Computer Fundamental:

1) What is Computer?
Ans: A computer is an automatic electronic device which stores, regains &
processes data to show necessary results. / A computer is an electronic device that
accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the
users, and stores the results for future usage.

2) Characteristics(বৈশিষ্ট্য) of Computer:
Here are some key characteristics of computer below;
 Speed: It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as
compared to man who will spend many months to perform the same task.
Computers can process vast amounts of data at incredibly high speeds.
 Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors
may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
 Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony,
tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without any
error and boredom.
 Versatility: A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds
of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
 Reliability: A computer is a reliable machine. Computers are designed to
make maintenance easy.
 Automation: Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it
performs tasks without manual intervention.
 Environment: The operating environment of the computer should be
dust free and suitable.
 Storage: Computer can store huge amount of data in various forms
including text, images, videos and more.

3) Uses of Computer:
Computers are playing a vital role in almost every field and making our day-to-day
tasks more manageable. Here are some primary Uses of computers;
  Communication: Computers have become one of the primary sources of
communication.
 Business: Currently, computers can be seen in almost every business.
Computers are almost part of a business setup because they increase
productivity and help race in a competitive environment. In businesses,
computers are primarily used to store and manage accounts and personal data,
maintain projects.
 Science: Scientists are amongst one of those people who use computers as
their primary work tool. In science, research and engineering, computers are
best suited for collecting, analysing, categorizing, and storing the data.
 Government: In the government sector, computers are beneficial. They are
getting used to performing various functions in different departments and
improving their services' quality, efficiency, and productivity.
 Banking: Most countries use online banking systems where customers can
access their data directly using computers and the Internet.
 Health and Medical: Computers are radically changing the methods of
diagnosis in hospitals. They are used for maintaining patients' information,
records, live monitoring of patients, X-rays, and more.
 Education: Computers are best suited for online classes, online tutoring,
online examinations, and creating assignments and projects. Apart from this,
they can also be used to maintain and monitor student performance and other
information.
 Industry: Computers are used in industries to perform various tasks, such as
maintaining inventory, interior designing, designing samples. Online marketing
has made it easier for people to buy products in rural areas.
 Entertainment: Computers nowadays are one of the best mediums for
entertainment. Computers can be used to watch movies, play games, listen to
music, etc.
 Training: Most companies use computers to provide training to their
employees.
 Safety and Security: Computers are capable of working together with
different equipment, tools, and technologies. When it comes to safety,
computers are widely being used with the security camera.

4) Types of Computer Programming languages:

Ans:
Programing Language: A program is a set of instructions following the rules of
the chosen language. Without programs, computers are useless. Examples: c++,
python, java etc. You eventually need to convert your program into machine
language so that the computer can understand it.
There are two ways to do this:
Assembler (for Assembly Language program)
Compile the program (for High level Language program)
Interpret the program (for High level Language program).

Generation of Programming Language:

 The first generation languages

1GL
low-level languages
Machine language: Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that
the computer reads and interprets.
 The second generation languages
2GL
also low-level languages
Assembly languages: Assembly language is a low-level programming language that
is closely related to machine code, but easier for humans to read and write.
 The third generation languages
3GL
High-level languages: High-level languages are programming languages that are
designed to be more understandable and easier to use for programmers compared
to low-level languages.
5) Describe Generations of Computer:
  First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes were the primary
electronic components used in first-generation computers. These computers
were large, expensive, and consumed a significant amount of power. Examples
include the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC
I.
 Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Business oriented computer system.
Smaller in size and less expensive. Examples include IBM 1401 and IBM 7090.
 Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Computers for the first time become
accessible to a mass people. Could run different applications at the same time.
Examples include IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11.
 Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): More powerful and reliable.
Faster and large primary and secondary storage than 3rd generation. Examples
include Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore 64.
 Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): Personal computers evolved into
laptops, tablets, and smartphones, with increasing mobility and connectivity.
Examples include modern PCs, laptops, smartphones, and servers

6) Differentiate between generations:

7) Classification of computer:
 Microcomputer: Smallest among all digital computers. Usually single
processor and limited number of input-output devices.
Uses: Usually in the office & home

 Minicomputer: It perform basic arithmetic and logic functions and supports

some of the programming language used with large computer.
Uses: Industry, Quality control.

 Mainframe Computer: All types of high level Peripheral devices, languages

& software are used. Uses: Census, Space research, Large business &
universities research, Military application, WAN server.

 Super Computer: The most powerful, expensive, with highest processing

speed computer is super computer. Uses: Used in Medical science, atomic
energy control, weather & element analysis.

