) ………
(ii) If the common internal corridor is cross-

ventilated, all the following requirements shall be
complied with:
• The ventilation openings shall be located at high

level and positioned directly opposite to each
9.2.1a.(10)(b) 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Relaxation 25 Aug 2023
other.
• Each ventilation opening shall be at least 50% of

the superficial area of the opposing external walls.
• No part of the floor area of the corridor shall be at

a distance of more than 12m from any ventilation
openings, or from the outer plane of recess void
space, if ventilation opening is in recess position.
9.2.1a.(10)(b) Common internal corridor
(i) ………
(ii) If the common internal corridor is cross-

ventilated, all the following requirements shall be
complied with:
• The ventilation openings shall be located at high

9.2.1a.(10)(b) 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Relaxation level and positioned directly opposite to each 25 Aug 2023
other.
• Each ventilation opening shall be at least 50% of

the superficial area of the opposing external walls.
• No part of the floor area of the corridor shall be at

a distance of more than 12m from any ventilation
openings, or from the outer plane of recess void
space, if ventilation opening is in recess position.
Page 328
Amendment
Date
9.2.1a.(5) Exits from residential unit
(a) In each residential apartment or maisonette

unit, the exit access door or doors shall be
provided such that the travel distance measured
from any point within the unit to the entrance
door(s) of the unit shall not exceed 20m. See
Diagram 9.2.1a.(5)(a).
(b) In the case of a maisonette unit comprising not
9.2.1a.(5) 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications more than two storeys, where a single entrance 25 Aug 2023
door is provided:
(i) the door shall not be located on the upper storey
of the unit; and
(ii) the floor area of the upper storey shall not
exceed 60m² unless a separate exit is provided on
this upper storey.
(c) All exits from residential, or maisonette units
shall have direct access to an exit staircase, exit
passageway, or external space.
9.2.1c. 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Clarification/Relaxation Nil 1 Sep 2021
Relocated from
9.2.2 1 Mar 2019 Appendix 8 of Fire Code ---
2013, revised
Refuge floor
A super high-rise residential building shall be

provided with at least one refuge floor at an
9.2.2a 15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 interval of not more than 20 storeys, i.e. each 15 Sep 2020
requirements
refuge floor shall not serve more than the 20
storeys immediately above it. The refuge floor shall
comply with all of the following requirements:
9.3.2a. 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Revised, formerly
9.3.2b(5)(b) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.5.1(a)(iv)(2)
9.3.2b(5)(c) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Every upper storey used for the accommodation of

patients shall be provided
with at least one area of refuge. The size of the
area of refuge shall be computed
based on Table 1.4B. For hospital and nursing
home, the area of refuge shall be
9.3.2b.(4) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification sized adequately to accommodate the number of 10 May 2019
beds computed based on
occupant load factor of 2.8m2/person for the
ward served by the area of refuge.
The area of refuge shall be able to accommodate a
bed size of minimum
dimension 2.55m (length) by 1.1m (width).
9.3.2b.(4)(a)(ii) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
9.3.2b.(4)(b) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Page 329
Amendment
Date
Revised, formerly
9.3.2b.(6)(a) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.5.1(a)(v)(1)
9.3.2b.(7) Internal access to wards
A patient………………………………
(a) ……….
(b) ……….
(c) ……….
(d) an internal corridor shall be naturally ventilated

with fixed openings in an external wall, such
ventilation openings being not less than 15% of the
floor area of the internal corridor;
(e) the ventilation opening in the external walls

shall not be less than 3.5m², with at least 1.75m2
on each side shall be unobstructed by parapet
walls or balustrade levels upwards and be
9.3.2b.(7) 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Relaxation 25 Aug 2023
positioned on opposite sides of the internal corridor
such that they provide effective cross ventilation
throughout the entire space of the corridor;
(f) the ventilation openings in the external walls

shall not be more than 12m from any part of the
internal corridor;
(g) an internal corridor can be provided with

mechanical ventilation and pressurisation in lieu of
natural ventilation; and
(h) other non-patient accommodation areas or

spaces which open into or form part of the internal
corridor, and which can jeopardise the means of
escape provision, shall be compartmentalised by
1-hr fire-rated enclosures and ½-hr fire-rated doors
unless otherwise allowed under Cl.9.3.2b.(4)(b)
and Cl.9.3.2b.(6)(c).
(2) where such facilities are located on the 1st

9.3.2d(2) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Change in requirements storey, they shall be provided with direct access to 10 May 2019
the exterior of the building;
where located on upper storeys, they shall be sited

adjacent to an exit staircase with have direct
9.3.2d(3) 10 May 2019 Immediate Change in requirements 10 May 2019
access through a smoke-stop lobby to the exit
staircase (minimum one exit staircase);
Custodian care facility
It shall comply with the following additional

requirements:
(1) where such facilities are located within a

building of mixed use, they shall be
9.3.2d. 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Reinstatement compartmentalised from other spaces and 1 Sep 2021
occupancies by walls and doors having at least 1-
hr fire resistance rating;
Exception:
The requirement on the provision of fire

compartmentation will not apply if the building is
Page 330
Amendment
Date
sprinkler-protected.
(2) where such facilities are located on the 1st

storey, they shall be provided
with direct access to the exterior of the building;
(3) where located on upper storeys, they shall be

sited adjacent to an exit staircase with direct
access through a smoke-free lobby to the staircase
(minimum one exit staircase);
(4) where there is no fire lift lobby or smoke-free

lobby, there shall be at least one direct access to
the exit staircase;
(5) institutions for the mentally disabled shall be

designed with each storey having an area of
refuge in accordance with Cl.1.4.9 and Table 1.4B;
and
(6) fire safety requirements under Cl.9.3.2b. -

Hospital, shall be fully complied with, except
Cl.9.3.2b.(6) on provision of escape bed lift and
Cl.9.3.2b(10) on staircase landing width/depth.
Other outpatient clinics
For outpatient clinics that do not fall under the

above categories, the fire safety requirements
9.3.2g ( dated under Cl.9.3.2b. are not applicable. Instead, these
15 Sep 2020 15 Sep 2020 Clarification 15 Sep 2020
15 Sep 2020) clinics shall comply with the provision of fire-rated
wall to separate the clinics from other usage as
stipulated in Cl.3.2.5b., except for the frontage of
the clinic.
Revised, formerly
9.3.2g. 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.5.1(f)
Workers’ dormitory
Workers’ dormitories shall comply with the

following additional requirements:
a. Size
Each dormitory bedroom shall not exceed 120m2

9.3.3 30 July 2020 1 Feb 2021 Revised and an occupant load of 40 persons. 30 July 2020
b. Occupant load
The occupant load shall be based on accessible

floor area on the basis of 3m² per person.
c. …………
Revised, formerly
9.3.3b. 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.9.2(b)
Workers’ dormitory
9.3.3b.(dated 1
1 Sep 2022 1 Sep 2022 Revised/Clarifications 1 Mar 2022
Sep 2022) Workers’ dormitories shall comply with the
Page 331
Amendment
Date
following additional requirements:
a. Size
Each dormitory bedroom........
b. Occupant load
The occupant load shall be based on

accessible floor area on the basis of 6m² per
person.
c. …………
9.3.3e. Internal corridor to dormitory bedrooms
Dormitory bedrooms with access through an

internal corridor shall comply with the following
requirements:
(1) …….
(2) …….
(3) an internal corridor shall be naturally ventilated

with fixed openings on the external walls, with such
ventilation openings having an aggregate free area
of:
(a) at least 15% of the total floor area of the
9.3.3e. 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Relaxation internal corridor, or 25 Aug 2023
(b) at least 3.5m²m whichever is greater.
(4) each ventilation opening in the external walls

shall have at least 1.75m2 free area, unobstructed
by parapet walls or balustrade levels upwards such
that they provide effective cross ventilation
throughout the entire space of the corridor;
(5) the ventilation openings in the external walls

shall be at most 12m from any part of the corridor;
(6) pressurisation of internal corridors in lieu of

natural ventilation is not permitted; and
(7) other rooms or spaces ………
9.3.3h. Bedroom compartmentation
(1) Each dormitory bedroom shall be

compartmented from adjoining rooms and other
parts of the same building by construction having
at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, unless otherwise
permitted under Cl.9.3.3f. for the provision of
window openings between the bedroom and
9.3.3h. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications external corridor; 25 Aug 2023
(2) Dormitory bedrooms and other rooms or

spaces which open into or form part of the
dormitory bedroom corridor shall be separated
from the corridor to comply with Cl.9.3.3e. and
Cl.9.3.3f.; and
(3) Kitchen shall be enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-
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Amendment
Date
rated compartment wall, including at least ½-hr

fire-rated door. Kitchen can be located within each
floor but shall not be within the dormitory bedroom.
9.3.3h. Bedroom compartmentation
(1) Each dormitory bedroom shall be

compartmented from adjoining rooms and other
parts of the same building by construction having
at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, unless otherwise
permitted under Cl.9.3.3f. for the provision of
window openings between the bedroom and
external corridor;
9.3.3h. 25 Aug 2023 25 Aug 2023 Revised/Clarifications 25 Aug 2023

(2) Dormitory bedrooms and other rooms or
spaces which open into or form part of the
dormitory bedroom corridor shall be separated
from the corridor to comply with Cl.9.3.3e. and
Cl.9.3.3f.; and
(3) Kitchen shall be enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-

rated compartment wall, including at least ½-hr
fire-rated door. Kitchen can be located within each
floor but shall not be within the dormitory bedroom.
Immediate 1
Relocated from
Mar 2019
9.3.4 Appendix 16 of Fire ---
(revised
Code 2013, revised
portion)
9.3.4
Temporary workers’ quarter in uncompleted

permanent buildings on construction sites
a. General
(1) The temporary workers’ quarters shall not be

located higher than 10m above the fire engine
access road level of the uncompleted building and
shall not be lower than first basement level.
(2) The temporary workers’ quarters shall only be

used for housing workers working within the
construction site.
(3) Hot work is not allowed in the basement(s)

where the temporary workers’ quarters are located.
9.3.4 ( dated Reinstatement of past
30 July 2020 30 July 2020 30 July 2020
30 Jul 2020) requirement
b. Means of escape
(1) For above ground levels, provision of only one

exit staircase is permitted provided that the one-
way travel distance is complied with and the
occupant load does not exceed 20 persons on any
storey. The exit staircase shall discharge directly to
exterior open space.
(2) At least two independent exit staircases shall

be provided for the temporary workers’ quarters
located in basement levels or when the occupant
load exceeds more than 20 persons on any storey.
c. Compartmentation
(1) Cooking is only allowed at a designated kitchen

area, including basement(s). Such kitchen, shall be
Page 333
Amendment
Date
enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-rated compartment

wall and at least ½-hr fire-rated door and shall not
be located within the dormitory unit.
(2) Office and storage are allowed in the

basement(s) where the temporary workers’
quarters are located. They shall be compartmented
from the accommodation areas with at least 1-hr
fire-rated compartment wall and at least ½-hr fire-
rated door.
(1) Provision of fire engine access road shall be

provided in accordance with the requirements for
the development. Only the portion of the fire
engine access road serving the temporary workers’
quarters shall be made available.
(2) Where the remotest temporary workers’ quarter

is located not more than 100m away from the site
entrance at the public road, provision of working
private fire hydrant is exempted.
(3) A temporary “dry” fire hydrant is allowed. The

“dry” fire hydrant shall be connected to a 150mm
diameter pipe, which shall be connected the other
end to a 4-way breeching inlet. This breeching inlet
shall be within 18m from any fire engine
accessway or fire engine access road having
minimum 4m width and within 50m from any wet
fire hydrant.
Emergency power supply lasting at least 2-hr shall

be provided for all systems requiring it.
(1) Where dry riser system is required for the main

development, they shall be commissioned and
made operable for the storeys housing the
temporary workers’ quarters during the
accommodation period.
(2) Provision of automatic sprinkler system and

smoke control system is exempted for basement
provided all of the following requirements are
complied with:
(a) The basement is effectively cross-ventilated as

follows:
(i) no point within the basement(s) is more than

12m from any vertical opening or void for spaces
that are in between two openings or voids;
(ii) no point shall be more than 6m from any

opening or void for spaces that are ventilated by
such opening or void on only one side;
(iii) all ventilation openings shall be at least 1000 x
600mm; and
(iv) the total aggregate area of these voids and

vertical openings shall be at least 20% of the total
basement floor area.
(b) The occupant load is computed based on 6m2
Page 334
Amendment
Date
per person.
(3) An automatic fire alarm system shall be

provided if provision of automatic fire sprinkler
system is exempted for the temporary workers’
(4) For temporary workers’ quarters located above

ground level, fire alarm system shall be provided
as stipulated under Table 6.3A.
(5) Connection of fire protection systems to the

approved alarm monitoring company is not
required.
Engineered smoke control and sprinkler systems

shall be required for the basement levels where
the workers’ quarters are located, if the provision
of cross ventilation stipulated in Cl.9.3.4.f. cannot
be fulfilled.
All stores of highly flammable substances shall be

sited in open space at a minimum distance of 5m
away from the building where the temporary
workers’ quarters are located and shall comply
with the relevant standards.
Temporary workers’ quarter in uncompleted
permanent buildings on construction sites
a. General
(1) The temporary workers’ quarters shall not be

located higher than 10m above the fire engine
access road level of the uncompleted building and
shall not be lower than first basement level.
(2) The temporary workers’ quarters shall only be

used for housing workers working within the
construction site.
(3) Hot work is not allowed in the basement(s)

b. Means of escape
(1) For above ground levels, provision of only one

exit staircase is permitted provided that the one-
way travel distance is complied with Table 2.2A
and the occupant load does not exceed 20
persons on any storey. The exit staircase shall
discharge directly to exterior open space.
(2) At least two independent exit staircases shall

be provided for the temporary workers’ quarters
located in basement levels or when the occupant
load exceeds more than 20 persons on any
aboveground storey.
(3) Every storey shall be provided with exit facilities

for its occupant load. Only those exits designated
for escape of the workers shall be included in the
exit capacity calculations.
c. Compartmentation
Page 335
Amendment
Date
(1) Cooking is only allowed at a designated kitchen

area, including basement(s). Such kitchen, shall be
enclosed with at least 1-hr fire-rated compartment
wall and at least ½-hr fire-rated door and shall not
be located within the dormitory unit.
(2) Office and storage are allowed in the basement(s)

They shall be compartmented from the
accommodation areas with at least 1-hr fire-rated
compartment wall and at least ½-hr fire-rated door.
(3) Only non-combustible materials shall be used

for the construction of temporary workers’
quarters.
(4) The floor area of each worker bedroom or the

total floor area of a group of small worker
bedrooms shall not exceed 120m2. Compartment
wall of having fire resistance rating of at least 1-hr
shall be provided to separate the bedrooms so as
to limit each compartment size to a maximum of
120m2.
(5) The worker bedrooms shall be separated from

the internal corridor by a wall having fire resistance
rating of at least 1-hr. Doors opening into the
internal corridor shall have fire resistance rating of
at least half an hour.
(6) The worker bedrooms shall be separated from

the external corridor by a wall having fire
resistance rating of at least 1-hr, except that
ventilation openings of non-combustible
construction can be fixed at or above a level of
1.1m, measured from the finished floor level of the
external corridor to the sill height of the opening.
Doors opening into the external corridor are not
required to have fire resistance rating.
(1) Provision of fire engine access road shall be

provided in accordance with the requirements for
the development. Only the portion of the fire
engine access road serving the temporary workers’
quarters shall be made available.
(2) Every part of the required fire engine access

road shall be within an unobstructed distance of
50m from the nearest working fire hydrant. Where
the remotest temporary workers’ quarter is located
not more than 100m away from the site entrance at
the public road, provision of working private fire
hydrant is exempted.
(3) A temporary “dry” fire hydrant is allowed. The

“dry” fire hydrant shall connected to a 150mm
diameter pipe, which shall be connected the other
end to a 4-way breeching inlet. This breeching inlet
shall be within 18m from any fire engine
accessway or fire engine access road having
minimum 4m width and within 50m from any wet
fire hydrant.
(1) Emergency power supply lasting at least 2-hr

shall be provided for all firefighting systems serving
Page 336
Amendment
Date
the temporary workers’ quarters.

(2) The location, arrangement, control and
installation of electrical wiring of the secondary
source of power supply, be it in the form of battery,
standby generator, inverter or other accepted
equipment, shall be in accordance with Chapter 5.
(1) Where dry riser system is required for the main

development, they shall be commissioned and
made operable for the storeys the temporary
workers’ quarters during the accommodation
period.
(2) Provision of automatic sprinkler system and

smoke control system is exempted for basement
provided the basement is effectively cross-
ventilated as follows:
(a) no point within the basement(s) is more than

12m from any vertical opening or void for spaces
that are in between two openings or voids;
(b) no point shall be more than 6m from any

opening or void for spaces that are ventilated by
such opening or void on only one side;
(c) all ventilation openings shall be at least 1000 x

600mm; and
(d) the total aggregate area of these voids and

vertical openings shall be at least 20% of the total
basement floor area.
(3) An automatic fire alarm system shall be

provided if provision of automatic fire sprinkler
system is exempted for the temporary workers’
(4) For temporary workers’ quarters located above

ground level, fire alarm
system shall be provided as stipulated under Table
6.3A.
(5) Connection of fire protection systems to the

approved alarm monitoring company is not
required.
(6) Standby fire hoses can be installed in lieu of

the dry riser system, on condition that the
temporary workers’ quarters are adequately
covered by fire hose reel(s).
(7) Provision of fire extinguishers shall be in

accordance with Cl.6.1.
(8) Provision of fire hose reels shall be in

accordance with Cl.6.2.8.
Engineered smoke control and sprinkler systems

shall be required for the basement levels where
the workers’ quarters are located, if the provision
of cross ventilation stipulated in Cl.9.3.4.f. cannot
be fulfilled.
Page 337
Amendment
Date
(1) All stores of highly flammable substances shall

be sited in open space at a minimum distance of
5m away from the building where the temporary
workers’ quarters are located and shall comply
with the relevant standards.
(2) All LPG cylinder installations serving the

temporary workers’ quarters shall be in
i. Occupant load
The occupant load shall be based on the floor area

of the temporary workers’ quarters on the basis of
3m2 per person, excluding non-simultaneous areas
such as toilets, kitchens etc., or the actual number
of occupants for which each occupied space of the
floor is designed as shown on the plan, whichever
is greater.
j. Emergency lighting and exit signs

Emergency lightings and exit signs serving the
temporary workers’ quarters shall be in
Occupant load

3m2 per person, excluding non-simultaneous areas
9.3.4i 30 July 2020 1 Feb 2021 Revised 30 July 2020
such as toilets, kitchens etc., or the actual number
of occupants for which each occupied space of the
floor is designed as shown on the plan, whichever
is greater.
Occupant load

