Select a single correct answer from each of the following questions -

- Use the answer sheet provided

1- The following ion is found at a higher concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF)
than extracellular fluid (ECF):
a- sodium
b- potassium
c- calcium
d- bicarbonate
e- chloride
2- Acetyl choline is not released by:
a- all preganglionic sympathetic nerves
b- all postganglionic parasympathetic nerves
c- all preganglionic parasympathetic nerves
d- all postganglionic sympathetic nerves
e- all somtic nerves
3- Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:
a- sweating
b- decreased heart rate
c- constriction of the eye pupil
d- bronchoconstriction
e- increased intestinal motility and secretion
4- Nicotinic receptors are found in the:
a- heart
b- adrenal medulla
c- sweat glands
d- small intestine
e- lung bronchioles
5- The body responds to cold environment by:
a- sweating
b- shivering
c- skin vasodilatation
d- decreased metabolism
e- decreased food intake
6- Red blood cell formation in children occurs in the:
a- yolk sac
b- adrenal medulla
c- liver and spleen
d- red bone marrow
e- yellow bone marrow
7- Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by:
a- high PCV
b- folic acid deficiency
c- microcytic hypochromic RBCs
d- macrocytic hypochromic RBCS
e- macrocytic normochromic RBCs
8- A person who is blood group O positive, can receive blood from:
a- Blood group A negative persons
b- Blood group A positive persons
c- Blood group AB positive persons
d- Blood group O negative persons
e- Blood group B negative persons
9- B- Lymphocyte:
a- its cytoplasm contains large number of granules
b- is increased in bacterial infections
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c- can produce antibodies
d- can phagocytose bacteria
e- its nucleus is kidney shaped
10- Platelets:
a- are non-nucleated biconcave cells
b- their count is higher than red blood cell count
c- can kill bacteria
d- can stop bleeding
e- can produce antibodies
11- Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation curve is shifted to he right by:
a- high CO2
b- low H+
c- low temperature
d- high pH
e- low metabolism
12- Surfactant:
a- is produced by the liver
b- is an abnormal substance
c- is produced in the fetus early in pregnancy
d- acts to increase surface tension of fluid in the alveoli
e- deficiency causes respiratory distress syndrome
13- Carbon dioxide (CO2):
a- pressure in venous blood is about 40 mmHg
b- pressure in arterial blood is about 100 mmHg
c- is more soluble than oxygen in body fluids
d- is carried mainly in hemoglobin
e- diffuses through biological membranes less easily than oxygen
14- Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by:
a- heart failure
b- cyanide poisoning
c- carbon monoxide poisoning
d- ascending to high altitude
e- anemia
15- Volume of air that remains in the lung following a maximum expiration equals the:
a- vital capacity
b- inspiratory reserve volume
c- residual volume
d- expiratory reserve volume
e- total lung volume
16- The heart rate is increased by:
a- stimulation of the parasympathetic
b- beta blockers
c- cold weather
d- exercise
e- digitalis
17- The stroke volume is decreased by:
a- stimulation of the parasympathetic
b- calcium
c- stimulation of the baroreceptors
d- exercise
e- digitalis
18- The cardiac output:
a- is about 2 L/min at rest in adults
b- is increased by increasing the heart rate

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c- is decreased by increasing the stroke volume
d- is not changed during exercise
e- is higher in females than males
19- The cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle because it is:
a- striated muscle
b- supplied by the somatic nervous system
c- dependent on glucose as a main source of energy
d- tetanized after repeated stimulation
e- not characterized by the oxygen debt mechanism
20- The sino-atrial node (SA node):
a- is un myelinated neural structure
b- is found in the left atrium
c- is supplied by the sympathetic but not the parasympathetic nervous system
d- delays conduction from atria to ventricles
e- responsible for the normal cardiac rhythm
21- The following substance is not found in saliva:
a- lingual lipase
b- alpha amylase
c- lysozyme
d- immunoglobulins
e- bilirubin
22- Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by:
a- glucagon
b- insulin
c- gastrin
d- somatostatin
e- secretin
23- The main source of enzymes for protein digestion is the:
a- mouth
b- stomach
c- pancreas
d- liver
e- small intestine
24- The small intestine differs from the large intestine because:
a- it is a site for absorption of water and electrolytes
b- it moves its food contents by peristalsis
c- it is essential to life
d- its longitudinal muscle layer is incomplete
e- it is supplied by the vagus nerve
25- Concerning peptic ulcer, which of the following is not true:
a- it is caused primarily by excessive secretion of HCl
b- it is caused by ingestion of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like
aspirin
c- the majority of patients are infected with Helicobacter pylori
d- it is treated by blockers of the (H-K ATPase pumps)
e- it is treated by H2 receptor blockers
26- The proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney reabsorb almost all of the
filtered:
a- Na+
b- K+
c- chloride
d- Glucose
e- Water
27- Water reabsorption occurs primarily in the:

