08 (H2) Chem Eqm - Final Selected (QNS)

Chemical Equilibrium Victoria Junior College
VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

Topical Practice Questions
Chemical Equilibrium [H2]
Multiple Choice Questions
1 [IJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium?
A an equilibrium that is constantly changing its position

B an equilibrium where the concentration of reactants and products are same
C an equilibrium where the forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same
rate
D an equilibrium which has not yet settled to a constant state
The following equation represents the equilibrium for the reaction between A and B.
A2(g) + 4B(g) 2AB2(g) Kc = 2.4
What is the value of Kc for the following reaction?
AB2(g) ½A2(g) + 2B(g)
1
A
2.4
1
B
2.4
1
C
1.2
D 1.2
3 [MJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
A 0.0113 mol sample of ammonium nitrate is introduced into an evacuated vessel with a
volume of 0.83 dm3. The vessel, of constant volume, is heated to a constant temperature
such that the equilibrium below is established.
NH4NO3(s) NH3(g) + HNO3(g)
Given that the percentage dissociation of ammonium nitrate at equilibrium is 66.8%, what
is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
A 5.70 × 10−5 B 8.27 × 10−5

C 0.0152 D 0.0183
1
4 [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
A gaseous sample of hydrogen iodide was held at 300°C until equilibrium was established.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
It was found that one–third of the reactants has dissociated. What is the numerical value of
the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 300°C?
1 1 2
A B C D 4
16 8 3
5 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Consider the following equilibrium.
Kc
A (aq) + 2B (aq) 2C (aq)
When 3 mol of solid C was dissolved in 2 dm3 of water and left to stand until equilibrium
was reached, it was found that the percentage conversion of C was 40%.
What is the numerical value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
A 0.13 B 0.27 C 3.75 D 7.50
6 [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
On heating, nitrogen dioxide decomposes as follows:
2NO2 (g) 2NO (g) + O2 (g)
When 4 mol of nitrogen dioxide (in a V dm3 vessel) is heated to a constant temperature, the
equilibrium mixture is found to contain x mol of oxygen.
Which one of the following show the correct Kc for this reaction?
A x3
V(4 − x)2
B 4x 3
V(4 − 2x)2
C (4 − 2x)2
4Vx 3
D 4Vx 3
(4 − 2x)2
2
The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the following reaction is 4.0 at 25 °C.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
A sample of HI is decomposed in a sealed tube at 25 °C. The total pressure of the mixture
remains at 1.0 atm throughout the process. What is the equilibrium partial pressure of H2 in
the tube in atm?
A 0.1
B 0.2
C 0.4
D 0.8
8 [NJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, decomposes on heating according to the following equation.
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
When nitrogen dioxide of 1 atm was placed in a container and heated, 40% of NO2
dissociated. What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, at the temperature of the
experiment?
A 0.053 atm
B 0.089 atm
C 0.200 atm
D 0.222 atm
9 [CJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
An equilibrium can be represented by the following equation.
P(aq) + Q(aq) 2R(aq) + S(aq)
In a certain mixture with a volume of 1 dm3, when equilibrium is established, the

concentration of Q is 0.10 mol dm-3.
What will the new equilibrium concentration of Q be if 0.05 mol of pure Q is added to the
mixture?
A between 0.10 mol dm-3 and 0.15 mol dm-3

B between 0.05 mol dm-3 and 0.10 mol dm-3
C 0.15 mol dm-3
D 0.10 mol dm-3
3
10 [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Two gases, P and Q, react as follows.
P(g) + 3Q(g) PQ3(g)
A system containing, P, Q and PQ3 is allowed to reach equilibrium in a 5 dm3 vessel at a

temperature of 1000 K. The diagram shows the change in the amount of PQ3 and Q with
time.
Given that the initial amount of P was 0.2 mol, what is the value of the equilibrium constant
KC for this reaction?
0.5 0.5 × 5 3
A B
0.1× (0.2) 3 0.1× (0.2)3
0.5 0.5 × 5 3
C 3 D
0.2 × (0.2) 0.2 × (0.2) 3
The equation describes the equilibrium between some gases.
2NO(g) + 2H2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH ˂ 0
Which of the changes increase the Kp of the reaction?
1 Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel

2 Decreasing the temperature of the system
3 Injecting more hydrogen gas into the reaction vessel
A 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3 only
4
The graph below shows how the fraction of a substance, X, produced in an equilibrium
mixture varies with temperature at pressures of 2 × 107 Pa and 5 × 107 Pa.
fraction of X
in equilibrium
mixture / %
2 × 107 Pa
5 × 107 Pa
temperature
In which reaction would the underlined species represent X?
A 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = −1267 kJ molˉ1
B CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ∆H = −92 kJ molˉ1
C H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ∆H = +54 kJ molˉ1
D N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = +57 kJ molˉ1
In industrial production of nitric acid, the first step involves the oxidation of ammonia to
nitrogen oxide as shown in the equation below.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following would favour the oxidation of ammonia?
A removal of H2O
B addition of catalyst
C increase in temperature
D reduction in the volume of the system
5
Gases A and B react to form gas C according to the equation below.
aA(g) + bB(g) cC(g)
The graph below shows the variation of the equilibrium yield of product C with changes in
pressures at two different temperatures.
What can be deduced regarding the enthalpy change and magnitude of the stoichiometric
coefficients for gases A, B and C?
enthalpy change stoichiometric coefficients

A ∆H > 0 a+b>c
B ∆H > 0 a+b<c
C ∆H < 0 a+b>c
D ∆H < 0 a+b<c
The key stage in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the reaction between sulfur dioxide
and oxygen.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = −197 kJ mol−1
Which of the following statements are correct for an increase in temperature?
1 The equilibrium constant increases.

2 The rate for the forward reaction increases.
3 The rate for the backward reaction increases.
4 The activation energy for the forward reaction decreases.
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 2, 3 and 4 only

C 2 and 3 only D 3 only
6
The water-gas shift reaction is an industrially important source of hydrogen gas because of
the low cost of the reactants. The reactants and products of this reaction exist in an
equilibrium that is shown below.
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆H = – 41 kJ mol–1
Which of the following graphs based on the water-gas shift reaction, are correct?
1 2 3
%H2
A 1 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Gas A decomposes to two other gases, B and C, according to the equation:
2A(g) 3B(g) + C(g) ∆H = +x kJ mol–1
Which of the following correctly describes what will happen if a proposed change is made
to this system at equilibrium?
proposed change value of Kc position of equilibrium

A add inert solid X no change shift left
B increase pressure no change shift right
C increase temperature increase shift right
D add catalyst increase no change
18 [AJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
Consider the reaction W + X Y + Z.
Which of the following statements is incorrect when a catalyst is added to the reaction
mixture?
A The catalyst alters the rate of the reaction.

B The addition of a catalyst lowers the activation energy of the forward reaction but
not that of the reverse reaction.
C The enthalpy change of reaction remains unchanged.
D The catalyst does not alter the proportion of W, X, Y or Z at equilibrium.
7
During the Contact process, SO2 is converted into SO3 in a reversible reaction according to
the equation below:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = −197 kJ mol−1
The graph below shows how the concentrations of the three gases change when the
conditions in the reaction vessel were changed at different times.
Concentration/ mol dm–3
SO2(g)
O2(g)
SO3(g)
0 Time/ min
2 5 10 15
Which conclusions can be drawn from this information?
1 From the 2nd to the 5th minute, the rate of the backward reaction was equal to that of
the forward reaction.
2 At the 5th minute, a catalyst was added to the reaction mixture, leading to an increase
in rate of reaction.
3 At the 10th minute, the pressure of the system was increased at constant temperature.
A 1 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3
D 1 and 3
8
When steam is passed over white hot coke, an equilibrium of a mixture of combustible
gases is obtained as shown below.
C(s) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H = +131 kJ mol–1
Which option correctly describes what would happen if the proposed change is made to this
reaction?
proposed change value of Kc Position of equilibrium

1 add catalyst no change no shift
2 decrease temperature decrease shift left
3 add more C(s) no change shift right
A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only
21 [RVHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
When a solid X is heated in a closed vessel to a temperature T, it forms two gases as shown
by the equation below.
2X(s) Y(g) + 2Z(g) ∆H = 0
In a closed system, the reaction comes to equilibrium. The equilibrium pressure for the
above system at temperature T is p kPa.
Which of the following statements is true?
1 The activation energies for both the forward and reverse reactions are zero.
2 The rate constants for both the forward and reverse reactions increase with
temperature.
3 The value of Kp for the above reaction is 4 p3 kPa3.
27
A 1,2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 only
9
The reaction in the Haber process is as shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Which statements are true about the Haber process?
1 Increasing pressure increases the value of equilibrium constant.

