Week 10
Week 10
Week 10
Two velocity scales for the mean flow. Velocity variation along the
flow (Ũ ) versus across the flow (US ). Jets, Wakes, Mixing layers (or
Free shear layers): Fig. 4.1 of T&L.
1
Basic scale estimates:
∂U US
In common with Laminar BL: ∂x ∼O L , V ∼ U S Lℓ
∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∂U ∂U ∂u2 ∂uv 1 ∂P
U +V + + =− +ν +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2
Estimate O.M of each term, then compare with U 2/ℓ:
US US ℓ US U2 U2 US US
Ũ ? ν ν
L L ℓ L ℓ L2 ℓ2
US . U 2 Ũ US ℓ
1st convective term Ũ ∼
L ℓ U UL
2 2
US . U 2 US ℓ
2nd convective term ∼
L ℓ U L
US . U 2 US ν
Viscous term ν 2 ∼
ℓ ℓ U Uℓ
In a laminar free shear flow there would be no mechanism to sustain
a (mean) pressure gradient in x. But, here from the cross-stream
RANS equation of the form P /ρ + v 2 = constant we obtain
−(1/ρ)∂P /∂x ≈ ∂v 2/∂x
which is O(U 2/L), and negligible compared to U 2/ℓ.
3
ANALYSIS OF SELF-PRESERVING WAKES
5
Let’s define a “turbulence Reynolds number” RT = (US ℓ)/νT . We
can write νT = (US ℓ)/RT . Hence,
US ℓ 1
uv = (−US f ′ )
RT ℓ
which gives g = −f ′/RT . With this closure for g, now we need to
solve
U∞ B f′
(ξf ) = −
2A RT
f′ U∞ B
= −αξ where α = RT .
f 2A
The solution is
f = exp − 12 αξ 2
Finally:
Fig. 4.5 of T&L: How do the relative strengths of these terms vary
with position, across the width of the wake?
9
WALL-BOUNDED TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS
Clearly, ν/w is important near the wall, unimportant far from the
wall. While for δ (or h) it is just the reverse.