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a- proximal convoluted tubules
b- thin ascending loop of Henle
c- thin descending loop of Henle
d- collecting ducts
e- distal convoluted tubules
28- Functions of the kidney dose not include:
a- control of ECF osmolarity
b- control of pH
c- control of blood pressure
d- release of Aldosterone
e- release of erythropoietin
29- The glomerular filtration rate is:
a- about 180 ml/min
b- increased by sympathetic stimulation
c- higher in males than females
d- measured by PAH
e- always constant
30- The micturition reflex is:
a- abnormal in children
b- lost after cutting the spinal cord above the sacral segments
c- lost after cutting the parasympathetic supply to the urinary bladder
d- mediated through sympathetic neurons
e- occurs immediately when urine enters the urinary bladder
31- Hyperthyroidism is not characterized by:
a- increased heart rate
b- increased temperature
c- constipation
d- irritability
e- weight loss
32- The following hormone is not released by the anterior pituitary gland:
a- Growth hormone
b- Prolactin
c- Insulin
d- FSH
e- ACTH
33- Growth hormone is not:
a- anabolic
b- lipolytic
c- hyperglycemic
d- lactogenic
e- hypocalcemic
34- Cutting the connection between the pituitary and the hypothalamus increases
level of:
a- oxytocin
b- insulin
c- growth hormone
d- prolactin
e- ACTH
35- The parathyroid hormone is stimulated by:
a- low phosphate
b- high calcium
c- low glucose
d- high chloride
e- low magnesium

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36- Aldosterone is stimulated directly by:
a- hyponatremia
b- hypertension
c- renal ischemia
d- angiotensin II
e- renin enzyme
37- Concerning the action potential, which of the following is not true:
a- it causes contraction of muscles
b- it is transmitted through nerves
c- it is found in all tissues
d- depolarization is due to sodium entering the cell
e- repolarization is due to potassium leaving the cell
38- Cerebellar lesions result in:
a- failure to initiate movement
b- blindness
c- paralysis
d- loss of balance
e- loss of sensation
39- Basal ganglia lesions result in:
a- failure to initiate movement
b- blindness
c- paralysis
d- loss of balance
e- loss of sensation
40- The stretch reflex is:
a- polysynaptic reflex
b- visceral reflex
c- integrated in the spinal cord
d- increased in lower motor neuron lesions
e- not found in children

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 Part (2)
Short Structured Questions

1- For each of the following mention the normal value in a resting adult male:
Item Normal value
Heart rate …………………………………………………….
Blood pressure …………………………………………………….
Red blood cell count …………………………………………………….
Urine volume/ day …………………………………………………….
ICF volume …………………………………………………….
Cardiac out put …………………………………………………….

2- Mention one function for each of the following:

Item Function
Stomach 1-…………………………………………………….

Liver 1-…………………………………………………….

Blood 1-…………………………………………………….

Cortisol 1-…………………………………………………….

Thyroid 1-…………………………………………………….
hormones
Calcium 1-…………………………………………………….

Hypothalamus 1-…………………………………………………….

3- Mention one hormone produced by each of the following glands or organs:

Gland Hormone
Adrenal medulla ………………………………….
Pancreas ………………………………….
Heart ………………………………….
Skin ………………………………….
Gonads ………………………………….
Hypothalamus ………………………………….

4- Mention 3 causes of edema

a- …………………………………………………….
b- …………………………………………………….
c- …………………………………………………….
5- The blood pressure of an adult subject was found to be 180/90
a- Calculate the pulse pressure
b- Calculate the mean arterial pressure

……………………………………………………………………………………………
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6- Fill the blank spaces in the following table:

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 Drug Mechanism of action Effect (one effect)
Atropine Blocks ….……… ……………...……………...
receptors
Propranolol Blocks beta 1 receptors ………………...…………...

Omeprazole Blocks…………… ……………………...………

……………. pump
Salbutamol Stimulates beta 2 ……………………………..
receptors

7- Calculate the osmolarity of 5% dextrose solution (Mwt: 180)

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8- Mention the effects of thyroid hormones on the heart and explain their
mechanism of action
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………….
9- Explain why the hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries is higher
than that of systemic capillaries ? (give one brief explanation)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

10- Mention (2) factors that affect gas exchange in the lung
a- …………………………………………………………………
b- …………………………………………………………………

Good luck