179 C 2 DDC 2 Cac 60 A
179 C 2 DDC 2 Cac 60 A
179 C 2 DDC 2 Cac 60 A
GRAVITATION
Compendium
A. Introduction
B. Universal law of gravitation
C. Kepler’s law of planetary motion
D. Newton’s third law of motion and gravitation
E. Motion under gravity
F. Mass and weight
G. Thrust and pressure
H. Density and relative density
I. Pascal’s law and buoyancy
J. Bird’s-eye view
K. Solved examples
L. Practice yourself
M. Solutions
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GRAVITATION
A. Introduction
Statement
2
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The direction of the force is along the line joining the two masses.
If m1 and m2 are the masses of two bodies separated by a distance d
and F is the force of attraction between them is given by:
Gm1 m2
F= 2
d
where,
1. Gravitational force between two bodies or object does not need any
contact between them. It means, gravitational force is action at a
distance.
2. Gravitational force between two bodies varies inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them. Hence,
gravitational force is an inverse square force.
3. The gravitational forces between two bodies or objects form an
action-reaction pair. If object A attract object B with a force F1 and
the object B attracts object A with a force F2, then F1 = F2
3
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Points to remember
4
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6. The predictions about solar and lunar eclipses made on the basis of
this law always come out to be true. The gravitational force plays an
important role in nature.
7. All the planets revolve around the sun due to the gravitational force
between the sun and the planets. The force required by a planet to
move around the sun in circular path (known as centripetal force)
is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the
planet and the sun. Thus, gravitational force is responsible for the
existence of the solar system.
8. Tides in oceans are formed due to the gravitational force between
the moon and the water in oceans.
9. Gravitational force between a planet and its satellite (i.e., moon)
decides whether a planet has a moon or not. Since the gravitational
force of the planets like mercury and Venus is very small, therefore,
these planets do not have any satellite or moon.
10. We stay on the earth due to the gravitational force between the
earth and us. which is extremely small. Hence, we conclude that
though every pair of two objects exert gravitational pull on each
other, yet they cannot move towards each other because this
gravitational pull is too weak.
6.67×10-11 ×40×40
F=
12
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GRAVITATION
F=1.06×10-7 N
F∝R4
Checkpoint-1
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(c) Depends on both (a) and (b)
(d) Is independent of both (a) and (b)
3. The atmosphere is held to the earth by
(a) Winds (b)Gravity
(c) Clouds (d) None of the above
4. The distance of the centres of moon and earth is D. The mass of
earth is 81 times the mass of the moon. At what distance from the
centre of the earth, the gravitational force will be zero
D 2D 4D 9D
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 10
Kepler's first law: The planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun,
with the sun at one of the two foci of the elliptical orbit.
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Kepler's second law: Each planet
revolves around the sun in such a way
that the line joining the planet to the
sun sweeps over equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
8
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GRAVITATION
and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their
centres.
2. Write the formula to find the magnitude of the gravitational force
between the earth and an object on the surface of the earth.
Ans. When an object falls with a constant acceleration, under the
influence of force of gravitation of the earth, object is said to have
free fall.
Checkpoint -2
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D. Newton's third law of motion and gravitation
The Newtons third law of motion also holds good for the force of
gravitation. This means that when earth exerts a force of attraction
on an object, then the object also exerts an equal force on the earth,
in the opposite direction.
According to Newton's second law,
Force = Mass × Acceleration, F = ma
The mass of earth is very large and acceleration produced in the
earth very very small and cannot be detected with even the most
accurate instrument available to us.
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Galileo explained that the feather suffered much air resistance during
fall because of its large surface area. Due to this opposing force,
feather takes longer time to reach the ground than the stone. He
further explained that if air resistance is eliminated, both feather and
the stone will reach the ground simultaneously.
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Things to remember:
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2. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move
towards the moon ?
Ans. The earth does not move towards the moon because the force
exerted by the earth or the moon on each other is insufficient to move
the earth on account of its huge mass.
3. What happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) the mass of one object is doubled ?
(ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled ?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled ?
Ans.
(i) The forces of gravitation doubles.
(ii) The force of gravitation decreases 4 times if the distance between
the objects is doubled and if the
distance between the objects is tripled then the force of gravitation
decreases 9 times.
(iii) The force of gravitation increases 4 times.