2 Adding an iron catalyst leads to higher yield of ammonia.
3 Adding an iron catalyst increases the rate constant of both the forward and
backward reactions.
A 1 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 only
The first stage of the Contact Process for industrial production of sulfuric acid involves the
oxidation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = –196 kJ mol–1
The operating conditions are a temperature of 400 – 450°C, a pressure of 1 – 2 atm, and
the use of V2O5 catalyst.
Which factor influences the choice of these conditions?
1 At low pressures, yield is low but the cost of production is low.

2 At high temperatures, yield is low but the rate of production is fast.
3 In the presence of the catalyst, yield is high and the rate of production is fast.
A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3
10
The graph shows how ΔG o changes with temperature for the reaction shown.
H2O(g) + CO(g) H2(g) + CO2(g)
Equimolar amounts of H2O and CO were introduced into a sealed container and allowed
to reach equilibrium.
At which points will the concentration of H2 be less than the concentration of H2O at
equilibrium?
A 1 and 2 B 1 only
C 2, 3 and 4 D 3 and 4 only
The Gibbs free energy change of a system determines whether a reaction is spontaneous,
while the equilibrium constant indicates the extent of reaction.
What does the following pair of values for a reaction system indicate?
values
∆Gf, − 63.9
Kc 5.80 × 109
A No reaction.
B Position of equilibrium lies to the left.
C Some extent of reaction.
D Reaction goes to completion.
11
1 C 6 B 11 A 16 A 21 C
2 A 7 C 12 A 17 C 22 D
3 B 8 B 13 A 18 B 23 A
4 A 9 A 14 A 19 D 24 B
5 D 10 B 15 C 20 B 25 D
Structured/Essay Questions
26 [ACJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
One of the stages in the Contact process to manufacture sulfuric acid employs the use of a
catalyst to oxidise sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
1
SO2(g) + 2O2(g) SO3(g)
The reactants are passed over a catalyst bed which is made of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5,
finely dispersed over a porous support made of silicon dioxide, SiO2. The figure below shows
the cross section of a downward gas flow reactor.
heated sulfur dioxide

and oxygen at 420 oC
initial temperature = 420 oC

catalyst bed
final temperature = 480 oC
gases out
(a) (i) Use information from the figure to determine the sign for the enthalpy change of
reaction to oxidise sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. [1]
(ii) Hence explain the effect on the position of equilibrium if the temperature was
raised to 600 oC for this reaction. [2]
[Total: 3]
27 (a) [CJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
The contact process is an important industrial process for the production of sulfuric acid.
One of the steps involves the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H < 0
A sulfur dioxide-oxygen mixture, initially in the mole ratio of 2:1, was allowed to react at
a constant total pressure of 1 atm. Equilibrium was reached when 90% of the sulfur
dioxide has reacted.
12
(i) Sketch a graph showing how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions
change from the time the two gases are mixed to the time the reaction reaches
equilibrium. Label your graphs clearly. [2]
(ii) Write the Kp expression for the above reaction and state its units. [1]
(iii) Calculate the Kp value for the above equilibrium. [3]
(b) The table below shows how the percentage of sulfur trioxide, SO3 in the equilibrium
mixture varies with temperature as well as the volume of the reaction vessels.
Temperature /°C Percentage of sulfur trioxide in the

equilibrium mixture for vessel / %
A B
T1 16.8 8.8
T2 29.8 15.4
Using the data in the table above,

