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    Waves

    Uploaded by

    celine.the988

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Waves

    Uploaded by

    celine.the988
    10 views26 pages

    Original Title

    Waves (2)

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views26 pages

    Waves

    Uploaded by

    celine.the988

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Wave Properties

    What happens to the water when you drop a


    pebble into a pond?
    What is a Wave?
    A disturbance or back and
    forth motion that travels
    through something like
    water or air, carrying energy
    without transferring matter.
    Waves
    Parts of a Wave
    y
    Crest (peak)

    Wavelength

    Amplitude

    Rest
    Position

    Trough
    Amplitude (A)
    The height of a crest or
    the depth of a trough

    Wavelength (λ)
    the distance from one crest to the
    next, or between any two points
    on the wave which are in step
    Wave Frequency and Period
    Frequency (f): Number Period (T): is the time
    of complete cycles or taken for one
    waves that occur in 1 complete wave to
    second, measured in pass a point, measured
    hertz (Hz). in seconds (s)
    Wave Speed
    How fast a wave moves from one place to
    another, measured in meters per second
    (m/s) or kilometers per hour (km/h)

    λ
    v=
    Distance Wavelength T
    Speed= Speed=
    Time Period v = λf
    Examples
    An FM radio station broadcasts signals of wavelength 1.5 metres
    and frequency 200 MHz. What is their speed?

    The highest note on a piano has a frequency of 4186 Hz. What is


    the wavelength of the sound waves produced when this note is
    played? Assume the speed of sound in air = 330 m/s.
    Two Types of Waves
    Transverse Waves
    The direction of vibration is at
    right angles to the direction
    of propagation.

    Longitudinal Waves
    The direction of vibration is
    parallel to the direction of
    propagation.
    Transverse Waves
    Transverse Waves
    Examples: Waves on Strings,
    Electromagnetic Radiation (Light
    Waves), Water Waves, and Seismic
    S-waves (Secondary)
    Longitudinal Waves

    A compression is a region of higher density i.e. a place where the molecules are bunched together

    A rarefaction is a region of lower density i.e. a place where the molecules are spread out
    Longitudinal Waves

    The wavelength of a longitudinal wave can be measured as the distance


    between the centre of two compressions or between the centre of two
    rarefactions.
    Longitudinal Waves
    Examples: Waves on Slinky springs,
    Sound waves, Seismic P-waves
    (Primary).
    Seismic Wave
    The waves of energy that
    travel through the earth and
    cause earthquakes and
    related phenomena are
    seismic waves.
    Seismic P-Waves (Primary)
    are the first waves to arrive at a
    seismograph. P waves are the
    fastest seismic waves and can
    move through solid, liquid, or gas.

    Seismic S-Waves (Secondary)


    Seismic P-Waves (Primary) are are the second waves to arrive
    Longitudinal during an earthquake. They are
    Seismic S-Waves (Secondary) are much slower than P waves and can
    Transversal travel only through solids.
    Wave Behavior

    Reflection Refraction Diffraction


    Wavefront
    Wavefronts are a useful way of
    picturing waves from above: each
    wavefront is used to represent a single λ
    wave
    The arrow shows the direction the
    wave is moving and is sometimes
    called a ray
    The space between each wavefront
    represents the wavelength
    Reflection
    When a wavefront reaches a boundary
    between two different materials it can be
    reflected. The wavefront 'bounces' off the
    boundary and changes direction.
    During reflection, the wave speed,
    frequency and wavelength does not
    change. Only the direction in which the
    wavefront is travelling changes.
    angle of incident = angle of reflection
    Refraction
    When a wave reaches a boundary, it can also
    be refracted and continue onwards into the
    new medium.
    The speed of the wave changes as it passes
    between the two materials.
    This causes a change in the wavelength of
    the wave. Frequency does not change.
    This can also change the direction in which
    the wave is travelling depending on the angle
    at which the wavefront reaches the boundary
    Refraction
    If the waves slow down, the waves will bunch
    together, causing the wavelength to
    decrease. The waves will also start to turn
    slightly towards the normal
    If the waves speed up then they will spread
    out, causing the wavelength to increase. The
    waves will also turn slightly away from the
    normal.
    Refraction due to a change in depth
    Water waves travel faster in deeper water
    Deep to Shallow: Slows down -> turn slightly
    towards the normal
    Shallow to Deep: Speeds up -> turn slightly
    away from the normal.
    Diffraction
    When a wave passes through a gap, the wave
    spreads outwards from the gap. This effect is
    called diffraction.
    Diffraction - Size Gap
    Diffraction is greatest when the width of the
    gap is equal to the wavelength of the waves
    being diffracted.
    When the gap is much smaller than the
    wavelength, the waves do not pass through
    at all.
    Diffraction - An Edge
    Diffraction also happens as waves pass an
    edge.
    The greater the wavelength of the waves, the
    greater the angle at which they are diffracted.

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