Checkpoint-3
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2. The weight of a body at the centre of the earth is
(a) Zero
(b) Infinite
(c) Same as on the surface of earth
(d) None of the above
3. An iron ball and a wooden ball of the same radius are released
from a height ‘h’ in vacuum. The time taken by both of them to
reach the ground is
(a) Unequal (b)Exactly equal
(c) Roughly equal (d) Zero
4. Weightlessness experienced while orbiting the earth in space-
ship, is the result of
(a) Inertia (b) Acceleration
(c) Zero gravity (d) Free fall towards earth
5. When a body is taken from the equator to the poles, its weight
(a) Remains constant
(b) Increases
(c) Decreases
(d) Increases at N-pole and decreases at S-pole
6. A body of mass m is taken to the bottom of a deep mine. Then
(a) Its mass increases (b) Its mass decreases
(c) Its weight increases (d) Its weight decreases
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Equation of motion of freely falling bodies
v=u+at
Replace a=g
in downward
upward
Fig 5: A ball can be thrown in different ways
S=ut+1/2a𝑡 2
1
h=ut+ at2
2
v2 -u2 =2as
Replace s=h
v2 -u2 =2gh
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GRAVITATION
v=at=1.25×8=10 m/s
Time taken by the stone to reach the ground
v 2gh 10 2×10×40
t= [1+√1+ ] = 10 [1+√1+ 2 ]=4 sec
g v2 (10)
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3. If a body is thrown up with the velocity of 15 m/s then maximum
height attained by the body is (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 11.25 m (b) 16.2 m
(c) 24.5 m (d) 7.62 m
2
u2 (15)
Solution: (a) hmax =
2g 2×10
.
Checkpoint-4
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Characteristics of mass of a body :-
Weight
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Thus, the force with which body of mass
m is attracted by the earth is given by F =
ma = m × g = mg.
Pressure: The thrust acting on unit area of the surface is called the
pressure. Pressure is directly proportional to the force. Pressure in
inversely proportional to the area.
Fig 9: Pressure is more when area is less Fig 10: Pressure is force per unit area
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GRAVITATION
Fig 11: Pressure is low if area high, Pressure is high if area low
Pressure triangle
kg/m3. In cgs system, the unit of density is g cm–3. These units are
Fig 12: Density of solid is highest, then for liquids and for gases density is lowest
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Relative density:
Pressure in fluids
A substance which can flow is called a fluid. All liquids and gases are
thus fluids. We know that a solid exerts pressure on a surface due to
its weight. Similarly, a fluid exerts pressure on the container in which
it is contained due to its weight. However, unlike a solid, a fluid exerts
pressure in all directions. A fluid contained in a vessel exerts pressure
at all points of the vessel and in all directions. All the streams of water
reach almost the same distance in the air.
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GRAVITATION
Checkpoint-5
Wate Wate
r r
(a) (b)
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2. Why the dam of water reservoir is thick at the bottom
(a) Quantity of water increases with depth
(b) Density of water increases with depth
(c) Pressure of water increases with depth
(d) Temperature of water increases with depth
Checkpoint - 6
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GRAVITATION
(d) Both are floating to the same depth
3. A body is just floating on the surface of a liquid. The density of the
body is same as that of the liquid. The body is slightly pushed
down. What will happen to the body
(a) It will slowly come back to its earlier position
(b) It will remain submerged, where it is left
(c) It will sink
(d) It will come out violently
4. An ice block contains a glass ball when the ice melts within the
water containing vessel, the level of water
(a) Rises (b) Falls
(c) Unchanged (d) First rises and then falls
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Bird’s-eye view
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• Freefall is falling under the sole influence of the gravity.
• The gravitational force of attraction on any object by the earth if
called force of gravity or simply gravity.
• Mass is defined as amount of content/matter in a given object.
• Weight is defined as the gravitational pull of the earth on a given
body.
• Acceleration due to gravity decreases with height.
• Acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth.
• Acceleration due to gravity hold maximum at the surface of the
earth.
Solved examples
1. What are the differences between the mass of an object and its
weight?
Ans. Mass is defined as the amount of content inside anybody. Weight is
amount of force acting due to gravity on any given body.
2. What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?
Ans. The acceleration produced in a body due to force of gravity is
called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by g. The value of
acceleration due to gravity is taken as 9.8 ms–2 at the sea level.
3. What is the importance of universal law of gravitation ?
Ans. Importance of universal law of gravitation is as follows :
(i)It is the gravitational force between the sun and the earth, which
makes the earth to move around the sun with a uniform speed.
(ii)The tides formed in sea are because of gravitational pull exerted
by the sun and the moon on the surface of water.