(i) explain and arrange the temperatures T1 and T2 in an increasing order. [2]
(ii) explain and arrange the volumes of the two vessels, A and B, in an increasing
order. [2]
[Total: 10]
28 [MJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm+Gases]
Sulfur dioxide, SO2 is a gas with a pungent, irritating smell. While there are many useful
applications, SO2 is also a toxic atmospheric pollutant and is one of the key components in
the formation of acid rain.
(a) SO2 was previously used as a refrigerant as it has a relatively high heat of
vapourisation. At 293 K, a 24 dm3 refrigerant canister containing 1 mol of SO2 was found
to exert an internal pressure of 0.992 atm instead of the theoretically expected
1.00 atm.
Using an assumption of kinetic theory, account for this discrepancy. [2]
(b) Sulfur dioxide is an important feedstock in the Contact Process to manufacture sulfuric
acid industrially. One of the reactions in the Contact Process involves the reversible
reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H = –197 kJ mol–1
In an experiment, a 3:1 ratio of SO2 and O2 was mixed at a total initial pressure of 3 atm
and was passed over vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at 400 °C in a fixed volume vessel. At
equilibrium, the percentage of SO3 present in the mixture of gases is found to be 60%.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction. [1]
(ii) Calculate the value of Kp at 400 °C, stating its units, clearly. [3]
(iii) How would the percentage conversion of SO2 into SO3 be affected when the
pressure is increased? Explain your answer. [2]
(iv) Explain why a moderately high temperature of 400 °C was used as one of the
operating conditions for this reaction. [2]
13
(v) In industrial processes such as the Contact Process, catalysts are often
deactivated in the presence of impurities and loses its efficiency to catalyse the
reactions.
The following graph shows how the partial pressure of sulfur trioxide present
varies with time at 400°C when pure vanadium(V) oxide catalyst was used.
Transfer the graph below onto the writing paper. Using the same axes, sketch
another graph for this experiment to show the variation of partial pressure of SO3
with time at 400 °C, if the vanadium(V) oxide catalyst was tainted with impurities.
[2]
Partial pressure of SO3
with pure catalyst
0 time
[Total:12]
29 (c) [ACJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
When 5.00 cm3 of liquid methanol, CH3OH is shaken with the water-octane mixture, it
fully dissolves in the two solvents. Upon leaving the mixture to stand, the immiscible
layers of water and octane reappears, each containing an unequal amount of dissolved
methanol.
Separating funnel
100 cm3 of octane
100 cm3 of water
At 25 ºC, 5.00 cm3 of methanol (density = 0.792 g cm−3) continues to equilibriate

between the two solvents and eventually reaches a dynamic equilibrium represented
by the following equation.
CH3OH(aq) CH3OH(in octane)
14
The equilibrium constant of the above equilibrium is found from
[CH3OH]octane
Kc =
[CH3OH]aq
In order to determine Kc, the aqueous layer was analysed and [CH3OH]aq was found to
be 0.952 mol dm−3.
(i) Calculate the total number of moles in 5.00 cm3 of pure methanol. [1]
(ii) Use the given value of [CH3OH]aq and your answer in (c)(i) to calculate
[CH3OH]octane. [1]
(iii) Hence calculate Kc. [1]
[Total: 3]
30 (a) [MJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Myoglobin, Mb, is an oxygen–carrier protein that occurs in muscle fibres. It binds one
O2 molecule per Mb molecule according to the following equation.
Mb(aq) + O2(aq) MbO2(aq) –––– (1)
The value of Kc for reaction (1) is 2.3 x 105 at room temperature and pressure.
(i) Write the Kc expression for this reaction, stating its units. [1]
(ii) Experiments have shown that when the [O2] = 9.6 x 10–6 mol dm–3 and
[Mb] = 3.59 x 10–3 mol dm–3. Use the given information to calculate the
concentration of MbO2 at equilibrium. [1]
Carbon monoxide binds with myoglobin more strongly than oxygen does. The magnitude of
Kc for reaction (2) is 60 times that of the Kc for reaction (1) under the same conditions.
Mb(aq) + CO(aq) MbCO(aq) –––– (2)
It was found that when more than 20% of myoglobin is combined with carbon monoxide, it
becomes fatal for human.
(b) Calculate the concentration of uncombined carbon monoxide in the body fluids when
it becomes fatal. Given the initial concentration of myoglobin in the body fluid was
3.59 x 10–3 mol dm–3. [2]
(c) Carbon monoxide can exist in the atmosphere as well as in dissolved in water.
CO(g) CO(aq) –––– (3)
When aqueous and gaseous carbon monoxide exist in an equilibrium at room

temperature and pressure, the magnitude of Kc for reaction (3) is found to be 40 at
room temperature and pressure.
(i) Determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere when the
concentration of dissolved carbon monoxide in water is 1.5 x 10–8 mol dm–3. [1]
(ii) Hence, calculate Kp, in Pa–1, for reaction (3). [2]
15
(d) Carbon monoxide is produced as one of the side products when hydrogen is
generated from steam as shown in the reaction below.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H1 > 0 –––– (4)
(i) Reaction (4) is reversible and reached dynamic equilibrium after some time.
Define the term dynamic equilibrium. [1]
(ii) Predict and explain the effect of separately