9.3.4i. (dated 1 6m2 per person, excluding non-simultaneous
1 Sep 2022 1 Sep 2022 Revised/Clarification 1 Mar 2022
Sep 2022) areas such as toilets, kitchens etc., or the actual
number of occupants for which each occupied
space of the floor is designed as shown on the
plan, whichever is greater.
Revised, formerly
9.4.1a.(1)(c) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.6.1(c)
9.4.1a.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
9.5.1a.(2) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Revised, formerly
9.6.1a.(1)(c) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.6.1(c)
9.6.1c. 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Sep 2021
Electrical equipment and area classification

9.6.2v.(2) 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 New 1 Sep 2021
All electrical wiring and equipment shall be of a
Page 338
Amendment
Date
type suitable for the location, in accordance with

NFPA 70 or SS 254.
9.6.4 1 June 2021 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Dec 2020
9.6.4 1 June 2021 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Dec 2020
9.6.7 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 New Nil 1 Sep 2022
9.6.7b. General requirements
(1) ……….
9.6.7b. 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications (2) ………. 25 Aug 2023
(3) The underground structure housing the
transformer shall not be sited within 15m of an exit
staircase shaft.
9.6.8 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 New New Requirements for Sea-based buildings 25 Aug 2023
Hotel, boarding houses, serviced apartments,

9.7.2 1 June 2021 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification 1 Dec 2020
hostels & backpacker hotels
9.7.2a. Access through an internal corridor
(1) …….
(2) …….
9.7.2a.(3)
(dated 25 Aug 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications (3) The common internal corridor shall have 25 Aug 2023
2023) ventilation openings of not less than 15% of the
floor area and located not more than 9m from any
part of the common internal corridor. Internal
corridors which cannot be naturally ventilated shall
be pressurised to comply with the requirements in
Chapter 7.
Revised, formerly
9.7.2b.(3) 01 Mar 2019 ---
Cl.2.7.2(c)
9.7.2f. 1 June 2021 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Dec 2020
9.7.2f. 1 June 2021 1 June 2021 Revised/ Clarification Nil 1 Dec 2020
9.7.3b.(5) 01 Mar 2019 Revised, formerly Cl.7.7 ---
The surface flame spread of the canopy/awning

9.7.4b(4)(c)(vi) 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification 10 May 2019
shall be at least Class 2.
9.8.1b.(1) 01 Mar 2019 New ---
Structural fire precautions
9.8.1b.(3) 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Reinstatement 1 Sep 2021

Page 339
Amendment
Date
Fire compartmentation shall be provided between

a vehicle parking area (PG VIII) and other areas,
except for ancillary washrooms, the fire
compartment walls and floors shall have at least 1-
hr fire resistance rating.
Exceptions:
(a) For a sprinkler-protected factory,

compartmentation between the vehicle parking
areas and the factory is not required, provided the
vehicle parking area and adjacent driveway are
provided with an engineered smoke control
system.
(b) For a sprinkler-protected warehouse, thermal

insulation of the fire-rated shutters between the
vehicle parking area and the warehouse is not
required, provided the vehicle parking/loading and
unloading area and adjacent driveway are
system.
(2) Warehouse
Warehouse compartment size exceeding 700m²

for above ground level and 100m² for below
ground level are subject to full compliance of
Cl.9.8.3.
Structural fire precautions
Fire compartmentation shall be provided between

a vehicle parking area (PG VIII) and other areas,
except for ancillary washrooms, the fire
compartment walls and floors shall have at least 1-
hr fire resistance rating.
Exceptions:
(a) For a sprinkler-protected factory,

compartmentation between the vehicle parking
areas and the factory is not required, provided the
vehicle parking area and adjacent driveway are
9.8.1b.(3) 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Reinstatement provided with an engineered smoke control 1 Sep 2021
system.
(b) For a sprinkler-protected warehouse, thermal

insulation of the fire-rated shutters between the
vehicle parking area and the warehouse is not
required, provided the vehicle parking/loading and
unloading area and adjacent driveway are
system.
(2) Warehouse
Warehouse compartment size exceeding 700m²

for above ground level and 100m² for below
ground level are subject to full compliance of
Cl.9.8.3.
Air well and covering over air well
9.9.1e. 1 Sep 2021 1 Sep 2021 Reinstatement 1 Sep 2021

Page 340
Amendment
Date
(a) For air well that has the same usage for all
floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed covering up to the level below the

main roof eaves with approved materials such as
non-drip acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and glass,
or
(ii) A fully openable covering (retractable or spring

open type), by activation of smoke detectors and
fire alarm system, up to the level below the roof
eaves with approved materials such as non-drip
acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and glass.
(b) For air well that has different usage for all
floors, the following coverings shall be used:
(i) A fixed covering up to the 2nd storey floor

level with approved materials such as non-drip
acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and glass, or
(ii) A fully openable covering (retractable or spring

open type), by activation of smoke detectors and
fire alarm system, up to the level below the roof
eaves with approved materials such as non-drip
acrylic, non-drip polycarbonate and glass.
For air well that has the same usage for all floors,
the following coverings shall be used:
(a) A fixed opening up to the third storey level

with approved materials such as non-drip acrylic,
non-drip polycarbonate and glass, is allowed, or
(b) A fully openable covering (retractable or

spring open type), by activation of smoke detectors
and fire alarm system, up to the level below the
roof eaves with, such as non-drip acrylic, non-drip
polycarbonate and glass.
Page 341
The requirements in this chapter shall be read in conjunction with other requirements relevant to the installations stipulated in Chapter 1 to 9
of this Code. Where there are conflicting requirements between this chapter and the preceding chapters, the requirements stipulated in this
chapter shall take precedence.
CLAUSE 10.1 - LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) CYLINDER INSTALLATION
10.1.1 General
a. The section stipulates the fire safety requirements for the commercial, industrial and residential premises with eating outlets, eating
places, canteens, restaurants and other eateries which use LPG for cooking purposes. It is also intended for industrial applications
involving hot works.
b. All LPG cylinder installations shall be located outdoors and on the ground levels for all commercial and industrial buildings. Locating
LPG cylinders indoor is normally not permitted, unless otherwise approved by the SCDF under special circumstances (see Annex 10.1B).
c. A maximum of 30kg (2 x 15kg cylinders) is permitted to be installed or stored within private dwelling unit for domestic use.
d. NFPA 54 and NFPA 58 shall be referred to for requirements not effected or covered under this chapter.
e. LPG plans shall include the following items:
(1) LPG’s storage and manifold system.
(2) Location and site plans.
(3) Schematic diagrams of the LPG supply system showing change-over valve, vaporiser, regulator, emergency shut-off valve, remote
cut-off device, knock-out pot, pipe entry and all other required safety features.
(4) Plan and elevation views showing the following details:
(a) Location, quantity and capacity (in kg) of LPG cylinders.
(b) Locations of ancillary fixtures and fittings, e.g. vaporisers, regulators, emergency shut-off valves, change-over valves, remote
cut-off devices, knock-out pots, pipe entries, droppers, etc.
(c) Housing for the LPG cylinders, e.g. cabinets, fencing, compartment wall, etc.
(d) All openings (doors, air intakes, windows, drains, manholes, etc.) and exits adjacent to the LPG installation.
(e) Locations of hydrant, access way, access road, car parking area, building and boundary lines, source of ignition, etc.
(f) Fire safety provisions, e.g., fire hose reel, fire extinguisher, sprinkler protection (if any), gas leak detector (if any), etc.
(5) The following factors shall be taken into consideration when deciding on the practicality and reasonableness to use LPG:
(a) adequacy of ventilation;
(b) extent of usage of individual rooms;
(c) existing fire hazard;
(d) suitable means of escape; and
(e) firefighting equipment and provisions.
10.1.2 Design requirements
a. Codes of practice and standards
All cylinders and their ancillary fittings shall be designed, fabricated and tested in accordance with the accepted Code or Standard as
stated in Annex 10.1A.
b. Fire stopping
All pipes penetrating fire wall or floor slab shall be fire-stopped appropriately.
c. Pressure
Page 342
No liquid LPG or LPG vapour at pressure exceeding 20psi (approximately 138kPa) shall be piped into any building.
d. Fire extinguisher
The LPG installation shall be provided with at least one approved portable B:C rating dry chemical fire extinguisher having a minimum
capacity of 9kg.
e. Warning sign/notice
Warning signs/notices as shown in Diagram 10.1.2e. shall be provided.
10.1.3 Outdoor LPG cylinder installation
a. Siting of LPG cylinders
LPG cylinders shall be located in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) LPG cylinders shall be placed on a firm, clean, dry and level base. They shall be sited at ground level and a well-ventilated area
where any gas leakage can safely and rapidly disperse. They shall not be placed close to any passageways or exits and shall not
cause any obstruction or danger to the occupants during gas leakage or fire.
(2) LPG cylinders shall not be located within 3m of any fire exit route of a building having only one exit. If the 3m distance cannot be
complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall of at least 1.8m high shall be provided between the fire exit and the LPG installation so
as to achieve the equivalent 3m horizontal distance.
(3) LPG cylinders shall be located at least 1.5m horizontally away from any openings (windows, doors, air vents, balanced-flue outlets,
etc.) of the building having more than one exit. If the 1.5m distance cannot be complied, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall of at least 1.8m
high shall be provided between the openings and the installation so as to maintain a 1.5m horizontal distance.
(4) A minimum distance of 3m shall be maintained between the edge of a vehicle parking lot.
(5) LPG cylinders shall be located at least 5m horizontally from any mechanical air intake which is below any part of the manifold
system and 1.5m from any mechanical intake which is above any part of the manifold system.
(6) LPG cylinders can be installed below windows or openings provided that there is a minimum distance of 150mm between the top of
any cylinder or the manifold system and the bottom of the windows or openings.
(7) LPG cylinders of total capacity up to 600kg shall be located at least 1.5m from any uncovered opening that is below the level of the
cylinders, such as drains, pits, openings to basements, etc.. For LPG cylinders having total capacity above 600kg, the distance from
any uncovered opening shall be at least 3m.
(8) LPG cylinders shall be located at least 3m away from any boundary and any fire engine accessway.
(9) LPG cylinders shall be located at least 10m away from any fire hydrant.
b. Protection for LPG cylinder installation
LPG cylinder installations shall be protected in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) LPG cylinders located in places accessible to the public shall be protected and locked against tampering and accidental damage by
fencing of height not less than 1.8m, a suitable housing or a cabinet made of non-combustible material; and
(2) there shall not be any corrosive, toxic or oxidizing materials located within 6 meters from the cylinder installation.
c. Safety provisions
The following safety provisions shall be adhered to for LPG cylinder installations:
(1) For kitchen provided with fixed fire suppression system, activation of the system shall automatically shut off the supply of LPG to
the kitchen.
(2) Remote emergency shut-off valve shall be located at least 3m away from the edge of the installation. It shall be clearly marked and
placed at a suitable height for easy access during emergencies. (see Diagram 10.1.3d.(1) and 10.1.3d.(2)).
(3) There shall be no ignition source within 3m from the cylinder installation.
(4) All fixed electrical equipment within 1.5m of the installation shall be spark-proof and intrinsically safe in accordance with the
relevant clause in SS 254.
Page 343
(5) Vaporisers shall not be installed inside the steel cabinet or within the same housing of the LPG cylinders. Wall-mounted vaporisers
shall be located at least 1.8m above the ground and 600mm away from any LPG cylinder.
(6) The distance between two separate manifold systems shall be at least 3m. If a 2-hr fire-rated wall is constructed, the distance
between the two nearest cylinders can be halved.
d. Allowable quantities
(1) Eating outlets
LPG cylinder installation (for eating outlets) with capacity up to a maximum of 600kg by weight attached to a single manifold system
installed adjacent to a building is allowed provided that the following requirements are fully complied with. See Diagram 10.1.3d.(1)
and Table 10.1A:
(a) a maximum of two steel cabinets is allowed for each installation, and each cabinet is allowed to house a maximum of 6 x 50kg
LPG cylinders;
(b) the separation distance between the two cabinets shall be at least 600mm;
(c) the building is of non-combustible construction and the wall has a rating of at least 2-hr fire resistance; and
(d) the maximum number of LPG manifold systems shall not exceed two per building.
(2) Industry buildings
LPG cylinder installation of capacity exceeding 600kg to a maximum of 1000kg by weight attached to a single manifold system can be
used for industrial applications only, provided that the following requirements are fully complied with. See Diagram 10.1.3d.(2) and
Table 10.1A:
(a) a maximum of two steel cabinets is allowed for each installation and each cabinet is allowed to house a maximum of 10 x 50kg
LPG cylinders; and
(b) a wall of at least 2-hr fire resistance rating or a spacing of 3m shall be provided to separate the LPG cylinders into two groups
of maximum 10 x 50kg per group.
10.1.4 Indoor LPG cylinder installation
a. Location
(1) LPG cylinder installation shall be properly located so as not to cause any obstruction to the fire escape and any danger to the
public. Suitable access to the cylinder for emergency services shall be provided.
(2) The edge of the installation shall be at least 3m from any boundary or any fire engine accessway.
b. Safety provisions
(1) The location of the gas leak detector shall not be more than 300mm above the ground level and not more than 4m away from the
edge of the installation and the point of consumption.
(2) Remote emergency shut-off valve shall not be installed inside the compartment and shall be at least 1.5m away from the edge of
the installation. It shall be clearly marked and at a suitable height to access during emergencies.
(3) Fixed fire suppression system, if installed, shall be linked to the LPG cylinder installation in such a way that activation of the
system shall automatically shut off the supply of LPG to the kitchen.
(4) Vaporisers (where applicable) shall not be installed inside the compartment or within the same housing of the LPG cylinders.
(5) The compartment shall only be used for LPG cylinder installation. No other usage is allowed.
(6) The floor of the compartment shall be a smooth concrete base containing no opening or drain where vapour can accumulate and
shall be level or slope down towards the ventilated external wall.
(7) A ramp or sill of 250mm high shall be provided across the doorway (where applicable) into the compartment where LPG cylinders
are installed to contain any heavy LPG vapour within the compartment.
(8) All electrical connections and appliances shall be installed in accordance with the relevant clauses in SS 254.
c. LPG cylinder installation in separate compartment
Page 344
LPG cylinders are allowed to be installed in a separate compartment on the ground floor, provided that the following requirements are
complied with. See Diagram 10.1.4c. and Table 10.1B:
(1) Allowable quantity
(a) A maximum of 400kg of LPG is allowed to be installed using a single manifold system inside a compartment. The quantity of
cylinder is restricted to 8, regardless of the capacity of each cylinder (e.g. 2 groups of 4 x 50kg cylinders or 2 groups of 4 x 15kg
cylinders).
(b) The area or compartment in which the LPG cylinders are installed shall be sprinkler-protected. If the compartment is not
sprinkler-protected, the quantity of LPG shall be halved (i.e., 200kg).
(c) For commercial premises, the maximum number of LPG manifold system shall not exceed two per building.
(2) Compartment
(a) The compartment shall have at least one external wall and there shall be no access from the compartment into the building.
(b) Walls common to the compartment and the internal spaces of the building shall be 2-hr fire-rated and shall be of masonry
construction.
(c) Each compartment shall contain only one LPG manifold system.
(3) Ventilation
(a) Doors shall have high and low level louvers and shall be opened outwards.
(b) Natural ventilation is allowed if the total length of the compartment external wall is not less than 6m and the distance between
the external wall and its opposite wall is not more than 3m. Otherwise, mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
(c) High and low vents shall be provided on the external wall at just below ceiling level and above floor level. The total free area of
the vents provided shall be at least 300cm²/m² of floor area.
(d) The vent openings shall be kept free from obstruction and shall not discharge directly onto a public place, e.g. a pavement or
path. It shall not be less than 5m from any air intake openings and shall be at least 1.5m horizontally away from any building
opening which is below the vent opening level.
(e) Where mechanical ventilation is used, air circulation shall be at least 0.3m 3 /min.m 2 of floor area. Discharge outlets shall be at
least 1.5m horizontally away from any building opening which is located below the discharge level.
d. LPG cylinder installation in recessed area
Building recess used for housing LPG cylinder installation shall comply with the following requirements. See Diagram 10.1.4d. and Table
10.1B:
(1) Design
(a) The maximum depth of the recess shall be not more than 1m deep.
(b) The floor, ceiling and the dividing walls between the recess and the internal spaces of the building shall be brick, concrete or
other non-combustible materials shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
(c) Access to the recess shall only be from the external of the building.
(2) Location
(a) The recess shall be at ground floor and shall be for the exclusive use of housing LPG cylinders.
(b) The recess shall not be located within 3m of any fire exit route from a building that has only one designated means of exit. If
the 3m distance cannot be complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall shall be provided between the fire exit and the installation
so as to achieve the 3m horizontal distance.
(c) The recess shall be located at least 1.5m from any horizontal openings (windows, doors, air vents, balanced-flue outlets, etc.)
of the building having more than one designated means of escape, measured horizontally from the nearest LPG cylinder. If the
1.5m distance cannot be complied with, a 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall shall be provided between the openings and the installation
so as to achieve the 1.5m horizontal distance.
(d) The recess shall be located at least 3m from ignition source.
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(e) A minimum horizontal distance of 3m shall be maintained between the nearest edge of a vehicle parking lot to the recessed
area.
(f) Recessed area located below windows or openings shall maintain a minimum distance of 150mm between the top of the
recessed area or any part of the manifold system (piping, vaporiser, etc., whichever is higher) and the bottom of the windows or
openings.
(g) LPG cylinders shall be located at least 5m horizontally from any mechanical air intake which is below any part of the manifold
system and 1.5m from any mechanical intake which is above any part of the manifold system.
(3) Allowable quantity
(a) A maximum of 400kg of LPG is allowed to be installed using a single manifold system inside the recessed area. The quantity of
cylinder is restricted to 8, regardless of the capacity of each cylinder (e.g., 2 groups of 4 x 50kg cylinders or 2 groups of 4 x 15kg
cylinders).
(b) The space or compartment where the pipework and ancillary fittings are installed shall be sprinkler-protected (except for the
recessed area). If not, the LPG quantity shall be halved (200kg).
(c) For commercial premises, the maximum number of LPG manifold system shall not exceed two per building.
(4) Safety
Any pipe penetration on the walls of the recess area shall be suitably fire-stopped to maintain the 2-hr fire resistance rating of the
walls.
(5) Ventilation
Permanent unobstructed high and low ventilation openings, not less than 300cm²/m² of recess floor area, shall be provided for venting
the recess space to the external of the building.
10.1.5 Gas leak detection system and other requirements
a. Gas leak detection system shall be provided within area, room or compartment involving LPG piping system, regardless whether the
mentioned spaces are naturally ventilated, mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. The gas leak detection system shall, upon detection,
automatically shut off gas supply and sound the alarm (see Cl.A2.3 of Annex 10.1A on Gas Leak Detection).
b. A fail-safe central solenoid isolation valve interlocked with the gas leak detection system shall be installed at the main pipe immediately
outside the metal cabinet.
c. All flexible pigtail tubings shall be of heavy duty type, UL listed and integrated with one-way check valve.
d. If vapour manifold is installed for temporary use when vaporiser is under repair or replacement, its design shall adhere to the similar
design criteria for liquid line.
e. The LPG installation (i.e. including all pipings, manifold system, devices/ equipment such as vaporiser and pressure release valves etc.)
shall be separated with 2-hr fire-rated masonry wall from other area and all shop units.
f. The installation shall be protected with 2-hrs fire-rated roof cover if there is any other equipment such as air-condition condensing unit
etc. installed above it.
g. All electrical fittings shall comply with IEC 60079, including Parts 10, 14 and 17, i.e., electrical installations in hazardous areas.
h. Hose reel coverage shall be provided.
i. The LPG installation shall be within 45m range from fire engine access road and fire hydrant is within 50m range from the fire engine
access road.
j. Where LPG installation is located within a back-lane, public street or service road, it shall be accessible to firefighters from both ends of
the back-lane, public street or service road.
10.1.6 Reduced separation distances between LPG storage and boundaries
a. The separation distances stipulated under Cl.10.1.3a.(2), Cl.10.1.3a.(3) and Cl.10.1.3a.(8) can be reduced as follows provided all the
conditions stipulated under are fulfilled:
(1) at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation and the common boundary lines of the two abutting shop units;
(2) at least 3m separation between LPG installation and the opposite property;
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(3) at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation compartment and the exit, if this exit is the only exit for the shop unit; and
(4) at least 1.5m separation between LPG installation and the final discharge of exit staircase, if this staircase is the only exit
staircase serving upper or basement levels.
b. Conditions for reduced separation distances between LPG installation and boundaries
(1) The LPG storage shall be fully protected with masonry wall including 2-hrs fire-rated roof cover; access door shall also be 1-hr fire-
rated with low level air gap of 75mm for ventilation purpose; the masonry wall facing abutting shop unit shall be extended at least
300mm higher than the entire LPG installation.
(2) In addition to Cl.10.1.5a., gas leak detector(s) shall be provided at the LPG installation that shall upon detection, automatically
shut off the gas supply, sound the alarm and activate the strobe light located next to the LPG storage (with “Gas Leak” indication
beside the strobe light).
(3) The minimum alarm sounding duration shall be 3 mins and the strobe light (blue) shall flash continuously.
(4) Red background signage with white lettering of 50mm in size with the following details shall be placed at the LPG storage
compartment and at the emergency shut-off valve pull box.
(5) Emergency shut-off switch for the isolation valve shall be provided beside the emergency shut-off valve pull box.
(6) The total number of gas cylinders shall be limited to 6.
Diagram 10.1.2e. : Warning sign/notice for LPG cylinder installation
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Diagram 10.1.3d.(1) : LPG cylinder installation for eating outlets
Diagram 10.1.3d.(2) : LPG cylinder installation for industrial applications
Diagram 10.1.4c. : Indoor LPG cylinder installation in separate compartment
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Diagram 10.1.4d. : LPG cylinder installation in recessed area
TABLE 10.1A : VARIOUS DISTANCES FOR OUTDOOR LPG INSTALLATIONS