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(iii) It is the gravitational pull of earth, which keeps us and other bodies
firmly on the ground.
(iv) It is the gravitational pull of the earth, which holds our atmosphere
in place.
4. What is the acceleration of free fall ?
Ans. The average acceleration of free fall on the surface of earth is 9.81
ms–2.
5. What do we call the gravitational force between the earth and an
object ?
Ans. It is called force of gravity.
6. Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled into
a ball ?
Ans. Sheet crumpled into a ball has small surface area as compared to
the similar unfolded sheet. Therefore unfolded sheet will experience
more friction due to air as compared to the sheet crumpled into a ball
in spite of same force of gravity acts upon them. It is larger friction of
air which slows down the unfolded sheet and therefore it falls slower
as compared to sheet crumpled into a ball.
7. A cricket ball is thrown up with a speed of 19.6 ms–1. The maximum
height it can reach is
u2 19.6×19.6
Ans. H
2g 2×9.8 max
8. Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the Sun,
given that the mass of the earth = 6 x 1024 kg and of the Sun = 2 x
1030 kg. The average distance between the two is 1.5 x 1011m.
Ans. Me = 6 x 1024 kg G = 6.67 x 10–11 Nm2/kg2
Ms = 2 x 1030 kg
d = 1.5 x 1011 m
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Me Ms
∴ Gravitational force F=G 2
d
∴ s=80m
Net displacement of the stone = 0 (As the stone falls, back to the
same point.
Total distance covered by stone = 80 m + 80 m= 160
(up) (down)
10. Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only 1/6 as strong
as gravitational force on the earth. What is the weight in Newtons
of a 10 kg object on the moon and on the earth?
Ans. Mass of the object = 10 kg
Weight of the object on earth = W = m × g
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GRAVITATION
∴ W = 10 × 9.8
W = 98 N
1
Weight of the object on moon = th the weight on the earth.
6
1
As the gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only th as
6
Weight on earth = 98 N
Weight on moon = 16.3 N
11. The earth and the moon are attracted to each other by gravitational
force. Does the earth attract the moon with a force that is greater
or smaller or the same as the force with which the moon attracts
the earth? Why?
Ans. The value of F is same for earth and the moon. Both bodies will
exert the same amount of force on each other.
As per universal law of gravitation, everybody attracts the other body
with some force and this force is same for both the bodies called
gravitational force.
12. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move
towards; the moon?
Ans. According to the universal, law of gravitation both moon and
earth attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
distance between them.
The force of attraction of moon’ on the earth is present, but the earth
does not appear to move towards the moon as the mass of the earth
is large and the distance between the moon and earth is so large, even
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if the earth is attracted/moves towards the ,moon it is negligible,
cannot be seem.
13. What: happens to the force between two objects, if
(i) the mass of one object is doubled?
(ii) the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?
Ans. (i) If the mass of one object is doubled, the force between two
objects will be doubled (increases)
(ii) If the distance been the objects is doubled the force between two
objects will be one-fourth and if the distance will be tripled, the force
will be one-ninth (1/9).
(iii) If the masses of both objects are doubled the force will be 4 times.
Mm
As F ∞ 2
d
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GRAVITATION
Ans. The gravitational force between the earth and an object is called
force due to gravity.
17. Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their masses.
Why then, a heavy object does not fall faster than a light object?
Ans. The heavy object when falls, the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ is
acting which is independent of the mass of the body.
Gravitation force is
GM
g=
R2
Mm
F∞
R2
∴ F and g are different.
18. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth
and a 1 kg object on its surface? [Mass of the earth is 6 x 1024 kg and
radius of the earth is 6.4 x 106 m].
Ans. The magnitude of the gravitational force between earth and an
object is given by the formula.
Mm
F∞
R2
m=1kg, M=6×1024 kg.
R=6.4×106m, G=6.67×10-11 Nm2/kg2
6.67×10-11 Nm2 /kg2 ×6×1024 kg×1kg
∴F= 2
(6.4×106 m)
∴F=9.8 N
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19. What are the differences between the mass of an object and its
weight?
Mass Weight
3. It remains constant
3. Its value changes from place to
everywhere and it
place and it can be zero.
cannot be zero.
20. Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6th its weight on
the earth?
Ans. The weight of an object depends on ‘g’ acceleration due to
gravity, and the value of ‘g’ on earth: and moon is not same.
GM
g=
R2
The mass and radius of the earth is more than the mass and radius
of the moon.
