Physics L

Chapter 1 – Optics

Section 1.2 Sources of light: Luminous and Non-Luminous Bodies

(1)
1. [G] A body is said to be luminous (or self-luminous) if it radiates visible light;
otherwise, it is termed non-luminous. The sun and a flashlight are luminous objects
while the moon and a book are non-luminous.

Section 1.3 Point Source

(2)
2. The diameter of the sun is D = 1.39 × 106 km and the distance from Earth to the
Sun was given to be L = 1.5 × 108 km. This means that the distance from Pluto to
the Sun is L' = 39.5L = 59.3 x 108 km. To find the angular size of the sun as seen
from Pluto, we use trigonometry again: a = sin-1(D/L') = sin-1(0.0002344) =
0.0134o = 0.806'.

Section 1.4 Rectilinear Propagation of Light - Ray Representation

(3)
3. We can't see around obstacles because light only propagates in straight lines and
doesn't bend around obstacles nor does it go through them.

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Section 1.5 Light Beams

(4)
4. Parallel beam: parallel rays propagating in the same direction.
Divergent beam: rays that emanate (or appear to come out) from one point.
Convergent beam: rays that meet (or appear to do so) at one point.

Section 1.7 Optical Systems – Objects and Images

(5)
5.

(6)
6. [G] A real point image is an image formed at the real intersection of light rays
emerging from an optical system.
A virtual point image is an image formed at the imaginary intersection of light
rays emerging from an optical system.

(7)
7. [G] A real point object is a point from which light rays actually or seemingly
originate. This can be either a real existing point object or a point image.
A virtual point object is a point at which light rays appears to, but does not
actually converge. In other words, a virtual object is an unrealized real image.

Section 1.9 Definitions in Reflection

(8)
8. Angle of incidence: The angle that the incident ray makes with the normal at the
point of incidence.
Angle of reflection: Angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal at the
point of incidence.

Section 1.10 Laws of Reflection

(9)
9. All reflections off surfaces that are not smooth or polished, such as paper and
untreated wood, are considered diffuse reflections. In movie theaters, the reflection
has to be diffuse for every person in the audience to be able to watch the movie.
Reflected rays have to scatter into the spectator's eyes spread throughout the hall.

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(10)
10. The angle of incidence being 0o means the ray of light strikes the surface
normally which would cause it to reflect back on itself with an angle of reflection
= 0o.

(11)
11. Yes, the law of reversibility of light guarantees this.

(12)
12. [G] a. The first law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray,
and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane called the
plane of incidence. The second law of reflection states that the angle of
incidence equals the angle of reflection.

b. The angle of incidence is the angle that the incident ray makes with the
normal at the point of incidence, that is:
i = 90 − 35 = 55
Based on the second law of reflection, the angle of reflection is 55.

35

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Section 1.11 The Laws of Reflection – Verifying Experiments

(13)
13. We conclude that the angles of incidence and reflection are equal and they, along
with the normal, lie within the same plane.

Section 1.12 Plane Mirrors

(14)
14. a) i) 5 cm, ii) 10 cm
b) 2 cm closer to the mirror
c) No, whether the object is moved closer to the mirror or the mirror approaches
the object it is the relative position of the mirror-object that's important.
d) i) it doesn’t change relative to point source, and ii) 4 cm parallel to the mirror
e) The position of the image does not change in this case.

(15)
15. [G] Properties:
• it is a virtual image,
• the image has the same size as the object,
• the image is laterally inverted but vertically erect, and
• the image is formed behind the mirror symmetric to the object

(16)
16. [G]

The image is virtual, erect, symmetric to the object with respect to the mirror, and
identical in size to the object.

Section 1.13 Image of a Pin - Method of “No Parallax”

(17)
17. A plane mirror with a straight edge that can be stood vertically, a white sheet of
paper, a cardboard or soft board flat horizontal surface, 5 pins, a sharp pencil, and
a ruler.

Section 1.14 Practical Applications of Plane Mirrors

(18)
18. a) All images produced are virtual
b) As the angle decreases, the number of images increases.
c) Kaleidoscopes are used to produce images in beautiful patterns.

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Section 1.15 Observations Related to Reflection

(19)
19. c = 3 × 108 m/s
1) The change in index of refraction between the media.
2) The angle of incidence (angle between light beam and normal to surface).

(20)
20. [G] We know that a ray of light refracts (bends) when it travels from one medium
to another. So what the angler sees at position A is actually the apparent position
of the fish. Knowing that light bends away from the normal when it moves to a
less dense medium (from water to air), then the fish must be at position B, as
illustrated in the diagram below. Therefore, the angler should throw his spear at
position B in order to catch the fish.

Section 1.16 Index of Refraction

(21)
21. a) The higher the index of refraction, the slower light travels in that material
and the greater is the refraction.
b) n = c/v so v = c/n
vdiamond = (3×108) / 2.42 = 1.24 × 108 m/s
vwater = (3×108) / 1.33 = 2.26 × 108 m/s

c 3  108 m/s
(22)
22. [G] n = = = 1.33
v 2.25  108 m/s

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Section 1.17 The Laws of Refraction

(22)
23. a) 0o
b) n1.sin0o = n2.sinr so r = 0o
c)

d) The result is independent of the media since sin(0) =0 regardless of the index
of refraction.
e) Any ray that strikes normally the surface of separation between any two media
will continue without deviation

(24)
24. [G] a)
Using Snell's law:
n1 ( sin i ) = n2 ( sin r ) we get 1 ( sin 60 ) = 1.33  sin ( r )
sin 60
Hence, sin ( r ) = = 0.65; therefore, r = 40.6
1.33

b) The first law of refraction states that the incident ray, the refracted ray,
and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane called the
plane of incidence.
The second law of refraction states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.

(25)
25. [G] When a light beam travels from a dense to a less dense medium, the beam bends
away from the normal.

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Section 1.18 Investigating Refraction of Light

(26)
26.
a) At the first surface, the angle of refraction is r. At the second surface, the angle
of incidence is i' where i' = r (alternating angles).
By the law of reversibility of light, the angle of refraction at second surface r' = i.

b) Use a ray box to shine a ray of light on a parallel plate of an unknown index of
refraction. Make sure that the ray does not hit the plates normally.
Measure the angle of incidence using a protractor and the corresponding lateral
deviation using a ruler don't forget to measure the thickness of the plate.
Use the formula from the part b to deduce the index of reaction of the plate.
Repeat your experiment several times for better results.

Section 1.19 Total Internal Reflection

(27)
27.
a) The ray of light is leaving one medium to an optically denser medium. It will
deviate towards the normal.
b) The ray of light is leaving one medium to an optically less dense medium. It
will deviate away from the normal.

(28)
28.
a) At M, the ray is incident normal to the surface, thus continues undeviated.
At N though, the ray strikes with an angle (a) thus will refract away from the
normal as it exits the medium; angle (c) > angle (a).

b) Snell's law: ng.sin(a) = 1.sin(c) and ng = sin(c)/sin(a)

c) Angle a would be the critical angle in this case.

ng = sin(90)/sin(42) = 1/0.67 = 1.49

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(29)
29. [G]
a) Maximum value = 90°

b) Using Snell’s law we can calculate the critical angle as follows:

n
sin  = air
nwater
 1.00 
 = sin −1   = 49
 1.33 

(30)
30. [G] For angles of incidence greater than the critical angle, refraction disappears
and the incident ray will be reflected inside the denser medium rather than
refracted. Light in this case does not cross the boundary; it undergoes a total
internal reflection (TIR), obeying the laws of reflection.

1.20 Other Consequences of Refraction

(31)
31. tanα = L/x = 1.5/2, so α= 36.87o
but i1 = 90 - α = 53.13o
Apply Snell's law: n1 sini1 = n2 sini2
(1)sin(53.13)=(4/3)sinϴ
which gives ϴ = 36.87oNow tan(36.87) = d/D = d/3, so d = 2.25 m

(32)
32. [G] A glass prism splits a white light into a spectrum of colors (ROYGBIV) as
shown below.

The speed of light in mater depends on its color. We know that violet has the
smallest wavelength between the visible colors. Hence, it is the slowest between
the colors in the same medium.
The slowest color has more time to bend in the medium. Therefore, the violet
color will bend (disperse) the most.
According to n = c/v, the slowest color has the highest refractive index. Therefore,
violet has the highest refractive index.

(33)
33. [G] Light that has one color is called monochromatic light.

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1.21 Lenses Design

(34)
34.
a) i) thin-edged lens
ii) thick-edged lens
b) i) magnified
ii) diminished

(35)
35. [G]
a)

b) Each converging lens has two foci.

c) A ray that passing principal focus is refracted parallel to the principal axis.

1.22 Refraction in a lens

(36)
36. Use the setup on page 68 (accurate method):
Move the lens until a sharp image of the object is formed alongside the object.
The image will be sharpest when it is exactly the same size as the object.
Measure the distance between the optical center of the lens and the grid object.
This distance is the focal length of the converging lens.
Repeat many times and find the average focal length of the lens.

(37)
37. [G] Principal focus: All rays that are parallel to the principal axis are refracted so
that they pass through or appear to come out from a point on the principal axis
called the principal focus.
Focal length: the distance between the optical center and the principal focus.

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1.23 Image Formation

(38)
38.
a) The real image I, formed by a lens for a point object O, is a point I where all
rays of light coming from the object O and striking the lens will pass through.
b) The virtual image I, formed by a lens for a point object O, is a point I where all
rays of light coming from the object O and striking the lens will appear to pass
through. A virtual image can be detected by an observer who places his eyes in
the path of the beam, anywhere beyond the lens.
c) The size of the image relative to the object’s is determined by the linear
magnification m, defined as m = size of image/size of object.

(39)
39. [G] i. When the object is placed at 2F, the image is real, inverted, and same size
as object.
ii. When the object is placed at F, the image does not form.
iii. When the object is placed beyond 2F, the image is real, inverted, and
diminished.
iv. When the object is placed between 2F and F, the image is real, inverted, and
magnified.
v. When the object is placed between F and the optical center, the image is
virtual, upright and magnified.
(40)
40. [G] The image formed will be real, inverted, closer to the lens, and diminished.

