Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Define cloud computing
• Describe the essential cloud characteristics
• Discuss the key benefits of cloud computing
• Describe the cloud service models
• Describe cloud services brokerage
• Describe the cloud deployment models

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 1

This module focuses on introduction to cloud computing. It provides the definition of cloud
computing, describes essential cloud characteristics, and discusses the key benefits of cloud
computing. This module also describes the primary cloud service models, cloud services
brokerage, and the primary cloud deployment models.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 1
 Lesson: Cloud Computing Overview
This lesson covers the following topics:
• Definition of cloud computing
• Essential characteristics of cloud computing
• Key benefits of cloud computing

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 2

This lesson covers the definition of cloud computing and describes the essential cloud
characteristics. This lesson also describes the key benefits of cloud computing.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 2
 The Cloud Computing Phenomenon
• Adoption of cloud computing is significantly rising in
organizations
• Cloud computing is seen as a leading “disruptive” technology in
the coming decade
• Cloud is driving optimization and innovation of business models
in organizations
• Trends like mobility, Big Data, and social media are also
influencing cloud adoption

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 3

Cloud computing is a popular subject for discussion and both organizations and individuals
show a keen interest in it. Organizations are increasingly looking at the cloud as essential to
their businesses and operations, and cloud adoption is rapidly becoming a strategic business
decision for many. With cloud adoption rising significantly all over the globe, cloud computing
is not a catchphrase that it once was. Cloud computing is seen as one of the major “disruptive”
technologies of the coming decade which will significantly transform businesses, economies,
and lives globally.

Estimates and forecasts reveal that cloud adoption will rise considerably in the coming years.
As cloud computing evolves and spreads globally, many organizations, including enterprises,
government departments, research organizations, financial institutions, and universities are
either adopting cloud computing or are earnestly planning their move to cloud computing. In
the surveys conducted by groups, such as Gartner, International Data Group (IDG), and North
Bridge, a majority of the organizations surveyed responded that they are either identifying, or
have identified the IT operations that are candidates for cloud computing. The organizations
also responded that they either have a dedicated budget or should assign a significant
percentage of their IT budget for cloud computing. Also, the emergence of technology trends,
such as mobility, Big Data analytics, and social media is driving organizations to optimize and
innovate their business models through investment in cloud computing. According to Gartner,
“the adoption of the cloud is rising rapidly and there is no sign that it is going back.”

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 3
 What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing
A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to
a shared pool of configurable computing resources, (e.g., servers, storage,
networks, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• A cloud is a collection of network-accessible IT resources

– Consists of shared pools of hardware and software resources
deployed in data centers
• Cloud model enables consumers to hire a provider’s IT
resources as a service

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 4

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)—a part of the U.S. Department of
Commerce—in its Special Publication 800-145 defines cloud computing as “a model for
enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”

A cloud is a collection of IT resources, including hardware and software resources that a user
(consumer) accesses over a network. A cloud infrastructure is built, operated, and managed by
a cloud service provider. Cloud computing is a model that enables consumers to conveniently
hire IT assets as a service from a provider’s cloud infrastructure. A cloud service is any
combination of IT resources, such as network-accessible data storage and processing, fully-
featured applications, and software development and deployment tools that are offered for
consumption by a cloud provider. The provider maintains shared pools of the IT resources, and
the resources are made available to the consumers as services over a network, such as the
Internet or an intranet. Consumers themselves provision the resources from the pools, as and
when required, without the need to interact with the provider during the process. The
resources are returned to the pool when they are released. In general, a cloud system and its
consumers employ the client-server model, which means that the consumers (the clients) send
messages over a network to compute systems, which then perform operations in response to
the received messages.

The IT resources that make up a cloud infrastructure are deployed in data centers. A data
center is a facility that houses and maintains centralized IT systems and components including
compute systems, storage systems, and network equipment. A data center also has supporting
infrastructure, such as secure access, uninterruptible power source (UPS), generators, smoke
detection/fire suppression, raised floors for cabling and water damage prevention, and heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The operations staff of a data center monitors
operations and maintains the IT and the infrastructural equipment around the clock. A cloud
data center may reside at a single physical location, or may comprise of multiple data centers
that are distributed across geographical locations and are connected to each other over a
network.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 4
 What is Cloud Computing? (Cont'd)

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 5

The cloud model is similar to a utility service such as electricity, wherein a consumer simply
plugs in an electrical appliance to a socket and turns it on. The consumer is typically unaware
of how the electricity is generated or distributed and only pays for the amount of electricity
used. Similarly, to the cloud consumers, the cloud is an abstraction of IT infrastructure from
which they hire IT resources as services without the risks and costs associated with owning the
resources. Consumers pay only for the services that they use, either based on a
subscription or based on resource consumption.

Many organizations now see cloud as an extension of their IT resources procurement strategy.
It may well become the predominant way in which organizations acquire and use computing
technology in the future. Through cloud computing, even smaller companies can obtain
required IT resources and can compete in ways that were previously expensive and often cost-
prohibitive.

The figure on the slide illustrates a generic cloud computing environment, wherein various
types of cloud services are accessed by consumers from different client devices over different
network types. The term “cloud” originates from the cloud-like bubble that is commonly used
in technical architecture diagrams to represent a system, such as the Internet, a network, or a
compute cluster. However, that is not the case in cloud computing. A computing infrastructure
can be classified as a cloud only if it has some specific essential characteristics, which are
subsequently discussed.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 5
 Essential Cloud Characteristics
• On-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 6

In SP 800-145, NIST specifies that a cloud infrastructure should have the five essential
characteristics listed below:

• On-demand self-service

• Broad network access

• Resource pooling

• Rapid elasticity

• Measured service

Note: This course uses the following terminology:

• “Cloud service provider” or “cloud provider” or “service provider” or “provider” is an

organization that provides cloud services. The provider may be an external provider or
internal to the consumer organization, for example, the IT department.