• decreasing temperature, and
• halving the volume of vessel
on the position of equilibrium. [2]
When oxygen gas is passed through reaction (4) over a heterogeneous catalyst,
reaction (5) occurs.
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) ∆H2 < 0 –––––– (5)
The resultant mixture is then reacted with sodium hydroxide. Suggest how this
would affect the amount of hydrogen gas produced in reaction (4). [2]
[Total: 12]
Compounds P and Q react according to the following equation:
P(g) + Q(g) R(g)
When 1.0 mol of P and Q each are placed into a 2.0 dm3 container and heated, the equilibrium
mixture is found to contain 0.60 mol of Q.
(a) For the above reaction, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, including its
units. [2]
(b) The percentage of R present at equilibrium varies with temperature as shown in the
graph below.
(i) State the Le Chatelier’s principle. [1]

(ii) Deduce if the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic. [2]
16
(iv) State and explain the effect on the value of Kc, when a catalyst is added to the
above equilibrium. [2]
[Total: 7]
32 (c) [RVHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
In many temperate countries, water is ‘hard’ due to the high mineral content. Common
ions found in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+. The calcium ions in ‘hard’ water can
react with detergents that render them ineffective, forming a precipitate (‘scum’) in the
process.
In order for detergents to be used in ‘hard’ water, sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, is

added as a water softening agent. It ‘softens’ water by complexing with the calcium ions
to prevent the formation of ‘scum’.
Ca2+(aq) + P3O105−(aq) CaP3O103−(aq) Kc = 7.70 × 108 mol−1 dm3
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for the above reaction. [1]
(ii) Predict and comment on the sign and magnitude of ∆G in the above reaction.
[2]
(iii) Some solid sodium triphosphate was added to ‘hard’ water containing the
detergent. After forming the complex, the concentration of P3O105− decreased to
one-tenth of its original value at equilibrium.
Using the value of Kc, calculate the concentration of Ca2+ in the equilibrium
mixture. [1]
(iv) Suggest how the equilibrium position of the above reaction will be affected by
adding water to the system. [2]
(d) For single step reactions, Kc can also be expressed as
Kc =
where k1 is the rate constant for the forward reaction and k2 is the rate constant of the
backward reaction.
Assuming the enthalpy change of the above forward reaction is exothermic, describe
how an increase in temperature will affect the
• equilibrium position
• value of k1 and k2
• value of Kc
You should use the ideas behind Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer where
relevant. [4]
[Total:10]
17
33 (a) [SRJC/2017/Promo/ChemEqm]
Nitrosyl bromide, NOBr, can be formed by the reversible reaction of nitric oxide, NO,
with bromine gas. NO and NOBr boils below room temperature.
In an experiment, 1.00 atm of NO and 2.00 atm Br2 gas were introduced into a sealed
vessel. At equilibrium, the partial pressure of Br2 was found to be to 1.80atm. The
sealed vessel registered a decrease in temperature.
(i) Complete the balanced equation, with state symbols, for the above reversible
reaction at room temperature.
a NO( ) + b Br2( ) c NOBr( )
where a, b and c are integers. [1]
(ii) Write an expression for Kp, stating its units. [2]
(iii) Calculate the partial pressure of nitric oxide and nitrosyl bromide at equilibrium,
and hence the total pressure at equilibrium.
[3]
(iv) Use your answer from (a)(iii), calculate the value of Kp. [1]
(v) In a separate experiment, an inert gas was introduced into the sealed vessel
along with the reactants.
State how this would affect both the position of the equilibrium and the numerical
value of Kp. [2]
[Total: 9]
In an industrial process, gases X and Y react together to form a single gaseous
product Z.
2X(g) + Y(g) 2Z(g) ∆Hrxn = + ve
The graph below shows how the fraction of a substance, Z, produced in an equilibrium
mixture, varies with pressure at temperatures of T1 and T2.
Fraction of Z
T1
80 T2
60
Pressure/atm
40 0 100 200 300 400
(a) State Le Chatelier's Principle. [1]
18
(b) Suggest with a reason, why the fraction of Z in equilibrium changes with increasing
pressure as shown in the diagram. [2]
(c) With reference to the information given in the graph above, deduce and explain
whether temperature T1 or T2 has a higher value. [2]
(d) With the aid of a sketch of the Boltzmann distribution curve, explain how the addition
of a catalyst can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. [4]
(e) A 2:1 mixture of X and Y gases were left to reach equilibrium at 300 oC. At equilibrium,
the total pressure was 159 atm and the partial pressure of Z was found to be 126 atm.
(i) Calculate the partial pressure of X and Y in the equilibrium mixture. [2]
(ii) Write an expression for equilibrium constant Kp, stating its units. Hence, calculate
the equilibrium constant, Kp at 300 oC. [2]
[Total: 13]
35 (b) [DHS/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
Bromine reacts with aluminium to form aluminium bromide, which exists in two different
forms, in the vapour state.
When some Al2Br6 was added into a reaction vessel at a certain temperature, the
following equilibrium was slowly established.
Al2Br6(g) 2AlBr3(g)
At different times during the experiment, changes were made to the conditions in the
reaction vessel. At each time, only one change was made to the conditions in the reaction
vessel. The changes in concentrations in the equilibrium mixture with time are shown in
the graph below.
Al2Br6
concentration
AlBr3
t1 t2 t3 t4
time
(i) Suggest the change that caused the equilibrium position to shift at time t1 and t2.
[2]
19
(ii) Deduce whether the conversion of Al2Br6 to AlBr3 is expected to be exothermic