Distance from Horizontal
No. of No. of No. of Distance drains, pit, distance from Distance Distance Distance
Distance Distance
cabinets cylinders cylinders between manhole, oil windows, from between from
LPG quantity from from fire
per per cabinet / per cabinet / tank bund wall, doors, vents, mechanical manifold vehicle
boundary exit route
manifold cluster manifold cluster basement balance flue air intake systems parking lot
opening etc. outlets, etc.
(kg) (m) (no.) (no.) (no.) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
5m min.
3m min. 3m min.
(intakes be
(one exit (no fire-
low manifold
only) rated
system)
wall)
Not more than 3m 2 12 0.6m 3m
6 maximum 1.5m minimum 1.5m 1.5 minimum
600kg minimum maximum maximum minimum 1.5m min. minimum
min. 1.5m min.
(intakes
(more (with 2-hr
above
than one fire-rated
manifold
exit) wall)
system)
5m min.
3m min. (intakes be 6 min. (no
(one exit low manifold fire-rated
600kg to
3m only) system) wall)
1000kg
3m 2 10 20 minimum 3m
(industrial 2m minimum 1.5m minimum
minimum maximum maximum maximum or 2-hr fire- 1.5m min 1.5m min. 3m min. minimum
applications
rated wall (more (intakes (with 2-hr
only) than one above fire-rated
exit) manifold wall)
system)
TABLE 10.1B : TECHNICAL DETAILS FOR INDOOR LPG INSTALLATIONS
Distance from Min. Dist. Of

Quantity Fire rating of Mechanical Distance from
Open flame, discharge from
Allowed compartment Ventilation exits
Location of ignition source Sprinkler / Gas Leak mech. air intake
Natural Ventilation
LPG detector
(kg) (hr) (m3/min) (m)

(m) (m)
a) 300cm2 opening
per m2 of
compartment floor 1.5m min.
Sprinkler required else area (intakes above
only max 200kg of LPG is manifold
400kg. max.
allowed 0.3 per meter system)
(8 x 50kg or 8
Separate x 15kg) square of
2 Not applicable b) high and low 1.5m
Compartment compartment floor
vents shall be
Maximum 8 area
If no sprinkler or if air- provided 5m min.
cylinders conditioned, gas leak (intakes be low
detector is required manifold
system)
c) min. length of
external wall 6m
3m if only one
400kg. max. Sprinkler required a) 300cm2 opening 1.5m min.
exit,
Recessed Area (8 x 50kg or 8 2 3 (excluding recessed area) per m2 of Not applicable (intake above
otherwise
x 15kg) else only max 200kg of compartment floor manifold
1.5m
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Maximum 8 LPG is allowed area system)
cylinders
If no sprinkler or if air- b) high and low 5m min.

conditioned, gas leak vents shall be (intakes be low
detector is required provided manifold
(excluding recessed area) system)
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CLAUSE 10.2 - SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC (PV) INSTALLATION
10.2.1 Roof-mounted PV installations
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to roof-mounted PV installations. For PV installations on the roof of PG I buildings, the
requirements are stipulated in Cl.9.1.1d.
b. Means of access
(1) For access to PV installations on the roof (excluding non-PV areas), at least one exit staircase shall be provided. Where the area is
large and one-way travel distance to the exit cannot be met, an additional cat ladder or ship ladder adequately separated from the exit
staircase, in accordance with Cl.2.2.11 and leading to the circulation area of the floor below shall be provided, except for the following:
(a) Single storey buildings with roof height not more than 12m or inaccessible pitched roof up to 24m from grade level are required to
provide a portable sturdy ladder or cat/ ship ladder. If there is a fire engine access road serving roof height not more than 12m or fire
engine accessway serving inaccessible pitched roof exceeding 12m and up to 24m is provided, access to PV installation is not
required.
(b) External/ open-sided overhead bridge/ shed/ linkway/ walkway with clear width not more than 6m, roof height not more than 12m
and without any commercial activities.
(2) For buildings where plans submission on the installation of PVs on the roof level was made on or before 16 June 2016, the provision of
single exit staircase is not required. Instead, a cat/ship ladder to provide access to the roof shall be provided.
(3) The computation of travel distance for roof areas which are open to the sky for any purpose group can be based on the requirement for
sprinkler-protected compartments/buildings.
(4) All access hatches, if provided, shall be readily accessible from the roof. The access hatch opening shall have a minimum clear width
of 1m in diameter.
c. Fire performance of PV modules
(1) PV modules shall meet a minimum of Class C for both spread of flame and burning brand tests, in accordance with IEC 61730-2.
(2) System components associated with the PV modules, such as wirings and switchboard assemblies, shall comply with the installation
requirements as stipulated in SS 638.
d. Design and installation criteria
(1) Each array of a PV installation shall not exceed the maximum dimensions of 60m x 40m.
(2) A clearance of 3m around the access/ hatch opening and exit doors shall be provided.
(3) Access aisles of minimum clear width of 1.5m shall be provided such that no part of any PV array is more than 20m from any of them.
Where the access aisle abuts the edge of the roof, the clear width of the access aisle shall be at least 2.5m unless a perimeter
parapet/railing of height not less than 900mm is provided.
(4) Storages or services located below PV arrays excluding those stated under Cl.10.2.1b.(1)(b), shall be separated from the PV arrays as
follows:
(a) For sprinkler-protected space below arrays, a non-combustible separation shall be provided.
(b) For sprinkler-protected space below arrays, if the PV modules comply with Cl.10.2.2b., no separation is required.
(c) For non-sprinkler-protected space below arrays, a 1-hr fire-rated separation shall be provided.
(d) For non-sprinkler-protected space below arrays, if the PV modules comply with Cl.10.2.2b., a non-combustible separation shall be
provided.
(5) PV modules, wirings, switchboard assemblies and other equipment shall not cover any ventilation system on the roof (e.g., smoke
control/ extraction systems or air well).
(See Diagram 10.2.1.d.)
e. Emergency disconnection
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(1) Manual emergency shut-off system for the disconnection of the PV modules shall be provided on both the AC-power side (typically
where inverters are placed) and the switch room side.
(2) Operating instructions for the emergency shut off system shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor level
and clearly displayed near to the emergency shut-off system.
(3) Simplified site plan with the position of PV modules and system circuit diagrams shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m
from the finished floor level and displayed close to the access openings or the exit staircase from the roof.
10.2.2 Wall-mounted PV installations
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to wall-mounted PV installations.
b. Fire performance of PV modules
(1) PV modules shall comply with all of the following requirements:
(a) the outer layers shall be constructed of glass or non-combustible material;
(b) a minimum of Class B with Fire Growth Rate (FIGRA) ≤ 70 W/s under EN 13501-1;
(c) a minimum of Class A for both spread of flame and burning brand for Module Safety Tests (MST) 23 (fire test), in accordance with
IEC 61730-2;
(d) at least a pass for MST 22 (hot spot endurance test), MST 25 (bypass diode thermal test) and MST 26 (reverse current overload
test), in accordance with IEC 61730-2;
(e) Junction boxes shall comply with IEC 61730-1 for glow wire test and achieve flammability class V-1 for outer accessible parts,
flammability class HB for inner parts, flammability class 5V on the end-product and the result is assessed in accordance with
flammability class 5VB; and
(f) Cables used shall comply with IEC 61730-1 for vertical flame propagation.
(2) System components associated with the PV modules, such as wirings and switchboard assemblies, shall comply with the installation
requirements as stipulated in SS 638.
c. Design and installation criteria
(1) PV installations shall comply with all of the following:
(a) PV installations shall be mounted on external walls of at least 1-hr fire resistance.
(b) PV installations shall be installed at least 5m vertically above grade level. Alternatively, PV installations can be installed 3m above
grade level, if a 1-hr fire-rated horizontal projection that extends at least 600mm from the building is installed beneath the PV
installation.
(c) PV installations shall be installed away from any unprotected openings, or combustible material/ construction within 1.5m
horizontally or within 3m vertically, or adjacent to or facing it. Alternatively, the 3m vertical separation can be exempted if a 1-hr fire-
rated horizontal projection that extends at least 600mm from the building is installed between the PV installation and the unprotected
opening.
(d) PV installations located adjacent to exit staircases shall comply with Cl.2.3.3a.(3) or Cl.2.3.3b.(2)(b).
(e) Only components (i.e., cables, junction box, etc.) serving the PV installations are allowed to be run between the PV modules and
the external wall.
(f) All cables and related components shall be housed in a non-combustible conduit. The positive and negative DC cables shall be
installed in separate containments.
d. Emergency disconnection
(1) Manual emergency shut-off system for the disconnection of the PV modules shall be provided on both the AC-power side (typically
where inverters are placed) and the switch room side.
(2) Operating instructions for the emergency shut-off system shall be placed at a height of between 1.5m to 2m from the finished floor
level and clearly displayed near to the emergency shut-off system.
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(3) A simplified site plan with the position of PV modules and system circuit diagrams shall be placed at a height between 1.5m to 2m from
the finished floor level and displayed close to the switch room or FCC, if applicable.
10.2.3 Wall-integrated PV installations
a. General
This set of fire safety requirements shall be applicable to wall-integrated PV installations, where PV is integrated into the building such as
windows or curtain walls.
b. Fire performance of PV modules
PV modules shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.2b..
c. Design and installation criteria
PV installation shall comply with the following:
(1) All spaces abutting/ facing PV installations shall be fully protected by an automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire extinguishing
system, unless they comply with all of the following conditions:
(a) the building does not exceed 12m in habitable height;
(b) the building is protected by an automatic fire alarm system compliant with SS 645; and
(c) the building does not contain healthcare occupancy (inpatient).
(2) PV installation located adjacent to exit staircases shall comply with the Cl.2.3.3a.(3) or Cl.2.3.3b.(2)(b).
(3) All cables and related components shall be housed in a non-combustible conduit. The positive and negative DC cables shall be
installed in separate containments.
(4) The opening occurring at the junction between the edge of a structural floor and the wall-integrated PV shall be sealed to prevent the
spread of smoke and flame from the lower floor to the upper floor via the opening. Fire stopping materials for sealing the openings shall
have the same fire resistance rating as the elements of structure.
d. Emergency disconnection
Emergency disconnection of the PV modules, it shall be in accordance with Cl.10.2.2d..
Diagram 10.2.1d. : Roof-mounted PV Installation Criteria
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CLAUSE 10.3 - ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
10.3.1 General
(a) Energy Storage System refers to one or more devices, assembled together, capable of storing energy in order to supply electrical
energy at a future time to the local power loads, to the utility grid, or for grid support.
(b) This set of fire safety requirements need not be applicable to Energy Storage System installations where the total stored energy is less
than the Threshold Stored Energy listed in Table 10.3.1 below.
(c) All Energy Storage System installations shall be located at the same storey as the fire engine accessway/fire engine access road.
(d) The allowable Maximum Stored Energy for the various battery technologies in each compartment shall be as listed in Table 10.3.1.
TABLE 10.3.1: STORED ENERGY CAPACITY OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

Threshold Stored Energy a Maximum Stored Energy a
Type
(kWh) (kWh)
Lead-acid batteries, all types 70 600
b
Nickel batteries 70 600
Lithium-ion batteries, all types 20 600
Sodium nickel chloride batteries 20 600
c
Flow batteries 20 600
Other batteries technologies 10 200
Note:
a
It shall refer to an aggregated stored energy capacity per compartment. For battery rating in Amp-Hours, kWh is equal to maximum rated voltage multiplied by amp-hr rating divided by
1000.
b
Nickel battery technologies include nickel cadmium (Ni-Cad), nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), and nickel zinc (Ni-Zn).
c
Includes vanadium, zinc-bromine, polysulfide-bromide, and other flowing electrolyte-type technologies.
10.3.2 Temporary Energy Storage System installation on construction sites
ESS installation on construction sites shall be located outdoors and comply with all the following requirements:
(a) Cl.10.3.1d. on compartmentation shall be applicable;
(b) All ESS installations shall be located at the ground level and sited close to the boundary line adjacent to any public road or any internal
driveway that is accessible by firefighting appliances. If the ESS is sited more than 100m away from the public road, a private hydrant
shall be provided;
(c) ESS installation shall be protected and locked against tampering and accidental damage by non-combustible fencing of height not less
than 1.8m;
(d) Setback distance of 3m measured between the ESS installation and the fencing shall be provided. No combustible items shall be
located within this 3m separation space;
(e) Approved types of fire extinguishers of at least 2 numbers of 55A shall be provided;
(f) An approved fire extinguishing system effective against ESS fire, shall be provided; and
(g) Ventilation requirement for ESS installation shall be in accordance with Cl.7.1.15.
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CLAUSE 10.4 -ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) CHARGING INSTALLATION
10.4.1 General
The requirements in Cl.10.4.2 are exempted for PG I buildings.
10.4.2 Emergency main isolation shut-off switches
a. Each EV charging station shall be provided with at least one emergency main isolation shut-off switch(es) located such that no person
need to travel more than 15m from the EV charging station and its parking lot(s) to reach a main isolation shut-off switch.
b. If more than one EV charging station is provided, the main isolation shut-off switch(es) shall be provided such that no person need to
travel more than 15m from any EV charging station and its associated parking lot(s) to reach a main isolation shut-off switch.
c. Main isolation switch(es) shall be located on the same storey as the EV charging station(s) they serve. The purpose of such main
isolation shut-off switch(es) is to provide a safe means of isolating the main electrical power supply to the entire EV charging system on
the same storey.
d. Every EV charging stations and EV parking lots shall be located at least 3m away from the nearest edge of any main isolation shut-off
switches.
Exception
Main isolation shut-off switches can be allowed to be less than 3m from an EV charging station and its parking lot(s), as long as there is at
least one other main isolation shut-off switch located at least 3m away but still within 15m of this EV charging station and its parking lot(s).
e. Main isolation shut-off switches shall be located between 800mm and 1.2m above the finished floor level and shall be located in a
clearly visible and easily accessible location.
f. All main isolation shut-off switches shall be clearly labelled. Clear instructions shall be indicated on how to operate the main isolation
shut-off switch. Signages shall be provided with a letter height of at least 50mm.
g. Where main isolation shut-off switch(es) cannot be seen clearly or not within line of sight from the EV charging station and its parking
lot(s), additional signages shall be provided to direct persons to the main isolation shut-off switch(es).
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ANNEX 10.1A - STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR LPG CYLINDER INSTALLATIONS
A1.0 STANDARDS
The following standards for LPG cylinders and ancillary fittings shall be complied with:
TABLE 1 : STANDARDS FOR LPG CYLINDERS & FITTINGS