• “Cloud consumer” or “consumer” is an individual or an organization that is a customer of a

cloud. Also, a cloud itself may be a customer of another cloud.

• “Compute system” or “server” or “host” is a physical compute system that executes various
platform and application software.

• “Cloud infrastructure” or “cloud” is the collection of hardware and software resources that
are provided as services to consumers. It also includes the hardware and software to
manage the cloud itself. The cloud infrastructure has five essential characteristics as
specified by NIST.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 6
 On-demand Self-service
On-demand Self-service
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server
time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring
human interaction with each service provider.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• Consumers use a web-based self-service portal to view a

service catalog and request cloud services
• Enables consumers to provision cloud services in a simple and
flexible manner
– Reduces the time needed to provision new or additional IT
resources

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 7

On-demand self-service: “A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such

as server time or networked storage, as needed automatically without requiring human
interaction with each service provider.” – NIST

In cloud computing, the consumers have the ability to provision any IT resource that they
require on demand from a cloud, at any time they want. Self-service means that the
consumers themselves carry out all the activities required to provision the cloud resource.

To enable on-demand self-service, a cloud provider makes available a simple and user-friendly
self-service portal, which is a website that allows consumers to view and order cloud services.
The cloud provider publishes a service catalog on the self-service portal. The service catalog
lists items, such as service offerings, service prices, service functions, request processes, and
so on. A potential consumer can use the self-service portal via a browser to view the cloud
services listed in the service catalog. The consumer can then place a request for the required
service(s) through the self-service portal. The request gets processed automatically without
human intervention from the cloud provider’s side. On-demand self service enables the
consumers to order cloud services in a simple and flexible manner. For example, if a consumer
requires compute systems to host applications and databases, the resources can be quickly
and easily provisioned from the cloud. This eliminates several time-consuming resource
acquisition and configuration processes and also the dependency on internal IT. This
considerably reduces the time needed to provision new or additional IT resources. The ‘Service
and Orchestration Layers’ module covers self-service portal and service catalog in detail.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 7
 Broad Network Access
Broad Network Access
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms, (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• Consumers access cloud services on any client/end-point device

from anywhere over a network
• Standard mechanisms support the use of heterogeneous client
platforms
– OSI and TCP/IP protocols
– SOAP and REST web services

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 8

Broad network access: “Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).” – NIST

Consumers access cloud services on any client/end-point device from anywhere over a
network, such as the Internet or an organization’s private network. For instance, a cloud
application, such as a web-based document creator and editor that is accessed and used at any
time over the Internet. Users can access and edit documents from any Internet-connected
device, eliminating the need to install the application or any specialized client software on the
device. In cloud computing, network-accessible capabilities go beyond applications. Cloud
computing enables the consumers to access essentially any data center capability from any
place and on any device. Cloud solutions provide access to data, to compute systems, to
storage, and to facilities such as data backup and recovery. Cloud services are accessed over a
network from a broad range of end-point devices, such as desktops, laptops, tablets, mobile
phones, and thin clients. The devices may have heterogeneous underlying hardware and
software platforms.

Any network communication involves the use of the standard network specifications, the
protocols, and the mechanisms that are detailed in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
conceptual model and the TCP/IP protocol suite. Each of the two networking models specifies a
set of abstraction layers, wherein each layer is a set of network-related entities, functions, and
protocols, and provides services to the layer above it. The top-most layer in each model is the
Application Layer, which is the layer that applications interact with to exchange data with other
applications over a network connection.

Applications typically use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is an Application Layer
protocol for data transmission to exchange data and communicate with each other over a
network. Different applications are developed in different programming languages, which may
result in their inability to interpret the data of other applications and restrict their network
communication with each other. Therefore, software developers use web services to enable
applications to communicate with each other over a network.

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 8
 Resource Pooling
Resource Pooling
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There
is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no
control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but
may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g.,
country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• Enables providers to improve resource utilization and to flexibly

provision and reclaim resources

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 10

Resource pooling: “The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of
location independence. In that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the
exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of
abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.” – NIST

In cloud computing, resources such as storage, processor, memory, and network bandwidth
are pooled to serve multiple consumers. Resource pooling enables IT resources to be
dynamically assigned, released, and reassigned according to consumer demand. This, in turn,
enables cloud providers to achieve high levels of resource utilization and to flexibly provision
and reclaim resources. Consumers can provision resources from the pool as required and can
release a resource when it is no longer required. Upon release, the resource is returned to the
pool and made available for reallocation. For example, the storage capacities of multiple
storage systems can be combined to obtain a single large storage pool from which storage can
be provisioned to multiple consumers. The same can be done with compute system processors
and with network bandwidth. This is known as multi-tenant model.

Multi-tenancy refers to an architecture in which multiple independent consumers (tenants) are

serviced using a single set of resources. A tenant could be an individual user, a user group, or
an organization. The multi-tenant model enables a provider to offer services at a lower cost
through economy of scale. This is similar to tenants sharing a physical building, such as a
hotel. Just as the building may be occupied by multiple residents or tenants, each with their
own private space, a multi-tenant cloud infrastructure contains pools of different resource
types that serve multiple independent consumers (tenants).

