MacWorld 8404 April 1984 Premier

Premier Issue $4.
00 The M acintosh M agazine

Canada $4. 75
Macintosh An Exclusive
Apple's Remarkable Look Inside the
New Personal Macintosh
Computer
Word Processing
Tips for
Mac Writers
MacPaint's
Amazing
Electronic
Easel
Steven j obs,
Chairman of the Board,
Apple Computer
·'h Multiplan
A Tour Q Mac Desktop
Programming Preview ·
Macintosh Art Gallery
be Making ofthe Macintosh
MicrosoftS ~test hits
are nowplaying on · tosli.
MULTIPLAN~ The most powerful spreadsheet on the market. CHART. The first truly sophisticated and flexible graphics
system for personal computers.
• File Edit Find Chorocter Poro9roph Document Galler1,t & lit e ld1t fo m Datu
ID demo.doc
THE WQRD YOU'VE BEEN WAITING FOR. fir d nome: Rion

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u a type•riter. More ftelible ant1 powertul tt1an the man expeMhc ded1cai.ed.
•orc!proc:e330n Withteatllte3li•e
• ~9fill...'Jel character formats .. llioldface, ~
/Ulir..r,. cYen supes-xript am1 :JUbXript, dilplaJed on the :w;reen •ithOut
embcdOcd control characters.
• ~ •• ti•C3 JOU the treeaom to experiment and the abillty to reco,-cr from Un lock dolafile. .. th Pl
your mbt.tl:e:s. , 123 N. SS th St.
• Rddttional formatting.£9P..!!!Willll .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'mall tap:3. , 2224 Northslde Dr.
plus multiple fonts and sizes. , t 342 Weotheruone Lon
• ~Utl · ·an euy·to·u3C anl3 efficient pointint ijc:Yict that , 1745 89th Pl. NE
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')• tootnotes,_glossariu, ond \IY!.!tl.!1!.!li1 ·· al'.1.anceo led ture' mo~-·-~.+..•
WORD. Most dedicated word processors can't touch it. FILE. Finally, a data manager advanced enough to be simple.
Microsoft was founded on the idea that computers should

11\1
be simple, easy and intuitive. The new Macintosh environ
l',11 If MOU$£hJ).-0 THEN 150
lt.•J IF ABS<X - MOUSEI l)h5 GOTO 1irJ
ment gives us a great opportunity to prove that idea.
l"/•J IF ABS(Y-MOUSEl2)) < 6THEH l~l'I
181'. • PUT(X.Yl.A
We'll start with four of our high performance programs
1 4~)X • MOUSE(I) Y• MOUSE(2)
:?~~O P\IT(X.Yl.A
to make the most of your Mac. And there are more to come.
~IOGVTO 150 Lots more.
:: 3(1 LINE(O,OH 120.120),,Bf Pioneering like this is nothing new for us. We wrote the first
~:: ., (1 ASPECT•-. I
:fa':'i0 WHILE ASPECT•<20 microcomputer BASIC in 1975 and developed the operating
2r:>(• CIRCLE(60.60>.50.30.,,ASPECT•
no ASPEC T•·ASPECT•• 1 ~ system for the IBM® PC.
!::iiili&lD.!El;;iJ:!~:;:;:;r.;:;:;;;!:;...i;.,!.2'c • WEND
If you'd like to make the most ofyour Mac, call 800-4 26-9400
(in Washington state, call 206-828-8088) for a free brochure
and the name of your nearest Microsoft dealer.
MICROSOFT® BASIC. The industry standard. Plus special
commands for the mouse and bit-mapped graphics.
