Wachemo University College of Engineering and Technology School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Fluid Mechanics Chapter Four Equation

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER FOUR
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
By
Yonael m.
Mechanical Engineering Department
yonalemezmur@gmail.com
 When the fluids are at rest, the only fluid property of significance is the specific
weight of the fluids .
 The science which deals with the geometry of motion of fluids without reference to
the forces causing the motion is known as “hydro kinematics” (or simply kinematics)
 Thus, kinematics involves merely the description of the motion of fluids in terms of
space-time relationship.
 The science which deals with the action of the forces in producing or changing
motion of fluids is known as “hydrokinetics” (or simply kinetics)
Different Types Of Heads (Or Energies) Of A Liquid In Motion
There are three types of energies or heads of flowing liquids:

Assumptions:
It may be mentioned that the following assumptions are made in the derivation of Bernoulli’s
equation:
1. The liquid is ideal and incompressible.
2. The flow is steady and continuous.
3. The flow is along the stream line, i.e., it is one-dimensional.
4. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity.
5. The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity forces and the pressure forces
Example 3. A 6m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 20° with the horizontal. The
smaller
section of the pipe which is at lower level is of 100 mm diameter and the larger
section of the pipe is of 300 mm diameter as shown in Fig. If the pipe is uniformly
tapering and the velocity of water at the smaller section is 1.8 m/s, determine the
difference of pressures between the two sections.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Although Bernoulli’s equation is applicable in all problems of incompressible flow where
there is involvement of energy considerations but here we shall discuss its applications
in the following measuring devices
1. Venturi meter
2. Orifice meter
3. Rotameter and elbow meter
4. Pitot tube.
Venturi meter
A venturi meter is one of the most important practical applications of Bernoulli’s
theorem. It is an instrument used to measure the rate of discharge in a pipeline and is
often fixed permanently at different sections of the pipeline to know the discharges there.
Types of venturi meters:
Venturi meters may be classified as follows:
1. Horizontal venturi meters.
2. Vertical venturi meters.
3. Inclined venturi meters.
Horizontal venturi meters
A venturi meter consists of the following three parts:
(i) A short converging part,
(ii) Throat, and
(iii) Diverging part.
Expression for rate of flow:
Fig below shows a venturi meter fitted in horizontal pipe through which a fluid is
flowing.
Let,
………………………………(*)
Example 2. A horizontal venturi meter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter
100 mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential
manometer
connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If the co-efficient of discharge is 0.98,
determine the rate of flow.
Home Ex 1. A venturi meter (throat diameter = 10.5 cm) is fitted to a water pipeline
(internal diameter = 21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To improve accuracy of
measurement, pressure difference across the venturi meter is measured with the help of
an inclined tube manometer, the angle of inclination being 30° (In the Fig). For a
manometer reading of 9.5 cm of mercury, find the flow rate. Discharge co-efficient of
venturi meter is 0.984.
Orifice meter
Orifice meter or orifice plate is a device (cheaper than a venturi meter) employed for
measuring the discharge of fluid through a pipe. It also works on the same principle of
a venturi meter
 It consists of a flat circular plate having a circular sharp edged hole (called orifice)
concentric with the pipe. The diameter of the orifice may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times
the diameter of the pipe but its value is generally chosen as 0.5.
 A differential manometer is connected at section (1) which is at a distance of 1.5 to

2 times the pipe diameter upstream from the orifice plate, and at section (2) which is
at a distance of about half the diameter of the orifice from the orifice plate on the
downstream side.
The main points of difference between a venturi meter and orifice meter are:
1. The venturi meter can be used for measuring the flow rates of all incompressible flows.
(gases with low pressure variations, as well as liquids), whereas orifice meters are generally
used for measuring the flow rates of liquids.
2. Venturi meter is installed in pipeline only, and the accelerated flow through the apparatus, is
subsequently decelerated to the original velocity at the outlet of the venturi meter. The flow
continues through the pipeline. In the orifice meter the entire potential energy of the fluid is
converted to kinetic energy, and the jet discharges freely into the open atmosphere.
3. In venturi meter, the flow velocity is measured by noting the pressure difference between
the inlet and the throat of the venturi meter, whereas in the orifice meter the discharge
velocity is measured by using Pitot tube or by trajectory method.
Example 1. The following data relate to an orifice meter:
Diameter of the pipe = 240 mm
Diameter of the orifice = 120 mm
Sp. gravity of oil = 0.88
Reading of differential manometer = 400 mm of mercury
Co-efficient of discharge of the meter = 0.65. Determine the rate of flow of oil.

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WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Different Types Of Heads (Or Energies) Of A Liquid In Motion

There are three types of energies or heads of ﬂowing liquids:

 A differential manometer is connected at section (1) which is at a distance of 1.5 to

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