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 10
 Rapid Elasticity
Rapid Elasticity
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• Consumers can adapt to variations in workloads and maintain

required performance levels
• Consumers may be able to avoid excessive costs from over-
provisioning resources

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 12

Rapid elasticity: “Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the
consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time.” – NIST

Rapid elasticity refers to the ability for consumers to quickly request, receive, and later release
as many resources as needed. The characteristic of rapid elasticity gives consumers a sense of
availability of unlimited IT resources that can be provisioned at any time. It enables consumers
to adapt to the variations in workloads by quickly and dynamically expanding (scaling outward)
or reducing (scaling inward) IT resources, and to proportionately maintain the required
performance level. For example, an organization might require double the processing capacity
for a specific duration to enable the deployed application to handle increased workload. For the
remaining period, the organization might want to release the idle IT resources to save costs.
The workload variations may be seasonal, exponential, transient, and so on. Consumers can
leverage the rapid elasticity characteristic of a cloud infrastructure when they have such
variations in workloads and IT resource requirements. This may enable them to avoid the
excessive costs from over-provisioning the resources. When resources are over-provisioned to
provide capacity to meet the peak demand, the capacity may not used in non-peak periods.

Dynamic resource provisioning can be manual or automated. It requires monitoring of resource

usage, and provisioning additional resources, as and when required, to meet the demand. In
cloud systems, elastic provisioning is typically done through automation, since carrying out the
tasks manually can be a time-consuming, cumbersome, and error-prone.

Note: Scalability generally refers to the ability to add resources to an IT infrastructure to

suitably match the growth in workload and capacity requirements. Scalability is typically
planned in nature, with appropriate estimates of overheads and requirements usually in place.
For example, an organization may estimate the number by which the users of an application
may grow, and may add storage and compute periodically to meet the increase in storage
capacity and processing demands.

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 12
 Measured Service
Measured Service
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to
the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user
accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported,
providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized
service.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• Enables billing of cloud services

• Resource monitoring helps providers with capacity and service
planning

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 14

Measured service: “Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.” – NIST

A cloud infrastructure has a metering system that generates bills for the consumers
based on the services used by them. The metering system continuously monitors resource
usage per consumer, and provides reports on resource utilization. For example, the metering
system monitors utilization of processor time, network bandwidth, and storage capacity. It
also provides information about the current demand on the cloud and helps cloud
providers with capacity and service planning. The monitoring of resource usage helps in
identifying when additional resources need to be dynamically provisioned (or released) to meet
workloads. This supports the cloud characteristic of rapid elasticity. Metering provides
consumers with a better sense of resource consumption and provides transparency in
billing, and in verifying that service levels were met. Resource monitoring and billing are
covered in ‘Service and Orchestration Layers’ module.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 14
 Cloud Computing Benefits
Benefit Description
Business agility • Enables quick resource provisioning
• Facilitates innovation
• Reduces time-to-market
Reduces IT costs • Reduces up-front capital expenditure (CAPEX)
• Improves resource utilization
• Reduces energy and space consumption
High availability • Ensures resource availability based on consumer’s
requirements
• Enables fault tolerance

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 15

The key benefits of cloud computing are as follows:

Business agility: In a traditional environment, the process of acquiring new or additional IT

resources might comprise rigid procedures and approvals. As a result, the resource acquisition
process may take a long time, which in turn can delay operations and can increase time-to-
market. Cloud computing provides the capability to provision IT resources quickly and at any
time, thereby considerably reducing the time required to deploy new applications and services.
This enables businesses to reduce the time-to-market and to respond more quickly to changing
market conditions. Agility also enables rapid development and experimentation that, in turn,
facilitates innovation which is essential for research and development, discovery of new
markets and revenue opportunities, creating new customer segments, and the development of
new products.

Reduced IT costs: In a traditional environment, resources are often acquired and dedicated
to specific business applications. Also, to the extent allowed by budget, resources are
provisioned to accommodate the maximum estimated or peak usage requirements of the
application. These practices frequently result in higher up-front costs, the creation of IT silos,
the underutilization of resources, and an increase in energy consumption. Cloud computing
enables consumers to hire any required IT resources based on pay-per-use or subscription
pricing. This reduces a consumer’s IT capital expenditure (CAPEX) as investment is required
only for the resources needed to access the cloud services. Also, the consumer hires only those
resources from the cloud that are required, thereby eliminating silos and underutilized
resources. Additionally, the expenses associated with IT infrastructure configuration,
management, floor space, power, and cooling are reduced. Thus, cloud adoption has the
potential to lower the total cost of ownership (TCO) for a consumer.

High availability: Cloud computing has the ability to ensure resource availability at varying
levels depending on the consumer’s policy and application priority. Redundant infrastructure
components (compute systems, network paths, and storage equipment, along with clustered
software) enable fault tolerance for cloud deployments. These techniques can encompass
multiple datacenters located in different geographic regions, which prevents data unavailability
due to regional failures.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 15
 Cloud Computing Benefits (Cont'd)
Benefit Description
Business continuity • Reduces impact of downtime
• Example: Cloud-based backup
Flexible scaling • Enables scaling of resources to meet demand
• Unilateral and automatic resource scaling
Flexibility of access • Enables access to services from anywhere
• Eliminates dependency on a specific end-point
device

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 16

Business continuity: It is possible for IT services to be rendered unavailable due to causes,

such as natural disasters, human error, technical failures, and planned maintenance. The
unavailability of IT services can lead to significant financial losses to organizations and may
also affect their reputations. However, having a remote secondary site for disaster recovery
involves additional capital expenditure and administrative overheads. Through the use of cloud
business continuity solutions, an organization can mitigate the impact of downtime and can
recover from outages that adversely affect business operations. For example, an organization
may use cloud-based backup for maintaining additional copies of their data, which can be
retrieved in the event of an outage. Also, an organization can save on the capital expenses
required for implementing a backup solution for their IT infrastructure.