Microsoft and Multiplan are registered. trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

IBM is a registered crademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
The Macintosh Magazine
• State of the Art .... Review

16 A Tour ofthe Mac Desktop SO MacPaint: the Electronic Easel
Lon Poole Jeffrey S. Young
An introduction to the Mac's uniform The Mac's versatile graphics program
working environment. allows even beginners to draw upon
28 A Mouse in the Hand their creativity.
Daniel Farber 62 Word Processing's New Look
Meet the electronic device that Andrew Fluegelman
communicates your commands to An extensive review of the capabilities
the Mac. of MacWrite, the Mac's native word
34 Inside the Mac processing program.
Matthew Douglas 72 Multiplan Meets the Mac
A close-up look at the hardware that Andrew T. Williams
gives the Mac its amazing power and The Macintosh teams up with
speed. Microsoft's venerable spreadsheet
42 Polishing the Mac program.
David Bunnell 80 Apple's lmagewriter Printer
Microsoft's Bill Gates discusses the Lon Poole
development of the Macintosh. What you see is what you get with the
Imagewriter.
86 Macware News
Edited by Janet McCandless
Announcements of the latest
developments in Macintosh hardware
and software.
2 Volume l, Number 1
Premier Issue
~Hands On • Community
94 Investing with Multiplan 126 The Making ofthe Macintosh
Andrew T. Williams Edited by Andrew Fluegelman
Constructing a simple stock portfolio Reminiscences of the people who
valuation worksheet. created the Mac.
104 Tips for Mac Writers 136 Macworld Gallery
Andrew Fluegelman Edited byJeffrey S. Young
Twenty-five word processing hints to An exhibition of Macintosh graphics.
help you use Mac Write more
efficiently.
110 SimpleSketch
Lon Poole
Programming the Mac in BASIC and
Pascal.
116 The 64K Treasure Chest
Lon Poole
The Macintosh Toolbox units provide Columns
application programmers with a 10A New World
flexible, standard user interface. Andrew Fluegelman
122 Open Window 13 A Letter from the Publisher
Edited by Andrew Fluegelman David Bunnell
An exchange of Macintosh discoveries. 14 NotePad
Jeffrey S. Young
Zooming through the Macintosh
Window
Photo/illustration credits: Apple Computer, 37,

38, 127; David Bishop, 11, 17, 30, 35, 73, 80, 117; Index
Susan Kare, 29, 57, 136- 140; Ed Kashi, 10, 13,
14, 42, 44; Will Mosgrove, cover; Phil
142 Advertisers Index
Schermeister, 128-135; Mick Wiggins, 51.
Macworld 3
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WHAT TO EXPECT1
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Editorial Canadian orders must be paid in U.S. funds. O carry them through. He will worry 0
Editor-in-Chief Andrew Fluegelman Outside the U.S. and Canada subscriptions excessively over difficulties and
Associate Editor: Daniel Farber must be prepaid in U.S. funds with additional be unable to take action. You
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Editorial Manager: Janet McCandless postage at $12 per 12 issues for surface mail creative and work independentl y.
Contributing Editors: Steve Lambert, or $60 per 12 issues for airmail. For 0 Mr. J.R. prefers to work under an 0
Jonathan Littman, Lon Poole,Jeffrey S. Young subscriber service questions call authority with daily routines
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Copy Editors: Jeffrey Bartlett, Erfert Nielson, 800/247-5470 (in Iowa 800/532-1272) or o enjoy statYs and monetary rewards. 0
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Assistant Production Manager: Editorial and business offices: 555 De Haro but needs quiet praise.