8) Differentiate Between Micro Vs Mini, Mainframe Vs Super:

9) What is Analog and Digital and Hybrid:
 Analog: Analog computers works with continuous values or these types of
systems process continuous data. Only one task can perform at a time.
Accuracy is low
 Digital: Made and process data on the basis of Digital signal. Accuracy is high
as result is shown with more places of number after Decimal.
 Hybrid: Combination of Analog & Digital systems of data processing.
Speed of analog.
Accuracy of digital.

10) Differentiate between Analog and Digital:

11) What is General Purpose and Special Purpose:
Ans:
 General Purpose: Execute different types of tasks are done using
Stored Program Concept. These are more versatile but comparatively slow
than the special purpose computer.
Example: Desktop, Palmtop, laptop etc.
Uses: Home, Office etc.
 Special Purpose: Designed for special/specific task execution as it
performs only one major task its efficiency and speed is more. Also known
as Dedicated computer.
Example: Auto-refractometer (Auto-refractor), speedometer
Uses:
Traffic signal control,
Toll collection on highway,
In the Automobiles
Ticket vending machine.
12) Differentiate Between General and Special Purpose:
13) What are the basic organization of computer?
Ans: The basic organizations of computer are given below;
 Input Unit: The input unit refers to the data that is received by the computer
through input devices. Examples are:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 OMR
 OCR
 MICR
 Barcode reader
 Microphone
 Joystick
 Digital Camera

 Output Unit: Output unit refers to the output devices that are used to
communicate data from computers to users.
There are two types of output-
Hard copy: Printed papers, can be carried, touches
Soft copy: Result displayed in the monitor, can be viewed
Example:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Plotter
 CPU: Most important part of computer. Known as the “Brain of computer”.
CPU is used for processing data & problems. All types of calculation and
decision making are done by CPU. Collects the data from input, prepare result
as per command and shows output.
There are two main units of CPU,
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control unit (CU)
 ALU: Known as `Arithmetic Logic Unit`. Solves all types of problems. Data
analysis.
 Control unit: Controls & balances all the activities of the Computer. Transfers
control to the next instruction. Controls all the Hardware & software.
 Memory unit: One of the most important part of computer that preserves
data, instructions, results etc.
There are three types of memory, which are;
 Processor Memory: Also known as `Built-in Memory`. Used as a working
memory of temporary storage of instructions & data Registers, Level 1 Cache
  Primary Memory: Also known as `Main memory`. The memory in which CPU
access directly & rapidly is called primary memory. Examples: RAM, ROM,
Level 2 Cache
 Secondary Memory: Also known as Auxiliary Memory. permanent. Only stores
data & system program. Examples: Hard disk, Floppy disk, Optical Disk,

14) How does CPU process Data?

Steps involved in data processing by CPU below;

 Fetches instruction from main memory.

 Decodes instruction to determine which action is required to be done.

 Based on instruction, fetches data from memory or I/O.

 Execution of instruction. Stores/Display Result.

15) What Is Keyboard?

Ans: It Is One of the most common input devices. The original design of
keyboard came from mechanical typewriter. Keyboard adapter contains “8-bit
ASCII code”.
Function: Primary device for entering commands, text
and numbers.
Description: `QWERTY` keyboard. Comes from First 6 letters.
There are 06 types of keys in keyboard:
1. Alphanumeric key: It includes over 50 keys consumes most of the area of
Keyboard.
o Ex: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, -, =,
+, <,>, $, {, [,}, @, $, %, ^, & etc.
o Besides there are 04 keys whose have special purpose like
`TAB, ENTER, CAPSLOCK, BACKSPACE`
2. Modifier key: Some keys modify the input of other keys
Example:
 Shift,
 Alt,
 Ctrl
Application: In MS Word if you press (Ctrl and A) immediately then all the
written text will be selected. Here alphabet `A` will be modified due to “Ctrl”
key.
3. Function Key: Located at the top row of the keyboard. Usually with this we
can input command without typing long Strings. There are 12 function keys like
F1, F2, F3, ........F12.
For almost all programs, F1 = Help
4. Numeric Keypad: Usually located at the right side of the keyboard. There is
a key called `Num Lock`. When it is off keypad performs as cursor movement
Example: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0, /, *, -, + etc.
5. Cursor Movement Key Input unit: With the help of these keys we can
move the cursor or Insertion point according to our desire
Example: keys marked with arrows
6. Special Purpose Key: They are desired to work with `Operating system`.
Example: “Windows logo key” usually used to
start windows operating system. Rests are: ESCAPE, INSERT, DELETE, PRINT
SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK, PAUSE.