1.24 Common Applications of Lenses

(41)
41. a) A lens, an aperture, a focusing ring, a shutter and film.
b)
i) First lens gives a real inverted image and the second lens gives a virtual,
magnified and inverted image.
ii) A magnified erect image

(42)
42. [G] a) First, the image formed is on the same side of the object. Therefore, the
image is virtual.
Second, the size of the image is greater than the size of the object. Therefore, the
object is magnified. As a result, we can conclude that the lens is being used as a
magnifying glass.

b) The image is erect, virtual, and magnified.

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(43)
43. [T] a. Angle of incidence = 0

b.
increases decreases remains the same
Speed 
Frequency 
Wavelength 

c.
n1 sin i1 = n2 sin i2
nglass = 1.6

d.
1
sin  = = 39
n

e. e.g optical fiber / totally reflecting prism

(44)
44. [T] a. The largest angle for which light can refract out of a dense medium into a
less-dense medium.

1
b. sin  =
n
1
 = arcsin = 42.5
1.48

c.

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d.
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
(1.48) sin 45 = (1.33) sin r
r = arcsin
(1.48) sin 45 = 51.9
1.33
The angle between the face AB and the ray is 90 – 51.9 = 38.1

(45)
45. [T] a.
i. refraction of light
ii. speed of light or wavelength of light

b.
i.

ii. real, the emerging light rays intersect

hi 2.5
iii. m = , m= = 0.63
ho 4

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Chapter 2 Linear Motion

2.1 Position

(46)
1. [G] Scalar quantities have only magnitudes while vector quantities have magnitudes
and directions. Examples of scalar quantities are distance and speed. Examples of
vector quantities are displacement and velocity.

(47)
2. a)

b)

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Section 2.2 Distance versus Displacement

(48)
3. a) |Δx| = 2R = 3 × 108 km and d = πR = 4.71 × 108 km
b) |Δx| = 0 and d = 2πR = 9.4 × 108 km

(49)
4. [G] The total distance covered by the particle:
d = x2 − x1 + x3 − x2
d = 15 m − 2.0 m + 27 m − 15 m = 25 m

The displacement of the particle is:

x = x3 − x1
x = 27 m − 2.0 m = 25 m

Section 2.3 Average Speed

(50)
5. [G]

Section 2.4 Average Velocity

(51)
6.
𝑑 50 cm
a) 𝑆̅ = 𝑡 = = 2.5 cm/s
20 s
∆𝑥 𝑩𝑨
b) The average velocity is 𝑽𝑎 = ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡
So, the average velocity vector in the direction of BA, with a magnitude
30 cm
𝑽𝑎 = = 1.5 cm/s
20 s
(52)
7.
d d
t1 = , t2 =
5 4
d 2d
S = total = = 4.44 m.s -1
ttotal d d
+
5 4

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(53)
8. [G]
a. Average velocity is defined as the displacement of an object divided by the
time taken.

b. The average velocity is given by:

x
v=
t
x −x
v= 2 1 .
t
16.0 m − 2.00 m
v= = 2.00 m/s
7.00 s

Section 2.5 Instantaneous Speed

(54)
9. This value represents the instantaneous speed that a jet airplane can attain.

(55)
10.
d 0.175
a) S = →t = = 0.0016 h = 5.73 s
t 110
b) Cheetah: xC = vCt + 0 = 110t
Gazelle: xG = vGt + x0 = 50t + x0
The cheetah and the gazelle meet after t = 0.0016 h, i.e when xC = xG. Solving for
x0, we get x0 = 0.096 km = 96 m

(56)
11. [G] Instantaneous speed describes how fast an object is moving at a specific
instant.

Section 2.6 Instantaneous Velocity

(57)
12. [G] Instantaneous velocity is defined as the instantaneous speed in a specific
direction. It is a vector quantity represented by an arrow whose magnitude is
equal to the instantaneous speed and has the same direction as the motion at a
given instant.

(58)
13. [G] If the instantaneous velocity v has the same value during a certain time
interval, such motion is called a “uniform rectilinear motion” abbreviated ‘URM’;
a motion in one direction and at constant speed.

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Section 2.7 Acceleration

(59)
14.
a) The car accelerates at a rate of 2 m/s every second in the positive sense.
b) The car accelerates at a rate of 2 m/s every second in the negative sense.
c) The car decelerates at a rate of 2 m/s every second in the positive sense.

(60)
15. [G]
a) Average acceleration is the change in an object’s velocity over the time elapsed
in a certain interval.

b) a = change in velocity / change in time = 25 – 10 / 5 = 3 m/s2.

(61)
16. [G] A body is said to be uniformly accelerating, if its velocity (consequently its
speed) changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals.

Section 2.8 Position-Time Graphs (x-t graphs)

(62)
17. The particle in (a) is not moving since the x-t graph is a horizontal line.
The particle in (b) is moving at a constant speed since the graph is a straight
line.
The particle in (c) is accelerating since the graph is a curve.
(63)
18. [G]
a)

t (s) 0 0.5 1 2 3 4.5 6.5 8

x (m) 2 2 2 2.5 3 0 -4 0

b) The average velocity of the puck is the slope of the line in the interval [1 s, 3 s]:
3 m−2 m
v = = 0.5 m/s
3 s −1 s

(64)
19. [G] The slope of the tangent at a given point can determine the speed of an object
at that point.
rise
v = slope =
run
10 m − 0 m
v= = 3.3 m/s
5 s−2 s

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Section 2.9 Velocity – Time Graphs (v-t graphs)

(65)
20.
a)
t (s) 0 2 4 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 19 20 22 24
v (m/s) 0 12 24 27 30 30 30 18 0 0 0 -12 -12 -6 0

b)
1. [0, 17]
2. [17, 24]
3. [12 s, 15 s]: a = (0-30)/3 = -10 m/s2

(66)
21. [G] In phase AB, the object is accelerating.
In phase BC, the object is moving at a constant velocity.
In phase CD, the object is decelerating.

v 40 m/s − 20 m/s
(67)
22. [G] a = = = 1 m/s 2
t 30 s − 10 s
(68)
23. [G] The tangent to the point (6 s, 6 m/s) also passes through the point (8 s, 4 m/s).
Therefore, the instantaneous acceleration at t = 6 s is the slope of this tangent.

rise 2 m/s
a = slope = = = −1 m/s 2
run −2 s

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(69)
24. [G] The total displacement x = x4→6 + x6→9 + x9→13 .

 2  12   3  18 
From the area under the graph ➔ x =  − +  + ( 4  18 ) = 87 m .
 2   2 

Section 2.10 Motion with Constant Velocity

(70)
25.
a)
1) The shore is taken as reference (origin).
2) The origin of time t = 0 is chosen at 11:35 AM
3) The sense of motion of the yacht is considered as positive.
Given that the yacht is moving with constant velocity (URM), the equation of its
motion is given by x = vt + xo.
According to the three conditions mentioned above, v = 15 m/s and xo= − 4,500
m, hence, x = 15t − 4,500 (t in s and x in m).
b) At 11:36 AM, the elapsed time is t = 1 min = 60 s, hence, x = 15 x 60 − 4,500 =
−3,600 m.
The yacht is 3,600m from the shore.
c) When the yacht reaches the shore, x = 0; hence, 0 = 15t − 4,500.
Solving for t, we get t = 300 s = 5 min.
At that instant, the clock should read 11: 40 AM.

(71)
26. Origin: Arnold's initial position
+ve sense: From Arnold towards Richards
A: xA = vAt + x0 = 8t
R: xR = vRt + x0 = -6t + 140
Arnold and Richard meet, so xA = xR => 8t = -6t + 140
hence: t = 10 s and x = 80 m.

In the 5 s time, Richard would have covered a distance xR = 6 x 5 = 30 m.

So he is 50 m away from the origin.
Origin for position: Where the two meet the first time.
Origin of time: moment when Arnold starts running.
+ve sense: in the direction as Richard's run.
After 5 sec, Richard would have covered x0R = 30 m.
Subsequent equations of motion: xR = 6t + 30 and xA = 8t
Arnold catches up with Richard at : 6t + 30 = 8t, so t = 15 s
120 m from where they first met.

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(72)
27. [G] The particle is in uniform rectilinear motion, then its position is given by:
x = vt + x0
x = ( −3.0 m/s ) t + 0
x5.0 s = ( −3.0 m/s )( 5.0 s ) = −15 m

Section 2.11 Motion with Constant Acceleration and Zero Initial Velocity
(73)
28.
a)

b) [0, 5 s]

c) [5, 9 s]

d) x1 = (1/2)at2 = (1/2)(4)(5)2 = 50 m and x2 = vt = 20 × 4 = 80 m

Total distance = 50 + 80 = 130 m

e) At t = 3 s, v = at = 4(3) = 12 m/s
At t = 7 s, v = 20 m/s

f) 20 m/s × 36/10 = 72 km/h

(74)
29. [G] v = at + v0

v = ( 4 m/s 2 ) ( 6 s ) + 0 = 24 m/s

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Section 2.12 Motion with Constant Acceleration and Initial Velocity

(75)
30.
a)
t (s) 0 1 2 3 4.0 5 6 7 8 9 10
v (m/s) 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 4 2 0

b)

c) Area of trapezoid = (b1 + b2)H/2 = (4 + 10)(3)/2 = 21 m

d) x = (1/2)at2 + ut = (1/2)(2)(9) + (4)(3) = 21 m

1 1
(76)
31. [G] x = at 2 + v0t + x0 = x = (3)(4)2 + 2(4) + 1 = 33 m
2 2

Section 2.13 Other Useful Rules

(77)
32.
1 2 1
x1 = at + v0t + x0 = x = (2)(20) 2 = 40 m
2 2
v = at = 2  20 = 40 m/s
x2 = vt = 40(2  60) = 4800 m
1 40 10
x3 = (v1 + v2 )t = = 200 m
2 2
Net displacement = 400 + 4800 + 200 = 5400 m

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10 m/s − 0 m/s
(78)
33. [T] a. Acceleration = slope of the graph at t = 2.0 s, a = = 2.4 m/s 2
5.0 s − 0.8 s
b. Distance travelled = area under the v-t graph.
1
d = (10 m/s )( 4.2 s ) + (10 m/s )( 5 s ) = 71 m
2
c.
i. Reaction time = time the cyclist remains stationary after hearing the gun
From the graph, the speed of the cyclist was zero for 0.8 s.

ii.