S/N ITEM STANDARDS
1 Cylinder SS 99
Cylinder Fittings
a) Flexible Hose SS 233
2
b) Regulator SS 281, BS 3016, UL144
c) Cylinder valve SS 294
3 Gas Leak Detector BS EN 60079-29-1 and BS EN 600179-14
A2.0 SPECIFICATIONS
A2.1 LPG Cylinder Fittings
a. Flexible hoses
(1) Hoses or flexible connectors used to supply LPG to utilization equipment or appliances shall be installed in accordance with the
relevant clauses of NFPA 54 and NFPA 58. The hose shall be securely connected to the appliance. The use of rubber slip ends
without hose clips shall not be permitted for domestic cylinders.
(2) Hoses shall be tested and passed the performance criteria in accordance with SS 233.
b. Regulators
Regulators shall comply with the standards as specified in the table above.
c. Over pressure protection device
(1) An over pressure protection device is a device to protect the downstream installation and shut off the gas flow if the outlet
pressure exceeds the set limit.
(2) In general, a regulator with over pressure protection device shall be designed to achieve the following:
(a) ensuring reliable and continuous supply of LPG;
(b) protecting downstream system against over pressure; and
(c) protecting against failure of any regulating device.
(3) Setting of over pressure protection device shall not be more than 30% of maximum operating pressure.
d. Valves
(1) Cylinder valves
Cylinder valves shall comply with the standards as specified in the table above.
(2) Safety valves
(a) Hydrostatic relief valves designed to relieve the hydrostatic pressure that might develop in sections of liquid piping between
two isolating valves shall be installed in each section. Hydrostatic valves shall comply with UL 132, Standard for Pressure Relief
Valves for LPG.
(b) Emergency shut-off valve shall be provided after the knockout pot. The emergency shut-off valve shall be linked to a release
mechanism so that the valve can be closed from a safe distance of at least 3m from the LPG cylinders. The emergency shut-off
valve may incorporate fusible element which melts at not more than 250° when exposed to fire, allowing the emergency shut- off
valve to close by itself.
(c) An accessible gas shutoff valve shall be provided at the upstream of each gas pressure regulator. Where two gas pressure
regulators are installed in series in a single gas line, a manual valve shall not be required at the second regulator.
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(d) Main gas shut-off valves controlling several gas piping systems shall be prominent and readily accessible for operation and
properly installed so as to protect it from physical damage. They shall be marked with a metal tag or other permanent means
attached by the installing agency so that the gas piping systems supplied through them can be readily identified.
(e) An exterior shut-off valve to permit turning off the gas supply to each building in an emergency shall be provided and plainly
marked.
e. Piping
(1) Pipe design and specifications shall be in accordance with the relevant clauses in NFPA 54 and NFPA 58. No polyethylene
material is allowed to be used for the piping system except for necessary industrial applications.
(2) Pipe material shall be tested and certified according to recognised ASTM or British Standard. The pipe supplier shall produce Mill
certificates.
(3) The manifold and main LPG supply pipeline shall be welded together as far as practicable. Welders for the piping work must be
qualified and certified by a recognised body.
(4) Pipelines pressure test shall be witnessed and certified by a Professional Engineer (Mechanical).
(5) The liquid LPG pipelines shall be painted in “Blue” and the vapour LPG pipelines in “Yellow” with the marking of the word “LP-Gas”
at intervals of not more than 3m.
(6) When connecting additional gas utilisation equipment to a gas piping system, the existing piping shall be checked to determine if it
has adequate capacity. If inadequate, the existing system shall be enlarged as required, or separate gas equipment of adequate
capacity shall be provided.
f. Pigtail
(1) Pigtail shall include a 6mm flexible hose or tube, a 6mm tee-check valve or excess flow valve and a 6mm ball valve.
(2) Flexible hose shall be fabricated of materials resistant to LPG reaction both in liquid and vapour state. It shall be designed for a
minimum bursting pressure of 1750 psi (121 bar) and working pressure of 350 psi (24 bar). The hose shall be marked “LPG” at
intervals of not more than 3m.
(3) The tee-check valve shall be Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) listed or it shall comply with other recognised/ approved
standard.
(4) The ball valve shall be rated to at least 600 psi (41 bar).
g. Pressure gauge
(1) Each bank of LPG cylinder manifold shall have a pressure gauge.
(2) For high-pressure section, the gauge shall have a range of 0 to 300 psi (0 to 20.1 bar)
(3) For low-pressure section, the gauge shall have a range of 0 to 50 psi (0 to 3.45 bar)
h. Vaporiser
(1) Vaporisers, where applicable, shall be constructed in accordance with the applicable provision of NFPA 58, ASME Code or other
recognised pressure vessel Codes and Standards for a design pressure of 250 psi (17.24 bar) and shall be permanently and legibly
marked with:
(a) markings required by the Code;
(b) the allowable working pressure and temperature for which it is designed; and
(c) the name or symbol of the manufacturer.
(2) Vaporisers shall be provided with a suitable automatic means to prevent the passage of liquid through the vaporiser to the vapour
discharge piping. This feature shall be permitted to be integrated with the vaporiser or otherwise provided in the external piping.
(3) Vaporisers shall have a manual shut-off valve and an automated valve (e.g., thermostatic, magnetic or float) which closes in the
event of power failure or overload.
(4) Vaporisers shall have relevant temperature control and the necessary safety features.
(5) Vaporisers shall have a pressure relief valve set at 250 psi (17.24 bar) with the release point directed upward.
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i. Knock-out pot
The knockout pot shall have at least two drain valves. The drain shall end at ground level and plugged at the end.
j. Gas meters
(1) Installation and application of gas meters shall be in accordance with the relevant clauses in NFPA 54 and shall be able to take a
pressure of 20 psi (1 psi = 6.895 kPa).
(2) Gas meters shall be selected for the maximum expected pressure and permissible pressure drop.
(3) Vapour meters of the tin or brass case type of soldered construction shall not be used at pressure in excess of 1 psi (7 kPa).
(4) Vapour meters of the die cast or iron case type shall be permitted to be used at any pressure equal to or less than the working
pressure for which they are designed and marked.
(5) Gas meters shall be located in ventilated spaces readily accessible for examination, reading, replacement or necessary
maintenance.
(6) Gas meters shall not be placed where they will be subjected to damage, such as adjacent to a driveway, under a fire escape, in
public passages, halls or where they will be subjected to excessive corrosion or vibration.
(7) Gas meters shall be located at least 1m from sources of ignition.
(8) Gas meters shall not be located where they will be subjected to extreme temperatures or sudden extreme changes in temperature.
Meters shall not be located in areas where they are subjected to temperatures beyond those recommended by the manufacturer.
(9) Gas meters shall be supported or connected to rigid piping so as not to exert a strain on the meters.
(10) Gas meters shall be protected against over pressure, back pressure, and vacuum, where such conditions are anticipated.
k. Strainers
Strainers shall be designed to minimise the possibility of particulate materials clogging lines and damaging meters or regulators. The
strainer element shall be accessible for cleaning.
A2.2 Electrical bonding and grounding
a. Electrical circuits shall not utilise gas piping or components as conductors.
b. All electrical connections between wiring and electrically operated control devices in a piping system shall conform to the requirements
of SS 254.
c. Any essential safety control (in the vaporiser) depending on electrical current as the operating medium shall be of a type that will shut
off (fail safe) the flow of gas in the event of current failure.
A2.3 Gas leak detection
a. Gas leak detectors shall be connected to a localised alert alarm, emergency shut- off valve as well as the kitchen exhaust systems. The
gas supply safety shut-off valve system shall also be interlocking with the kitchen automatic fire suppression system. See diagram below.
b. LPG pipe installation shall not be permitted in the following areas:
(1) in the ground under concrete flooring within building;
(2) under building under building foundations;
(3) within lift shafts and cavity walls;
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(4) in compartments or ducts dedicated for electrical switchgears, transformers or air-conditioning ducts;
(5) in refrigeration chambers, coldrooms, air handling rooms and ventilation or other hazardous materials;
(6) adjacent to pipes and vessels containing flammable, oxidizing, corrosive and other hazardous materials; and
(7) in fire lift lobby, FCC, smoke-free lobbies, fire pump rooms, firefighting water tank rooms, sprinkler control valve rooms, riser
ducts, areas of refuge, protected corridors, exit staircases, bedrooms and other occupied area, etc.
c. Proper metal pipe sleeve shall be installed for the gas pipes running in enclosed non-ventilated areas or basement floor, and at least
one end exposed directly to the exterior open safe space (it can be used to facilitate the gas leak detection system).
d. Gas pipe running vertically shall be enclosed within a protected riser shaft and be fully fire separated from other M&E risers. Ventilation
opening shall be provided for such gas riser.
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ANNEX 10.1B - CONDITIONS FOR INDOOR STORAGE/ USE OF LPG IN EATING OUTLETS
B1.0 DEFINITION
a. Eating outlet
“Eating outlet” refers to shop unit/ units operated as food outlet, food court, eating place, restaurant, hawker centre or coffee shop.
b. Food stall
“Food stall” refers to stall operated by independent operator within an eating outlet.
B2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All eating outlets shall not use or store LPG cylinders within building unless all of the following conditions are fulfilled:
a. The eating outlet is located on or above ground level.
b. The eating outlet is naturally ventilated.
B3.0 ALLOWABLE QUANTITY
a. The maximum allowable quantity of LPG shall be limited to 2 x 15kg cylinders (including standby cylinder) per food stall.
b. The total capacity for each eating outlet shall not be more than 200kg.
B4.0 FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
B4.1 Compartmentation
a. The eating outlet shall be separated by fire-resistant walls (1-hr fire resisting rating for sprinkler-protected building and 2-hr for non-
sprinkler-protected building) from other areas.
b. Stalls within food court or coffee shop shall be separated from each other with 1-hr fire-resisting side-walls.
B4.2 Connection of LPG cylinders
Each cylinder shall be connected to cooking hob/stove with flexible hose. The LPG cylinders shall not be connected together with manifold
system.
B4.3 LPG cabinet
a. LPG cylinders shall be housed in a 2.5mm thick steel cabinet. There shall be not more than 2 x 15kg cylinders in each cabinet.
b. The cabinet shall be placed directly on a firm floor.
c. The cabinet shall be adequately ventilated with openings at the bottom of the cabinet.
d. The cabinet shall always be kept free of any combustible materials.
B4.4 Gas leak detection system
a. Gas-leak detection system (see Cl.A2.3 of Annex 10.1A) shall be provided (be supplied directly from the building electrical power
supply). The system shall be linked to shut off the LPG supply automatically and activate local alert alarm. The gas-leak detector shall be
located at low level and near to the possible leak areas such as the connecting hoses, LPG cylinder cabinets, etc.
b. If kitchen automatic fire suppression system is provided, it shall also be linked to shut off the LPG supply automatically.
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Amendment History - Chapter 10 - Requirements for Special Installations
Amendment
Date
Relocated from
10.1.1 to
Immediate Appendix 13 of Fire --
10.1.4
Code 2013
Relocated from
10.1.1 to
Immediate Appendix 13 of Fire --
10.1.4
Code 2013
Locations of ancillary fixtures and fittings, e.g.

vaporiser, regulators, emergency shut-off valve,
10.1.1e.(4)(b) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications 1 Sep 2022
change-over valves, remote cut-off device, knock-out
pot, pipe entries, etc..
Locations of ancillary fixtures and fittings, e.g.

vaporiser, regulators, emergency shut-off valve,
10.1.1e.(4)(b) 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications 1 Sep 2022
change-over valves, remote cut-off device, knock-out
pot, pipe entries, etc..
General

This set of fire safety requirements shall be
applicable to roof-mounted PV installations.
General

This set of fire safety requirements shall be
applicable to roof-mounted PV installations.
10.2.1d. Design and installation criteria
(1) …
(2) …
(3) …
10.2.1d. 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarification (4) Storages or services located below PV arrays 25 Aug 2023
excluding those stated under Cl.10.2.1b.(1)(b), shall
be separated from the PV panels as follows:
(a) for sprinkler-protected space below arrays, by

providing a non-combustible separation, or
(b) for non-sprinkler-protected space below arrays, by
providing a 1-hr fire-rated separation.
Means of access
a. For PV installations on the roof, at least one

exit staircase shall be provided. Where the area of
non-habitable roof is large and one-way travel
distance to the exit cannot be met, an additional cat
10.2.2 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification ladder or ship ladder adequately separated from the 1 Sep 2021
exit staircase, in accordance with Cl.2.3.12 and
leading to the circulation area of the floor below shall
be provided.
b. For existing buildings which are carrying out the
installation of PVs on the roof level where the
provision of single exit staircase is not feasible, a
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Amendment
Date
portable sturdy ladder to the roof access shall be

provided. Single storey buildings with roof height not
more than 12m or inaccessible pitched roof up to
24m from grade level are not required to provide a
sturdy ladder, if there is a fire engine accessway
fronting this installation.
c. The computation of travel distance for roof
areas which are open to the sky for any purpose
group (except PG I) can be based on the requirement
for sprinkler-protected compartments/ buildings.
d. All access hatches, if provided, shall be readily
accessible from the roof. The access hatch opening
shall have a minimum clear width of 1m in diameter.
Means of access

ladder or ship ladder adequately separated from the
be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Page 362
Amendment
Date
Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Page 363
Amendment
Date

Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Page 364
Amendment
Date
Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Page 365
Amendment
Date

Means of access

be provided.
Means of access

be provided.
Page 366
Amendment
Date
Means of access

be provided.
10.2.3 1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 New Nil 25 Aug 2023
Design and installation criteria
a. The sub-array for the PV installations shall be

limited to a maximum size of 40m by 40m.
b. A clearance of 3m around the access/hatch

opening and in front of exit door (of exit staircase)
shall be provided.
10.2.4 2 Dec 2019 1 June 2020 Revised 2 Dec 2019
c. For a roof without perimeter parapet/railing, a clear
width of not less than 2.5m shall be maintained along
the perimeter aisles/gangways. For a roof with perimeter
parapet/railing of height not less than 900mm, a clear
width of not less than 1.5m shall be provided along the
perimeter aisle/gangway.
d. There shall be a minimum of 1.5m separation
Page 367
Amendment
Date
between arrays.
e. There shall be no storage or services below the PV

installation.
f. PV modules, wirings, switchboard assemblies and

other equipment shall not cover any ventilation
system on the roof (e.g. smoke control/ extraction
systems or air well).
10.3 2 Dec 2019 1 June 2020 New 2 Dec 2019
10.3 2 Dec 2019 1 June 2020 New 2 Dec 2019
10.3 2 Dec 2019 1 June 2020 New 2 Dec 2019
10.4 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 New Nil 1 Sep 2021
CHAPTER 10 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL

Chapter 10 1 Dec 2020 1 Dec 2020 Clarification 1 Dec 2020
INSTALLATIONS
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11.1 GENERAL
This Chapter stipulates requirements relating to the certification of building materials and equipment regulated by SCDF under the Product
Listing Scheme. These requirements include the acceptable test standards, certification schemes and surveillance regimes for these regulated
fire safety products and materials (referred to as “products” for simplicity) (refer to Table 11A), as well as the duties required of the various
parties involved in the certification process. For the full list of requirements, this Chapter shall be read in conjunction with the Fire Safety Act
(FSA) and its subsidiary legislations, as well as CT 12 of SAC’s “Criteria for Product Certification Bodies (Regulated Fire Safety Products)”.
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11.2 DEFINITIONS
11.2.1 Accredited certification body
“Accredited certification body” (CB) refers to a body corporate or corporation incorporated or constituted under the law of Singapore,
accredited under the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC)’s certification body accreditation scheme administered by the Enterprise
Singapore Board.
11.2.2 Accredited laboratory
“Accredited laboratory” refers to a body corporate or corporation providing laboratory testing services, which is accredited under SAC’s
laboratory accreditation scheme administered by the Enterprise Singapore Board, or recognised under the International Laboratory
Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) Mutual Recognition Agreement/ Arrangement between Singapore and other countries.
11.2.3 Certificate of Conformity (CoC)
“Certificate of Conformity” refers to a certificate issued by CBs for a regulated fire safety product that meets product testing standards and
certification requirements. These certified products shall be recorded in a product directory on the CB’s website for reference and verification
of the CoCs’ validity.
11.2.4 Declaration of Compliance
“Declaration of Compliance” refers to a declaration of information associated with or related to a batch of certified regulated fire safety
products. DoCs serve a similar purpose as serial labels, and are issued for non-discrete systems, such as fire-rated ceilings and fire-rated
floors. Refer to Table 11A for products that require DoCs.
11.2.5 Discrete system
“Discrete system” refers to a regulated fire safety product on which it is physically practicable and/or effective to affix a product label for
identification purposes. Such products include fire doors, landing valves, and fire extinguishers.
11.2.6 Local representative
“Local representative” refers to the Singapore-registered agent/ partner appointed by a foreign CoC holder, in order for its certified regulated
fire safety products to be supplied in Singapore.
11.2.7 Mutual Recognition Arrangement/Agreement (MRA)
“Mutual Recognition Arrangement” or “Mutual Recognition Agreement” refers to the arrangements signed between SAC and other international
assessment bodies, which mutually recognise reports and certificates issued by an accredited Conformity Assessment Body (CAB) as
equivalent to their own accreditation requirements.
11.2.8 Non-discrete system
“Non-discrete system” refers to a regulated fire safety product on which it is not physically practicable or effective to affix a product label, for
example on walls, floors and cables. Suppliers are instead issued with DoC certificates for these products.
11.2.9 Product Listing Scheme (PLS)
“Product listing scheme” refers to the third party certification scheme administered by SCDF for regulated fire safety products.
11.2.10 Scheme Type 1b (Scheme 1b)
“Scheme Type 1b” consists of type testing of a sample of a production. Every subsequent batch shall also be tested or inspected. Refer to
Table 11A for the test requirements.
11.2.11 Scheme Type 2 (Scheme 2)
“Scheme Type 2” consists of type testing of a sample during initial certification, and subsequent surveillance testing of samples from the
market (i.e., warehouse, project site, etc.) to check that items produced fulfil the specified requirements.
“Scheme Type 5” consists of type testing and factory inspection during initial certification, and ongoing assessment of the entire quality
management system, including auditing the production process and management system. Surveillance testing of the product is done either
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from the market or at the point of production, or both, to check that items produced fulfil the specified requirements.
11.2.13 Serial label
“Serial label” refers to a certification label issued by CBs, with unique serial numbers. These are affixed to certified regulated fire safety
products categorised as discrete systems, such as fire-rated doors and fire alarm panels. Such labels allow tracing of these products to their
corresponding CoC and the specific installation location of each product. Refer to Table 11A for products that require serial labels.
11.2.14 Surveillance window
'Surveillance window”, also known as “surveillance cycle”, refers to the period of 12, 36 or 60 months (depending on product category, as
stipulated in Table 11A), starting the date that a CoC is issued in relation to a regulated fire safety product, and every subsequent period of
12, 36 or 60 months or shorter, if the CoC expires, or is terminated or withdrawn. Products may be subject to post-certification testing and/or
inspections, based on the surveillance window.
11.2.15 Suspension of CoC
“Suspension of CoC” refers to the temporary invalidation of a CoC by a CB under circumstances not limited to the following:
a. Non-compliance to any component of the surveillance regime;
b. Products are suspected to not meet fire safety requirements, but are still in the process of being tested/ investigated; and
c. CoC holder breaching the CB’s terms and conditions (including non-payment of fees).
11.2.16 Termination of CoC
“Termination of CoC” refers to the cancellation of a CoC, either on the request of the CoC holder before its expiry, or due to reasons not
related to fire safety. Examples of such circumstances include:
a. CoC holder ceases to supply the product due to business considerations (e.g., shutting down of business/undergoes liquidation); and
b. CoC holder fails to take adequate rectification measures within the given timeframe, despite being suspended for a breach in the CB’s
terms and conditions (including non-payment of fees).
11.2.17 Type testing
“Type testing”, also known as prototype testing, refers to testing of a product according to the test standard(s) for that product for the
application of CoC, as specified in Table 11A.
11.2.18 Withdrawal of CoC
“Withdrawal of CoC” refers to the cancellation of a CoC by the CB under circumstances not limited to the following:
a. Non-compliance with the requirements of the Product Listing Scheme, including:
(1) regulated fire safety product that is supplied to the industry differs from the prototype described in the CoC and laboratory test
report;
(2) misuse of certification mark, logo and certificates; and
(3) supply of products from a factory. which differs from the factory declared during the CoC application.
b. Failure to take adequate rectification measures within the given timeframe, despite being suspended for a fire-safety-related non-
compliance, or
c. Non-compliance that indicates failure of production process to consistently produce products of acceptable quality, including:
(1) failure or refusal of test/analysis of the product; and
(2) the surveillance regime is not completed within the surveillance window.
d. Other reasons related to fire safety.
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11.3 ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION
11.3.1 General
All regulated fire safety products shall be certified and have valid CoCs before they can be used on/in buildings as part of fire safety works in
Singapore (henceforth, for the purpose of this Chapter, “use in Singapore” shall be taken to mean “on/in buildings as part of fire safety works
in Singapore”).
11.3.2 Age of test reports for regulated fire safety products
Certification of regulated fire safety products under the Product Listing Scheme shall be based on test report(s) that were issued within the
specified timeframes, as listed below.
Certification Scheme Age of Test Reports that can be