Mn
As W=g= the weight of a body on the earth is 6 times more than
R2
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6. The force of gravitation exists
(a)Everywhere in the universe
(b)At the surface of the earth only
(c)Inside the earth only
(d)At the surface of the moon only
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(d)All are due to gravity
13. Weight of an object on the surface of the moon is
(a) ½ of the weight of the object on the surface of the earth
(b)¼ of the weight of the object on the surface of the earth
(c)1/6 of the weight of the object on the surface of the earth
(d) 1/8 of the weight of the object on the surface of the earth
14. The force which keeps the body to move in a circular motion when
accelerated is
(a) Centripetal force (b) Magnetic force
(c) Electrostatic force (d) Magnetic force
15. If a rock is brought from the surface of the moon,
(a) Its mass will change
(b) Its weight will change but not mass
(c) Both mass end weight will change
(d) Its mass and weight both will remain same
16. A body is weighed et the poles and then at the equator. The weight
(a) At the equator will be greater than the poles
(b) At Be poles will be greater than at the equator
(c) At the poles will be equal to the weight at the equator
(d) Depends upon the object
17. Consider a satellite going round the earth in a circular orbit. Which
of the following statements is wrong
(a) It is a freely falling body
(b) It is moving with constant speed,
(c) It is acted upon by a force directed away from the centre of the
earth which counter –balances the gravitational pull
(d) Its angular momentum remains constant
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18. A missile is launched with a velocity less then the escape velocity.
The sum of its kinetic and potential energy
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
19. SI unit of g is
𝑚 𝑚
(a) (b) 𝑠/𝑚2 (c) (d)m/s
𝑠2 𝑠2
20. SI unit of G is
m2 m2
(a)N2 - (b) N-
kg kg
2
(c) N-m/kg (d) Nm/k g2
21. Choose the correct statement of the following:
(a) All bodies repel each other in this universe.
(b) Our earth does not behave like a magnet
𝑚
(c) Acceleration due to gravity is 8.9
𝑠2
23. If the distance between two masses be doubled. then the force
between then will become
(a) 1/4 times (b) 4 times (c) ½ times (d) 2 times
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24. A body falls freely towards the earth with
(a) Uniform speed
(b) Uniform velocity
(c) Uniform acceleration
(d) None of these
25. The mass of a body is M on the surface of the earth, then its mass
on the surface of the moon will be
(a) M/4 (b) M (c) M+6 (d)zero
26. Weight
(a) Is a vector quantity
(b) Of a body in interplanetary space is maximum
(c) Increases when the bodies go up
(d) None of these
27. The value of g near the earth surface is
(a) 8.9 m/s (b)8.9 m/s
(c) 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 (d)9.8 𝑚/𝑠
28. A geostationary satellite
(a) Moves faster than the near earth satellite
(b) Has a time period less that of a near earth satellite
(c) Revolves about the polar axis
(d) Is stationary in space
29. The product of their masses of gravitation between two bodies
depend upon
(a) Their separation (b) Gravitation constant
(c) Product of their masses (d) All of these
30. When an object is through up ,the force of gravity
(a) Acts of the direction of the motion
(b) Acts in the opposite direction of the motion
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(c) Remain constant at the body moves up
(d) Increases as the body moves up
31. The force of gravitation exists
(a) Everywhere in the universe
(b) At the surface of the earth only
(c) Inside the earth only
(d) At the surface of the moon only
True or false
38
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GRAVITATION
8. The value of g is zero at the centre of the earth.
9. The inertia of an object depends upon its mass.
10. All objects attract each other along the line joining their centre of
mass.
11. Acceleration due to gravity, g =Gm/r2, where symbols have their
usual meanings.
12. Relative density has no unit.
13. Archimedes' principle does not apply to gases.
14. Any solid will sink in water if its relative density is less than unity.
39
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10. In cgs the relative density of a substance is .................... equal to its
density in gcm–3.
11. The combined weight of the sinker and cork is .................... than the
weight of the sinker alone.
12. For a body to float the density of the floating object should be
.................... than or equal to the density of the liquid in which it is to
float.
13. The centre of .................... is a point, where the total upthrust, due to
fluid displaced by part .................... of body acts.
14. A fish .................... by squeezing out air, from its ....................
15. When a body is partly or wholly immersed in a .................... , it
experience an ....................
7. The value of G = 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2 on the surface of the earth.
What is the value of G on the surface of the moon ?
8. The gravitational force between the earth and an object is known
as ............