The cyclist continues moving with the speed of 10 m/s for 0.8 s, covering 8 more
meters. The cyclist then must come to rest upon travelling 17 meters.
1
Area = 17 m = (10 m/s ) t , so t = 3.4 s
2
The car comes to rest at t = 10 s + 0.8 s + 3.4 s = 14.2 s

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(79)
34. [T] a.
i.

distance 4m
ii. sav = , sav = = 0.67 m/s
time 6s

v 0 − ( −1 m/s )
iii. aav = , aav = = 0.33 m/s 2
t 3.0 s

b.

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Chapter 3 – Forces

Section 3.1 Observations

(80)
1. [G] A force is a result of an interaction between two objects.

Section 3.2 Types of Forces

(81)
2. Electrostatic forces between charged bodies: Action-at-a-distance
Pushing a door open: Contact force
Magnetic repulsion/attraction: Action-at-a-distance
Bouncing a ball off a wall: Contact force
Gravitational forces (weight): Action-at-a-distance
An elevator going up to your floor: Contact force

(82)
3. The Normal force (N)
Tensional forces (T)
Frictional forces (f)
Resistance forces (or drag)
Up-thrust
(83)
4. [G] Friction; it acts between the box and the rough surface.

(84)
5. [G] air resistance

Section 3.3 The weight of a Body

(85)
6. The weight of a body is the force exerted on that body by the Earth due to what is
known as the gravitational attraction of the Earth.

Section 3.4 Vector Nature of Forces

(86)
7. A force is a vector characterized by its:
a) magnitude: a nonnegative real number that represents the strength of the force.
b) direction: the geometric ray along which the force vector acts.
c) point of application: the point at which the force acts.

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Section 3.5 Representing a Force in a Diagram

(87)
8. a)

b)

Section 3.6 Adding Forces

(88)
9.
Rx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x = 12 + 0 + (15cos(180 − 53.13) ) = 12 − 9 = 3 N
Ry = F1y + F2 y + F3 y = 0 + 9 + (15sin(180 − 53.13) ) = 9 + 12 = 21 N

(89)
10. [G]

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(90)
11. [G] The magnitude of the resultant force is F = 62 + 82 = 10 N , and the tangent
of the angle between the force and the East is equal to 0.75.

Section 3.7 Resolution of a Force into Components

(91)
12.
Rx = 4000 + 4000 cos 30 = 7464 N
Ry = 0 + 4000sin 30 = 2000 N
R = 7464 2 + 20002 = 7727 N
 = tan −1 ( 2000 / 7464 ) = 15

(92)
13. [G]
Fx = 80 cos 30 = 69.28 N
Fy = 80sin 30 = 40 N

(93)
14. [G] The forces should be resolved into components:

F1x = +12.0 N and F1 y = 0 N

F2 x = 0 N and F2 y = 9.00 N

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 Physics L

F3 x = −15.0cos53.1 N and F2 y = +15.0sin 53.1 N

The components of the resultant force are:

Rx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x = 12.0 + 0 − 15.0cos53.1 = 3.00 N

Ry = F1 y + F2 y + F3 y = 0 + 9.00 + 15.0sin 53.1 = 21.0 N

The magnitude of the resultant is R x2 + Ry 2 = 3.002 + 21.0 2 = 21.2 N

Ry 21.0
The direction of the resultant is  = tan
−1
= tan −1 = 81.9
Rx 3.00
Section 3.8 Principle of Action and Reaction
(94)
15.

(95)
16. [G] Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.

Section 3.9 Forces Exerted by Solid Surfaces

(96)
17. The perpendicular component is called the normal push, while the tangential
components is the force of friction.

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 Physics L

Section 3.10 Free-Body Diagrams

(97)
18. a)
i. w: The pull exerted by the Earth on the bicycle (weight).
N: Normal push exerted by the ground on the bicycle.
f: Friction force exerted by the ground on the bicycle.
F: Push force exerted by the rider on the bicycle.

ii.
f: Friction force exerted by the air on the parachute.
w: The pull exerted by the Earth on the sky-diver (weight).

iii. w: The pull exerted by the Earth on the object (weight).

N: Normal push exerted by the ground on the object.
f: Friction force exerted by the slope on the object.

b)
The reaction to N is the normal push exerted by the bicycle on the ground.
The reaction to f is the horizontal push exerted by the bicycle on the ground.
The reaction to F is the push exerted by the bicycle on the rider.
The reaction to f is the push exerted by the parachute on the air.

(98)
19. [G] To draw the free-body diagram of an object O, proceed as follows:
a) Draw the object O. Usually the object is represented by a box or a point.
b) Represent each force acting on O by an arrow in the direction of that force.
c) Next to each known force put its value if given.
d) Represent each unknown force by a letter.
e) Write down any given values such as angles and distances.

Level L | 27
 Physics L

Section 3.11 Effect of forces on Motion

(99)
20. The other force is the normal directed vertically upward of magnitude equal to
that of the weight = 2 N.

(100)
21. [G] When the forces acting on an object are balanced, then if the object was
initially at rest, it will remain at rest. However, if the object was in motion, it will
continue its motion with the same speed and direction.

(101)
22. [G] The constant net force and the acceleration of an object are directly
proportional.

Section 3.12 Properties and Unit of Mass

(102)
23.
a)

Level L | 28
 Physics L

b)

c)

F
(103)
24. [G] m =
a

Section 3.13 The concept of Inertia versus Newton’s Second Law

(104)
25. v2 - v02 = 2a.∆x => a = (v2 - v02)/2∆x = (0 - 1600)/80 = -20 m/s2
=> Fav = m.a = 800 x (-20) = -16000N
So, the average force applied by the brakes is
Fav = 16000N in the opposite direction of motion

Level L | 29
 Physics L

(105)
26.
a)

b) x =
(v 0 + vf )t
10  2
=
= 10 m
2 2
c) a = (0-10)/2 = -5m/s2
d) Fnet=ma => -f = 500x(-5) => f = 2500N
e) Fnet= ma => a = -f/m = -2500/500 = -5m/s2
∆x = (v2-vo2)/2a = (0-400)/(-10) = 40m.
f) Apparently from part e, the stopping distance is directly proportional to the
square of the speed; so if the speed is doubled, the stopping distance would
be quadrupled.

(106)
27. [G]
a) The acceleration of the car is:
v−u
a=
t
0 − 28 m/s
a= = −4 m/s 2
7.0 s
Applying Newton’s second law:
F = ma
Taking the direction of motion as positive:
ma = − Fbrakes
Fbrakes = −ma
Fbrakes = − ( 800.0 kg )  ( −4.0 m/s 2 ) = 3200 N opposite to the direction of motion

b) Based on Newton’s first law of motion, if the car moves uniformly then the net
force acting on it is zero.

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 Physics L

Section 3.14 Acceleration and Gravity

(107)
28. a) Yes, the gravitational force causes the stone to accelerate down the well.
b) Yes.
c) No, the gravitational force doesn't have to do with frictionless horizontal
motion.
d) Yes, the gravitational force causes the slowing down till maximum height,
then speeding up downward.

(108)
29. [G] W = mg
W = (3.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2)
W = 29.4 N

(109)
30. [G] a) The acceleration of a free falling body near the surface of Earth is constant
and equal to the gravitational acceleration g.
b) weight

Section 3.15 Determining the Value of g experimentally

(110)
31. Measure the distance an object drops and the time it takes to cross it. Dropping
an object means starting it from a state of rest being acted on by the force of
its own weight only.
Then, use y=(1/2)g.t2 => g=2y/t2

Section 3.16 Newton Universal Law of Gravitation

(111)
32. According to Newton's law of gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction
(the weight of an object) between a planet and any object is given by F =
GMm/R2. Jupiter might be more than 300 times as massive as the Earth but it is
also bigger in size having a radius about ten times as large. The weight of the
body on Earth is given by: WE=GMEm/RE2, while on Jupiter it is
WJ=GMJm/RJ2=3WE=3GMEm/RE2 and MJ/ME=300 giving RJ=10RE.

(112)
33. The scale reads one's weight but it is calibrated to display the mass taking into
account the value of g to be approximately 9.8N/kg.
The scale has a higher reading when standing on it at a higher altitude
because in reality the value of g is lower there than to what the scale is
calibrated to, thus the reading would be higher according to m =W/g.

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 Physics L

m1m2
(113)
34. [G] F = G
r2

Section 3.17 Satellites

(114)
35. all same diagram

Because both the man and the book are accelerating towards the center of the
Earth at the same rate.

Section 3.18 Falling in air - Terminal velocity – Aerodynamics

(115)
36.
a) Terminal velocity is the constant velocity a falling body reaches when the
increasing upward drag force exerted by the air on this object becomes equal in
magnitude to the weight of the object.
b) Due to its concave shape and its large surface area, the air resistance exerted on a
parachute-man system landing with his parachute is larger than the air resistance
exerted on a parachuter whose parachute does not open. Therefore, the parachute
that opens reaches its terminal speed first and is therefore lower.

(116)
37. Terminal velocity is the constant velocity a falling body reaches when the
increasing upward drag force exerted by the air on this object becomes equal
in magnitude to the weight of the object.