(with reference to Table 11A) Considered for Issuance of CoC
Scheme 1b Less than 5 years
Discrete systems Less than 5 years

Scheme 2
Non-discrete systems Less than 10 years
Discrete systems Less than 5 years

Scheme 5
Non-discrete systems Less than 10 years
11.3.3 Validity of CoC for regulated fire safety product
a. A valid CoC is as defined under Part V of the FSA.
b. A CoC for regulated fire safety products is valid for 5 years from the date of issuance.
c. A CoC which is terminated, expired or withdrawn shall be considered permanently invalid, whereas a CoC which is suspended shall be
considered temporarily invalid till the suspension is lifted.
d. The status of the CoC will determine whether the regulated fire safety products are permitted to be supplied and used in Singapore.
Information relating to the CoCs, including the status, can be verified against CBs’ online directories.
(1) For products with valid CoCs at the date of delivery to the project site, i.e. not suspended, terminated, expired or withdrawn, these
are permitted to be used in Singapore.
(2) For products with CoCs that are not valid on the date of delivery to the project site, i.e. suspended, terminated, expired or withdrawn,
usage of these products in Singapore is prohibited.
(3) Notwithstanding (1), for products with CoCs that were valid on the date of delivery, but are subsequently withdrawn, usage of the
affected batches of such products in Singapore is subject to further assessment and investigation by SCDF and/or the CBs.
(4) Notwithstanding (1), for products with CoCs that were valid on the date of delivery, but are subsequently suspended for fire safety
reasons, e.g. pending investigation, it is not recommended that such products be used, as the investigation may show that the products
are non-compliant and cannot be used (e.g. products that have been installed will need to be replaced/removed).
(5) CBs shall not allow the termination of a CoC which is suspended for fire safety reasons, or which is under investigation by SCDF.
11.3.4 Accreditation requirements
a. Regulated fire safety products used in fire safety works shall be certified by a local certification body accredited by SAC.
b. Regulated fire safety products shall be accompanied by test reports from testing laboratories accredited by SAC or recognised by SAC via
the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) MRA.
c. Any new CB participating in the PLS shall notify SCDF, in writing, of its accreditation by SAC, and submit its Certificate of Accreditation and
Schedule issued by SAC for SCDF’s record. SCDF may request for additional information from the CB.
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11.3.5 Certification requirements
a. General requirements
CoCs issued for products intended for use in Singapore shall bear SAC’s accreditation mark.
b. Information submitted for new CoC applications
The following information, at minimum, shall be submitted to a CB for application of a CoC. Where the information/documents are not provided
in English, an official English translation, endorsed by a Notary Public, shall also be provided:
(1) CoC applicant details, including:
(a) Unique Entity Number (UEN) issued by the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA), or foreign equivalent, where
applicable;
(b) Full names of the company directors, or equivalent;
(c) Name, address, contact number and email address of the company;
(d) Where the applicant is a foreign company, the details of the appointed local representative, for parts (1)(a) through (1)(c) shall
also be included; and
(e) Proof of partnership between the local representative and foreign CoC holder.
(2) Manufacturer’s details, for all of the manufacturing plants of components of the regulated fire safety product affecting fire safety,
including:
(a) Country, name, address, contact number and email address of the manufacturer.
(3) Certification scheme details, including:
(a) Product category as classified under Table 11A; and
(b) Certification scheme, according to Cl 11.2.10 – 11.2.12.
(4) Product details, including:
(a) Brand and model, as determined by the manufacturer;
(b) Density and weight, where applicable, measured in kg/m3 and kg, respectively;
(c) Dimensions, where applicable, measured in mm; and
(d) Latest product catalogue stipulating the specifications and user instructions.
(5) Details of type tests, including:
(a) The reference number of the test report;
(b) Test standards (including version of the test standard, i.e. year) which the product is tested to;
(c) Description of the product component and manner of test, where applicable (e.g. tested with the core face exposed to heat);
(d) Outcome of the test, in terms of fire performance (e.g. 60-min integrity), where applicable;
(e) Insulation test results, where applicable; and
(f) Integrity test results, where applicable.
c. Documents submitted for new CoC applications - The following documents shall also be submitted for CoC applications:
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(1) Test reports, including the full type test reports and other test(s) required by the CB (e.g. material tests), which shall be:
(a) In full colour; and
(b) Bear the brand and model of the regulated fire safety product.
(2) For each test report, the credentials of the accredited laboratory which issued the test report, including:
(a) Documentation that the test laboratory is accredited by SAC or recognised by SAC via ILAC MRA and
(b) The accreditation scope indicating the test laboratory is accredited to perform such a test.
d. Information and documents submitted for renewal of CoC.
CoC holders shall submit the information stipulated in Cl 11.3.5b.(1) and (2) and provide the date of issue of the very first CoC that had
been issued for the product (i.e. “Original date of issue”). The CB shall make an assessment on whether there is a need to submit
information stipulated in Cl 11.3.5b.(3) – (5), as well as documents stipulated in Cl 11.3.5c.(1) and (2). CB may require submission of any
further information/documents as it deems fit.
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11.4 REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CERTIFICATION BODIES
11.4.1 Display of CoC information on CoCs and CB directories
a. Information displayed on CoC
(1) In addition to the information stipulated in Cl.11.3.5b., the CoC shall display the following information:
(a) CoC reference number;
(b) Date of issue for the present CoC (i.e. date of the latest renewal of the CoC);
(c) Date of expiry for the present CoC;
(d) In the case of revisions made to a CoC, a summary of the key changes shall be reflected in the appendix of the CoC; and
(e) In the case of renewed CoCs, the reference number of the CoC immediately prior to the present one (i.e. “Previous CoC number”)
shall be indicated on the new CoC, in brackets under the new number.
(2) Notwithstanding Cl.11.4.1a.(1), the following information shall not be displayed on the CoC:
(a) Full names of the company directors, or equivalent, of the CoC holder and local representative;
(b) Contact number and email address of the CoC holder and local representative;
(c) Proof of partnership between the local representative and foreign CoC holder;
(d) Manufacturer’s name, address, contact number and email address; and
(e) Latest product catalogue stipulating the specifications and user instructions.
b. Information displayed on CB online directory
(1) The following information relating to all CoCs that have been issued and are still valid; and CoCs which were terminated, withdrawn or
which expired in the past 5 years, shall be displayed on the CBs’ online directories that are accessible by the general public:
(a) CoC reference number;
(b) The reference number of the CoC immediately prior to the present one (i.e., “Previous CoC number”);
(c) Date of issue for the present CoC (date of the latest renewal of the CoC);
(d) Date of expiry for the present CoC;
(e) CoC holder details, including:
(i) Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) Company Unique Entity Number (UEN), or foreign equivalent, where
applicable;
(ii) Company name and address; and
(iii) Where the applicant is a foreign company, the details of the appointed local representative, for parts (i) and (ii) shall also be
included.
(f) Country of manufacture;
(g) Product category;
(h) Certification scheme, according to Cl.11.2.10 – Cl.11.2.12;
(i) Brand and model, as determined by the manufacturer;
(j) Product description as printed on the CoC;
(k) Test reference number(s), as printed on the CoC;
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(l) Test standard (incl. year) the product is tested to; and
(m) Product’s fire performance (e.g., 60 min integrity and 60 min insulation), where applicable; and
(n) The present status of CoCs certified by CBs shall be published on CBs’ online directories, with the following information:
(i) The statuses shall reflect one of the following classifications: “valid”; “suspended (fire safety reasons)” (e.g., non-completion
of surveillance regime); “suspended (not fire safety reasons)” (e.g., non-payment of fees); “terminated”; “expired” or “withdrawn”;
(ii) the effective date of the present status shall be indicated; and
(iii) any changes in status of CoCs shall be updated within 5 working days.
(2) The online directories shall be accessible at all times; in the event of downtime such as server error, the CB shall write to SCDF and
SAC within 24 hours, to
(a) Notify the authorities of the downtime; and
(b) Detail the actions being taken to rectify the issue.
11.4.2 Renewal of CoCs
The following requirements apply for the renewal of a CoC:
a. Prior to expiry of the CoC, a recertification review shall be conducted before CB can renew the CoC.
b. The renewed CoC is valid for 5 years, commencing the day after the expiry date of the previous CoC. For illustration, a CoC with expiry
date on 15 Oct 2020, when renewed, would have a new issue date of 16 Oct 2020, and an expiry date of 15 Oct 2025.
11.4.3 Transfer of CoCs between CBs
a. Transfer of CoC between CBs is only allowed for CoCs that are still valid. Valid CoCs are those that are not expired, withdrawn, terminated
or suspended.
b. In addition to the requirements in Cl.11.3.5, subject to Cl.11.4.3c., the following documents shall be submitted to the new CB:
(1) Present CoC;

(2) Declaration from the CoC holder that the current CoC is valid;
(3) Signed declaration from the previous CB that there are no outstanding issues that require rectification (e.g., failed/ missed
surveillance tests, pending investigations by SCDF, etc.);
(4) Type test reports;
(5) Additional test reports (if applicable); and
(6) All records of surveillance regime reports for testing and inspections that have been completed for the currently valid CoC.
Note: Items (3) and (6) shall be provided directly from one CB to another.
c. For transfer of CoCs, type test reports submitted as stipulated in Cl 11.4.3b. can be the same test report that was submitted when applying
for the present CoC, unless otherwise directed by the CB.
d. For transfer of CoCs, the new CB may permit CoCs previously certified to Scheme 5 to be changed to Scheme 1b, provided the surveillance
regime requirements (i.e., surveillance tests over multiple years and current surveillance window) have been fulfilled.
e. If the surveillance regime for that surveillance window has not been completed, transfer of CoCs are not allowed:
(1) Within the final 6 months of a surveillance window, or

(2) If there is at least 6 months left to the end of the surveillance window, but the new CB determines there is insufficient time to
complete the surveillance regime prior to the lapse of the surveillance window.
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f. Once the intention to transfer CoC has been indicated to the current CB, the said CB shall stop issuing labels or DoCs for the product.
g. The validity of the transferred CoC shall be limited to the remaining lifespan of the recently-valid CoC.
h. The new CB with which the CoC is held shall comply with the following, in addition to the certification requirements as stipulated in Cl
11.3.5:
(1) The new CB shall ensure the brand, model, manufacturing site and test standards of the regulated fire safety product is the
same as that of the previous CoC; and
(2) The surveillance window for the transferred CoC shall be determined with reference to the CoC’s original issue date.
11.4.4 Certification of regulated fire safety products with multiple CBs
a. Where a CoC holder wishes to list their product with multiple CBs, the applicant shall declare the status of certification held with the present
CB(s), for verification by the new CB.
b. For regulated fire safety products with existing valid CoC(s) with other CB(s), application for a CoC from a new CB shall be treated as a new
application, and comply with requirements in Cl 11.3.5. The existence of CoCs for the same products (valid or otherwise) issued by other CBs
does not change how the new CB should certify the product, similar to how it would certify any new regulated fire safety product.
c. The results from surveillance tests conducted by a CB shall not be used by another CB to fulfil the surveillance regime requirements for the
same product. However, the same surveillance test results may be used by another CB to fulfil the surveillance regime requirements for the
same product, provided all of the following minimum requirements are complied with:
(1) The surveillance test is conducted within the surveillance window for all the CoCs the test is intended to fulfil;
(2) The product manufacturer, composition, fire seal, design and fire rating are identical;
(3) Each of the CBs which had issued a CoC for the product -
(a) are agreeable to the terms and methodology of the sampling, including the choice of sample and test laboratory, sampling
location, sampling methodology; and
(b) witness the sampling of the product, and ensure the chain-of-custody when delivering the product to the test laboratory.
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11.4.5 Conduct of surveillance regime
a. The CB shall remind the CoC holders to complete their surveillance tests, if yet to be completed, 6 months and 3 months prior to the end of
the surveillance window.
b. Where sampling is required, the CB shall select the sample for the surveillance test/inspection.
c. The CB shall take all reasonable measures to ensure the chain-of-custody of samples meant for surveillance testing. This may include, but
not limited to, signing on the sample, ensuring it cannot be tampered with, and verifying the sample has reached the test laboratory.
d. The CB shall immediately suspend the CoC if the necessary surveillance tests/ inspections are not completed within the surveillance
window.
e. Surveillance tests are only considered to be completed after the CB has received the surveillance test report, indicating a ‘pass’ result, or a
result meeting the intended performance of the product, as stated in the CoC, from an accredited test laboratory. CoC holders are thus advised
not to wait till the last minute to arrange for their surveillance tests.
f. For avoidance of doubt, where surveillance tests are required in Table 11A, the first surveillance window commences from the date of issue
of the CoC. Test reports submitted for the CoC application do not exempt the product from having to undergo surveillance testing for the first
window.
Note: The above table is applicable for products with 1-year surveillance windows. For products with multiple-year windows, this would apply
to the final year of the surveillance window.
g. In the case of CoC holders who are sole proprietors, the CB shall verify against the annual submission of ACRA records provided by the
CoC holder to ensure that the business licence is renewed. In the event the licence is not renewed, the CoC shall be suspended.
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11.5 REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR COC HOLDERS AND LOCAL
REPRESENTATIVES
11.5.1 Application for a CoC
a. The party that intends to own the CoC, whether local or foreign, shall submit the application for the CoC.
b. Foreign companies that intend to apply for a CoC to supply regulated fire safety products in Singapore, shall engage a local representative,
prior to submitting the application for a CoC.
11.5.2 Duty to notify CB
a. CoC holders, and, where applicable, local representatives, shall inform CBs of any other changes (e.g., CoC holder/ local representative
contact information), where the information differs from that submitted during the CoC application.
b. CoC holders and local representatives shall inform CBs of any changes to the product from the prototype that was tested when applying for
the CoC.
11.5.3 Duties related to the surveillance regime
CoC holders/ local representatives shall carry out the following in relation to the surveillance regime:
a. Facilitate the conduct of factory inspections and surveillance tests (as stipulated in Table 11A), or unscheduled tests required by SCDF
or the CB to verify conformity of the products;
b. Make arrangements with the CB on the date/ time of sampling and inspection; and
c. Provide the necessary support for the purpose of the surveillance regime (e.g., fabricating door frame for fire test involving fire-rated
doors, ensure availability of samples, provide the relevant information such as location of the relevant samples, as requested by the CB).
11.5.4 Duties related to serial labels and DoCs
With reference to Regulation 10(2)(g) of the Fire Safety (Regulated Fire Safety Products) Regulations 2020, location refers to the exact
address, including unit number, where applicable, where the regulated fire safety product is installed.
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11.6 FIRE SAFETY SERIAL LABELS AND DECLARATIONS OF COMPLIANCE
11.6.1 Management of serial labels and DoCs
a. With reference to Regulation 6(2)(b) of the Fire Safety (Regulated Fire Safety Products) Regulations 2020, documentary evidence of the
location may include the Purchase Order, Delivery Order, SCDF Notice of Approval, and/ or contractual agreement indicating that the certified
regulated fire safety product is or will be installed at the specific location.
b. With reference to Regulation 6(2)(b) of the Fire Safety (Regulated Fire Safety Products) Regulations 2020, the exact address of where each
product is installed, including unit number, where applicable, shall be recorded.
c. For regulated fire safety products that are to be issued with DoCs as stipulated in Table 11A, every project where that regulated fire safety
product is installed shall be issued with a DoC, even if the threshold for site inspection stated in Table 11A is not met.
11.6.2 Replacement of serial labels and DoCs
In the event that the serial labels are missing or damaged, a police report shall be lodged before replacement labels can be obtained from the
CBs. A copy of this report shall be furnished to the CB, when requesting for replacement of labels. An investigation by the CB shall also be
conducted on the nature of the damage and/or loss, with the findings reported to SCDF for accountability.
Exemption: If labels are returned to the CB with the serial numbers still legible, a police report is not required.
11.6.3 Traceability of certified PLS-listed products
a. Serial labels affixed to regulated fire safety products shall be water-proof and tamper-proof, and shall include a Quick Response (QR) code
that stores the following information on an online database, which can be read by scanning the QR code:
(1) CoC holder company name;
(2) CoC holder ACRA UEN;
(3) CoC reference number;
(4) Brief product description;
(5) Exact location, including unit number, where applicable, where the regulated fire safety product is installed; and
(6) The status of the label (“valid” or “void”)
Note: The status of the label will be ‘void’ if SCDF detects discrepancies relating to the use of serial labels and digitally voided the serial
label.
b. Serial labels for the following products are exempt from the need to have a QR code:
(1) Exit sign;
(2) Emergency lighting (self-contained);
(3) Fire hose reel;
(4) Standby fire hose;
(5) Door closer;
(6) Portable fire extinguisher;
(7) Landing valve; and
(8) Breeching inlet.
c. The following information shall be printed on the label itself:
(1) Product category;
Page 380
(2) Unique serial number;
(3) CB’s logo or CB’s certification mark; and
(4) Fire rating, where applicable.
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11.7 REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR QUALIFIED PERSONS
11.7.1 Duty to inspect regulated fire safety products used in fire safety works
With reference to Section 57(5) of the FSA, where fire safety works involve the use of regulated fire safety products, Qualified Persons shall
carry out inspections of the fire safety products, including but not limited to, the following:
a. Verify that the regulated fire safety product(s) have valid CoC(s) and that the CoC(s) match exactly with the products used;
b. Verify that the regulated fire safety product(s) are affixed with serial labels, or issued with DoCs, if said products are stipulated to have
labels or DoCs issued in Table 11A; and
c. Where there are serial labels or DoCs, verify that the serial label affixed on the product, or the DoC issued for the product, are accurate and
match exactly with the product.
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11.8 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC PRODUCTS
In addition to the aforementioned requirements this chapter, the following requirements apply to these specific regulated fire safety products.
11.8.1 Composite panels
a. For composite panels used as cladding, samples of composite panels, except for honeycomb panels, shall be taken from every project site
for surveillance testing, as stated in Table 11A. If there is no testing from project sites for the surveillance window, the surveillance test is to
be conducted annually.
Note: For honeycomb panels, the requirement for testing of samples from project sites as part of the surveillance regime will be introduced at a
later stage.
b. For composite panels used as cladding or roofing, CoC holders shall ensure that critical product information is printed on the composite
panels, as well as their protective film, for traceability. The printing shall be legible, permanent and conspicuously located, such that the
information is readable on each panel. The critical product information shall, at minimum, include:
1. Product brand and model;