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Associate Designers: Dennis McLeod, affiliated in any way with Apple Computer, picture" while Mr. J.R. ie more
Monica Thorsnes Inc. o concerned with details. Prepare to o
Design Associates: Darcy Blake, Molly Apple and Mac are trademarks ofApple give a relati vely detailed
pre~entation. The actual amount
Windsor-McLeod, Donna Sharee Computer, Inc. Macintosh is a trademark o of detail you present depe~ds on the o
Telecommunications Manager: Art Wilcox licensed to Apple Computer, Inc. level of detail Mr. J.R. introduces
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Director Single Copy Sales: George Clark Nine million people read one or more of the 0 and color choice as a way to close 0
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Subscription Director: Carma Winfrey-Hayes group's publications each month. Members The reason for U5ing the "it• !I th~
Dealer Sales Manager: Bill Cox of the publication group include: Argentina: o little things" strategy with Mr. 0
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Management, Computer Business Europe;
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Computing, Hot Coco, InCider, Info World, This typical excerpt from
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May/June, 1984 World, 80-Micro. The Sales Edge TM gives you
Macworld'" (ISSN 0741-8647) is published 6 o specific strategies to make o
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September/October, November, and Copr. ©1984 PC World Communications, Inc. every sales call count. The
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4 May/June 1984
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Congratulations Macworld
from the Macintosh Team
TM
Macintosh is a trademark licensed lo Apple Computer, Inc.

How to
get your Macintosh
progranis to niarlret.
Quicldy.
Call Data Encore. We're already rl[lit;~~:W;ii~
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© 1984 Data Encore . .Apple and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.
SHAR.E
THE
MAC
EXPER.IENCEI
Whether you already own
an Apple Macintosh or are
thinking about buying one,
The Apple Macintosh Book
provides you with a unique
insider's view to this historic
advance in computer
technology.
Cary lu, formerly executive

editor of High Technology
magazine, takes you
behind the scenes with this
step-by-step guide to how
the Mac and Its software
work. You see exactly what
you get-all In the friendly
via-I style of the Mac itself.
Andrew Fluegelman
ANew World
Imagine how the fifteenth-cen We've created Macworld to at expressing enthusiasm nor
tury explorers felt as the first guide us in our journeys of dis inhibited from making
news from the newly dis covery. In each issue we'll or criticisms.
covered Western Hemisphere ganize that guide in four At the end of the Review sec
trickled back to Europe. That is sections. In State ofthe Art tion you'll find a preview of
the only analogy that approxi we'll take a look at the technol three programming languages
mates the excitement and won ogy that makes the Mac such a and "Macware News," a Mac
der that I feel about the remarkable machine and re world department that in
launching of the Macintosh port on new developments that cludes descriptions of new
computer. make it even more capable and hardware and software prod
As a computer journalist and useful. This issue begins with ucts for the Mac.
adventurer, I've had the good Lon Poole's "Tour of the Mac Hands On, the third section
fortune to serve as an explorer, Desktop" and Dan Farber's re of Macworld, shows you how
historian, and guide during the port on the Macintosh mouse. to be more productive and cre
recent unprecedented expan Matthew Douglas' "Inside the ative with your Mac. In this is
sion of the personal computer Mac" describes the ingenious sue we present some tips for
world. When I had my first ex engineering that enables the streamlining your :word pro
perience with the Macintosh, Mac to be so compact and cessing, a short tutorial in for
however, I realized that all my powerful, while Microsoft's Bill matting spreadsheets, and
previous explorations had cov Gates offers his perspective on some easy exercises in BASIC
ered only one continent. the Mac's place in computer and Pascal.
No machine has ever been history. A regular part of the Hands
scaled so perfectly for the indi Our Review section presents On section will be "Open Win
vidual user and for the adven in-depth evaluations of Macin dow," which provides a forum
turesome spirit in such an tosh application programs. In for readers to contribute their
accessible form. I confidently this issue I put MacWrite, the applications tips and other
predict that the Mac will Mac's first word processor, computing insights. In this is
change forever our ideas about through its paces, and Andrew sue Lon Poole shows how he
work and creativity-as well as Williams describes how Multi created a custom letterhead
the way we think about com plan, a well-known electronic using MacPaint and MacWrite.
puters. The Mac represents a spreadsheet program, fares We're looking forward to the
new frontier in computing, and when translated into the Macin "Open Window" expanding as
it's open for all of us to explore, tosh idiom. There is almost no you, our readers, extend the
whether we're computer precedent for MacPaint, the limits of what is possible with
novices or experts. Mac's innovative drawing pro the Mac.
gram. Our review of MacPaint Our final section, Commu
is by Jeffrey Young, who brings nity includes reports on the
the perspective of a perceptive ways in which Mac owners
computer novice to bear on
this unique program. As with
all Macworld reviews, you'll
see that we're not embarrassed
10 Volume 1, Number 1
make use of their machines
and the ways in which the Mac
changes the way we work,
study, and express ourselves.