Level L | 32
 Physics L

(117)
38. [G] At the time the parachutist opens his parachute, air resistance starts acting on
the parachutist along with his weight. Therefore, the net force acting on him
decreases – similarly his acceleration. As the parachutist continues falling,
the magnitude of the air resistance increases until it is equal to his weight. At
this moment, the parachutist stops accelerating and starts moving at a
constant velocity – the terminal velocity.

(118)
39. [G] a) weight
b) perpendicular to the direction of motion

Section 3.19 Elastic Materials

(119)
40. The force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales
linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F= kx, where k is a constant
factor characteristic of the spring. Hooke’s law applies when stretching force
does not exceed elastic limit.

(120)
41. [G]

Level L | 33
 Physics L

Section 3.21 Measuring Forces with Spring Balances

(121)
42.
a) The lift accelerates upward at 2m/s, then moves with a constant speed before it
slows down at a rate of 2m/s to a stop
b) Yes, because this means that the mass, the spring balance, the lift
including me are freely falling which is a result of a broken cable.
c) Yes, only if we know the value of g at that position.
The spring balance should be in a state of equilibrium.
The reading is the weight which once is divided by g gives mass.

Section 3.22 Linear Momentum and Newton’s Third Law

(122)
43. According to the law of conservation of linear momentum
∆Psys = 0 => Pisys = Pfsys => m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Assume that marble 1 bounces to the right with have its original speed =>
m1 × 0.3 +(0.5m1) × (−0.8) = m1 × (−0.15) + (0.5m1) × v2
m1 cancels throughout => −0.1 = −0.15 + 0.5v2 => v2 = 0.1 ms−1 to the right
If you try the three other scenarios; (m1 continues left with 0.15 ms−1, m2
continues to the right with 0.4 ms−1, or m2 bounces leftwards with 0.4 ms−1) only
the last would also be practical since in the other two, the marbles would seem to
continue their path which is not feasible.

(123)
44. [G]
a. linear momentum = mass × velocity
The velocity of the bullet before it was shot is zero. Therefore, linear momentum is
zero.
b. linear momentum (after firing) = mass × velocity = (5 × 10‒3 kg)(100 m/s) = 0.5
kg.m/s

(124)
45. [G] When two or more bodies interact, as in a collision or an explosion, the total
momentum of the bodies remains constant, provided no external resultant
force is acting on them.

(125)
46. [G] Applying the principle of conservation of momentum:
Pbefore = Pafter
m1 v1 + m2 v 2 = (m1 + m2 ) v
Taking the direction of the motion of the car and truck as positive, we get

Level L | 34
 Physics L

(800. kg )( +25 m/s ) + (1200 kg )( +15 m/s ) = (2.0 103 kg) v

v = +19 m/s

Level L | 35
 Physics L

(126)
47. [G] The impulse is given by:
J = F t
J = ( 5.0 104 N ) ( 4.0 s ) = 2.0 105 N.s

(127)
48. [G] Applying the impulse-momentum principle:
J = F t = mv
( 20 N )( 3 s ) = (10 kg ) ( v f − 0)
v f = 6 m/s

(128)
49. [T] a.

i. 0.5 N

ii. This is the magnitude of air resistance/dissipative force on the cart.

c. 0.6 N/kg

1 2
d. Slope of the graph = acceleration, If the cart starts from rest, then x = at
2
1
x = (0.6 m/s 2 ) ( 3.0 s ) = 2.7 m
2

Level L | 36
 Physics L

(129)
50. [T] a.
i.

ii. 8 N along the inclined plane

b. vector. It has a magnitude and a direction

c.
i. Any two scalar quantities such as time and mass

ii. Any two vector quantities such as velocity and momentum

(130)
51. [T] a.
∆l (cm) 0 1.5 3.8 4.5
w (N) 0 2 5 6

b.

c. yes, a straight line, through the origin, passes through all points within
experimental error.

Level L | 37
 Physics L

1
d. F = kx , k =
slope
1
From the graph, slope = 0.75 cm/N, k = = 1.3 N/cm
0.75 cm/N

e. No, there is a limit to a direct proportionality/ large loads produce non-linear

extension

(131)
52. [T] a. Friction is too low to maintain centripetal acceleration.

b. One revolution is completed in 0.2 seconds. The speed of the particle moving
C 1.88 m
along the circumference C = 2πR = 1.88 m is v = , v = = 9.4 m/s
t 0.2 s
c. It moves in the straight line, tangent to the turntable, at a constant speed, the same
as it had just before it lost contact with the turntable.
By Newton's first law, when no forces act on the particle it moves uniformly along
a straight line

(132)
53. [T] a. Hooke's law: F = kx, k is the proportionality coefficient and thus slope
of the F vs x graph.

b. Slope = Rise/Run, k = 250 N/m

c. Slope = Rise/Run, k = 500 N/m

d. k = k1 + k2 or k =  ki

e. The deformation becomes inelastic

Level L | 38
 Physics L

Chapter 4 – Moments

Section 4.1 Turing Effect of a Force

(133)
1. The quantitative measure of the turning effect of a force is called the moment of
the force.

Section 4.2 Investigating Moments

(134)
2. a) Force F since it has a larger magnitude
b) Force F since its point of application is far away from the axis.

Section 4.3 Magnitude of the Moment of a Force

(135)
3. Moment of a force is given by M = F × d, where "F" is the magnitude of the
applied force and "d" is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the
force to the axis of rotation.

(136)
4. About A: MF1/A = MF2/A = 0 (Lever arm is zero)
MF3/A = F3 × AH = (30 N) (3 m) = 90 N.m
MF4/A = F4 × AC = (10 N) (7 m) = 70 N.m
About B: MF1/B = F1 × BH = (15 N) (4 m) = 60 N.m (check that BH = 4 m)
MF2/B = F2 × AB = (20 N) (5 m) = 100 N.m
MF3/B = 0
MF4/B = F4 × BC = (10 N) (2 m) = 20 N.m

(137)
5. [G]
M F / D = F  d⊥
M F / D = F  DC
M F / D = ( 4.0 N )( 0.60 m ) = 2.4 N.m

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 Physics L

Section 4.4 Vector Nature of the Moment of a Force

(138)
6. Moments of forces 1, 2 and 3 have a clockwise direction, i.e. M1, M2 and M3 are
negative.
Force 4 has zero moment.
Force 5 has a counterclockwise moment, i.e M5 > 0.

(139)
7. a) M = 3 × 2 = 6 N.m, counterclockwise or M = +6 N.m.
b) M = 2 × 2 = 4 N.m, clockwise or M = -4 N.m

(140)
8. [G] Using the right hand rule, the moment of the force is directed into the page.

Section 4.5 Vector Sum of Moments

(141)
9. a) M1 = +3 × 2 = + 6 N.m
M2 = +2 × 3 = + 6 N.m
M = M1 + M2 = 12 N.m, counterclockwise
b) M1 = -2 × 2 = - 4 N.m
M2 = -1 × 1 = - 1 N.m
M = M1 + M2 = 5 N.m, clockwise

Section 4.6 Moment of a Couple

(142)
10. The forces:
1) have equal magnitudes
2) have parallel lines of action
3) are oppositely directed

(143)
11. [G] The moment of the couple of F is M couple = F  d , where d is the distance
between the two forces or the diameter of the larger circle. ➔ M couple = F  2R ,
with R being the bigger radius.
The moment of the couple of the 200 N forces is M 'couple = 200  2r , with r being
the smaller radius.
For the net moment to be zero, M couple = M 'couple .
r 2
➔ F  2 R = 200  2r → F = 200  → 200  = 80 N
R 5

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 Physics L

Section 4.7 Balancing Parallel Forces

(144)
12. Forces should add up to zero, so we have: F = mg + T + T = 30 + 20 = 50 N

F should act at the center O since anticlockwise moment = clockwise moment

Tx = T(1.0‒x)
x = 1‒x ➔ x = 0.50 m
Note that F and mg have zero moment.

Section 4.8 Resultant of Two Parallel Forces in the Same Sense

(145)
13. a) Sum of forces should be zero: F = TA + TB = 30 + 20 = 50 N
Take pivot to be point O: clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment, hence:
TA . x = TB . (1 - x), which gives: 30x = 20 - 20x, so x = 20/50 = 0.4 m
b) Resultant of the two downward pulls on the stick is 30 + 20 = 50 N.

Section 4.9 Center of Gravity

(146)
14. Let D be the center of gravity of the particles at A and B. We have:
wA/wB = BD/AD, so BD/AD = 3/1 = 3
But BD + AD = 8, so 3AD + AD = 8, so AD = 2 cm
Hence AD = (1/4)AB.
The mass of the body at C is 0.4 kg and that at D is also
0.4 kg, hence the center of gravity of C and D lies
midway between them (along DC). So in conclusion, the
center of gravity of A, B and C is point G such that GD =
GC and AD = (1/4)AB.

Level L | 41
 Physics L

(147)
15. [G] We will consider point B to be our origin. The center of gravity G of the
uniform rod AB is at its geometric center, hence, BG = 4.00 cm.
For the spherical tip, its center of gravity G’ is at the geometric center of the
sphere. Therefore, BG’ = BA + AG’ = 9.00 cm.

G’ G’’ G

A B
Finally the center of gravity BG’’ of the pin can be found
G '' G wtip mtip 1
= = = .
G '' G ' wrod mrod 2
➔ G '' G ' = 2G '' G but G’G = G’’G’ + G’’G = 5.00 cm.
➔ 2G’’G + G’’G = 5.00 cm
➔ 3G’’G = 5.00 cm
➔ G’’G = 1.67 cm
Therefore BG’’ = BG + GG’’ = 4.00 + 1.67 = 5.67 cm

A B
Section 4.10 Center of Gravity of a Lamina

(148)
16. Suspend the object from a fixed point and allow it to settle in an equilibrium
position. Using a plumb-line, draw the vertical line which connects the point of
suspension to the center of gravity. Repeat the procedure using several points of
suspension. The point of intersection of the plumb-lines is the center of gravity of
the object.