2. CoC reference number;
3. Fire performance; and
4. Date of manufacture.
11.8.2 Fire-rated doors
a. Requirements for CoC
(1) The brand, model and test report number of hardware shall be displayed on the CoC, including, but not limited to:
(a) Door closer (excluding surface-mounted door closers and floor springs);
(b) Locks and latches (electromechanically operated);
(c) Door coordinator devices;
(d) Door bolts;
(e) Lever handles and knots;
(f) Mechanical locks and latches;
(g) Emergency exit devices;
(h) Panic exit devices;
(i) Single axis hinges;
(j) Cylinders for locks; and
(k) Mechatronic cylinders.
(2) Fire-rated doors of different fire-ratings shall be issued with separate CoCs (i.e., one CoC for each fire-rating), unless all of the
following requirements can be met:
(a) the product manufacturer is identical;

(b) the composition (e.g., construction materials) is identical;
(c) the fire seal (e.g., intumescent seal) is identical;
(d) the design (e.g., vision panel) is identical;
(e) the thickness is at least as thick as the prototype test sample; and
(f) the CB assesses that listing the products together does not compromise the assessment of whether each product is compliant.
For example, if a ½-hr and 1-hr door are both manufactured by the same manufacturer, are of identical composition, fire seal, design, etc.
these may be listed together, subject to the CB’s assessment that grouping the models does not compromise the assessment of whether
each is compliant. However, if the 2-hr model is of a different composition, the 2-hr door should be listed with a separate CoC.
b. Requirements for door closers
(1) Door closers (regardless if concealed, surface-mounted or floor-mounted) shall have their own CoCs.
(2) The 6-digit coding system indicating the performance of the door closer, as stipulated in EN 1154, shall be imprinted on the door
closer.
(3) The following statement shall be included in the appendix of the CoC:
“For surface-mounted door closers, the selected door closer shall meet the performance requirements needed for the respective fire-
rated door, in accordance with SS 332 Cl 6 Annex C.
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Surface-mounted door closers tested with uninsulated fire-rated doors can be installed on insulated or uninsulated fire-rated doors
(subject to the maximum fire-rating attained by the door closer in a fire test). Surface-mounted door closers tested with insulated fire-
rated doors can only be installed on insulated fire-rated doors.
Floor-mounted door closers (floor spring) shall only be installed on fire-rated doors, subject to the maximum fire-rating attained by the
floor spring in a fire test.”
c. Requirements for digital locksets
(1) Digital locksets shall have their own CoCs.
(2) Digital locksets tested on uninsulated fire-rated doors can be used on insulated or uninsulated fire-rated doors.
(3) Digital locksets tested on insulated fire-rated doors shall only be used on insulated fire-rated doors, unless otherwise assessed by a
test laboratory recognised as stated in Cl.11.3.4b..
(4) Notwithstanding (2) and (3), the fire resistance rating of the digital locksets shall be higher than or equivalent to the fire-rated door.
d. Clustering of surveillance test
The surveillance test result for one CoC for a fire-rated door shall not be used to fulfil the surveillance test requirements of another CoC
issued by the same CB, unless all of the following requirements are complied with:
(1) The surveillance test is conducted within the surveillance window for all the CoCs the test is intended to fulfil;
(2) The product manufacturer, composition, fire seal, design and fire rating of the products are identical;
(3) Where the surveillance test is meant to fulfil the surveillance requirements of products with different fire-ratings, the test shall meet the
testing requirements of the product with the highest fire rating; and
(4) The CB assesses that the sharing of surveillance tests results does not compromise the assessment of whether each product is
compliant.
Page 384
TABLE 11A : LIST OF REGULATED FIRE SAFETY PRODUCTS & MATERIALS
Surveillance Regime
Certification
S/N Products / Materials Acceptable Standards
Scheme
Testing Factory/Site Inspection
1. Fire alarm panel (a) EN 54-2 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –
and (Labels issued) Testing for every 200 labels issued Factory inspection to be
conducted at least once annually
(b) EN 54-4 or
and
At least once annually, if fewer than 200
labels issued Site inspection(s) triggered by
and certification body (10)
Testing clauses shall include:
(c) SS 645
Critical electrical (frequency, voltage) input
and output; verify design deviation; verify
functionality; verify visual & audio
indicators)
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b – Scheme 1b -
(Labels issued) Batch testing Batch inspection (11)
Testing clauses shall include: and
Critical electrical (frequency, voltage) input Site inspection triggered by

and output; verify design deviation; verify certification body for each batch
functionality; verify visual & audio (10)
indicators)
2. Home fire alarm device (i.e. (a) EN 14604 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test for products Not applicable
smoke detector) (7) complying with Cl.6.3.6a.(9)(a)
or
(Refer to Cl.6.3.6 for more Not applicable for products complying with
information) AS 3786 Cl.6.3.6a.(9)(b)-(e)
or
UL 217
3. Fire pump (a) AS 2941 Scheme 5 AS – Annual testing Factory inspection to be

or (Labels issued) FM/UL – Annual submission of reports shall
include surveillance inspection and/or and
UL 448 testing
Site inspection(s) triggered by
or certification body (10)
FM 1311
or
FM 1319
4. Fire-rated partition (9) 4.1 Compartment wall: Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(a) BS 476-22 / ASTM E119 with material testing (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
in accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN material testing at the point of CoC listing and
13501-1 (min. class A2)
Site inspection to be conducted for
or every 3500m2
EN 1364-1/ ISO 834-8 with material testing in

accordance with EN 13501-1 (min. class A2)
or
AS 1530-4 with material testing in accordance

with
(i) BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min. class

A2)
or
(ii) EN 13501-1 (min. class A2) if fire resistance
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
test is using plate-thermocouple
(b) In the case of Engineered Timber, refer to

S/N 37
4.2 Protected shaft enclosing lift (1): Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
(a) BS 476-22/ ASTM E119 with material testing (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
13501-1 (min. class A2)
or every 3500m2

or

with

A2)
or

and
(b) BS 5234-2
and
(c) BS EN 520 (for gypsum plaster board)
and
(d) ISO 1896 (for calcium silicate or cement

board)
and
(e) Cyclic loading & dynamic test as specified

under Cl.3.8.7b.(5)
4.3 Protected shaft enclosing staircase or Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
services: material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
(a) BS 476-22/ ASTM E119 with material testing material testing at the point of CoC listing and
in accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN
13501-1 (min. class A2) Site inspection to be conducted for
every 3500m2
or

or

with

A2)
or

and
(b) BS 5234-2
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
and
(c) EN 520 (for gypsum plaster board)
and

board)
5. Fire-rated floor (9) (a) BS 476-21 with material testing in accordance Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min. class material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
A2fl) (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
material testing at the point of CoC listing and
or
ISO 834-5 with material testing in accordance with every 3500m2
EN 13501-1 (min. class A2fl)
or

with

A2fl)
or
(ii) EN 13501-1 (min. class A2fl) if fire resistance


S/N 37
6. Fire-rated ceiling (1) (9) 6.1 Compartmentation: Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
(a) BS 476-22/ ASTM E119 with material testing (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
13501-1 (min. class A2)
or every 3500m2

or

with

A2)
or
ii) EN 13501-1 (min. class A2) if fire resistance


S/N 37
6.2 Protection to steel beams that support RC Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
floor: material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(a) BS 476-23 with material testing in accordance material testing at the point of CoC listing and
with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min. class
A2) Site inspection to be conducted for
every 3500m2
or
ISO 834-5 with material testing in accordance with

EN 13501-1 (min. class A2)
or

with

A2)
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
or

6.3 Protection to timber/ steel flooring: Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
(a) BS 476-21 with material testing in (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN material testing at the point of CoC listing and
13501-1 (min. class A2)
or every 3500m2
ISO 834-5 with material testing in accordance

with EN 13501-1 (min. class A2)
or

with

A2)
or

7. Fire-rated enclosure/ spraying 7.1. Protection to steel structure (2): Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
material (1) (9) material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(a) EN 13381-4 with material testing in (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
accordance with EN 13501-1 (min. class A2) material testing at the point of CoC listing and
or Site inspection to be conducted for

every 3500m2
BS 476-21 with material testing in accordance
with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min.
class A2)
or
ISO 834-6 & ISO 834-7 with material testing in

or

with

A2)
or

and
(b) BS 5234-2
and
(c) EN 520 (for gypsum plaster board)
and

boar)
7.2 Protection to firefighting system (3) (i.e. Dry Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
riser pipe, etc.): material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(a) FSB/PSB/001 with material testing in material testing at the point of CoC listing and
accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN
every 3500m2
or
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
AS 1530-4 (Including Pipe insulation criteria on

fire side, 500mm from wall, shall not exceed
75⁰C above the initial temperature) with
material testing in accordance with

A2)
or

7.3 Protection to building service (i.e. cables, Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
sanitary pipes, chilled water pipes, etc.): material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(a) BS 476-20 with material testing in material testing at the point of CoC listing and
accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN
every 3500m2
or

with

A2)
or

or
ASTM E119 with material testing in accordance

with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min.
class A2)
or
ISO 834-1 with material testing in accordance

8. Smoke curtain/barrier (9) 8.1 For smoke curtain: Scheme 1b Annual surveillance test shall only require Batch inspection (11)
material testing, and adopt the same test
EN 12101-1 with material testing in accordance (Labels issued) standards that were adopted for the and
with EN 13501-1 (min. class B) material testing at the point of CoC listing
Site inspection triggered by
certification body for each
batch (10)
8.2 For smoke barrier: Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
EN 12101-1 with material testing in accordance (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
with EN 13501-1 (min. class A2) material testing at the point of CoC listing and

every 3500m2
9. Fire-rated duct system (4) (9) (a) BS 476-24 with material testing in Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN material testing, and adopt the same test conducted at least once annually
(i.e. ventilation, smoke extract 13501-1 (min. class A2) (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
and/or kitchen exhaust material testing at the point of CoC listing and
ducting system) or
AS 1530-4 with material testing in accordance every 3500m2
with

A2)
or

or
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
EN 1366-1 with material testing in accordance

or

or

10. Fire extinguishing system for UL 300 Scheme 5 Annual submission of reports shall include Factory inspection to be
kitchen hood surveillance inspection and/or testing conducted at least once annually
(Labels issued)
and

certification body (10)
11. Fire stopping material (including For penetration gaps and linear joints: Scheme 5 Not applicable Factory inspection to be
fire-rated collar) conducted at least once annually
(a) BS 476-20 (DoCs issued)
and
or
AS 1530-4 every 1000 openings or 1000
metre run, or at least once a year
or
if lesser
EN 1366-3
or
EN 1366-4
or
ASTM E814
For curtain wall application:
ASTM E2307
12. Fire-rated glass block/ glass (a) BS 476-22 Scheme 5 Not applicable for glass block Factory inspection to be
partition conducted at least once annually
or (DoCs issued) Fire-rated glass partition – Impact tests
once every 3 years and
EN 1364-1
or every project
AS 1530-4
or
ASTM E119
or
ISO 834-8
and
(b) AS 2208
or
EN12600
13. Exit sign 13.1 Exit sign (powered electrically): Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –
(a) IEC 60598-2-22 (Labels issued) Testing for every 2000 labels Factory inspection to be
and or
and
(b) SS 563-1 or ISO 30061 At least once annually, if fewer than 2000
labels Site inspection(s) triggered by
and certification body (10)
(c) SS 563-2
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b – Scheme 1b –
and and
Full tests over 3 years Site inspection triggered by

batch (10)
13.2 Self-luminous sign (powered by radioactive Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –

material)
(Labels issued) Testing for every 2000 labels Factory inspection to be
(a) UL 924 conducted at least once annually
or
and and
(b) SS 508-1 or ISO 3864-1 labels Site inspection(s) triggered by
and
(c) SS 508-2 or ISO 3864-2
and
(d) SS 508-3 or ISO 3864-3
and
and and
(e) SS 508-5 or ISO 7010
and certification body for each
batch (10)
(f) SS 563-1 or ISO 30061 (Clause 10.5 of SS
563-1 shall be complied with for determination of
the viewing distance with distance factor (Z)
fixed at 50)
and
(g) SS 563-2 (Annex C)
14. Emergency lighting (self- (a) IEC 60598-2-22 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –
contained)
and (Labels issued) Testing for every 2000 labels Factory inspection to be
(b) SS 563-1 or ISO 30061 or
and
and At least once annually, if fewer than 2000
(c) SS 563-2 certification body (10)
and and

batch (10)
15. Battery system (for exit signs and (a) SS 563-1 or ISO 30061 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –
emergency lighting)
SS 563-2 or AS/NZS 2293-1 or
or
labels By trigger (every 2000 labels)
(Labels issued) Batch testing Not applicable
and
Full tests over 3 years
16. Fire hose reel EN 671-1 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 - Scheme 5 –
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Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme

or
and
Full test over 5 years for both fixed and
swing types
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b - Scheme 1b –
(Labels issued) Batch testing (Full test) Site inspection triggered by

batch (10)
17. Standby fire hose BS 6391 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 - Scheme 5 –

or
and
Full tests over 5 years per type
(Labels issued) Batch testing (Full test) Site inspection triggered by

batch (10)
18. Auditorium Seats (5) BS 5852,Clause 12 (Ignition source 0, 1 & 5) Scheme 1b Batch testing covering BS 5852: Clause 12 Site inspection triggered by
(ignition source 0, 1 & 5) certification body for each
(Labels issued) batch (10)
19. Fire damper To conduct full test comprising: Scheme 1b Full test over 3 years: Batch inspection (11)
1. fire test; (Labels issued) 1. Fire test and and
2. air leakage test; 2. Air leakage test and Site inspection triggered by
3. reliability test; and 3. Reliability test and batch (10)
4. spring closing test (if applicable) 4. Spring closing test (if applicable)
For fire test:
(a) SS 333 Clause 6.3
or
AS 1530-4 (The damper shall be tested with the

damper at open position at the start of fire test
and be able to completely close during the first
90 sec of the test. Acceptance criteria shall be
according to SS 333 Cl 6.3.2)
or
ISO 834-8 & ISO 834-9 (The damper shall be

tested with the damper at open position at the
start of fire test and be able to completely close
during the first 90 sec of the test. Acceptance
criteria shall be according to SS 333 Cl 6.3.2)
For air-leakage test:
or
ISO 5167 & ISO 7244
or
EN 1751 Clause 5.2.1 to 5.2.4 (Note: The

requirements for sub-items 2, 3 & 4 shall be as
specified in SS 333 Clause 6.4).
Page 392
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
For closing reliability test:
or
UL 555 Clause 11.2
For spring closing force test:
or
UL 555 Clause 13
20. Fire-rated door and hardware 20.1 Fire-rated door Scheme 5 Fire test: Scheme 5 –
(a) SS 332 Clause 5 (Labels issued) Timber/composite door – at least once Factory inspection to be
annually conducted at least once annually
or
Steel/glass door – once every 3 years and
EN 1634-1
Impact test for fire-rated glass door – once Site inspection(s) triggered by
and every 3 years certification body (10)
(b) Mechanical test for relevant hardware as

stipulated in SS332 (wherever applicable if Scheme 1b Scheme 1b –
installed on the fire door)
(Labels issued) Batch inspection (11)
EN 179, EN 1125, EN 1158, EN 1303, EN 1906,
EN 1935, EN 12051, EN 12209, EN 14846, EN and
15684
If product includes glass (excl. vision panel), to certification body for each
also conduct impact test: batch (10)
AS 2208
or
EN 12600
and
(d) Door Closer (refer to S/N 20.2)
20.2 Door closer Scheme 5 Mechanical Test at least once annually Factory inspection to be
based on EN 1154 or SS 332 Clause 6 conducted at least once annually
(a) EN 1154 or SS 332 Clause 6 Annex C (Labels issued) Annex C
and

20.3 Digital lockset (consisting of lever handle Scheme 2 Fire Test at least once every 3 years based Not applicable
on plate, electromechanically operated lockcase on the same test standard adopted at the
and cylinder (if any)) point of CoC listing
(a) Fire test with batteries loaded, under SS 332, Dimension check at least once every 3
or years on lever handle plate (entrance face,
EN 1634-1 exit face, rubber pad/gasket); lever handle;
mortise lockcase (body, fore-end, latch
bolt); spindle; and cylinder
21. Bin/linen chute door (a) BS 476-22 Scheme 5 Fire test once every 3 years Scheme 5 –
or (Labels issued) Factory inspection to be

EN 1634-1
and
or
AS 1530-4 certification body (10)
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b –
Page 393
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
and

batch (10)
22. Fire-rated lift landing/ dumb waiter For lift-landing door: Scheme 1b Fire test once every 3 years Batch inspection (11)
door
(a) BS 476-22 (Labels issued) Impact test once every 3 years and
or Site inspection triggered by

EN 81-58 batch (10)
For dumb waiter door
(b) BS 476-22
and
If product (lift-landing door or dumb waiter door)

includes glass (excl. vision panel), to also
conduct impact test:
AS 2208
or
EN 12600
23. Fire shutter/ fire curtain (a) SS 489 Clause 5 Scheme 1b Fire test once every 3 years Batch inspection (11)
or (Labels issued) and
EN 1634-1; Site inspection triggered by

For fire shutter/fire curtain certified to either SS batch (10)
489 or EN 1634-1, the closing time and speed of
the fire shutter/ fire curtain shall comply
with Cl.3.7.7c. of this Code.
24. Fire-rated hatch door (a) BS 476-22 Scheme 5 Fire test once every 3 years Scheme 5 –
or (Labels issued) Factory inspection to be

EN 1634-1
and
or
AS 1530-4 certification body (10)
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b –
and

batch (10)
25. Portable fire extinguisher (a) SS EN 3-7 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –
(b) EN 3-8 or
and
or At least once annually, if fewer than 5000
EN 3-9 certification body (10)
Full tests over 5 years per type
(Labels issued) Batch testing Site inspection triggered by

batch (10)
Page 394
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
26. Fire resistant cables (a) SS 299-1 Scheme 5 Full tests over 3 years Factory inspection to be
(Certified mark conducted at least once annually
or printed on cables)
BS 6387 and BS 7846 Clauses 16.2 and 16.3
27. Intumescent coating system (for (a) EN 16623 (fire resistance test and durability Scheme 5 Full durability test and fire test over 3 years Factory inspection to be
protection to steel structure) (6) test) conducted at least once annually
(DoCs issued)
or and
ISO 834-6or ISO 834-7(fire resistance test) and Site inspection to be conducted for
EN 16623 (durability test) every 3500m2
or
BS 476-21 or AS 1530-4 (load-bearing fire

resistance test) and BS 8202-2 (durability tests)
28. Landing valve BS 5041-1 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –

or
and
labels Site inspection(s)triggered by
Full tests over 5 years for both low and high
pressure valve types

batch (10)
29. Breeching inlet BS 5041-3 Scheme 5 Scheme 5 – Scheme 5 –

or
and
Full tests over 5 years for both 2-way and
4-way types

batch (10)
30. Raised floor panel (9) (a) BS 476-4 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test shall only require Not applicable
material testing, and adopt the same test
or standards that were adopted for the
material testing at the point of CoC listing
BS 476-11
or
EN 13501-1 (min. class A2fl)
31. Material for wall/ceiling/floor (a) BS 476-4 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test shall only require Not applicable
construction (9) material testing, and adopt the same test
BS 476-11
For plastic wall/ceiling/floor construction,
or
annual surveillance test shall be based on
BS 476-7 Cl 3.15.19
or
BS 476-6& BS 476-7
or
Page 395
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
EN 13501-1
For plastic wall/ceiling/floor construction, refer to