Flexible scaling: Organizations may have the need for additional IT resources at times when
workloads are greater. However, they would not want to incur the capital expense of
purchasing the additional compute systems and then having idle compute systems on the floor
when not required, which could be the case most of the time. They would also want to release
the compute resources after the task is completed. In cloud computing, consumers can
unilaterally and automatically scale IT resources to meet workload demand. This is significantly
more cost-effective than buying new IT resources that are only used for a short time or only
during specific periods.

Flexibility of access: In a traditional environment, IT resources are accessed from dedicated

devices, such as a desktop or a laptop. For example, an application has to be installed on the
end-point device in order to be used. In this environment, it is usually not possible to access
the application if the user is away from the device where it is installed. In cloud computing,
applications and data reside centrally and are accessed from anywhere over a network from
any device, such as desktop, mobile, thin client, and so on. This eliminates a consumer’s
dependency on a specific end-point device. This also enables Bring Your Own Device (BYOD),
whereby employees are allowed to use non-company devices as business machines. BYOD and
thin clients create an opportunity to reduce acquisition and operational costs.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 16
 Cloud Computing Benefits (Cont'd)
Benefit Description
Application development • Enables application development and testing at a
and testing greater scale
• Enables testing on multiple platforms
Simplified infrastructure • Consumers manage only those resources that are
management required to access cloud services
Increased collaboration • Enables sharing and simultaneous access of
resources and information
Masked complexity • Intricacies of IT operations are hidden from end
users

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 17

Application development and testing: Developing and testing new applications in the
production environment is risky as it may impact the currently live applications. Therefore,
applications are typically developed and tested on dedicated compute systems that are isolated
from the production environment. Although, most of the functionalities can be tested in such
environments, it may not be possible to test for scalability. Also, organizations have to invest
in procuring IT resources to support application development. Typically, the developed
applications are tested on wide range of hardware and software platforms, due to which
organizations need to invest in and maintain multiple platforms for development and testing.
In such cases, organizations may use IT resources from a cloud provider for the development
and testing of applications. Also, organizations can create compute systems of different
hardware and software configurations to test applications under different environments.
Organizations can also speed up application delivery, while meeting the budget and time-to-
market requirements.

Simplified Infrastructure Management: In a traditional environment, an organization’s IT

department has to manage a wide range of hardware and software resources. The tasks
involve configuration, applying the latest patches and updates, and carrying out upgrades and
replacements. Furthermore, workloads and manpower requirements increase with the size of
the IT infrastructure. When an organization uses cloud services, their infrastructure
management tasks are reduced to managing only those resources that are required to access
the cloud services. The cloud infrastructure is managed by the cloud service provider and tasks
such as software updates and renewals are handled by the cloud provider. The provider
ensures that the cloud infrastructure remains modern and up-to-date with consumer
requirements.

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 17
 Lesson Summary
During this lesson the following topics were covered:
• Definition of cloud computing
• Essential cloud characteristics
• Cloud computing benefits

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 19

This lesson covered the definition of cloud computing and described the essential cloud
characteristics: on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid
elasticity, and measured service. This lesson also described the key benefits of cloud
computing.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 19
 Lesson: Cloud Service Models and Cloud
Services Brokerage
This lesson covers the following topics:
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Software as a Service
• Cloud services brokerage

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 20

This lesson covers the three primary cloud service models: Infrastructure as a Service,
Platform as a Service, and Software as a Service. This lesson also covers cloud services
brokerage.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 20
 Introduction to Cloud Service Models
• A cloud service model specifies the services and the capabilities
provided to consumers
• NIST specifies three primary cloud service models:
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
– Platform as a Service (PaaS)
– Software as a Service (SaaS)

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 21

A cloud service model specifies the services and the capabilities that are provided to
consumers. In SP 800-145, NIST classifies cloud service offerings into the three primary
models listed below:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Software as a Service (SaaS)

The different service models provide different capabilities and are suitable for different
consumers and business objectives. The factors that a provider should take into consideration
while adopting a particular cloud service model are covered in ‘Building the Cloud
Infrastructure’ module.

Note: Many alternate cloud service models based on IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are defined in
various publications and by different industry groups. These service models are specific to
certain specialized cloud services and capabilities that (they) provide. Such cloud service
models are Backup as a Service (BaaS), Network as a Service (NaaS), Case as a Service
(CaaS), Desktop as a Service (DaaS), Test Environment as a service (TEaaS), Disaster
Recovery as a Service (DRaaS), and so on. However, these models eventually belong to one of
the three primary cloud service models.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 21
 Infrastructure as a Service
Infrastructure as a Service
The capability provided to the consumer is
to provision processing, storage, networks,
and other fundamental computing
resources where the consumer is able to
deploy and run arbitrary software, which
can include operating systems and
applications. The consumer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over
operating systems, storage, and deployed
applications; and possibly limited control
of select networking components , (e.g.,
host firewalls).
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Special Publication 800-145

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 22

Infrastructure as a Service: “The capability provided to the consumer is to provision

processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the
consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating
systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed
applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (for
example, host firewalls).” – NIST