Section 4.11 Investigating the Law of Moments

(149)
17. Take the pivot to be point A:
clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
MT + MW = MN
But N = T + W = mg + W = 0.48 + 0.95 = 1.43 N
So, T . x + W . AG = N . (0.45)
0.48x + (0.95)(0.5) = (1.43)(0.45) which gives:
x = 0.35 m = 35 cm

Level L | 42
 Physics L

(150)
18. At 90o: M = F × d = 50 × 0.24 = 12 N.m
At 120o: M = F × d = 50 × 0.24 sin60 = 10.4 N.m
As a result the moment decreases.

(151)
19. a) The beam remains at equilibrium as longs as it is in translational equilibrium
and rotational equilibrium provided T < 1,000 N.
The second condition for equilibrium states that the sum of moments about any
point must be zero; choosing moments about the hinge A, we can write:

M R / A + M w/ A + M w '/ A + M T / A = 0
= 0 − 800  3 − 900d + 6T = 0
= 2400 + 900d = 6T
T  1000 N , gives d = 4 m
Note that we are assigning negative values for clockwise moments and positive
values for anticlockwise moments.

Section 4.12 Conditions for Equilibrium

(152)
20. MW/B + MW'/B + MB/B + MC/B = 0
-(1000)(1.5) + (-700)(1) + 0 + NC × 3 = 0
NC = 733.3 N
But NC + NB = W + W', so NB = 700 + 1000 - 733.3 = 966.7 N

i) MW/B + MW'/B + MB/B + MC/B = 0

-(1000)(1.5) + 0 + 0 + NC ×3 = 0
NC = 500 N
But NC + NB = W + W', so NB = 700 + 1000 - 500 = 1200 N

ii) MW/B + MW'/B + MB/B + MC/B = 0

-(1000)(1.5) + (-700)(4) + 0 + NC × 3 = 0
NC = 1433.3 N
But NC + NB = W + W', so NB = 700 + 1000 - 1433.3 = 266.7 N

The plank topples, hence NB = 0.

We have: NC + NB = W + W', so NC = 700 + 1000 = 1700 N
MW/B + MW'/B + MB/B + MC/B = 0
-(1000)(1.5) + (-700)(4) + 0 + NC × d = 0
d = 2.53 m from B or 3.53 m from A.

Level L | 43
 Physics L

(153)
21. [G]

m1 = 50 kg, d1 = 3.4 m, m2g = 450 N, g = 10 N/kg, d2?

Sum of the clockwise moments around O = Sum of the anticlockwise
moments around O.
m1 gd1 = m2 gd 2
m1 gd1 ( 50.0 kg ) (10.0 m/s ) ( 3.4 m )
2

d2 = = = 3.8 m
m2 g 450 N

Section 4.13 Investigating Stability of Rigid Bodies

(154)
22.
a) As we tilt the lamp, the line of action of its weight
reaches the edge of its baseline (point A). When this points
is exceeded the lamp topples since the weight will have a
non-zero moment about A. tanθ = AB/GB = 20/30. Hence
θ = 33.7°

b) The lamp has a relatively heavy base. Suspend the lamp

from a string wrapped 30 cm from its base and see whether the lamp remains in
equilibrium after being released.
c) Clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment:
8 × 100 = w × 20, hence w = 40 N which means that m = 4 kg
d) Give two reasons why fitting a thin, but heavy metal disk of diameter 50 cm to
the base would improve the stability.

Level L | 44
 Physics L

(155)
23. [G] Shape C is not stable since the vertical line passing through its center of mass
does not intersect the baseline of the shape.

(156)
24. [T] a. w= mg, w = (40 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 392 N

b. M = Fd ⊥ , M = ( 50 N )(1.5 m ) = 75 N.m

c. M = Fd ⊥ , M = ( 250 N )( 2.8 m ) = 700 N.m

d. In equilibrium Mclockwise = Mcounterclockwise, 700 N.m = 75 N.m + wx

700 N.m − 75 N.m

x= = 1.59 m
392 N

e. At equilibrium, the sum of forces on the ladder = , V = 392 N + 50 N = 442 N

f. Friction acting at B, directed horizontally leftwards.

Level L | 45
 Physics L

Chapter 5 – Pressure

Section 5.1 Introduction to Pressure

(157)
1. The force exerted due to pressure is normal to the right face of the coin and
directed to the left.

(158)
2. a) The force is normal to the horizontal ground downward.
b) The force is normal to the vertical sides of the container.

Section 5.2 Pressure – Definition and Properties

(159)
3. Pressure is defined as the magnitude of the normal force exerted on a surface
divided by the area of the surface on which the force acts. The unit of pressure is
pascal (Pa) equivalent to 1 N/m2.

(160)
4. For the block to exert a maximum pressure it has to be standing on the face that
has the smallest area, i.e. A = 3 × 1 = 3 m2.
We have F = mg = 7000 N
So, Pmax = F/A = 7000/3 = 2333.3 Pa

(161)
5. The pressure of water at a point of depth 0.13 m can be calculated based on the
following relation: p = ρgh = 1000 × 10 × 0.13 = 1300 Pa

(162)
6. [G] The pressure exerted by the box is due to its weight. The pressure is given by:
F
p= ⊥
A
w
p=
side 2
mg
p=
side 2
(18.0 kg ) (10.0 m/s 2 )
p= = 2.00  103 Pa
( 30.0 10 m )
−2 2

Level L | 46
 Physics L

(163)
7. [G]
p =  gh
p = (103 kg/m3 ) (10 N/kg )( 200 m ) = 2 106 Pa

(164)
8. The pressure at any point in a liquid is isotropic, i.e. it has no specific direction.

(165)
9. When pressure is applied to a liquid under weightless conditions, it is transmitted
unchanged to every portion of the liquid.

Section 5.3 Atmospheric Pressure

(166)
10. The pressure is equal to patm and to the weight of water above the point, hence p
= patm + rgh =105 + 1150 × 10 × 100 = 1.25 × 106 Pa.

(167)
11. To calculate the height of the third floor we find the difference in pressure
between the floor, then Δp = rgΔh, so 4.0 × 105 - 2.0 × 105 = 1000 × 10 × Δh.
Hence, Δh = 20 m

(168)
12. [G]
a. Since points A and B are at the same horizontal level, then:
pA = pB

However, pB = patm and pA is the pressure of the height h of mercury inside

the column, that is:
pA = Hggh

The atmospheric pressure is then:

patm = Hggh

b. The atmospheric pressure is:

patm = (13,600 kg/m3)(10.0 m/s2)(0.750 cm) = 102 kPa

Level L | 47
 Physics L

Section 5.4 Applications

(169)
13. a) Region A is a Torricellian vacuum or simply vacuum.
b) The atmospheric pressure keeps mercury in the tube.
c) The atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the Hg column,
then patm = rgh = 13600 × 10 × 0.74 = 100640 Pa
d) At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure decreases and thus so does the
height of the Hg column.

(170)
14. As the measured pressure is the atmospheric pressure then this latter should be
equal to the pressure of the water column.
pwater = patm = rgh
patm 100,000
→ hwater=p g = 1000 x 10 = 10 m
water

(171)
15. a) The air molecules inside the can are in continuous motion. As they move about
they collide with the walls of the can thus exerting a force. This force generates a
pressure equal to the external atmospheric pressure preventing the can from
collapsing.
b) As the temperature increases due to heating, the kinetic energy of the air
molecules surges and the rate of collision with the walls of the can increases. This
causes the pressure to rise above atmospheric pressure blowing off the lid (being
the weakest point).

(172)
16. Describe three experiments, one for each of the following cases, to show that the
pressure exerted by a liquid:
a) A manometer is placed in a beaker containing water:
As the manometer's membrane is moved deeper, the liquid in the right arm rises
indicating a higher pressure.
b) Using the manometer is part (a), dip the membrane at the same depth in two
beakers, one containing pure water and the other salty water. You will notice that
the liquid level in the arm will rise more for salty water.
c) Place the membrane of the manometer at the same horizontal level in different
directions. Notice that the liquid level is the same.

Level L | 48
 Physics L

(173)
17.

a) pliquid = rgh = 1000 × 10 × 0.5 = 5000 Pa = 5 kPa.

b) Since the bases of the tank and the tube are at the same horizontal level then p =
5 kPa.
c) The total pressure is the sum of the pressure due to the liquid and the atmospheric
pressure.
ptotal = 5000 + 120,000 = 125000 Pa = 125 kPa.
(174)
18. [G] a. The pressure of the gas is:
70 cm – 20 cm = 50 cm of Hg

b. A closed-end manometer measures the absolute pressure of a gas.

An open-end manometer measures the difference between the pressure of a gas
and the atmospheric pressure.

(175)
19. [G] a.
F
p=
A
20 N
p= = 100 Pa
0.20 m 2
b.
F = pA
F = (100 Pa ) ( 2.0 m 2 ) = 200 N

Level L | 49
 Physics L

(176)
20. [T] a. The hydraulic press allows to lift a large load using a small effort. Since
the pressure in liquids 'passes on' in all directions, equal pressures are applied by
the effort and onto the load. These pressures can be exerted by different forces
(depending on the area of each column)

b.
i. A = r 2 , A = ( 3.14 )( 0.02 m ) = 1.26 10−3 m 2
2

F 25 N
ii. p = , p= −3
= 1.98  104 Pa
A 1.26 10 m 2

F F
iii. p ' = p = = 2
A R
F = pR 2
F = (1.98  104 Pa ) ( 3.14 ) (1.0 10−1 m ) = 6.22 10 2 N
2

(177)
21. [T] a. w = mg = Vg , V = l 3
w = l 3 g , w = ( 920 kg/m3 ) ( 0.05 m ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1.13 N
3

b. The ice cube is in equilibrium, so F = w = 1.13 N

F
c. F = waterVsubmerged g , Vsubmerged =
w g
1.13 N
Vsubmerged = = 115 10−6 m3 = 115 cm3
(1000 kg/m )( 9.8 m/s )
3 2

Vsubmerged = l 2 ( l − x )
Vsubmerged 115 cm3
l−x= , l−x= = 4.6 cm
( 5.0 cm )
2
l2
x = 0.4 cm

d. Since x << l, most of an iceberg's height is submerged under water

Unseen to the ship, and thus capable of damaging it if the ship comes too close

Level L | 50
 Physics L

Chapter 6 – Kinetic Theory

Section 6.1 Structure of Matter

(178)
1. Pour water into the pie pan. Sprinkle some chalk on the water surface. Using the
medicine dropper, add a drop of soap to the water surface. It clears a circular
region on the water surface. Measure the area of this region and the volume of the
drop. Divide the volume of the drop by the area of the cleared region to get an
approximate size of a soap molecule.

