Bbology

1)Genes are the sequences of nucleotides that code for an organism’s
characteristics and genetic material, and on a larger scale,

chromosomes. The “Central Dogma” of biology is a theory that
genetic information only goes in the order of DNA, RNA, to protein, or
from RNA directly to protein. The role DNA plays in inheritance is that
it holds all of the genetic information that is required to pass onto
offspring. During a daily basis, DNA serves to maintain body
function, keep your body growing, and of course to reproduce.
Complementary DNA Strand: T A C T A T G C G C C A T A G G G T C C

CATT
mRNA Strand: A U G A U A C G C G G U A U C C C U G G G U A A
# Of Codons: 8
Amino Acid Sequence: 1.) Methionine 2.) Isoleucine 3.) Arginine 4.)
Glycine 5.) Isoleucine 6.) Proline 7.) Glycine 8.) Stop
Anticodon: U A C U A U G C G C C A U A G G G U C C C C A U U
2)
DNA Transcriptio Translation
Replication n
Purpose To create Creates a Decodes

copies of the copy of DNA mRNA to
cell’s DNA so instruction create the
that it can in the form proteins that
be put into of mRNA they code
the new that for to keep
daughter contains the the cell alive
cells instructions and
produced to create the functioning
during proteins that correctly.
mitosis. are created
in
translation.
Scope Involves the Occur one Occur one

replication gene at a gene at a
of all of the time, time,
cell’s DNA at hundreds to hundreds to
once, like thousands thousands
billions of of DNA of DNA
DNA. being being
transcribed. translated.
Frequency Occurs once Occurs Occurs

in a cell’s everyday. everyday.
lifetime
during the
mitosis
phase of the
cell cycle.
Location Occurs Occurs Occurs in

inside the inside the the
cell/the nucleus of cytoplasm of
chromosome the cell. the cell
s are being where
replicated. ribosomes
are located
to attach to
the mRNA.
Molecules Helicase - RNA rRNA -

and Their Splits apart Polymerase - Makes up
Functions DNA strands. Links ribosomes
DNA nucleotides that that the
DNA Transcriptio Translation
Replication n
Purpose To create Creates a Decodes

copies of the copy of DNA mRNA to
cell’s DNA so instruction create the
that it can in the form proteins that
be put into of mRNA they code
the new that for to keep
daughter contains the the cell alive
cells instructions and
produced to create the functioning
during proteins that correctly.
mitosis. are created
in
translation.
Polymerase - to form RNA mRNA attach

Synthesizes strand by themselves
the rest of using DNA to.
the leading strand as tRNA -
strand. template. Carries the
Primase - mRNA - specific
Primes Created to amino acids
lagging carry to the
strand so instructions correspondi
DNA from DNA on ng codons
polymerase what that require
can proteins to it.
synthesize be created.
the strand. Splicing
Ligase - Enzymes -
Patches the Splice exons
gaps together to
between the create the
synthesized correct
DNA that are instructions.
caused by
primase
3
A mutation is an error that occurs during the process of DNA replication
that causes a change in the DNA sequence of a cell and can affect the
function and structure of the cell in the long run. Mutations can have
various effects on the cell. These mutations, or ‘frameshift errors’, can
either involve substituting or deleting bases. When it comes to
substitution, the bases are shifted when a base is replaced by a different
base, which could lead to a completely different codon being created and
bringing in the incorrect amino acid as a result, messing up the sequence.
However, there are multiple combinations for each amino acid, so if the
base is replaced there is a chance that it will still code for the correct
amino acid overall and is nothing to worry about as far as causing
problems for the organism. When it comes to deletion and insertion, they
are caused by errors in splicing, when too many or too few nucleotides are
snipped off of the strand, causing the codons to be altered and the strand
to bring in the incorrect amino acids as a result, the same happening with
insertion if the DNA is somehow modified to have more nucleotides than
the prior strand. This could affect the production of the protein since the
nucleotide sequence would be wrong due to the incorrect amino acids
being brought in as a result of incorrect codons. The mutation would be
passed onto the daughter cells it produces since the mutation is in the
DNA that is copied and then implanted into the new cells. However, the
mutation wouldn’t necessarily be passed onto its offspring. Unless the
mutation was in a reproductive/sex cell, then the mutation would not be
passed to its offspring.
4
The lytic cycle is the process in which viral DNA is injected into a host cell.
Both replication and synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids occur
during the cycle as the viral DNA uses the host cell’s materials in order to
replicate the viral DNA by digesting the host’s DNA and taking its place in
the cell so it is then transcribed and translated as the cell would normally
with its regular DNA, creating more new viruses. Soon, the viruses cause
the cell to lyse, breaking open and allowing all of the new viruses to go on
to infect more cells. The lysogenic cycle is exactly the same, except prior to
immediately overtaking the cell and replicating itself, the viral DNA
infiltrates and becomes a part of the host DNA, not causing disease, but
instead lying dormant. The viral DNA can remain dormant for years before
it enters the lytic cycle as a result of an environmental change, like a
contracted illness. With the lytic cycle, if the virus spreads throughout the
organism's cells and they all continue to self destruct and lyse due to the
virus, the organism could potentially become ill and die due to so much
cell death. However with the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA could have been
potentially lying dormant in the cell’s chromosomes for years and been
replicated numerous times, which would mean that when the viral DNA
does become active, it will have already been replicated during the cell
cycle and be present in many cells in the organism, killing the cells even
faster than if they were to immediately begin the lytic cycle upon entering
the cell.

Bbology

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Bbology

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1)Genes are the sequences of nucleotides that code for an organism’s

characteristics and genetic material, and on a larger scale,

Complementary DNA Strand: T A C T A T G C G C C A T A G G G T C C

Purpose To create Creates a Decodes

Scope Involves the Occur one Occur one

Frequency Occurs once Occurs Occurs

Location Occurs Occurs Occurs in

Molecules Helicase - RNA rRNA -

Purpose To create Creates a Decodes

Polymerase - to form RNA mRNA attach

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