In the IaaS model, consumers hire IT resources, such as compute systems, storage capacity,
and network bandwidth from a cloud service provider. The underlying cloud infrastructure is
deployed and managed by the cloud service provider. Consumers can deploy and configure
software, such as operating system (OS), database, and applications on the cloud resources.
Typically the users of IaaS are IT system administrators. IaaS can even be implemented
internally by an organization, with internal IT managing the resources and services. IaaS
pricing can be subscription-based or based on resource usage. Keeping in line with the cloud
characteristics, the provider pools the underlying IT resources and they are shared by multiple
consumers through a multi-tenant model.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 22
 Platform as a Service
Platform as a Service
The capability provided to the consumer is
to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
consumer-created or acquired applications
created using programming languages,
libraries, services, and tools supported by
the provider. The consumer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, or storage, but has
control over the deployed applications and
possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Special Publication 800-145

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 23

Platform as a Service: “The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto

the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The
consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting
environment.” – NIST

In the PaaS model, a cloud service typically includes compute, storage, and network resources
along with platform software including an OS, a database, a programming framework,
middleware, and tools to develop, test, deploy, and manage applications. PaaS enables
application developers to design and develop cloud-based applications using the programming
languages, the class libraries, and the tools supported by the provider. PaaS offerings typically
enable consumers to build highly-scalable cloud applications that can support a large number
of end users. The elasticity and scalability are facilitated transparently by the cloud
infrastructure. Moreover, PaaS helps application testers to test the applications in various
cloud-based environments. PaaS also enables application deployers to publish or update the
applications on the underlying cloud infrastructure. Further, PaaS enables application
administrators to configure, monitor, and tune the cloud applications.

Most PaaS offerings are “polyglot” in nature, which means that they support multiple operating
systems, programming languages, and frameworks for application development and
deployment. PaaS usage fees are typically calculated based on factors, such as the number of
consumers, the types of consumers (developer, tester, and so on), the time for which the
platform is in use, and the storage, processing, or network resources consumed by the
platform. WISA (Windows, Internet Information Services, SQL Server, and ASP.NET) and LAMP
(Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP/Python/Perl) are examples of solution stacks provided
through PaaS for developing and deploying cloud applications.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 23
 Software as a Service
Software as a Service
The capability provided to the consumer is
to use the provider’s applications running
on a cloud infrastructure. The applications
are accessible from various client devices
through either a thin client interface, such
as a web browser, (e.g., web-based email,
or a program interface. The consumer does
not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, storage, or even
individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific
application configuration settings.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Special Publication 800-145

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 24

Software as a Service: “The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various
client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (for example, web-
based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application
configuration settings.” – NIST

In the SaaS model, a provider hosts an application centrally in the cloud and offers it to
multiple consumers for use as a service. The consumers do not own or manage any aspect of
the cloud infrastructure. In SaaS, a given version of an application, with a specific configuration
(hardware and software) typically provides service to multiple consumers by partitioning their
individual sessions and data. SaaS applications execute in the cloud and usually do not need
installation on end-point devices. This enables a consumer to access the application on demand
from any location and use it through a web browser on a variety of end-point devices. Some
SaaS applications may require a client interface to be locally installed on an end-point device.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM), email, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and
office suites are examples of applications delivered through SaaS.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 24
 Cloud Services Brokerage (CSB)
Cloud Services Brokerage
Cloud services brokerage (CSB) is an IT role and business model in which a
company or other entity adds value to one or more (public or private) cloud
services on behalf of one or more consumers of that service.
– Gartner IT Glossary

• CSB is provided by a cloud broker

– An entity that acts as an intermediary between cloud consumers
and providers
• Cloud broker manages the use, performance ,and delivery of
cloud services

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 25

With the continuous evolution of cloud computing, the number of cloud service providers and
the service options available to consumers are growing. It is essential for consumers to
determine which service provider(s) and cloud service(s) best meet their requirements. In such
cases, consumers may need help in navigating, selecting, and implementing cloud services.
Moreover, a consumer may utilize cloud services from multiple service providers. The
integration of the cloud services may be too complex for cloud consumers to manage.
Such issues have led to the emergence of cloud consumption assistance services known as
cloud services brokerage.

Gartner, Inc. describes cloud services brokerage (CSB) as “an IT role and business
model in which a company or other entity adds value to one or more (public or
private) cloud services on behalf of one or more consumers of that service.” (Public
and private clouds are discussed in the next lesson). CSB is provided by a cloud
broker—an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services,
and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. A cloud
consumer may request cloud services from a cloud broker, instead of contacting a
cloud provider directly. The cloud broker acts as an intermediary between cloud
consumers and providers, and helps the consumers through the complexity of cloud
service offerings. The cloud broker may also create value-added cloud services. The
cloud broker offers combined technology, people, and methodologies to implement and
manage CSB-related projects.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 25
 Categories of Cloud Services Brokerage

Service intermediation

The broker enhances and adds value to a given service

Service aggregation

The broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or

more new services

Service arbitrage

Similar to service aggregation except that the services being

aggregated may vary

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 26

In Special Publication 500-292, NIST describes (citing reports published by Gartner, Inc. as
source) that a cloud broker provides services in three categories: service intermediation,
service aggregation, and service arbitrage.

Service Intermediation: In service intermediation, a cloud broker enhances a given service

by improving some specific capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers.
The improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity management,
performance reporting, enhanced security, and so on. Cloud service intermediation may
happen at three points: at the cloud service provider’s location, at the cloud consumer’s
location, or as a service in the cloud. Intermediation at the cloud service provider’s location
enables the service provider to bundle and distribute a wide array of third-party cloud services
along with their own offerings. Intermediation at the cloud consumer’s location allows
management and administration of service brokerage locally on the consumer’s site. It enables
an organization’s IT to manage the connections with external cloud service providers and to
provision services to consumers through an internal portal. In doing so, IT becomes the cloud
service broker. The external service is integrated with the organization environment to manage
provisioning, security, and billing. This process is called “on-boarding” of the external service in
the organization’s environment. Intermediation implemented as a service in the cloud by the
broker is true cloud service brokerage. It exists independent of both the cloud service provider
and the consumer. The cloud service broker manages the connections and relationships
between multiple cloud service providers and cloud consumers.