9. The gravitational force between two objects on the earth is 2 N.
What will be the gravitational force between these two objects on
the surface of the moon ?
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10. Name the force which is responsible for the revolution of planets
around the sun.
11. Name the force which is responsible for the revolution of moon
around the earth.
12. The gravitational force between two bodies varies with r as
(a) 1/r (b) 1/r2 (c) r2 (d) r
13. Is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon less or more
than the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth ?
14. Write the expression for the acceleration due to gravity.
15. What is the SI unit of acceleration due to gravity (g)
16. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of
earth ?
17. Is acceleration due to gravity a scalar or a vector quantity ?
18. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of
moon ?
19. Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon = ........ ×
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth.
20. Where is the acceleration due to gravity more : at poles or at
equator ?
21. What is the value of 'g' at the centre of the earth ?
22. What will be the direction of acceleration due to gravity if the body
is thrown vertically upward ?
23. Define mass of a body.
41
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Short Answer Type (2 marks or 3 marks):
42
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10. A man weighs 600 N on the Earth. What is its mass? Take g = 10
m/s2. If he were taken on Moon, his weight would be 100 N. What is
his mass on Moon? What is acceleration due to gravity on Moon?
11. A car falls off a ledge and drops to the ground in 0·5 s. Let g = 10
m/s2 (for simplifying the calculations). (i) What is its speed on
striking the ground? (ii) What is its average speed during 0·5 s ?
(iii) How high is the ledge from the ground?
16. Suppose a planet exists whose mass and radius both are half
those of Earth. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the
surface of this planet.
18. A block of wood is kept on a table top. The mass of wooden block
is 5 kg and its dimensions are 40 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm. Find the
pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top if it is
43
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GRAVITATION
made to lie on the table top with its sides of dimensions (a) 20 cm
× 10 cm and (b) 40 cm × 20 cm.
20. How does the force of gravitation between two objects change
when the distance between them is reduced to half?
Calculate:
44
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Long Answer Type (Each carries four marks or five marks)
45
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GRAVITATION
Word search
Universal Newton
Gravity Freefall
Acceleration Upthrust
Density Pressure
Satellite Gravitation
Buoyancy Pascal
Archimedes
46
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Crosswords
Across
Down
Across
6. amount of content/matter in a
body
Down
47
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Solutions
Checkpoint-1
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
Checkpoint-2
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
Checkpoint-3
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. D
Checkpoint-4
1. D
2. B
3. A
48
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Checkpoint-5
1. D
2. C
Checkpoint-6
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
Novice level
MCQ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D C C B C A A A B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B C A B B C B B D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D C A C B A C C D B
31 32 33 34
A A A D
49
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True or false
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F F T T T T T
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
T T T T T F F
VSA
1. Sir Issac Newton gave the universal law of gravitation
2. The force of attraction between any two particles in the universe is
called gravitation.
3. The force of attraction between two particles or objects is (i)
directly proportional to the product of the masses of the objects and
(ii) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
4. Universal gravitational constant is defined as the force of attraction
between two objects of unit masses separated by unit distance.
5. m2 /kg2.
50
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GRAVITATION
7. The value of G on the surface of the moon = value of G on the surface
51
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Short Answers
1. 2.45 m/s2
2. 12.1 m/s
3. 19.4 m
4. 6 s, 60 m/s
5. 19.6 m
6. 119 N, 70 kg, 70 kg
7. 10 kg, zero
8. 4 m/s2
9. 1 kg, 20 m/s2
10. 60 kg, 60 kg, 1.67 m/s2
11. (i) 5 m/s (ii) 2.5 m/s (iii) 1.25 SI unit
12. 14 m/s, 1.43 s
13. 98 N
14. 1.67 N
15. 15. 1.63 m/s2
16. 19.6 m/s2
17. 11.48 m
18. (i) 2459 N/m2 (ii) 612.5 N/m2
19. 10.8 X 103 kg/m3
20. 4F
21. anet = g
22. 9.8 N
23. Weight on earth is 98 N and on moon is 16.3 N
24. Maximum height is 122.5 m and total time is 5 s + 5 s = 10 s
25. 19.6 m/s
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CHAPTER 3
GRAVITATION
Advance level
Word search
Crosswords - 1
1. Gravity 2. Freefall
3. Archimedes 4. Density
5. Newton
Crossword - 2
1. Gravity 2. Buoyancy
3. Pressure 4. Gravitation
5. Thrust 6. Mass
END
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