For our inaugural issue, we've
taken the opportunity to pre
sent the story of "The Making
of the Mac," as told by some of
the people on Apple's Macin
tosh development team.
A regular part of the Com
munity section will be "Mac
world Gallery," a continuing
exhibition of Macintosh art
contributed by readers. Our
first exhibitor is Susan Kare, the
resident Macintosh artist at Ap
ple who designed many of the
graphic images and type fonts
that are part of the Macintosh
environment. We encourage
everyone to take mouse in
hand and send us your
creations.
Does all this sound exciting?
Frankly, I think we've barely
established a beachhead
in this new world.
Beyond the beach
are forests to clear,
mountains to cross,
and wonders awaiting
us that we can hardly
imagine. In practical terms, I
suspect that there are going to
be more people using the Mac
more creatively to enhance
their lives than any computer yet
invented. That's what's got me so
excited about the Macintosh
and the rare opportunity of
bringing it to you through the
pages of Macworld.
Macworld 11
~-·--.
-
Soon after Macintosh joins the Apple
family tree we'll have an ATI training
Congratulations Macintosh! Together
we'll help users- and dealers- bear fruit fast.
program ready to teach you how to use it. Contact ATI, 12638 Beatrice Street,
ATI's "How to Use Your Macintosh" Los Angeles, CA 90066 (213) 546-5579 .
training disk and handbook will join our Dealers: Call (213) 546-4725.
rapidly growing "how-to" series. We'll
also have training programs for all the best
software available for Macintosh.
All ATI training programs take you
through the basics, s~ep-by-step. Our
interactive simulation method lets you
practice as you learn. It's simple and fun! ATI Training Power',. is a rradcmark of American Training International
DATI 'Itain~ Power™

Learn software the natural way.
David Bunnell
Letter from the Publisher
Dear Reader, We believe that the only way In fulfilling this assignment,
Welcome to Macworld and to provide you with the high we need your help. As much as
to a new dimension in personal quality publication you deserve possible we wane Macworld to
computing. as a participant in the Mac revo be a reader-interactive maga
Ideally, computer technology lution is to participate fully zine. Not only will we be
should serve the practical and ourselves. For the staff of providing you with hands-on
intellectual needs of people. Macworld, this is an oppor tips, product reviews, profiles,
The Macintosh takes a major tunity to explore the uncharted and other informative features,
step toward that goal. It is an in potential of the Mac, to share we'll also invite you to partici
triguingly elegant machine to our expertise with Mac users, pate in Mac polls, telecom
which users become attached and to join what surely will be a munication conferences, and
almost from the moment they huge Mac support industry. other special events. We wel
switch it on. The Mac reflects Macworld, the magazine for come your letters even when
the people-oriented perspec Macintosh users, will be your you blast us for something we
tive of the individuals who cre guide through the world of said or how we said it.
ated it, and it will have a Macintosh computing. We are The bottom line is that we
revolutionary impact on the in an autonomous part of the are producing this magazine
dustry in terms of both hard world's largest group of com because we believe in it. Thus,
ware and software design. puter publications, including 32 if we get lots of letters from
Not since the introduction of personal computer magazines you, we'll know we're doing
the IBM Personal Computer around the world. As such, we our job, and that can only spur
(and the Apple II before it) has are independent of Apple Com us on to serve Mac users better.
the personal computing scene puter and have absolute free
been so strongly stimulated by dom to report both the good Sincerely,
a new computer. Before long, and the bad experiences of Mac
there will be thousands of Mac users. We'll tell you when prod
programs and hundreds of pe ucts don't work as advertised as
ripherals as well as books, well as when they do, and Publisher
training programs, user groups, we'll keep you up to date on
and even Mac trade shows. the latest developments in
Macintosh technology and Letters should be mailed
applications. to Letters, Macworld, 555
De Haro St., San Francisco,
CA 94107, or electronical~v
to CompuServe 74055, 415
or The Source STE908.