Service Aggregation: In service aggregation, a cloud broker combines multiple cloud services
into one or more services. This form of brokerage service ensures that the data is modeled and
integrated across all component cloud services. It also ensures that data movement between a
cloud consumer and multiple cloud service providers is secure. Once established, such
brokered services are usually fixed and do not change often. Service aggregation forms a
composite service layer that is similar to the application layer in traditional computing.

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 26
 Lesson Summary
During this lesson the following topics were covered:
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Cloud services brokerage (CSB)

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 28

This lesson covered the three primary cloud service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). This lesson also covered cloud
services brokerage (CSB).

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 28
 Lesson: Cloud Deployment Models
This lesson covers the following topics:
• Public cloud
• Private cloud
• Community cloud
• Hybrid cloud

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 29

This lesson covers the four primary cloud deployment models: public cloud, private cloud,
community cloud, and hybrid cloud.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 29
 Introduction to Cloud Deployment Models
• A cloud deployment model specifies how a cloud infrastructure
is built, managed, and accessed
• NIST specifies four primary cloud deployment models:
– Public
– Private
– Community
– Hybrid

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 30

A cloud deployment model provides a basis for how cloud infrastructure is built,
managed, and accessed. In SP 800-145, NIST specifies the four primary cloud
deployment models listed below:

• Public cloud

• Private cloud

• Hybrid cloud

• Community cloud

Each cloud deployment model may be used for any of the cloud service models: IaaS, PaaS,
and SaaS. The different deployment models present a number of tradeoffs in terms of
control, scale, cost, and availability of resources.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 30
 Public Cloud
Public Cloud
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It
may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or
government organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the
premises of the cloud provider.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 31

Public cloud: “The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It
may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization,
or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.” – NIST

A public cloud is a cloud infrastructure deployed by a provider to offer cloud services to the
general public and/or organizations over the Internet. In the public cloud model, there may be
multiple tenants (consumers) who share common cloud resources. A provider typically has
default service levels for all consumers of the public cloud. The provider may migrate a
consumer’s workload at any time and to any location. Some providers may optionally
provide features that enable a consumer to configure their account with specific
location restrictions. Public cloud services may be free, subscription-based or provided
on a pay-per-use model.

Public cloud provides the benefits of low up-front expenditure on IT resources and
enormous scalability. However, some concerns for the consumers include network
availability, risks associated with multi-tenancy, limited or no visibility and control over
the cloud resources and data, and restrictive default service levels.

The figure on the slide illustrates a generic public cloud that is available to enterprises and to
individuals. The figure includes some virtual components for relevance and accuracy. The
virtual components are described later in ‘Virtual Layer’ module.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 31
 Private Cloud
Private Cloud
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single
organization comprising multiple consumers (for example, business units).
It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party,
or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• There are two variants of private cloud:

– On-premise
– Externally-hosted

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 32

Private cloud: “The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single
organization comprising multiple consumers (for example, business units). It may be
owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some
combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.” – NIST

A private cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is set up for the sole use of a particular
organization. The cloud services implemented on the private cloud are dedicated to consumers,
such as the departments and business units within the organization. Many organizations may
not wish to adopt public clouds as they are accessed over the open Internet and used by the
general public. With a public cloud, an organization may have concerns related to privacy,
external threats, and lack of control over the IT resources and data. When compared to a
public cloud, a private cloud offers organizations a greater degree of privacy, and control over
the cloud infrastructure, applications, and data. The private cloud model is typically adopted by
larger-sized organizations that have the resources to deploy and operate private clouds.

There are two variants of a private cloud: on-premise and externally-hosted.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 32
 On-premise Private Cloud
• Cloud infrastructure is deployed by an organization on its data
centers within its premises
– Provides complete control over the infrastructure and data
– Enables standardization of IT resources, processes, and services

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 33

The on-premise private cloud, also known as an internal cloud, is hosted by an

organization on its data centers within its own premises. The on-premise private cloud
model enables an organization to have complete control over the infrastructure and
data. In this model, the organization’s IT department is typically the cloud service
provider. In some cases, a private cloud may also span across multiple sites of an
organization, with the sites interconnected via a secure network connection.

The on-premise private cloud model enables an organization to standardize IT resources,

management processes, and cloud services. Standardization simplifies the private cloud
environment and the infrastructure management process, and creates an opportunity to save
operational costs. It reduces the variation in the hardware and software components used for
the private cloud deployment. Standardization is typically achieved by using compatible
products for technology components, such as compute, storage, networking or management.
Standardization also helps in automation of resource and service management. Automation
eliminates the need for IT to perform repetitive manual processes and tasks associated with
activities, such as configuration and provisioning. However, not all automation products are
fully compatible with all hardware. In such cases, a standardized environment may reduce the
amount of customization and integration required to implement automation.

Organizations choosing the on-premise private cloud approach would incur significant CAPEX
for the IT resources as compared to the public cloud approach. This may give rise to challenges
regarding infrastructure size and resource scalability. The on-premise private cloud model is
best suited for organizations that require complete control over their infrastructure, resource
configurations, applications, data, and security mechanisms.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 33
 Externally-hosted Private Cloud
• Cloud implementation is outsourced to an external provider
• Cloud is hosted on the provider’s premises and the consumers
connect to it over a secure network
– Access policies isolate the cloud resources from other tenants

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 34

In the externally-hosted private cloud model, an organization outsources the implementation of

the private cloud to an external cloud service provider. The cloud infrastructure is hosted on
the premises of the external provider and not within the consumer organization’s premises.
The provider manages the cloud infrastructure and facilitates an exclusive private cloud
environment for the organization.

