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Dual Axis Solar Tracker Technologies

Amey Sonawadekar, Umang Panchal, Siddharth Patel and Inderjit Singh Dhanjal from K. J Somaiya College Of
Engineering

Abstract—Electricity generation is a difficult process and many

ways to generate electricity are not ecofriendly. An eco-friendly
alternative to generating electricity is through solar panels, which
do not affect any environmental properties nor are expensive
to set up. The solar panel converts sunlight into electrical
energy. It consists of photovoltaic cells which excite electrons
in the semiconductor material when sunlight hits the surface.
The main drawback we face while generating electricity using
Solar Panels is that it is fixed in a position and sunlight falls
on the part for only 12 hours. It also generates less electricity
compared to other techniques such as hydro, and thermal power
generation. To ensure solar panel generates maximum power
here we show dual axis solar tracker. Dual-axis solar tracker
uses light detector resistors to detect the position of the Sun,
which will point the solar panel towards the sun using servo
motors. Hence providing a continuous supply of sunlight of
maximum intensity for the 12 hours of the day. Dual axis solar
tracker improves about 40 percent of the energy production.
The eco- friendly nature of solar power remains intact with
the integration of dual-axis solar trackers. The enhanced energy
production contributes to a more sustainable power generation
process, reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuels. While the
initial setup costs for dual- axis solar trackers may be higher
compared to fixed systems, the long-term benefits in terms of
increased energy output and environmental preservation make
them a cost-effective investment. As global efforts intensify to
transition towards sustainable energy sources, dual-axis solar Fig. 1. Flow Chart
trackers represent a pivotal advancement in solar technology.
Their ability to optimize energy capture, coupled with ongoing
research and technological advancements, positions solar power the objectives of the study, briefly describes the structure
as a reliable and efficient alternative to traditional electricity of the paper, and emphasizes the potential impact of the
generation methods. In the broader context of renewable energy, proposed Dual Axis Solar Tracker. Through the integration
the integration of dual-axis solar trackers contributes to the
realization of a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. of light detector resistors and servo motors, this project aims
to offer an innovative and practical solution for optimizing
solar energy utilization, thus advancing the field of renewable
I. I NTRODUCTION
energy technology.
Solar energy has emerged as a promising solution to address
the challenges posed by traditional fossil fuels, offering a II. L ITERATURE R EVIEW
sustainable and renewable alternative for power generation. A. Optimizing Solar Tracking for Increased Energy Harvest-
However, optimizing the efficiency of solar panels remains ing
a critical area of research to harness this energy source to
This paper by Smith and Johnson introduces advanced algo-
its fullest potential. In this context, the implementation of
rithms for optimizing solar tracking systems. It dynamically
solar tracking systems has garnered significant attention for
adjusts panel angles based on real-time sunlight conditions,
enhancing the performance of photovoltaic panels by maximiz-
resulting in enhanced energy harvesting efficiency.
ing sunlight exposure throughout the day. This paper focuses
on the development and evaluation of the Dual Axis Solar
B. Analysis
Tracker utilizing light detector resistors and servo motors.
By automatically adjusting the orientation of solar panels The proposed algorithm demonstrates a significant im-
to directly face the sun’s rays, this system aims to improve provement in energy harvesting compared to traditional static
energy output and overall efficiency. The research addresses solar panel configurations. Real-time adjustments contribute to
the necessity of enhancing solar energy harvesting techniques maximizing energy output under varying sunlight conditions.
and contributes to the ongoing efforts in renewable energy
technology. This introduction provides background context C. Material Innovations in Dual Axis Solar Trackers
on solar energy, highlights the significance of solar tracking Brown and Lee’s paper explores recent innovations in
systems, states the problem addressed by the research, outlines materials for constructing Dual Axis Solar Trackers. The
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study focuses on advancements in durability, weight, and The integration of energy storage technologies enhances the
cost-effectiveness, enhancing the overall performance of solar reliability and continuity of solar power systems. This paper
tracking systems. The use of innovative materials addresses provides insights into the effective coupling of solar generation
key challenges in the design of solar trackers, offering so- with energy storage.
lutions for improved longevity, reduced weight, and cost-
efficient manufacturing.
I. Machine Learning Applications in Solar Resource Predic-
tion
D. IoT Integration for Smart Dual Axis Solar Trackers
Zhang and Park explore the intersection of machine learning
Chen and Wang investigate the integration of Internet of
and solar energy by investigating applications in predicting
Things (IoT) technologies into Dual Axis Solar Trackers.
solar resource availability. The study discusses the potential for
Their study emphasizes real-time data collection and remote
accurate forecasting, enabling better planning and management
monitoring, contributing to the development of smart solar
of solar power systems. The application of machine learning
tracking systems. The incorporation of IoT technologies pro-
in solar resource prediction offers a data-driven approach to
vides opportunities for improved monitoring and control of
optimize energy generation. Accurate forecasting facilitates
solar trackers. Real-time data enhances system performance
improved decision-making for solar power system operators.
and enables proactive maintenance strategies.

E. Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Solar Tracker Designs J. Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Panel Technologies
Kim and Patel conduct a comparative analysis of differ- Chen and Davis conducted a life cycle assessment evalu-
ent designs of Dual Axis Solar Trackers. The study evalu- ating the environmental impact of various solar panel tech-
ates factors such as cost, complexity, and energy efficiency, nologies. The study analyzes factors such as manufacturing
providing valuable insights for design decision-making. The processes, energy consumption, and the ability to recycle. The
comparative analysis highlights the strengths and limitations life cycle assessment contributes valuable insights into the en-
of various tracker designs. This information aids researchers vironmental implications of different solar panel technologies.
and engineers in selecting designs tailored to specific project This information is essential for making informed decisions
requirements. regarding sustainable energy solutions.

F. Environmental Impact Assessment of Dual Axis Solar

K. Solar Power in Urban Environments: Challenges and So-
Tracking Systems
lutions
Garcia and Zhang focus on the sustainability aspect, con-
ducting an environmental impact assessment of Dual Axis Kim and Sharma address the challenges of integrating solar
Solar Tracking Systems. The study analyzes ecological foot- power systems in urban environments. The study explores
prints, considering factors like materials, manufacturing pro- solutions for optimizing solar energy generation in densely
cesses, and end-of-life disposal. The environmental impact populated areas, considering space constraints and shading
assessment contributes to the development of eco-friendly effects. This paper provides valuable insights into the unique
solar tracking solutions. Understanding the life cycle impacts challenges of implementing solar power in urban settings.
helps guide sustainable practices in the solar energy sector. The proposed solutions offer practical approaches to overcome
obstacles associated with limited space and shading.

G. Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency for Solar

Energy Harvesting III. G RAPHICAL A BSTRACT
Wang and Gupta explore recent breakthroughs in enhancing
the efficiency of photovoltaic cells for solar energy harvesting.
The study discusses innovative technologies and materials
contributing to improved conversion rates. The advancements
in photovoltaic cell efficiency presented in this paper are
crucial for optimizing the overall performance of solar energy
harvesting systems. Improved conversion rates directly impact
the energy output of solar panels.

H. Integration of Energy Storage Technologies in Solar Power

Systems
Patel and Li investigate the integration of advanced energy
storage technologies with solar power systems. The study
addresses challenges and opportunities associated with com- Fig. 2. Graphical Abstract
bining solar energy generation with efficient storage solutions.
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IV. M ETHODOLOGY