Cl 3.15.19 for the testing requirements
32. Thermal insulation material (9) (a) BS 476-4 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test shall only require Not applicable
material testing and adopt the same test
BS 476-11
For plastic wall/ceiling/floor construction,
or
annual surveillance test shall be based on
BS 476-7 Cl 3.15.19
or
BS 476-6 & BS 476-7
or
EN 13501-1
For plastic wall/ceiling/floor construction, refer to

Cl 3.15.19 for the testing requirements
33. Finishing material for wall/ceiling (a) BS 476-4 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test shall only require Not applicable
(9) material testing and adopt the same test
BS 476-11
For plastic wall/ceiling finishes, annual
or
surveillance test shall be based on Cl
BS 476-7 3.15.19
or
BS 476-6& BS 476-7
or
EN 13501-1
For plastic wall/ceiling finishes, refer to Cl

3.15.19 for the testing requirements
34. Plastic finishing material for floor For plastic floor finishes, refer to Cl 3.15.19 for Scheme 2 For plastic floor finishes, annual Not applicable
the testing requirements surveillance test shall be based on Cl
3.15.19
35. Roof covering material (9) 35.1 For non-fire-rated roof covering material Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test shall only require Not applicable
standards that were adopted for the
(a) BS 476-4
For plastic roof covering, annual
or
surveillance test shall be based on Cl
BS 476-11 3.15.19
or
BS 476-7
or
BS 476-6& BS 476-7
or
EN 13501-1
or
ASTM E108
For plastic roof covering, refer to Cl 3.15.19 for

the testing requirements
35.2 For fire-rated roof covering material Scheme 5 Factory inspection to be
Page 396
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
(DoCs issued) conducted at least once annually

(a) BS 476-22 with material testing in Annual surveillance test shall only
accordance with BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN require material testing, and adopt the and
13501-1 (min. Class A2) same test standards that were adopted
or for the material testing at the point of Site inspection to be conducted for
EN 1364-2 with material testing in accordance CoC listing every 3500m²
with EN 13501-1 (min. Class A2)
or AS 1530-4 with material testing in accordance
with:
(i) BS 476-4/ BS 476-11/ EN 13501-1 (min.
Class A2)
or
(ii) EN 13501-1 (min. Class A2) if fire resistance
36. Composite panel (cladding to For test on the core material of composite panel: Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test to be conducted. In Factory inspection to be
external wall) (8) (9) addition, surveillance test shall also be conducted at least once annually
(a) BS 476-4 (DoCs issued) conducted for every project. Testing from
(Composite panel shall be tested project site during the surveillance window and
on its core material or as an or
fulfills the annual test requirement for that
assembly) Site inspection to be conducted for
BS 476-11 window. Surveillance test shall only require
every project
or standards adopted for the material testing
at the point of CoC listing.
BS 476-6& BS 476-7
or
EN 13501-1
For test on the composite panel assembly: Annual surveillance test (finger printing) to Factory inspection to be
be conducted. In addition, surveillance test conducted at least once annually
NFPA 285 shall also be conducted for every project.
Testing from project site during the and
surveillance window fulfills the annual test
requirement for that window. Surveillance
every project
test shall only require finger printing and
adopt the same finger printing test
standards adopted at the point of CoC
listing.
37. UPVC window frame ASTM D635 Scheme 2 Annual surveillance test based on ASTM Not applicable
D635
Material
38. Engineered Timber (a) EN 1363 Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
and (DoCs issued) standards that were adopted for the
material testing at the point of CoC listing and
(b) EN 1364 with material testing in accordance
with EN 13501-1 (min. Class D) Site inspection to be conducted for
every 3500m2
or
EN 1365 with material testing in accordance with

EN 13501-1 (min. Class D)
39. Building-mounted or Building- 39.1 Roof-mounted module: Scheme 2 Biennial surveillance fire test in accordance Not applicable
integrated Solar Photo-voltaic to with IEC 61730-2 MST 23 – spread of
(PV) flame and burning brand tests under Annex
B) as adopted at the point of CoC listing
IEC 61730-2 (MST 23 – spread of flame and
burning brand tests under Annex B) with a min.
fire performance rating of Class C
Scheme 5 Scheme 5 - Factory inspection to be

39.2 Wall-mounted or Wall-integrated or Roof- (DoCs issued) Annual surveillance test for EN 13501-1 or conducted at least once annually
mounted(12) module: IEC 61730-2 (MST 23 – spread of flame
and burning brand under Annex B) as and
(a) IEC 61730-2 (MST 22, 23, 25 and 26). For adopted at the point of CoC listing
MST 23, spread of flame and burning brand Site inspection to be conducted for
tests under Annex B with fire performance rating every project
of Class A
Page 397
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
and
(b) EN 13501-1 (min. Class B with FIGRA ≤ 70

W/s)
and
(c) Junction box IEC 61730-1 (for glow wire test

and flammability classification)
and
(d) Solar cables IEC 61730-1 (for vertical flame

propagation)
Scheme 1b Scheme 1b - Site inspection to be conducted for

39.2 Wall-mounted or Wall-integrated or Roof- (DoCs issued) Batch testing in accordance with EN 13501- every project
mounted(12) module: 1 or IEC 61730-2 (MST 23 – spread of
flame and burning brand under Annex B)
(a) IEC 61730-2 (MST 22, 23, 25 and 26). For as adopted at the point of CoC listing
MST 23, spread of flame and burning brand
tests under Annex B with fire performance rating
of Class A
and
(b) EN 13501-1 (min. Class B with FIGRA ≤ 70

W/s)
and
(c) Junction box IEC 61730-1 (for glow wire test

and flammability classification)
and
(d) Solar cables IEC 61730-1 (for vertical flame

propagation)
40. Coldroom material 40.1 For non-fire-rated coldroom material Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test in accordance with Factory inspection to be
Flame spread test and Toxicity emission conducted at least once annually
(a) Flame spread test: EN 13501-1 (DoCs issued) test and Smoke density test
and
and
(b)Toxicity emission test: EN 45545-2 every 3500m2
and
(c) Smoke density test : EN 13501-1
40.2 For fire-rated coldroom material Scheme 5 Annual surveillance test shall only require Factory inspection to be
material testing for (b), (c) and (d), and conducted at least once annually
(a) Fire resistance test: BS 476-22 or EN 1364-1 (DoCs issued) adopt the same test standards that were
or AS 1530-4 or ASTM E119 or ISO 834-8 adopted for the material testing at the point and
of CoC listing
and Site inspection to be conducted for
every 3500m2
(b) Flame spread test: EN 13501-1
and
(c) Toxicity emission test: EN 45545-2
and
(d) Smoke density test: EN 13501-1
41. Household shelter door Refer to SCDF’s circulars on the: Scheme 5 Once every 3 years for cyclic test. Factory inspection to be
(a) Technical Requirements of Household (Labels issued) Annually for water tightness test, dimension
Shelters 2001 & Product Listing Scheme for check, CED coating test & rubber gasket and
Household Shelter (HS) Door dated 28 Feb test
2002 Site inspection to be conducted for
every 200 labels
Page 398
Surveillance Regime
Certification
Scheme
and
(b) Product Listing Scheme (PLS) for Household

Shelter (HS) Doors – Revision in Rubber Gasket
Specification dated 17 Mar 2004
and
(c) Product Listing Scheme for Household

Shelter Doors – Revision in Cathode Electro-
Deposition (CED) Coating Test Specification
dated 8 Feb 200
42. Storey shelter door Refer to SCDF’s circular on the Product Listing Scheme 5 Once every 3 years for cyclic test. Factory inspection to be
Scheme (PLS) for Storey Shelter (SS) Door conducted at least once annually
dated 8 Feb 2006 (Labels issued) Annually for water tightness test, dimension
check, CED coating test & rubber gasket and
test
every 200 labels
Note:
1. ASTM E119 are not acceptable for load-bearing elements.
2. Cl.3.3.6 shall be complied with.
3. The insulation criterion shall be at least 30 minutes.
4. Insulation criteria of ducting system shall have both internal and external rating.
5. Requirements apply to upholstered seats and plastic seats, either in fixed position or retractable type.
6. For BS 8202 the external system durability test shall be for:
a) Humidity test, b) washing test, c) sulphur dioxide test, d) salt spray test, e) heat exposure test, f) natural exposure test, g) control specimen test.
The internal system durability test shall be for:
a) Sulphur dioxide test, b) natural exposure test, c) heat exposure test, d) washing test, e) humidity test, f) control specimen test.
For EN 16623 the durability test shall be for type ‘X’ intended for all conditions and type ‘Y’ intended for internal and semi-exposed conditions.
7. Local CoC is not required unless full testing done locally. For more information, refer to Cl.6.3.6.
8. External wall shall have fire-resistance test rating not less than 1 hour.
9. Refer to Table 3.13A, Note (2) for fire classification of construction products & building elements.
10. Site inspection refers to verifications of the installed product against the details in the CoC, type test report that was considered for issuance of the CoC, and inspection of serial labels as
stipulated in Regulation 7 of the Fire Safety (Regulated Fire Safety Products) Regulations 2020. The number of site inspections to be done should be in accordance with Regulation 7 of the
same Subsidiary Legislation.
11. Batch inspection shall include checks of the individual components either in factory/ site/ warehouse.
12. For roof-mounted PV modules complying with Cl.10.2.2b.
Page 399
Amendment History - Chapter 11 - Regulated Fire Safety Products and Materials
Clause Amendment
Effective Date Clause Status Clause Before Amendment Circular Date
No. Date
Discrete System
Products which are classified as discrete systems are issued

11.2.10 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification 10 May 2019
with product labels by CBs which can be displayed on the
products. Examples of such products include hydrants,
landing valves and fire extinguishers.
Discrete System
Products which are classified as discrete systems are issued

with product labels by CBs which can be displayed on the
products. Examples of such products include hydrants,
landing valves and fire extinguishers.
Non-discrete system
Products which are classified as non-discrete system are
issued by CBs with DoC certificates to suppliers. Examples
of such products include internal partition system and floor
system.
Non-discrete system
system.
Non-discrete system
system.
Non-discrete system
system.
11.2.4 Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA)
11.2.4 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) refers to the global 10 May 2019
network of conformity assessment bodies recognising each
other’s test report.
11.2.4 Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA)
11.2.4 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) refers to the global 10 May 2019
network of conformity assessment bodies recognising each
other’s test report.
11.2.5 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification Scheme Type 1b refers to the Scheme Type 1b specified in 10 May 2019
ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of type testing of a sample of a
production and subsequent batch inspection. Regulated fire
Page 400
Clause Amendment
No. Date
safety products certified under Scheme Type 1b are issued

with product labels which are also displayed on the products.
Scheme Type 2 refers to the Scheme Type 2 specified in

ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of type testing of a sample and
market surveillance. Market surveillance is conducted and
samples of the product from the market are assessed for
ongoing conformity.

ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of testing and assessment of the
quality system involved. Surveillance of the quality system is
conducted and samples of the product from either the
market or at the point of production, or both, are assessed
for ongoing conformity. Regulated fire safety products
certified under Scheme Type 5 (Discrete System) are issued
Scheme Type 1b refers to the Scheme Type 1b specified in

ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of type testing of a sample of a
production and subsequent batch inspection. Regulated fire
safety products certified under Scheme Type 1b are issued

ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of type testing of a sample and
market surveillance. Market surveillance is conducted and
11.2.5 10 May 2019 10 May 2019 Clarification samples of the product from the market are assessed for 10 May 2019
ongoing conformity.

ISO/IEC 17067. It consists of testing and assessment of the
quality system involved. Surveillance of the quality system is
conducted and samples of the product from either the
market or at the point of production, or both, are assessed
for ongoing conformity. Regulated fire safety products
certified under Scheme Type 5 (Discrete System) are issued
11.2.8 Type Testing
“Type testing” refers to testing of a product according to the

test standard(s) for that product for the application of CoC,
as specified in Table 11A.
11.2.9 Attestation
“Attestation” refers to a statement of conformity which leads

to the issuance of a CoC. The attestation, issued by a CB,
indicates that the product is in compliance with the PLS.
11.2.8 Type Testing

“Type testing” refers to testing of a product according to the
test standard(s) for that product for the application of CoC,
Page 401
Clause Amendment
No. Date
as specified in Table 11A.
11.2.9 Attestation
“Attestation” refers to a statement of conformity which leads

to the issuance of a CoC. The attestation, issued by a CB,
indicates that the product is in compliance with the PLS.
Fire-rated doors
(1) The brand, model and test report number of hardware

shall be displayed on the CoC, including, but not limited to:
(a) Door closer (Concealed);

(d) Door bolts;
(j) Electrically powered door hold-open devices;
(k) Cylinders for locks; and
(l) Mechatronic cylinders.
(1) All door closers (regardless if concealed or surface-

mounted) shall have their own CoCs.
(2) For concealed door closers, these shall be tested

together with the specific type of fire-rated door (i.e. brand,
model, fire performance), and their CoC numbers and
11.8.2 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification specifications shall be included in the appendix for that 1 Mar 2021
related fire door.
(3) Uninsulated surface-mounted door closers shall only be

used on uninsulated doors. Insulated surface-mounted door
closers may be used on either insulated or uninsulated
doors.
(4) The 6-digit coding system indicating the performance of

the door closer, as stipulated in SS 332 Cl 6 Annex C or EN
1154, shall be stored within the QR code on the serial label
for the door closer.
(5) The following statement shall be included in the appendix

of the CoC:
“For surface-mounted door closers, the selected door closer

shall meet the performance requirements needed for the
respective fire-rated door, in accordance with SS 332 Cl 6
Annex C.
Surface-mounted door closers tested with uninsulated fire-

rated doors can be installed on insulated or uninsulated fire-
rated doors (subject to the maximum fire-rating attained by
the door closer in a fire test). Surface-mounted door closers
tested with insulated fire-rated doors can only be installed on
insulated fire-rated doors."
Fire-rated doors
11.8.2 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification 1 Mar 2021
Page 402
Clause Amendment
No. Date


(d) Door bolts;


specifications shall be included in the appendix for that
related fire door.

doors.


of the CoC:

Annex C.

Fire-rated doors

11.8.2 1 Mar 2021 1 Mar 2021 Clarification 1 Mar 2021
(d) Door bolts;
Page 403
Clause Amendment
No. Date



specifications shall be included in the appendix for that
related fire door.

doors.


of the CoC:

Annex C.

(1)The brand, model and test report number of hardware

(a) Door closer;

(b) Locks and latches
(electromechanically operated);
11.8.2
(dated
25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification (d) Door bolts; 25 Aug 2023
25 Aug
2023)
Page 404
Clause Amendment
No. Date
(1) All door closers (regardless if concealed, surface-

mounted or floor-mounted) shall have their own CoCs.
(2) The door closer specifications and CoC number/CoC

holder company name shall be included in the appendix for
that related fire door.

the door closer, as stipulated in EN 1154, shall be imprinted
on the door closer.

of the CoC:
(1)The brand, model and test report number of hardware

(a) Door closer;

(d) Door bolts;
11.8.2 (j) Electrically powered door hold-open devices;
(dated (k) Cylinders for locks; and
25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification 25 Aug 2023
25 Aug (l) Mechatronic cylinders.
2023)



on the door closer.

of the CoC:

11.8.2
(dated
25 Aug 2023 1 March 2024 Revised/Clarification (1)The brand, model and test report number of hardware 25 Aug 2023
25 Aug
2023)
(a) Door closer;

Page 405
Clause Amendment
No. Date
(d) Door bolts;



on the door closer.