The organization’s IT infrastructure connects to the externally-hosted private cloud over a

secure network. The provider enforces security mechanisms in the private cloud per the
consumer organization’s security requirements. In this model, the cloud infrastructure may be
shared by multiple tenants. However, the provider has a security perimeter around the private
cloud resources of the consumer organization. The organization’s private cloud resources are
separated from other cloud tenants by access policies implemented by the provider’s software.
A number of possible mechanisms can be used to maintain this separation and protect against
threats. These are discussed later in ‘Security’ module.

Organizations choosing the externally-hosted private cloud model can save on the CAPEX
associated with IT resources, such as compute systems, storage systems, and other supporting
infrastructure. Also, an organization can hire cloud resources in any quantity from the provider,
unlike the on-premise private cloud model, in which the resources must be provisioned by the
organization up front.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 34
 Community Cloud
Community Cloud
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific
community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns
(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more
of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises.
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

• There are two variants of community cloud:

– On-premise
– Externally-hosted

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 35

Community cloud: “The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific
community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (for example, mission,
security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed,
and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some
combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.” – NIST

A community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is set up for the sole use by a group
of organizations with common goals or requirements. The organizations participating
in the community typically share the cost of the community cloud service. If various
organizations operate under common guidelines and have similar requirements, they
could all share the same cloud infrastructure and lower their individual investments.
Since the costs are shared by fewer consumers than in a public cloud, this option may
be more expensive. However, a community cloud may offer a higher level of control
and protection against external threats than a public cloud.

There are two variants of a community cloud: on-premise and externally-hosted.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 35
 On-premise Community Cloud

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 36

In an on-premise community cloud, one or more participant organizations provide

cloud services that are consumed by the community. Each participant organization
may provide cloud services, consume services, or both. At least one community
member must provide cloud services for the community cloud to be functional. The
cloud infrastructure is deployed on the premises of the participant organization(s)
providing the cloud services. The organizations consuming the cloud services connect
to the clouds of the provider organizations over a secure network. The organizations
providing cloud services require IT personnel to manage the community cloud
infrastructure. Participant organizations that provide cloud services may implement a
security perimeter around their cloud resources to separate them from their other
non-cloud IT resources. Additionally, the organizations that consume community cloud
services may also implement a security perimeter around their IT resources that
access the community cloud.

Many network configurations are possible in a community cloud. The figure on the
slide illustrates an on-premise community cloud, the services of which are consumed
by enterprises P, Q, and R. The community cloud comprises two cloud infrastructures
that are deployed on the premises of Enterprise P and Enterprise Q, and combined to
form a community cloud.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 36
 Externally-hosted Community Cloud

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 37

In the externally-hosted community cloud model, the participant organizations of the

community outsource the implementation of the community cloud to an external cloud service
provider. The cloud infrastructure is hosted on the premises of the external cloud service
provider and not within the premises of any of the participant organizations. The provider
manages the cloud infrastructure and facilitates an exclusive community cloud environment for
the participant organizations.

The IT infrastructure of each of the participant organizations connects to the externally-hosted

community cloud over a secure network. The provider enforces security mechanisms in the
community cloud as per the requirements of the participant organizations. In this model, the
cloud infrastructure may be shared by multiple tenants. However, the provider has a security
perimeter around the community cloud resources and they are separated from other cloud
tenants by access policies implemented by the provider’s software.

Unlike an on-premise community cloud, the participant organizations can save on the up-front
costs of IT resources in case of an externally-hosted community cloud. Also, using an external
provider’s cloud infrastructure for the community cloud may offer access to a larger pool of
resources as compared to an on-premise community cloud.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 37
 Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud
The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud
infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities,
but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that
enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load
balancing between clouds).
– U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 38

“The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures

(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability
(for example, cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds.)” – NIST

A hybrid cloud is composed of two or more individual clouds, each of which can be private,
community, or public clouds. There can be several possible compositions of a hybrid cloud as
each constituent cloud may be of one of the five variants as discussed previously. As a result,
each hybrid cloud has different properties in terms of parameters, such as performance, cost,
security, and so on. A hybrid cloud may change over time as component clouds join and leave.
In a hybrid cloud environment, the component clouds are combined through the use of open or
proprietary technology, such as interoperable standards, architectures, protocols, data
formats, application programming interfaces (APIs), and so on. The use of such technology
enables data and application portability. The figure on the slide illustrates a hybrid cloud that is
composed of an on-premise private cloud deployed by enterprise Q and a public cloud serving
enterprise and individual consumers in addition to enterprise Q.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 38
 Hybrid Cloud Model Use Cases
Use case Description
Cloud bursting Provisioning resources for a limited time from a
public cloud to handle peak workloads
Web application hosting Hosting less critical applications such as e-commerce
applications on the public cloud
Migrating packaged Migrating standard packaged applications such as
applications email to the public cloud
Application development Developing and testing applications in the public
and testing cloud before launching them

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 39

The hybrid cloud has become the model of choice for many organizations. Some use
cases of the hybrid cloud model are discussed below.

Cloud bursting: A common usage scenario of a hybrid cloud is “cloud bursting”, in which an
organization uses a private cloud for normal workloads, but optionally accesses a public cloud
to meet transient higher workload requirements. Cloud bursting allows consumers to
temporarily obtain public cloud resources in a convenient and cost-effective manner, and to
enjoy a greater elasticity than their own infrastructure would permit. For example, an
application may encounter a surge in workload during certain periods and would require
additional resources to handle the workload efficiently. The application can get additional
resources from a public cloud for a limited time period to handle the higher workload.