or endothermic. [1]
(iii) Sketch, on the same axes as the graph above, the changes in concentration of
Al2Br6 and AlBr3 when the mixture was heated further at time t3, and a new
equilibrium position was established at t4.
Explain your answer with reference to your conclusion made in (ii). [2]
[Total: 5]
36 [EJC/2018/Promo/ChemEqmEntropy]
A main feature of spacesuits is to supply astronauts with oxygen, and remove the carbon dioxide
produced. Regenerative carbon dioxide removal system, RCDR, in spacesuits use metal oxides
such as silver oxide, Ag2O.
Ag2O reacts reversibly with carbon dioxide to form silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 as shown in the
equation.
Ag2O(s) + CO2(g) Ag2CO3(s)
The van′t Hoff plot shows how the equilibrium constant of the reaction changes with
temperature. The plot for the forward reaction between Ag2O and CO2 is shown in Fig. 4.1.
ln Kp
10
1
0 /10−3 K−1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 T
-5
-10
-15
-20
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State the relationship between Kp and T. [1]
(ii) Hence explain whether the reaction between Ag2O and CO2 is exothermic or
endothermic. [2]
(b) The y intercept represents where ∆So is the entropy change of reaction and R is the
gas constant.
20
Use this information and Fig. 4.1 to calculate the entropy change for this reaction. Explain
the significance of its sign with respect to the reaction. [2]
(c) After absorbing carbon dioxide for some time, the RCDR system becomes saturated and
most of the Ag2O would be converted to Ag2CO3. To “recharge” the system, heat is
applied to the system to form Ag2O again.
(i) Explain why heat is necessary for the recharging process, taking into account the
thermodynamic consideration of the reaction. [1]
(ii) For any reaction, ∆Go and the equilibrium constant, Kp, are related according to
the equation ∆Go = -RT ln Kp. Using this mathematical relationship and Fig. 4.1,
calculate the minimum temperature required to recharge the system. [1]
(iii) A suggestion was made to carry out the recharging at high temperature and
pressure to decrease the time required for the process. Comment on whether it is
advisable to take up this suggestion. [2]
[Total: 9]
37 (a) [HCI/2018/Promo/ChemEqm]
The Haber process is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) State Le Chatelier’s Principle. [1]
(ii) The optimal operating temperature for the Haber process is 450 oC. Use the
following values to calculate the ∆Gro at 450 oC.
∆Hro= – 92.0 kJ mol–1

∆Sro = – 199 J K–1 mol–1 [1]
(iii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the Haber process at the same
temperature using ∆Gro = – RT lnK. Explain the significance of your answer in
terms of the yield of the process. [2]
(iv) State the usual operating pressure (in atm) required for the Haber process and
explain why it is necessary for an acceptable yield in the industrial procedure.
[2]
[Total: 6]
21
Cyclohexane can be produced by reacting benzene with hydrogen under certain conditions.
C6H6(g) + 3H2(g) C6H12(g)
Vessel A contains benzene gas at a pressure of x atm and vessel B contains hydrogen gas at
a pressure of 5.67 atm. The flasks were kept at a temperature of 600 K.
When the two flasks are connected and the gases mixed in the presence of a suitable catalyst
with the temperature maintained at 600 K, they react to give gaseous cyclohexane. It was
found that at equilibrium, the partial pressures of cyclohexane and benzene were 0.61 atm
and 2.70 atm respectively.
(a) (i) Write an expression for Kp for this equilibrium. [1]
(ii) Find the partial pressure of hydrogen at equilibrium, given that Kp = 0.0305 atm−3.
[1]
(iii) The two vessels have a combined volume of 6.0 dm3.
Show that the volume of vessel B is 4.0 dm3 and hence determine x. [3]
(b) Using relevant bond energy data from the Data Booklet, calculate the enthalpy change
for the reaction of benzene gas and hydrogen gas to give cyclohexane gas. [2]
(c) Deduce how the Kp will change if:
I the catalyst was removed,
II the temperature was increased.