16) How Does Keyboard Works?

Ans: It's a complex function, described below-
Suppose, a key is pressed on keyboard

1. The keyboard controller determines which key is pressed and its ASCII
code.
2. The keyboard controller sends the scan code for that key to the keyboard
buffer.
3. The keyboard controller sends an interrupt request to the system software
4. The system software responds to the interruption.
 5. The system software can read the scan code from keyboard buffer that’s
why it can respond.
6. The system software passes the scan code to CPU.
7. Then for an input key we can see the output result.

17) What Happens if We Continuously press the keyboard?

Ans:
 There is a standard & specific time to show output for a key,
 when a key is pressed for more than that time, after a definite time it
thinks that the key has pressed again.
 The same steps what it followed starts to follow again. Thus we see the
same output consecutively.

18) What Is Mouse?

Ans: A mouse is a `pointing device`. An input device that rolls around on a flat
surface and controls the pointer. Used to control the position of the cursor. There
are 02 types of mouse-
Mechanical: A mechanical mouse is an early type of computer mouse that uses
mechanical components, including a rolling ball and physical rollers or sensors, to
detect movement.
Optical: An optical mouse is a type of computer mouse that uses optical sensors
to detect motion.
 Mouse Techniques:

 Single/Left click: to select any file or folder

 Double click: to open an icon/file/folder
 Dragging: (also called Drag-&-drop-editing) To drag an item and place It in a
new position for further operation
 Right click: Usually opens a shortcut menu which contains commands and
options.

Advantages of mouse:

1. To select or open any file or folder

without using cursor movement key

2. Sometimes to input command without

using keyboard.

19) What Is Scanner? How Does it work?

Ans: They are mostly used to input printed copies, photographs, etc. directly
inside the computer

There are three types of scanner-

1. Flatbed:
 Large,
 Not Portable: can't be carried but
 a large size image can be scanned in single scan
 Costly

2. Hand Hold:
 Small,
 Portable: can be carried but
 a large size image cannot be scanned: need multiple scans
 Less Costly

Scanner (How it works?)

Ans:
 A light source is moved across the page
  The light bounces of the page & is passed through a lens.
 Light sensitive Diodes convert reflected light into electric signal.
 Circuit board converts the electric signals into digital numbers & sends the
information to the computers
 Overall, sensing the intensity of light Reflection is important here.

20) What is OMR? How Does It Work?

Ans: Its Means Optical Mark Reader. Generally used to examine the multiple choice
question examinations, also do other functions.
Works: Many traditional OMR devices work with a dedicated scanner device that
shines a beam of light onto the form paper.

Requires:
 Specified paper
 Specified ink.

21) What is OCR? How Does It Work?

Ans: Means Optical Character Reader. Generally, it is used in the banks, with the
help of OCR the complex process of deposit & withdraw of money can be done
easily & quickly.
Works:
1. Light ray scan the paper and the light is reflected back
2. Reflected ray is converted into electric signal by light sensitive diodes
3. A circuit board converts the electric signal into digital numbers and send it to CPU
4. CPU taking data calculate it i.e. addition or deduction of numbers and show
output.
Requires:
 Specified symbol
 Specified ink
 Specified paper.

22) What is the basic difference between OMR and OCR?

 OCR: OCR processes textual content, whether printed or handwritten, in the

form of letters, numbers, and symbols. It can handle various fonts and
languages.
 OMR: OMR processes marks or patterns made by users, such as filling in
bubbles or checkboxes, but it doesn't recognize textual content.

23) What is MICR? How Does It Work?

Ans: Means Magnetic Ink Character Reader This system can read data pre-
recorded on checks & deposit slips with a special ferrite- impregnated ink. The
magnetized character can be read & interpreted by MICR equipment.

Requirements:
 Cheque routine symbol
 Bankers transit number
 Customer account number
 Cheque number
 Cheque account

MICR: Advantages:

 Human involvement is minimal

 Error chance is less
 It is fast, automatic and reliable
 If there is any mistake, then automatic detection of error.

24) What is Barcode Reader? How Does It Work?

Ans: A device for reading barcodes of different width and spacing with same length.
Generally used in the departmental stores & industries to identify goods.

Barcode reader: (works)

 When this machine is on then the ray falls on the printed bar & this light ray is
Reflected.
 This ray is converted into the signals which is understandable by the CPU.
 Then database examine the incoming data & identify the products.
 At last CPU shows result on monitor or print through special printer called POS
Printer.