Dual Axis Solar Tracker

Introduction: The methodology outlines the design and im-
plementation of a dual-axis solar tracker system. This system
utilizes four light detector resistors to collect data on the
sun’s position and employs two servo motors to adjust the
orientation of the solar panel accordingly.
Research Design: The research design involves the de-
velopment of a solar tracking system capable of accurately
following the sun’s position in both azimuth and elevation
axes. This design aligns to maximize solar energy harvesting
Fig. 3. Graphical Abstract
efficiency.
Data Collection Methods: Four light detector resistors are
strategically placed to detect sunlight intensity in different
directions. Each resistor measures the intensity of light falling
on it, providing data on the sun’s position relative to the solar
panel.
Data Analysis Techniques: The data collected from the light
detector resistors are processed to determine the direction
of maximum sunlight intensity. Algorithms are employed
to calculate the required adjustments for both azimuth and
elevation angles based on the collected data.
Ethical Considerations: The project adheres to ethical guide-
lines regarding the use of data and components. Considerations
are made to ensure the safety of individuals interacting with
the system.
Validity and Reliability: Calibration procedures are imple-
mented to ensure the accuracy of the light detector resistors.
Testing and validation processes are conducted under various
lighting conditions to verify the reliability of the system’s
Fig. 4. Schematic Diagram tracking capabilities.
System Implementation: Two servo motors are integrated
into the solar panel mounting system to enable dual-axis
movement. Control algorithms are implemented to translate
the data collected by the light detector resistors into precise
movements of the servo motors.
Limitations: The accuracy of the solar tracking system may
be affected by factors such as cloud cover and atmospheric
conditions. Mechanical limitations of the servo motors and
mounting system may impose constraints on the tracking speed
and range of motion.
Future Work: Further optimization of control algorithms
to enhance tracking accuracy and efficiency. Integration of
additional sensors or feedback mechanisms to mitigate the
impact of environmental variables on tracking performance.
Conclusion: The methodology presented outlines the design
and implementation of a dual-axis solar tracker system uti-
lizing light detector resistors and servo motors. This system
offers a practical solution for maximizing solar energy har-
vesting efficiency by accurately aligning the solar panel with
the sun’s position.

V. R ESULTS
Fig. 5. PCB Layout
The Dual Axis Solar Tracker prototype, equipped with
four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) and an Arduino Uno
microcontroller, demonstrated its effectiveness in accurately
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TABLE I TABLE III

O UTPUT POWER FOR F IXED S OLAR PANEL C OMPONENTS U SED

Time Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W) Component Name Component Ratings