(179)
2. [G] Atoms or molecules

Section 6.2 States of Matter and the Kinetic Theory

(180)
3. The shape of crystals and X-ray diffraction off crystals.

(181)
4. The average kinetic energy of all the particles in the solid is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.

(182)
5. The absorbed heat energy is used to destroy the crystal structure of the solid
particles and will be stored as potential energy in the resulting disordered
particles.

Section 6.3 Diffusion in Liquids and Brownian Motion-Evidence that Liquid

Particles Move

(183)
6. a) The basic assumptions of molecular kinetic theory are:
1) the atomic structure of matter (i.e. the assumption that matter is composed of
atoms and molecules as the tiniest particles that retain its chemical identity)
2) the perpetual random motion of these particles.

b) Diffusion is the passage of matter particles from a place where they are abundant
to a place where they are less abundant. Brownian motion is the random jostling of
particles. In both
phenomena particles are in motion, which is in agreement with the view of the
Kinetic Theory of Matter.

Level L | 51
 Physics L

(184)
7. [G] a. The air molecules are too small to be observed by the naked eye.
b. The smoke particle is moving due to the collisions of the air particles with it.

Section 6.4 Random Molecular Kinetic Energy

(185)
8. a) When all of the molecules in a sphere move in the same direction, we say that
the sphere has kinetic energy. When its individual molecules have velocities in all
directions, resulting in vibrating molecules with no net translational motion, we
say that the sphere is hot.
b) Heat energy of a body is equal to the total random kinetic energy of its
particles.

(186)
9. [G] According to the kinetic theory of matter, the potential energy stored due to
the forces between the particles of an object is neglected. Hence, the heat energy
consists only of the total random kinetic energy of the object’s individual
particles.

Section 6.5 Gas Structure

(187)
10. Gas molecules diffuse more quickly than liquid molecules because they have
more kinetic energy and are smaller than liquid molecules.

(188)
11. The intermolecular distance between the molecules of gases is greater than the
distance between the molecules of liquids. Therefore, the density of gases is lower
than the density of liquids.

(189)
12. Expansion: When particles in a system are heated, the system’s temperature
increases, and so does the particles’ kinetic energy. Therefore, particles can move
further from their equilibrium positions increasing the space separating them.
Thus the system expands.
Melting: When a solid is heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases and
its temperature rises. However, at the melting point, the temperature stays the
same and the absorbed heat energy is used to destroy the crystal structure
of the solid particles and this energy will be stored in the resulting disordered
particles (now in the liquid state) as potential energy.
Evaporation: In a liquid, particles on the surface have more kinetic energy than
particles in the bulk. These "more energetic particles" may have sufficient energy
to escape from the surface of the liquid as gas or vapor.

Level L | 52
 Physics L

Boiling: When a liquid is heated, the particles of the liquid are given more energy
and move faster and faster. When particles in the middle of the liquid acquire
enough energy to overcome the attractions between them, they form bubbles of
gas in the liquid (as if they are evaporating).
At this point, as the gas tends to escape from the liquid, the liquid is boiling. The
particles in the gas are the same as they were in the liquid they just have more
energy.

(190)
13. As the temperature of the gas inside the plastic bottle increases, the average
kinetic energy of the particles increases. Hence, the average speed of the particle
increases. This causes the particles to collide with the walls of the container at a
faster rate thus increasing the pressure inside the bottle.

(191)
14. [G] Solids: interactions between molecules is the strongest
Liquids: molecules take the shape of the container
Gases: molecules have no definite shape and volume

(192)
15. [G] Absolute temperature and average kinetic energy are directly proportional.
Hence, by increasing the absolute temperature, the average kinetic energy also
increases.

(193)
16. [G] As the temperature of a gas increases, the average kinetic energy of the gas
particles increases. This causes the particles to move faster and strike the walls of
the container more frequently. This increases the pressure exerted by the gas
particles. Inversely, decreasing the temperature of a gas will decrease the pressure
it creates.

Section 6.6 Gas Laws

(194)
17. When a gas is cooled, its temperature – and consequently its average
kinetic energy – decreases. This results in less collisions with the walls of
the container holding the gas and therefore the pressure is reduced.

Level L | 53
 Physics L

(195)
18. a) In Boyle’s law, temperature is constant. Therefore, pressure and volume are
inversely proportional. The graph is given below:

b) In pressure law, volume is constant. Therefore, pressure and temperature are

directly proportional. The graph is given below:

c) In Charles law, pressure is constant. Therefore, volume and temperature are

directly proportional. The graph is given below:

(196)
19. According to the gas laws, at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are
inversely proportional. Therefore, an increase in volume causes a decrease in
pressure. However, since the temperature of the gas remains the same, then the
speed of the air molecules does not change.

Level L | 54
 Physics L

(197)
20. [G]
V1 = 250 cm3 , T1 = 20 C  T1 = 273 + 20 = 293 K, p1 = 760 mm Hg,
V2 ? T2 = 35 C  T2 = 273 + 35 = 308 K, p2 = 770 mm Hg
p1V1 p2V2
=
T1 T2
( 760 mm Hg ) ( 250 cm3 ) ( 770 mm Hg )V2
= V 2 = 260 cm3 ( 2 sf )
293 K 308 K

(198)
21. [G] Applying Boyle’s law:
p1V1 = p2V2
p1V1
V2 =
p2
p1V1
V2 =
2 p1
V1
V2 = = 2.0 L
2

p1 p2
(199)
22. [G] Since the volume does not change, we apply the pressure law = .
T1 T2
p1
p2 = T2
T1
350 kPa
p2 = ( 48 + 273) K = 377 kPa
( 25 + 273) K
(200)
23. [G] According to Charles’ law:
V1 V2 12.0 V2
=  =  V2 = 14.6 L
T1 T2 410 500

Level L | 55
 Physics L

Chapter 7 – Atomic Physics

Section 7.1 Introduction

(201)
1. Thomson’s model conceives the atom as a collection of tiny electrons dispersed in
a positively charged uniform medium, resembling raisins in a pudding

(202)
2. Atoms consist of positively charged, heavy nuclei around which light electrons
revolve, like planets around the sun.

(203)
3. The number of nucleons is represented by the mass number A = 234 nucleons.

(204)
4. [G]
proton positively charged
in the nucleus
electron negatively charged
in the electron cloud
neutron neutrally charged
in the nucleus

(205)
5. [G] The atomic number is 6 and the mass number is 12.

(206)
6. [G] Nuclides having the same atomic number but different mass number are called
isotopes. Therefore, isotopes are atoms of the same element, but their nuclei
contain different numbers of neutrons.

Section 7.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reaction

(207)
7. For 11 H : 1 proton
For 21 H : 1 proton and 1 neutron
For 31 H 1 proton and 2 neutron
3
1 H is the heaviest

(208)
8. 14
6 C → 147 N + −01 e

Level L | 56
 Physics L

(209)
9. [G] alpha, beta, and gamma decay

(210)
10. [G] Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are
combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles
(neutrons or protons).

Section 7.3 Nature and Properties of Radiations

(211)
11. [G]

(212)
12. [G] Alpha particles have a weak penetrating power and can usually be stopped
by a thickness of one sheet of paper.
Beta particles are fast moving electrons which can be stopped by a thickness of a
book.
Gamma rays are very energetic photons with no mass and no charge. Gamma rays
are never completely stopped by any material, but a thickness of 4 cm of lead
reduces their intensity to 10% of its original value.

(213)
13. [G] The alpha particles will move in a counterclockwise circle, in the plane of
the page, as long as it remains inside the field.
Beta particles will move in a clockwise circle.
Gamma radiation will not be deflected by the magnetic field.

Level L | 57
 Physics L

Section 7.4 Radiation Detection

(214)
14. The tube operates under a voltage of about 400 V. A single particle of radiation
hitting the tube, creates a pair of ions in the tube which are attracted to oppositely
charged electrodes, creating many other ions in the process. This causes a pulse of
electric current that can increment a counter, be converted into a noise (click), or
both. The result is that each particle that enters the tube produces in a click being
heard and/or a count being increased by one.
To measure the background radiation, the G-M tube is switched on and the count
recorded on the counter, in a certain interval of time, is divided by that time:
number of counts
Background radiation rate =
time elapsed

(215)
15. [G] In a cloud chamber the alpha particle leaves a bold track and it moves in a
straight line.
Since beta particles have a weak ionizing power, their tracks left in a cloud
chamber are very faint compared to the bold alpha tracks produced.
A gamma photon produces no tracks in a cloud chamber; however, in an intense
beam of gamma radiation, a photon is blocked and absorbed by an atom in
which an electron is thrown out. The electron tracks show a wispy image in a
cloud chamber.

(216)
16. [G] Alpha particles follow path 1, beta particles follow path 3, and gamma
radiation follow path 2.

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 Physics L

Section 7.5 Radioactive Decay

(217)
17. a) half-life (T1/2) is the time required for half of a given quantity of radioactive
material to decay.
b)
i. Take two points (t1, m1) and (t2, m2) such that m2 = m1/2. Then, calculate (t2 - t1).
ii. Take any point (t1, a1) on the curve, take the point (t2, a2), such that a2 = a1/2.
Then, calculate (t2 - t1).
c)

(218)
18. [G] Express the alpha decay of Uranium ( 234
92 U ) into thorium Th and the beta

decay of carbon ( 146 C ) to nitrogen N.