of the CoC:
Table
15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised Existing Table 11A 15 Sep 2020
11A
Table
15 Mar 2021 15 Mar 2021 Revised Existing Table 11A 15 Sep 2020
11A
Table
11A (1 1 September (a) SS 299-1
1 March 2023 Revised/Clarification 1 March 2023
March 2023
2023) or BS 6387 and BS 7846 (Clauses 16.2 and 16.3)
Table
11A (1 1 September (a) SS 299-1
1 March 2023 Revised/Clarification 1 March 2023
March 2023
2023) or BS 6387 and BS 7846 (Clauses 16.2 and 16.3)
Table
Existing Table 11A
11A (25
1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/ Clarification 25 Aug 2023
Aug Changes made to S/N 20 and S/N 39
2023)
Table
Existing Table 11A
11A (25
1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/ Clarification 25 Aug 2023
Aug Changes made to S/N 20 and S/N 39
2023)
Table
11A
(dated 1 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Existing Table 11A, items 7, 12 & 13 1 Sep 2021
Sep
2021)
Page 406
Clause Amendment
No. Date
Table
11A
(dated 1 1 Sep 2021 1 Mar 2022 Revised/ Clarification Existing Table 11A, items 7, 12 & 13 1 Sep 2021
Sep
2021)
Page 407
APPENDIX 01 - FIRE SAFETY REPORT
1.0 General
a. Fire Safety Report is to document the provision of fire protection, life safety features and fire safety management in the building and/ or
plants/ installations. This report serves as a useful reference to Fire Safety Managers (FSMs), building owners, Registered Inspectors
(RIs), the SCDF and Qualified Persons (QPs) appointed to carry out any subsequent additions and alteration works. The building owners
and/ or building management shall be responsible for the custody and upkeep of the Fire Safety Report, including making the report
available for SCDF. Where the nature of the additions and alteration works would require the updating of the Fire Safety Report, the QP
shall be responsible to submit revised and updated report to the building owner/s and the SCDF.
b. The project QP shall submit a report on fire protection, life safety features and fire safety management when making building plan
submission for projects such as:
(1) Commercial buildings exceeding 60m in habitable height.
(2) Commercial buildings with Accessible Floor Area (AFA) greater than 5000m 2 or having a total occupant load exceeding 1000
persons (car park floor areas can be excluded in the computation of AFA and occupant load).
(3) Industrial buildings with AFA floor area exceeding 5000m².
(4) Petroleum/ chemical plants and installations.
(5) Buildings exceeding 24m in habitable height where fire-rated drywalls are used for the construction of protected shafts for
staircases and/or lifts.
(6) Buildings exceeding one storey using fire-rated board protection or intumescent paints for structural steel.
(7) Buildings with structural steel members coated with intumescent paint (for buildings of habitable height below 24m, only item a.,
b., d., e. & q. of para. 2.0 need to be included in the fire safety report).
(8) Mega underground developments.
c. In buildings under PG VI & VIII, where there may be presence of corrosive atmosphere that may affect the effectiveness of intumescent
paints for protection to structural steel members of buildings and fire-rated dry board, such proposal shall be subjected to evaluation of the
SCDF.
2.0 Contents of the Report
The write-up of the report on fire protection and life safety features shall include the following subjects. However, qualified person could
expand or modify the report to suit his presentation:
a. project description;
b. fire safety design concept;
c. fire engine accessibility;
d. means of escape;
e. structural fire precautions;
f. control and exhaust of smoke and toxic fumes;
g. firefighting systems;
h. fire alarm system;
i. emergency power supply;
j. emergency evacuation lighting;
k. emergency voice communication system;
l. two-way emergency voice communication system;
m. emergency lift control;
Page 408
n. areas of fire risk;
o. fire scenario;
p. conclusion; and
q. attachments.
3.0 Brief Explanatory Notes for Outline Report on Fire Protection and Life Safety Features
a. Project description
A description of the project with brief outline of the facilities provided. For industrial and petroleum/ chemical plants and installations, details of
the following are to be provided:
(1) a diagrammatic process flow chart with a brief description of the process/ activities that will be carried out;
(2) the raw materials to be used;
(3) the nature of the products; and
(4) all hazardous chemicals, flammable liquids, solvents, etc. that will be handled/ stored.
b. Fire safety design concept
This would include the safety design concept incorporated in the project such as the application of design and provision of areas of refuge,
smoke barriers, additional compartment walls/ doors in sectionalizing the large atrium floors etc. and other added fire safety features provided
over and above the intent of the Code.
c. Fire engine accessibility
This would briefly outline the driveways, which are paved to withstand the load of fire engines, to be provided.
d. Means of escape
This would include the description of the escape routes that would be taken by occupants in the building in a fire scenario, besides the
provision of the number, type and location of staircases, etc.
e. Structural fire precautions
This would outline the fire resistance rating and the type of structural protection to elements of structures, compartment walls/ floors, types
and methods of fire-stoppings to ducts, cavity and curtain walling construction, and types and rating of all fire doors.
f. Control and exhaust of smoke and toxic fumes
This would include the description of the type of system to be provided to car parks, atrium, staircases and lobbies, air-conditioning units, etc.
g. Firefighting system
This would include the active protection system such as portable fire extinguishers, hose reels, dry/ wet rising mains, sprinkler system, gas
flooding system, fixed/ portable water monitors, fixed water spray, drenchers, etc.
h. Fire alarm system
This would include the provision of passive fire protection system such as automatic fire detection systems (smoke or heat type), 'break the
glass' fire alarm system. Besides naming the type of automatic system, the description should also include where the detectors would be
generally located in fire risk areas/rooms such as lift motor rooms, electrical switch rooms, MDF, IDF and PABX rooms electrical ducts and
enclosed elevator shafts, and how, when any of the systems is activated, the public, the people in the Fire Control Room and the nearest fire
station or approved fire alarm monitoring company are alerted.
i. Emergency power supply
This would include the description of how the emergency power system operates in times of loss of normal electric power supply to any part of
the building and the areas or systems that will be designed to receive emergency power.
j. Emergency evacuation lighting
This would include the description of the system designed in accordance with SS 563, and the location of exit signs etc., and the types of
battery system, and designed time for the switchover to emergency lighting system from the time the normal power supply is cut-off.
Page 409
k. Emergency voice communication system
This would involve the description of the provision of the one-way zoned and electrically monitored emergency paging system to critical areas
such as lobbies, corridors, exit stairways, toilets, restaurant, shop and offices, M&E plant rooms. The emergency public address system which
generally complies with SS 546 would include communication between FCC and all parts of the building through electrical loudspeakers.
l. Two-way emergency voice communication system
This would describe the operation of the 2-way zoned and coded voice communication system, which is electrically supervised from the central
control located in the FCC including the provision of slave telephones to critical areas such as:
(1) every fire lift lobby including 1 st storey;
(2) all firefighting related mechanical equipment rooms inclusive of sprinkler pump room, wet rising main pump room, hose reel pump
room, etc.;
(3) all rooms housing smoke control equipment;
(4) all lift machine rooms;
(5) any other locations as may be required by the SCDF.
m. Emergency lift control
This would describe the function of the Emergency Lift Control conforming to the requirements under SS 550. The description of the
emergency lift control would also include the sequence of events in case of:
(1) power failure;
(2) fire emergency; and
(3) both power failure and fire emergency.
n. Areas of fire risk
This would briefly describe the areas of fire risk such as AC plant room, generator room, oil tank room, etc., and the type of fire
protection/detection system proposed.
o. Fire scenario
Under this subject, the qualified person would have to assume the outbreak of a fire in one of the critical floors or areas and describe the
sequence of operation of the fire protection and life safety design features.
p. Conclusion
This would include the summing up of the outline concepts and systems that have been designed for the project.
q. Attachments
(1) Location plans of steel structural members coated with intumescent paint.
(2) Location plans of fire risk areas.
(3) Any other attachments required for the report.
Page 410
Amendment History - Appendix 01
Amendment
Date
Appendix 1
1.0 General
a. Fire Safety Report is to document the provision of fire

protection, life safety features and fire safety management
in the building and/ or plants/ installations. This report
serves as a useful reference to Fire Safety Managers
Appendix
1 Mar 2024 1 Mar 2024 Revised/Clarifications (FSMs), building owners, Registered Inspectors (RIs), the 25 Aug 2023
1
SCDF and Qualified Persons (QPs) appointed to carry out
any subsequent additions and alteration works. Where the
nature of the additions and alteration works would require
the updating of the Fire Safety Report, the QP shall be
responsible to submit revised and updated report to the
building owner(s) and the SCDF.
b. The project ……….
Page 411
APPENDIX 02 - FIRE SAFETY INSTRUCTION MANUAL
1.0 GENERAL
a. The Fire Safety Instruction Manual is a document prepared by the project QP to remind the building owner, MCST, tenant, operator and/
or contractor on the management of fire safety provisions for the building. This includes maintenance regimes, evacuation procedures, and
other relevant documents to be kept and maintained by the relevant parties.
b. The building owner shall maintain and keep the Fire Safety Instruction Manual at all times and present to the QP upon request. Where
any Addition &Alteration works are carried out to the buildings, the building owner shall ensure that changes in the management of fire
safety provisions are updated in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual by the QP. The updated Fire Safety Instruction Manual shall be
submitted to SCDF for record.
c. The QP can expand or modify the Fire Safety Instruction Manual to suit his presentation so as to convey the fire safety intents/
requirements to the relevant parties.
d. Maintenance of fire protection systems
All fire protection systems when installed/provided in a building, shall be maintained in accordance with applicable codes or standards
specified in Table 1.2A. The QP shall list down the maintenance details in the Fire Safety Instruction Manual and handover to the building
owner for compliance at the completion of the building project.
For the purpose of this Code, “fire protection system” has the same meaning as in the Fire Safety Act 1993.
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2.0 SCOPE
The project QP shall prepare a Fire Safety Instruction Manual if the project involves any of the following:
a. Fire safety provisions for PWDs
b. Chemical/ HazMat warehouse
c. Fully Automated Mechanised Car Park (FAMCP)
d. Buildings using intumescent paint
e. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder installation
f. Mega underground developments
g. Use of lifts in buildings for evacuation
h. Engineered timber building construction
i. Hoarding & safety nets
j. Temporary workers’ quarters in uncompleted permanent buildings on construction sites
k. Ductless jet fans system in car parks
l. Kitchen exhaust ducts
m. Fire-rated dry construction
n. Firefighting, mechanical ventilation/ pressurisation, smoke control, emergency voice communication and any other fire safety related
systems/ equipment
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3.0 CONTENTS OF THE MANUAL
The Fire Safety Instruction Manual shall include the following subjects:
a. project description;
b. list of items under paragraph 2 present in this project; and
c. relevant information for each applicable item.
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4.0 RELEVANT INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE FIRE SAFETY INSTRUCTION MANUAL
4.1 Fire safety provisions for PWDs
a. Planning of evacuation for PWDs
The building owner/ MCST shall plan the evacuation procedures for PWDs. Planning includes identifying the needs of PWDs and making
arrangements for assistance during emergency. The building owner/ MCST shall keep the following information:
(1) locations plan of PWD Holding Point and PWD evacuation lift;
(2) the number of PWDs;
(3) the location of the PWDs; and
(4) the nature of their disabilities.
b. The evacuation procedures shall be tested at least once a year and involve both horizontal, if provided, and vertical evacuation.
c. The building owner/ MCST shall ensure that the staff, designated to help PWDs in the event of fire, are fully trained to execute the
following evacuation procedure:
(1) Building with evacuation lift
(a) PWDs requiring assistance shall move or be directed to the PWD Holding Point in the evacuation lift lobby.
(b) The trained staff shall attend to PWDs from PWD Holding Point and direct them to the final exit.
(2) Building without evacuation lift
(a) On hearing the alarm, PWDs requiring assistance shall be moved or be directed to the nearest PWD Holding Point inside the
exit staircase.
(b) The trained staff, after completing their search, shall proceed to the PWD Holding Point and assist the PWDs down the exit
staircase to the final exit.
4.2 Chemical/ HazMat warehouse
a.The laboratory operators shall minimise the amount of flammable liquids on benches by returning them to chemical store or safety
cabinets when the liquids are not needed for the day.
b. The laboratory operators shall ensure that the quantity of these liquids placed on benches and fume cupboards shall not exceed 10% of
the total allowable storage capacity within the laboratory unit.
c. Liquids used for running and operating laboratory instruments or other work-in-progress which may require some quantities of solvents
to operate are exempted from the 10% limit.
4.3 Fully Automated Mechanised Car Park (FAMCP)
a. The building owner/ MCST of Category 2 & 3 FAMCPs shall provide self-contained breathing apparatus and maintained in a clearly
marked cabinet for maintenance personnel.
b. Maintenance personnel shall be equipped with the breathing apparatus while working in FAMCPs.
c. Signage with words of minimum 50mm in height shall be clearly visible and state: “Personnel must be equipped with the breathing
apparatus during maintenance”.
4.4 Buildings using intumescent paint
a. Inspection and maintenance
(1) The building owner/ MCST, shall carry out annual inspection checks to ensure that the intumescent paint coatings are not damage
or tempered with. Records of inspection shall be properly kept.
(2) For buildings with Fire Certification, the annual renewal of the certificate shall include the inspection of the columns and beams
coated with intumescent paint. The inspection shall be carried out by a QP.
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b. Addition/ alteration works
For addition/ alteration works in a building where structural steel members are protected by intumescent paint, the following requirements
shall be complied with:
(1) The building owner/ MCST/ tenant, assisted by the FSM, shall engage a QP who shall submit building plans to the SCDF. The
building plans shall be accompanied by the QP’s declaration as to whether the existing columns, beams coated with intumescent paint
are/ will be affected.
(2) Inspection certificate endorsed by a RI shall be required and kept by the building owner/ MCST.
(3) The Fire Safety Report shall be updated accordingly.
c. There shall be no highly flammable/ combustible materials stored within the vicinity of any structural steel members protected by
intumescent paint.
4.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder installation
a. The building owner/ MCST/ tenant shall observe the Regulation 53 of the Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) Regulations
2005 and the conditions stipulated under Cl.10.1 of the Fire Code for the storage/use of 15kg LPG cylinders within building.
b. The owner/ tenant of eating outlet or food stall together with the gas supplier/ dealer are responsible to ensure that the automatically
shut-off system is well maintained and that the gas leak detection system is checked and calibrated periodically.
c. The Fire Certificate inspection programme for the building shall include the “automatic detection and shut-off system”.
4.6 Mega underground developments
a. The building owner/ MCST shall form a Company Emergency Response Team (CERT) for his underground development.
b. Training and other safety requirements in caverns
(1) All working occupants in the underground development are required to be properly and thoroughly briefed on the fire emergency
plans.
(2) All working occupants shall be trained on basic firefighting and rescue matters. Safety hoods shall be equipped and provided for
each working occupant in the caverns.
4.7 Use of lifts in buildings for evacuation
a. The building owner/ MCST shall designate his staff to supervise the evacuation during a fire emergency.
b. Evacuation using fire lifts or evacuation lifts shall only be carried out under the supervision of firefighters/ CERT.
c. Upon the arrival of SCDF at the fire scene, the designated staff supervising the evacuation shall brief the fire officer in-charge on the
position and circumstances of the fire and the progress of the evacuation. SCDF will then take over the supervision of the evacuation.
4.8 Engineered timber building construction
Where automatic fire detection/ suppression systems are installed, the engineered timber building owner/ MCST shall undertake to engage a
QP to conduct annual inspection of these systems and to submit inspection reports to SCDF.
4.9 Hoarding & safety nets
a. The building owner/ MCST shall ensure a copy of QP-endorsed hoarding plans is kept at the FCC, security guard room or information
counter in the order of priority at all times. Such requirement is optional if the hoardings does not affect the following areas/ facilities:
(1) fire hydrants;
(2) fire engine accessway/fire engine access road;
(3) fire lift;
(4) exit staircase; and
(5) dry/ wet riser.
b. The building owner/ MCST is required to notify all the tenants/occupants of the locations of alternate means of escape 2 weeks prior to
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carrying out the hoarding and renovation works.
c. The building owner/ MCST is required to inform the nearest SCDF fire station of any hoarding works that affect the above-mentioned
areas/ facilities.
d. The affected firefighting facilities/areas shall be clearly shown on the plans and submitted to the relevant fire station. The alternative or
nearest firefighting facilities that can be accessed by the fire station responding personnel shall be highlighted on the plan.
4.10 Temporary workers’ quarters in uncompleted permanent buildings on construction sites
The main contractor shall ensure that:
a. all temporary workers’ quarters within the construction site are maintained in good conditions and they shall not be allowed to
deteriorate into a slum-like condition through unauthorised extensions and overcrowding;
b. unwanted articles are not stored in and around the temporary workers’ quarters; and
c. all exits, escape routes and passageway are kept free of obstruction at all times.
4.11 Ductless jet fans system in car parks
a. The building owner/ MCST shall keep a copy of the operations and maintenance manual as a guide for future renovations and changes
to the building.
b. The manual prepared by the QP shall contain the roles and responsibilities of the building owner/ MCST, the restriction placed on the
building identification of the sub-systems, servicing and maintenance plan, fault identification, etc.
4.12 Kitchen exhaust ducts
a. The building owner/ MCST /tenant/operator shall ensure that the entire kitchen exhaust system, including those within individual
restaurant/F&B outlet shall be properly maintained. The entire (interior and exterior) exhaust duct and kitchen hood shall be degreased and
cleaned at least once every 12 months. The work shall be carried out by a specialist and the records of cleaning and degreasing shall be kept
by the relevant parties for verification.
b. The building owner/ MCST/ tenant/ operator shall verify that the maintenance records state the name and contact number of the
maintenance company, method of cleaning, and the date of inspection or cleaning. Photographic evidence of the cleaning, with date and time
stamps, shall be incorporated in the report.
c. Following the conduct of maintenance for the entire kitchen exhaust system, the building owner/ MCST/ tenant/operator shall verify that the
cleaning contractor has prominently affixed a maintenance label (e.g., at the anchor tenant of the coffeeshop, or at the cashier of a restaurant
or food stall), at least A5-sized, displaying the following information:
(1) Date of last cleaning (in DD/MM/YY format)
(2) Name and Unique Entity Number (UEN) of the maintenance company
(3) Method of cleaning (e.g., manual scraping, chemical wash, mechanical brush, radio-controlled robot, etc.)
(4) Date when the next cleaning is due (in DD/MM/YY format)
4.13 Fire-rated dry construction
The building owner/ MCST shall engage a QP for any subsequent A&A works involving new or existing fire-rated dry construction.
Page 417
Amendment History - Appendix 02 - Fire Safety Instruction Manual
Clause Amendment
No. Date
The building owner/ MCST/ tenant/ operator shall ensure

that the entire kitchen exhaust system, including those
within individual restaurant/ F&B outlet shall be properly
maintained. The entire (interior and exterior) exhaust duct
4.12 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications and kitchen hood shall be degreased and cleaned at least 1 Sep 2022
once every 12 months. The work shall be carried out by a
specialist and the records of cleaning and degreasing shall
be kept by the relevant parties for verification by the
authorities having jurisdiction and the SCDF.
The building owner/ MCST/ tenant/ operator shall ensure

that the entire kitchen exhaust system, including those
within individual restaurant/ F&B outlet shall be properly
maintained. The entire (interior and exterior) exhaust duct
4.12 1 Mar 2023 1 Mar 2023 Revised/Clarifications and kitchen hood shall be degreased and cleaned at least 1 Sep 2022
once every 12 months. The work shall be carried out by a
specialist and the records of cleaning and degreasing shall
be kept by the relevant parties for verification by the
authorities having jurisdiction and the SCDF.
Page 418

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CODE OF PRACTICE

SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE

Chapter 2 - Means of Escape

Chapter 3 - Structural Fire Precautions

Chapter 4 - Site Planning & External Firefighting Provision

Chapter 5 - Electrical Power Supplies

Chapter 6 - Firefighting Systems

Chapter 7 - Mechanical Ventilation & Smoke Control Systems

Chapter 8 - Emergency Lighting & Voice Communication Systems

Chapter 9 - Additional Requirements for Each Purpose Group

Chapter 10 - Requirements for Special Installations

Chapter 11 - Regulated Fire Safety Products and Materials

Appendix 02 - Fire Safety Instruction Manual

1.1.1 Rapid Transit System (RTS)

1.1.2 Fire safety requirements for laboratories handling hazardous chemicals

1.1.3 Fire safety requirements for road tunnels

1.1.4 Fire Safety Report (Appendix 1)

1.1.5 Fire Safety Instruction Manual (Appendix 2)

1.1.6 Fire safety requirements for open plant processing structure

1.1.7 Fire safety requirements for pipeline service corridors

1.1.8 Fire safety requirement for storage of flammable liquids

The safe storage of flammable liquids shall comply with SS 532.

1.2.2 Conflicting requirements

1.2.3 Maintenance of fire protection systems

The abbreviations used in this Code are listed in Table 1.3A.

1.4.1 Accessible Floor Area (AFA)

1.4.2 Air well

TABLE 1.4.2 - AIR WELL SIZE

1.4.3 Ambulatory care facility

a. Renal dialysis day centres;

c. Non-mental rehabilitation day centres; and

1.4.4 Ancillary office

1.4.5 Ancillary usage

“Approved” refers to being approved by the SCDF.

1.4.8 Area of compartment/ room/ space

1.4.10 Area of roof

1.4.11 Area of storey

1.4.12 Assembly occupancy

1.4.14 Authority having jurisdiction

1.4.15 Basement storey

1.4.16 Biological Agent

1.4.18 Capsule hotel

1.4.19 Cavity barrier

1.4.22 Code of Practice (CoP)

1.4.25 Compartment wall & Compartment floor

1.4.26 Composite panel

1.4.27 Concealed space/ Cavity

1.4.29 Cross ventilated corridor/ lobby

1.4.30 Cubical extent

b. the upper surface of its lowest floor; and

1.4.31 Custodian care facility

c. Mentally disabled day care centres;

d. Intellectually disabled day care centres;

e. Mental rehabilitation day care centres; and

f. Psychiatric day care centres.

1.4.33 Direct distance

1.4.35 Electromagnetic or electromechanical door-holding device

1.4.36 Electromagnetic or electromechanical locking device

1.4.37 Element of structure