[3]
[Total: 10]
22
26 - 31 (a) 2.22 mol-1 dm3 36 (b) −162 J mol-1 K-1

(c)(ii) 488 K or 215 oC
27 (a)(iii) 1700 atm-1 32 (c)(iii) 1.17 x 10-8 mol dm-3 37 (a)(ii) +51.9 kJ mol-1
(b)(i) T2 < T1 (a)(iii) 1.77 x 10-4
(b)(ii) A < B
28 (b)(ii) 44.4 atm-1 33 (a)(iii) 0.60 atm, 0.40 atm, 38 (a)(ii) 1.95 atm
2.80 atm (a)(iii) 9.93 atm
(a)(iv) 0.247 atm-1 (b) −132 kJ mol-1
29 (c)(i) 0.124 mol 34 (e)(i) 22 atm, 11 atm
(c)(ii) 0.286 mol dm-3 (e)(ii) 2.98 atm-1
(c)(iii) 0.300
30 (a)(ii) 7.93 x 10-3 mol dm-3 35 -
(b) 1.81 x 10-8 mol dm-3
(c)(i) 3.75 x 10-10 mol dm-3
(c)(ii) 1095 Pa-1
23

08 (H2) Chem Eqm - Final Selected (QNS)

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Chemical Equilibrium Victoria Junior College

VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE

A an equilibrium that is constantly changing its position

A2(g) + 4B(g) 2AB2(g) Kc = 2.4

What is the value of Kc for the following reaction?

AB2(g) ½A2(g) + 2B(g)

NH4NO3(s) NH3(g) + HNO3(g)

A 5.70 × 10−5 B 8.27 × 10−5

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

What is the numerical value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?

A 0.13 B 0.27 C 3.75 D 7.50

2NO2 (g) 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)

P(aq) + Q(aq) 2R(aq) + S(aq)

In a certain mixture with a volume of 1 dm3, when equilibrium is established, the

A between 0.10 mol dm-3 and 0.15 mol dm-3

P(g) + 3Q(g) PQ3(g)

A system containing, P, Q and PQ3 is allowed to reach equilibrium in a 5 dm3 vessel at a

2NO(g) + 2H2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH ˂ 0

Which of the changes increase the Kp of the reaction?

1 Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel

In which reaction would the underlined species represent X?

A 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = −1267 kJ molˉ1

B CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ∆H = −92 kJ molˉ1

C H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ∆H = +54 kJ molˉ1

D N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = +57 kJ molˉ1

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH < 0

Which of the following would favour the oxidation of ammonia?

aA(g) + bB(g) cC(g)

enthalpy change stoichiometric coefficients

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = −197 kJ mol−1

Which of the following statements are correct for an increase in temperature?

1 The equilibrium constant increases.

A 1, 2, 3 and 4 B 2, 3 and 4 only

CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆H = – 41 kJ mol–1

2A(g) 3B(g) + C(g) ∆H = +x kJ mol–1

proposed change value of Kc position of equilibrium

A The catalyst alters the rate of the reaction.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = −197 kJ mol−1

Concentration/ mol dm–3

Which conclusions can be drawn from this information?

C(s) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H = +131 kJ mol–1

proposed change value of Kc Position of equilibrium

Which of the following statements is true?

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Which statements are true about the Haber process?

1 Increasing pressure increases the value of equilibrium constant.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = –196 kJ mol–1

Which factor influences the choice of these conditions?

1 At low pressures, yield is low but the cost of production is low.

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only

H2O(g) + CO(g) H2(g) + CO2(g)

heated sulfur dioxide

initial temperature = 420 oC

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H < 0

Temperature /°C Percentage of sulfur trioxide in the

Using the data in the table above,

Using an assumption of kinetic theory, account for this discrepancy. [2]