Web application hosting: Organizations may host mission-critical applications on a private

cloud, while less critical applications are hosted on a public cloud. By deploying less critical
applications in the public cloud, an organization can leverage the scalability and cost benefits of
the public cloud. For example, e-commerce applications, such as online retail stores are
often three-tier applications that use public-facing web assets outside the firewall and
business-critical assets onsite. These applications can be hosted in the public cloud.
Also, such applications typically have dynamic and unpredictable resource
requirements, which can be difficult to plan for when hosting them in an organization’s
private cloud. As mentioned in the cloud bursting use case, such applications can get
additional capacity on-demand from the public cloud for a limited time period.

Packaged applications: An organization may migrate standard packaged

applications, such as email and collaboration software out of the private cloud to a
public cloud. This frees up existing resources for higher value projects and
applications. In some cases, the existing applications may have to be rewritten and/or
reconfigured for the public cloud platform. However, dedicated hybrid cloud services
enable existing applications to run in the hybrid cloud without the need to rewrite or
re-architect them.

(Cont'd)

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 39
 Lesson Summary
During this lesson the following topics were covered:
• Public cloud
• Private cloud: on-premise and externally-hosted
• Community cloud: on-premise and externally-hosted
• Hybrid cloud and its use cases

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 41

This lesson covered the four primary cloud deployment models: public cloud, private cloud,
community cloud, and hybrid cloud.

In a public cloud model, the provider provisions the cloud infrastructure for open use by the
general public. In a private cloud model, the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive
use by consumers within a single organization. There are two variants of a private cloud: on-
premise and externally-hosted. A community cloud is deployed for exclusive use by consumers
in organizations that have shared concerns. There are two variants of a community cloud: on-
premise and externally-hosted. A hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more distinct cloud
infrastructures bound together by standardized or proprietary technology.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 41
 Concepts in Practice
• VMware vCloud Hybrid Service (vCHS)
• Pivotal Cloud Foundry
• EMC Mozy

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 42

The Concepts in Practice section covers three product examples: VMware vCloud Hybrid
Service (vCHS) for IaaS, Pivotal Cloud Foundry for PaaS, and EMC Mozy for SaaS.

Note:

For the latest information on VMware products, visit www.vmware.com.

For the latest information on Pivotal products, visit www.pivotal.io.

For the latest information on EMC products, visit www.emc.com.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 42
 VMware vCHS, Pivotal Cloud Foundry, and EMC
Mozy

vCHS Cloud Foundry Mozy

• Hybrid cloud service • Open-source PaaS • SaaS solution for
project secure, cloud-based
• Provides IaaS for online backup and
migrating / extending • Supports multiple recovery
workloads to public cloud deployment
cloud, application models, programming • Provides automatic
development, and languages, and and scheduled
disaster recovery database systems backups

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 43

VMware vCloud Hybrid Service (vCHS) is a secure hybrid cloud service owned and operated
by VMware. It provides Infrastructure as a Service for enterprise use cases, such as extending
workloads into the public cloud, migrating applications from on-premises to the public cloud,
application development, and disaster recovery. VMware provides the infrastructure and
various management tools. vCHS is built on the foundation of vSphere and is compatible with
existing VMware on-premise data centers. vCloud Hybrid Service is available in three IaaS
subscription types: Dedicated Cloud (single-tenant cloud service), Virtual Private Cloud
(logically isolated, multi-tenant cloud service), and Disaster Recovery (cloud-based disaster
recovery service).

Pivotal Cloud Foundry is an open source Platform as a Service project . Cloud Foundry is
written primarily in the Ruby language and its source is available under Apache License 2.0. It
allows developers to develop and deploy applications without being concerned about issues
related to configuring and managing the underlying cloud infrastructure. It supports multiple
programming languages and frameworks including Java, Ruby, Node.js, and Scala. It also
supports multiple database systems including MySQL, MongoDB, and Redis. The Cloud Foundry
open-source community allows members to contribute to the project. Cloud Foundry includes a
self-service application execution engine, an automation engine for application deployment and
lifecycle management, a scriptable command line interface (CLI), and integration with
development tools for application deployment. Its open architecture enables addition of
frameworks, an application services interface, and a cloud provider interface.

EMC Mozy is a solution that provides a secure cloud-based online backup and recovery
through Software as a Service. Mozy provides protection against risks like file corruption,
unintended deletion, and hardware failure for compute and mobile systems. It is built on highly
scalable and available back-end storage architecture. Mozy’s web-based management console
enables consumers to specify the data to be backed up and when to perform backups. Backups
are encrypted and may be automatic or scheduled periodically. Mozy has three main products:
MozyHome, MozyPro, and MozyEnterprise. MozyHome is for the individual consumer, MozyPro
is for small businesses, and MozyEnterprise is for larger organizations. Mozy services are
available at a monthly subscription fee. Mozy does not require consumers to purchase any new
hardware and requires minimal IT resources to manage.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 43
 Module Summary
Key points covered in this module:
• Definition of cloud computing
• Essential cloud characteristics
• Key benefits of cloud computing
• Cloud service models
• Cloud services brokerage
• Cloud deployment models

© Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 44

This module covered an introduction to cloud computing. It also covered the definition of cloud
computing, the essential cloud characteristics, and the key benefits of cloud computing. This
module also described the primary cloud service models, cloud services brokerage, and the
primary cloud deployment models.

Copyright 2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Module: Introduction to Cloud Computing 44