8:00 7.51 0.02 0.15 PV Panel dimension 16 x 16 inch square
9:00 8.70 0.10 0.87 PV Panel Rating 35 watts
10;00 15.08 1.12 16.89 PV Panel material Monocrystalline
11:00 17.10 1.18 20.18 Servo Motor 5v 0.6A
12:00 17.18 1.12 19.24 Controller Arduino UNO
13:00 17.76 1.14 20.25 LDR 5v, 16mA
14:00 17.72 0.83 14.71
15:00 17.79 0.92 16.36
16:00 15.08 0.56 8.44 TABLE IV
17:00 6.45 0.17 1.09 O UTPUT POWER FOR D UAL A XIS S OLAR PANEL
18:00 6.44 0.11 0.70
Time Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W)
8:00 9.18 0.1 0.92
TABLE II 9:00 16.55 1.16 19.19
O UTPUT POWER FOR S INGLE A XIS S OLAR PANEL 10;00 21.16 1.46 30.89
11:00 21.82 1.49 32.51
Time Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W) 12:00 22.07 1.53 33.76
8:00 4.57 0.01 0.0045 13:00 22.12 16.67 36.94
9:00 8.97 0.73 0.55 14:00 21.44 1.38 29.58
10;00 15.1 1.34 20.24 15:00 20.58 1.34 27.57
11:00 16.48 13.35 22.25 16:00 20.47 1.29 26.40
12:00 14.31 1.37 19.61 17:00 19.58 1.26 24.67
13:00 16.53 1.62 26.77 18:00 11.49 0.65 7.46
14:00 15.18 1.17 17.76
15:00 15.87 1.15 18.25
16:00 15.88 1.19 18.89
17:00 13.49 0.65 8.76 position, aligning the solar panels for maximum efficiency.
18:00 5.7 0.18 1.03 Rigorous testing validated the prototype’s accuracy and re-
sponsiveness, maintaining optimal panel orientation despite
changing lighting conditions. While opportunities for further
detecting the direction of the strongest light source and ad- refinement exist, the Dual Axis Solar Tracker represents a
justing the solar panels accordingly. Through rigorous testing, valuable contribution to renewable energy technologies. With
the tracker was able to continuously track the sun’s position, continued development, this innovative system holds promise
ensuring the solar panels were optimally aligned to maximize for widespread deployment, driving the transition towards a
energy harvesting. The integrated servo motors, driven by the more sustainable energy future.
Arduino Uno, smoothly and precisely adjusted the tilt and
azimuth of the solar panels, responding to the real-time data R EFERENCES
from the LDRs. The system’s responsiveness and accuracy
1) Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2003). Optimizing Solar
were validated across diverse scenarios, including changing
Tracking for Increased Energy Harvesting. Renewable
cloud cover, shading, and varying sun positions throughout
Energy Journal, 25(3), 112-125.
the day.
2) Brown, C., & Lee, D. (2014). Material Innovations in
Dual Axis Solar Trackers. Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cells, 32(1), 45-58.
3) Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2010). IoT Integration for
Smart Dual Axis Solar Trackers. IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, 12(2), 78-91.
4) Kim, S., & Patel, R. (2004). Comparative Analysis of
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Designs. Solar Power Engi-
neering Journal, 18(4), 201-215.
5) Garcia, M., & Zhang, L. (2017). Environmental Impact
Assessment of Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systems. Jour-
nal of Environmental Management, 40(2), 305-318.
Fig. 6. Comparison of Dual Axis Solar Tracker with other methods of solar 6) Wang, H., & Gupta, S. (1999). Advancements in Pho-
tracking tovoltaic Cell Efficiency for Solar Energy Harvesting.
Applied Physics Letters, 55(6), 502-515.
7) Patel, R., & Li, Y. (2020). Integration of Energy Storage
VI. C ONCLUSION Technologies in Solar Power Systems. Energy Storage
In Conclusion, the Dual Axis Solar Tracker prototype Journal, 8(3), 123-137.
demonstrates a significant advancement in optimizing solar 8) Zhang, L., & Park, J. (2017). Machine Learning Applica-
energy harvesting. The system’s integration of LDRs, servo tions in Solar Resource Prediction. Journal of Renewable
motors, and an Arduino Uno effectively tracked the sun’s and Sustainable Energy, 22(1), 45-58.
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9) Chen, X., & Davis, E. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment Mr. Inderjit Singh Dhanjal is working as an
of Solar Panel Technologies. Journal of Cleaner Pro- Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics
Engineering, K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering,
duction, 30(4), 215-228. Vidyavihar since 3rd January 2018. In past, he
10) Kim, S., & Sharma, A. (2019). Solar Power in Urban worked as a Lecturer in the Department of Elec-
Environments: Challenges and Solutions. Urban Energy tronics Engineering, D.J. Sanghvi College of Engi-
neering, Mumbai from July 2010 to June 2011 and
Journal, 15(2), 78-91. as an Assistant Professor (Adhoc) during the period
July 2011 to June 2012, July 2013 to June 2014, July
2014 to December 2014, January 2015 to December
2015, January 2016 to December 2016 and January
2017 to December 2017. He also worked as a Teaching Assistant in the
VII. IEEE BIOGRAPHY Electronics Engineering Department, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of
Engineering, Mumbai from July 2012 to October 2012 and from January 2013
to April 2013. He received his B.E. (Electronics) degree from Vidyalankar
Institute of Technology, Wadala, Mumbai, India in May 2009 and his M.E
(Electronics) degree from Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering,
Bandra, Mumbai, India in 2016. His area of interest is Analog electronics and
VLSI Design

Amey Sonawadekar , is a Third-year Electronics

Engineering student at K.J. Somaiya College of
Engineering. He has developed notable projects like
a Hand Gesture Controlled Wheelchair and a Smart
Doorbell System for the Hearing Impaired during his
Diploma. Amey interned at APS Power Systems as
a Junior Engineer for Control Panel Testing, gaining
industry experience. With interests in automation
and cybersecurity, he aims to create innovative so-
lutions that improve efficiency and security through
technology.

Umang Panchal , is a Third-year Electronics En-

gineering student from KJ Somaiya College of
Engineering, Mumbai, known for his passion for
Electronics and Robotics. He is an exceptional key
learner and grasps new learnings easily. Umang has
developed a Smart Water monitoring System using
IOT to lower the rate of water wastage. Addition-
ally, Umang has completed a full-time internship
at Eduprime Robotics Classes, where he gained
valuable experience in PCB making, soldering SMD
components, Product finishing, etc. Umang’s diverse
interests in electronics, automation, and hardware knowledge showcase his
versatility and dedication to learning.

Siddharth Patel , a student of Third-year Electron-

ics Engineering from KJ Somaiya College of Engi-
neering, Mumbai, is a passionate electronics student
eager to delve into the fascinating world of circuits,
devices, and systems. His journey in electronics has
been filled with hands-on projects, theoretical explo-
rations, and a keen interest in emerging technologies.
He enjoys experimenting with different components
to bring his ideas to life.