Macworld 13
NotePad:Jeffrey S. Young
Zooming through
the Macintosh Window
First impressions ofthe Mac by a
computer novice
Let me start by presenting my note. Whatever your prefer drag the pointer across the
credentials for writing this col ence, the horizons of what is screen to the small icons above
umn: I'm a novice when it possible with a computer have the document that graphically
comes to computers. Sound suddenly expanded. depict either single-, double-,
odd? Perhaps, but only if you've Most computers I've seen or line-and-a-half spaced text,
never encountered Apple's that are capable of useful ap and click on the icon with the
Macintosh computer. They've plications are "solemn ma spacing you want-the docu
done their job so well at Apple chines," with a businesslike ment is instantly formatted ac
that within five minutes of sit look and no-nonsense ap cording to your selection.
ting in front of the Mac, I was proach to life. You have to be Don't like that format after
creating documents, pulling extremely motivated (usually you're through with the letter?
down menus, and opening win by a job, or perhaps by a pro Want to go from double to sin
dows on top of windows. And found fascination with gadgetry gle spacing? No big deal-you
not only that, I was having fun and technology) to memorize select the text by clicking the
while I did it. the multiple commands and mouse button at the start of the
That's right,fun. For me, an procedures necessary to make letter and dragging the pointer
outsider to the computer gen the machine work. And maybe to the end of the letter. Next,
eration, the word fun seems once in a while you can run a drag the pointer to the icon
more suited to the world of ar clunky imitation of a video-ar showing the format you now
cade-style computer games, not cade game, pretending that you want and click the mouse but
to a computer capable of per are having fun while knowing ton. The entire body of text is
forming serious applications. that if this entertainment were rearranged before you can
Well, the first time you use from the not-too-distant past, it blink. Perhaps you don't like
the FatBits feature in the Mac would have come packaged in a the new arrangement once you
Paint graphics program, see nice cardboard box with the see it. No problem, just click
your drawing expanded on ominous phrase "fun for all the mouse button on the icon
screen to the dot-by-dot level, ages" emblazoned upon it. representing the original for
and watch a reduced image of You don't need an en mat or choose the Undo com
the entire drawing in the cor cyclopedic manual to get mand from the Edit menu, and
ner of the window change as started with the Mac. Basic the document instantly reap
you replace each dot, I guaran word processing operations, pears in its original format.
tee that you'll be having fun. Or such as changing the line spac Sound too easy? Maybe, but I
maybe you'd prefer to select ing of a document, are so sim for one always figured that
one of the many type fonts ple and efficient that even the some of those brilliant com
available in MacWrite to write most computerphobic people puter people would eventually
your next memo-I can't wait will feel less intimidated by the come up with a way for all of us
to send someone a memo in machine. noncomputer types to use
Old English. And perhaps you'd With other computers I've these machines without dras
like to place a drawing of your used, changing the line spacing tically changing our lives-that
dog or cat in the middle of a of a document involves typing a is, without learning some
series of cryptic commands. new language of keyboard
Forget those nightmares when hieroglyphics.
you use the Mac. With the Mac
intosh mouse in hand, you just
14 Volumel,Numberl
The Macintosh concept of And perhaps more impor of thinking in mostly verbal difference, or is the Mac just an
the desktop environment, with tantly, I feel in command of the terms will take time co reverse. other mutation of the glorified
files and folders, windows on Mac. I don't think I can make But I'll venture a guess that electronic beast of che late
top ofother windows, and that point trongly enough: within a year I'll be thinking rwentiech century? These are
commands that can be acti from the moment I switched on "visually," taking into account questions that will be answered
vated with a simple accion of the computer (without the aid the possibilities for graphics in in the years to come.