An alpha decay produces a helium nuclide . Following the laws of conservation of
atomic number and atomic mass, the decay equation becomes
92 U → 90Th+ 2 He .
234 230 4

A beta decay produces an electron . Following the laws of conservation of atomic

number and atomic mass, the decay equation becomes 146 C → 147 N+ −10e

(219)
19. [G] 14
6 C → 147 N+ −10e

Level L | 59
 Physics L

(220)
20. [G]
m0
m=
2n
m
2n = 0
m
50.0 g
2n = =8
6.25 g
n=3
The half-life of Iodine-131 is:
t
T=
n
24 days
T= = 8.0 days
3

(221)
21. [G] Never move a radioactive source with your hands, always use tweezers.
• Make sure that the radioactive source is pointing away from you.
• Radioactive sources are dangerous to your eyes; so, identification of a source
should be done by color or number.
• Radioactive sources should be attended by responsible personnel and, when
done with, they should be locked up in a safe place (e.g. a lead box).
• When handling radioactive sources, eating, drinking and smoking are prohibited.
• After you have finished working with a radioactive source, make sure you wash
your hands very well because they may be contaminated.

(222)
22. a) an electron
b) Z = 90, N = A - Z = 234 - 90 = 144
c) Z = 90 + 1 = 91
A remains the same so N = A - Z = 234 - 91 = 143
d) Applying m=m0/2n so 1/8=1/23 so the time taken is 3T1/2=72 days.

Section 7.6 Applications and Hazards of Radioactivity

A0 320
(223)
23. [G] A = n
➔ 40 = n → n = 3
2 2
t t
n= ➔ 3= → t = 17190 years
T1/ 2 5730

Level L | 60
 Physics L

(224)
24. a) The left kidney is not working properly. From the previous graph, it is clear
that the kidney is removing the radioactive impurity. That is shown by the
increase of activity over the first 20 minutes.
b) The penetrating power of β particles is very weak (they are stopped by the skin
and internal organs) while gamma rays can easily penetrate the skin and organs.
c) A short half-life material would significantly decay before being removed by
the kidneys.

Section 7.7 Nuclear Energy

(225)
25. [G] 1) Neutrons are given off in fission; not α, β or γ radiations as in
radioactivity.
2) In a fission reactor, each fission is caused by neutrons from a previous fission
event, and therefore, is not spontaneous, unlike radioactive decay. Since each
occurrence of fission is caused by a previous occurrence, the reaction is called a
chain reaction. In a nuclear power plant, chain reaction is controlled energy.
3) There are many possible by-products from a fission event, since the nucleus
may split into many different combinations of two “daughter” nuclei.
4) A chain reaction can produce heat at a controllably significant rate.

(226)
26. [G] a) Nuclear energy is a clean form of energy since it does not produce exhaust
gases that contribute to global warming and acid raid.
b) Nuclear reactor can produce their own fuel (plutonium) which means that there
will never be a shortage of fuel.

(227)
27. [G] a) The cost of building a safe nuclear power station is very high.
b) Radioactive wastes are produced.
c) People are scared of nuclear accidents (psychological bias).
d) The production of nuclear weapons.

Level L | 61
 Physics L

(228)
28. [T] a) The counts are due to background radiation. Background radiation rate is
random in nature.
b) Beta radiation is detected at A.
Negatively charged particles must be deflected counter-clockwise in a magnetic field
outside of plane of picture.
Gamma radiation is detected at B.
Gamma rays are neutral, so they are not deflected by magnetic field.
Nothing reaches C from the source.
Reading on C does not change when the source is removed.

(229)
29. [T] a) B and E are isotopes of the same elements.
All isotopes of a given element have the same proton number.
t
−
b) i. A = A0 2 T

−t
A −t
ln = ln 2 T = ln 2
A0 T
 A   25 
 ln( A )   ln( ) 
t = −T  0
 = −88 years.  85  155 years
 ln 2   ln 2 
   

ii. The nuclides in the Plutonium sample decay/change into nuclides of other
elements via alpha or beta decay.

iii. The activity of the sample halves in 88 years.

Thus, the change to the activity of the sample within 2 months (i.e. 0.1%) of
that time will be insignificantly small.

Level L | 62
 Physics L

(230)
30. [T] a.
129
i. 54 Xe
130
ii. 54 Xe
b.
−
t
 −t 
i. A = A0 2 8 , 640 = 20  2 8  , t = 40 days
 
ii. All the sample has decayed, The activity observed is due to background radiation

c. Any two of the following: 1) killing cancer cells, 2) tracers, and 3) gamma rays
for sterilization purposes.

(231)
31. [T] a.
i. 60
ii. 28

b. beta decay

c.
i. A due to beta decay (electrons), B due to gamma radiation
ii. background radiation from natural sources is always present

(232)
32. [T] a.
i. 87
ii. 87
iii. 134
iv. 221

b.

i. 87 Fr → 85 At + 2 He/α + 
221 217 4

ii. Any two of the following: most penetrating radiation / its nature is an
electromagnetic wave / not charged / moves at the speed of light / low ionizing
ability

t
−
c. A = A0 2 T

Level L | 63
 Physics L

 − 4.8 tmin 
800 Bq = (100 Bq )  2 

 
t = 3  4.8 min = 14.4 min

(233)
33. [T] a. beta radiation. It will not be totally absorbed by a layer of flesh unlike
alpha radiation

b. Iodine-123
On one hand, its half-life is relatively long, not to drastically change during the
procedure
On the other hand, the half-life is short enough for the radioactive isotope not to
linger in the body long after the procedure is finished.

12 days
−
t −
c. A = A0 2 , A = ( 250 Bq )  2
T 8 days
= 88 Bq

Level L | 64
 Physics L

Chapter 8 – Qualitative Study of Energy

Section 8.1 Introduction

(234)
1. The ability to cause a change that can take different forms in different bodies.

(235)
2. [G] It states that for an isolated physical system there exists a quantity, termed
energy, which retains a constant value in time, regardless of the nature of the
system and its internal interactions.

Section 8.2 Energy Transfer and Transformation

(236)
3. Gas undergoes combustion and chemical potential energy is released in the form
of heat. Solar energy is absorbed by living organisms. Those organisms die and
are degraded in the soil under high temperature and pressure; fossil fuel is thus
formed. This fuel is processed in fractionating towers and gas is separated and
bottled for house use.

(237)
4. [G] Sunlight (energy in the form of electromagnetic waves) can cause a tree to
grow and store energy in its leaves and stem (chemical energy). This energy can
later be retrieved in the form of heat (thermal energy) by burning the tree. The
heat produced can turn water to steam. The steam can be used to operate a steam
engine that pulls a train behind it (kinetic energy).

Section 8.3 Types of Energy

(238)
5. a) Internal energy, heat energy and chemical energy.
Internal energy is related to random thermal energy of the particles, their
intermolecular and chemical potential energies. Heat energy refers to the hotness of a
body. Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in chemicals and in food.
b) Solar energy is absorbed by living organisms and stored as chemical energy.
Organisms die and decompose over years changing to fossil fuels that when burned
in cars release their energy as mechanical and thermal energies.

(239)
6. The equivalence of mass and energy as stated by Einstein can be written as: E =
mc². In nuclear reactions, unlike chemical reactions, the mass of the products is
less than the mass of the reactants. This mass lost is released as energy according
to the equation above.

Level L | 65
 Physics L

(240)
7. [G] Internal energy is referred to:
1) Random thermal energy: is the energy found in the particles of a body due to
their random motion.
2) Intermolecular potential energy: which is potential energy due to the relative
positions of the molecules.
3) Chemical potential energy: which is the energy stored in the bonds between
atoms forming molecules.

(241)
8. [G] Heat energy is a broad term based on our sensation of hotness. It refers to (1)
random thermal energy, as in a hot iron, (2) radiant energy, as in the ‘infrared’
energy radiated by a hot iron, and (3) internal energy, as that in hot steam.

(242)
9. [G] Chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is found in chemical fuels,
in food, and in other substances.

(243)
10. [G] Radiant energy, or electromagnetic radiations, is a form of energy that can
travel in vacuum, such as light.
A photocell is an instrument in which light falling on a metallic surface in a
vacuum knocks electrons out of the surface. The electrons knocked out of their
places drift across to another terminal, generating an electric current.

Section 8.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum

(244)
11. [G]

Level L | 66
 Physics L

(245)
12. [G] All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in vacuum.

(246)
13. [G] 1. A television radar uses radio waves to transmit signals.
2. A tanning bed uses ultraviolet radiation.
3. X-rays are used to take images of bones.
4. Gamma rays are used to take images of containers.

Section 8.5 Mechanical Energy

(247)
14. In the stretched bow.

Section 8.6 Conservation (permanence) and Transformation of Energy

(248)
15. 60% of the input energy is lost.

(249)
16. (d) and (e)

(250)
17. [G]

(251)
18. [G] a. kinetic energy to electric energy
b. nuclear energy to electric energy
c. solar energy to electric energy

Level L | 67
 Physics L

Section 8.7 Energy Conservation (preservation) and the Environment

(252)
19. Any two reasons from the following
(1): One should save the limited resources of fossil fuels for uses other than
burning.
(2): One should save the environment from being poisoned by pollutants like
excessive carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect, and acidic
oxides, which cause acid rain and destroy forests and lakes.
(3): It is a shame to simply burn up the remaining quantities of these valuable
materials; instead man should find alternative sources of energy.

(253)
20. Any one of the following
1: the absorbed heat due to excess carbon dioxide, could drive up the planet’s
temperature by about 2 to 5 °C in the next 50 years.
2: the waters of oceans rise by several feet, due to expansion of water upon
warming. Paradoxically, the ice caps at the poles would probably increase in size
because evaporation from the oceans increases, and more snow will fall at the poles.
3: warmer air reduces the temperature difference between the surface and lower
layers and reduces conduction of geothermal heat, which contributes to melting.
4: the expansion of water will result in flooding of coastal areas and ruining of
farmland, and in certain other areas, cause severe droughts to take place due to the
change in climatic conditions of the Earth.

(254)
21. [G] The heat-trapping effect of the atmosphere is commonly known as the
greenhouse effect. It is mainly due to two gases: water vapor, which absorbs the
most energetic infrared radiation given off by Earth, and carbon dioxide, which
absorbs the least energetic infrared rays.

Section 8.8 Keeping carbon dioxide in check

(255)
22. Any two of the following
1: Use natural gas
2: Improve the insulation of buildings
3: Use of solar energy
4: Use hybrid cars and increase their efficiency
5: Use air-conditioning

(256)
23. [G] increasing the use of hybrid cars, use natural gas, improve the insulation of
buildings

Level L | 68
 Physics L

Section 8.9 Nuclear Energy

(257)
24. Nuclear fission

(258)
25. Any two of the following
1: High price of implementation of nuclear plants
2: radioactive waste which is toxic and radioactive
3: Dislike of nuclear weapons
4: psychological reasons due to previous accidents in nuclear plants

Section 8.10 Renewable Energy Resources

(259)
26. The term renewable energy refers to forms of energy that will not run out like
fossil fuels do.

(260)
27. Hydroelectric energy is obtained by converting gravitational potential energy of
water stored in dams into kinetic energy used to rotate turbines connected to
electric generators

(261)
28. [G] Any four of the following.
wind power, hydroelectric power, tidal energy, waves energy, ocean thermal
energy conversion, geothermal energy, solar energy, biomass energy, hydrogen
gas

(262)
29. [G] a. The use of wind power on a large scale raises issues of visual impact, noise
and the effect on local wildlife.
b. A disadvantage of hydroelectric power is that suitable sites are often a long way
from where the electricity is needed. On the other side, constructing water dams
involves burying large areas under water, a situation that could cause real
environmental and ecological threats.
c. Tidal stations are expensive to build and have bad environmental impacts.
d. The disadvantage of geothermal energy is that as a source of electrical power, it is
very inefficient.

Section 8.11 Other Far-fetched Sources of Energy

(263)
30. Genetic engineers may be able to design microbes that use sunlight energy to
turn CO2 into natural gas or produce hydrogen gas.

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 Physics L

Chapter 9 – Energy, Work, and Machines

Section 9.1 Energy – Generalities

(264)
1. The Net energy gained by the system would be zero since no external energy is
gained by system nor is energy lost to the outside.
Energy gained by A + Energy gained by B + Energy gained by C = 0.

(265)
2. [G] When a force is being applied over a certain distance, energy is transferred.

Section 9.2 Work Done by a Force

(266)
3. a) W = 1 N × 1 m = 1 J
b) W = 10 N × 0.1 m = 1 J
c) W = 0.01 N × 10 m = 0.1 J
d) W = 700 N × 1 m = 700 J

(267)
4. a) One Joule is the amount of energy transferred when a force of 1 N is acted on a
body over a distance of 1 m.
b) W = – (F × d) = – (40 N × 12 m) = – 480 J

(268)
5. [G] W = Fdcosθ
W = (2000 N)(50 m)(1) = 100,000 J

(269)
6. [G] Motive work is when the force and distance moved are in the same direction.
Whereas resistive work is when the force and distance moved are in opposite
directions.

Level L | 70
 Physics L

Section 9.3 Work – Energy Theorem

(270)
7. Work-Energy Theorem: The net work done on a body equals the change in its
kinetic energy.
Consider a net force F that acts on a body of mass m, through a distance d. The work
done on the body is W = F × d.
By Newton second law: F = ma, so we have w = ma × d
v-u v+u
a= , and d= t
t 2
v-u v+u 1
 W = m( )( t) = m(v - u)(v+u)
t 2 2
1 1
W = mv 2 − mu 2
2 2

(271)
8. a) W = EKf – EKo , F × d = EKf – EKo , 4 × 2 = EKf – 0 , EKf = 8 J.
b) W = EKf – EKo , F × d = EKf – 1/2mu2
4 × 2 = Ekf – 1/2 × (1 × 32)
8 = EKf – 4.5 , EKf = 12.5 J
c)

(272)
9. [G]

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Section 9.4 Work Done by the Earth on a Body

(273) 1 1
10. a) k 0 = mu 2 = (0.2×52 ) = 2.5 J
2 2
b) kat max height = 0
c) W = - (mgh) = - (0.2 × 10 × h) = - 2h.
d) W = Kf - Ko = 0 - 2.5 = - 2h, h = 1.25 m.

(274)
11. [G]
Wmg = −mg h
Wmg = − ( 0.20 kg ) (10.0 m/s 2 ) ( 7.0 m ) = −14 J

Section 9.5 Gravitational Potential Energy

(275)
12. a) Box B increased its potential energy the greatest amount of 20 J.
b) Box D will be traveling the fastest since it's being dropped from the highest
point of 2.0m. v2 = 2gh, which is independent of the mass.

(276)
13. [G] G.P.E = mgΔh
G.P.E = (75.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(8.00 m) = 5880 J.

Section 9.6 Mechanical Energy

(277)
14. DEm = 0, so DEk + DEp = 0, 1/2mv2 – 1/2mu2 + mgh = 0
0 – 1/2m × 6.52 + m × 10 × h = 0, so h = 42.25 = 2.1 m
Therefore, the height of the seat when it first comes to rest is 210 cm above initial
height of swing when it is stationary and is 210 + 30 = 240 cm above the ground.

(278)
15. a)

b) No, mechanical energy is not conserved since there is an external force applied.
c) W = ΔEk = Ekf - Eko = f.d, so Ekf = 10 × 2 + 0 = 20 J.

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d)

1 2
(279)
16. [G] ME = KE + PE = mv + mgh
2
( 60.0 kg )( 2.0 m/s ) + ( 60.0 kg ) (10.0 m/s 2 ) ( 6.0 m ) = 3720 J .
1
ME =
2

(280)
17. [G] v2 = 2gΔh = 2 × 10 × (0.2) = 4 , then v = 2 m/s.

Section 9.7 Power

(281)
18. a) Power is defined as energy transferred per time unit. The unit of power is
watts (W) with 1W = 1 J/s.
b) Speed is constant, hence motion is URM, so d = v × t = 300 m.
Force of engine is equal to the resistance the car experiences:
W = F × d = 450 × 300 = 135000 J
P = W/t = 13500 W = 13.5 kW.

(282)
19. Work done by the boy against gravity: W = mgΔh, where the height is 50 × 0.15
= 7.5 m
W = 50 × 9.8 × 7.5 = 3675 J
P = W/t = 3675/25 = 147 W.
(283)
20. E = 1 kWh = 1000 J/s × 1 h × 3600 s/h = 3.6 × 106 J = 3.6 MJ.

(284)
21. a) h = Lsina, where a is the angle of inclination.
b) ΔEp = -mgh = -mgLsina.
(285)
22. b and c

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(286)
23. [G]
W = Fd
W = Fvt
W = ( 450. N )( 30.0 m/s )(10.0 s ) = 135000 J

W
P=
t
135000 J
P= = 13500 W
10.0 s

Section 9.8 Simple Machines

(287)
24. A pulley is a wheel with a groove along its edge, used for holding a rope, a chain
or a cable. A pulley can be simply used to change the direction of motion. Pulleys
are either fixed, moveable or combined. Pulleys are usually used in sets designed
to reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load. However, the amount of work
needed to lift a load is the same whether pulleys are used or not, but the force
needed can be drastically reduced only if acted then through a much longer
distance.

(288)
25. An electric motor of power 100 watts pumps water up to a height of 1.00 m at the
rate of 9 dm3/s. Find the efficiency of the motor.

(289)
26. c

(290)
27. An elevator and four people inside it have a total mass of 1600 kg. The elevator
carries them upward through a total height of 12 m at the rate of 2 m/s.
a) K.E. = 1/2mv2 , so ½(1600)(2)2= 3200J = 3.2kJ.
b) No, its kinetic energy remains constant.
c) Yes, ΔP.E.=m g Δh=1600 ×10 × 12= 192kJ.
d) t = d/v = 12/2 = 6 s
e) P = W/t = (mgh)/t = 192 kJ/6 s= 32 kW
f) efficiency = (output energy)/(input energy), input energy = (output
energy)/efficiency = 32000/(80%) = 40 kW

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(291)
28. According to the law of moments,
Ed 2 = Ld1
d .
L= 2 E
d1

(292)
29. [G]
energy output
=
energy input
(120. kg ) (10.0 m/s 2 ) (1.00 m )
= = 0.750 = 75.0%
( 400. N )( 4.00 m )

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(293)
30. [T] a.

Renewable Non-renewable Polluting Non-polluting

Coal  
Wind energy  

b. Any of the following: Limited choice of location / need to flood territories /

difficulty in controlling power output at off-hours.

c.
, P = ( 70 103 kg/s )( 9.8 m/s 2 ) (150 m ) = 1.0 108 W
E mgh
i. P = =
t t
, Pout = ( 0.87 ) (1.0 108 W ) = 8.7 107 W = 87 MW
Pout
ii.  =
P
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31. [T] a. solar energy

b. any of the following: pollution / contribution to climate change / acid rains

c.
( )
i. Q = mLv , Q = ( 700 kg ) 2.2 106 J/kg = 1.54 109 J
Q
ii. Pout = Pin , P =
t
 1.54 109 J 
Pout = ( 0.3)   = 308 MW
 1.5 s 

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(295)
( )
32. [T] a. W = mgh , W = ( 200 kg ) 9.8 m/s (1.5 m ) = 2.94 kJ
2

b. Work done by the person = work done on the load, w(d ) = F ( 3d )

F=
mg
, F=
(
( 200 kg ) 9.8 m/s2 )
= 653 N
3 3

W 2.94 kJ
c. P = , P= = 98 W
t 30 s

Pout
d.  =
Pin
98 W
=  100% = 96%
102 W

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