your wrisc and the mouse, is a of any instructions) and en all my work. That expansion of However, my intuition tells
powerful analogy to the way countered its desktop-Uke my "mental palette" is an excit me that the Mac will change the
those of us still living in the screen, I knew that I was in the ing prospect. Where Jt will lead way people chink about com
precomputer age organize in presence, not of an enemy ma is the kind of open-ended puters. There are m illions of
formation. I have fi les in draw chine to be saddle broken and question that the Mac asks so people like me who don't want
ers and others scattered across conquered, but of an intellec well- and so far refuses to an to have to go very far ouc of
the top of my desk (more on tual friend that was going to swer with any finite limit. their way to use a computer.
cop than I care to admit). I have take care of certain heretofore The Mac will work for us be
a large collection of pens, pen monotonous and unwieldy cause at its root, it's more
cils, scissors, glues, paper dips, tasks. The Mac may powerful than mosc of those
thumbtacks, cellophane cape, What I didn't know (and cer other personal computers (sim
erasers, rubber bands, and di tainly didn't expecc from a become the first ple elegance, such as the ease
verse notepads cluttering my computer) was that the ma with which the Mac works, is
desk. I open or close files as chine would also stimulate my truly mass-mar always the most difficult thing
they are needed, take informa creative juices in a way I hadn't to produce), and it reflects the
tion from one file and puc it into encountered since I first dis ket computer. practical needs of people, not
another, create new files, and covered the opposite sex in the technically oriented designers.
throw files in the trash. elghth grade. For me, using che The Mac may become the Let's see, if I select the
The overall organization of Mac is like wandering into an first truly mass-market com paintbrush from the tool pal
the Mac desktop is similar to overstocked playpen of the puter simply because it doesn't ette, choose that herringbone
my work habits, and it replaces mind, where each path leads co take any special language co panern I love so much, and
many of those archaic desk ac another path and each discov make it work. Whoever you are, start to fill in the series of con
cessories with more efficient ery produces more avenues to whatever you do, you don't centric circles I just created. ..
electronic devices. I feel more explore. need to be computer literate to well, I don't know if it will give
organized and comfortable By expanding the skills I use it. And yet the simplicity of Picasso a run for his money, but
with my "electronic" desktop, have ac hand and che tools I the Mac hides a more advanced ic is certainly all mine.
especially the way in which I use, the Mac has expanded my computer than has ever before Drag the pointer, open a new
can control th e entire set of op artistic and intel lectual bound made it to the personal com window, and take a look out
erations on the screen with the aries. For instance, I haven't puter consumer marketplace. imo che fucure. Maybe even
mouse and one hand-I lean drawn a picture for years, pri What do the innovations of climb th.rough that window:
back, stretch out my arm, and marily because I'm so hopeles.5 the Mac portend for the future? The Macintosh computer has
edit with ease. No more an artist. U ing MacPaint, how What are kids going to be like arrived.
hunkering over the keyboard ever, I'm rediscovering the lan when they never have co learn
and typing draft after draft of guage of graphic images-I how to use a pencil or an
not-quite-perfect prose. feel like an electronic Picasso. eraser? Will the Macintosh or
What will be the final result its successors make any lasting
of that new perspective? I don't
know, and the ingrained habit
Macworld 15
• State of the Art: Systems
ATourofthe
Mac Desktop
Lon Poole
With the Macintosh, Imagine driving a car that has no steering wheel, ac
Apple has added a celerator, brake pedal, turn signal lever, or gear selec
new dimension to tor. In place of all the familiar manual controls, you
computing. Based have only a typewriter keyboard.
on the concept of Any time you want to turn a corner, change lanes,
a desktop working slow down, speed up, honk your horn, or back up, you
environment, the have to type a command sequence on the keyboard.
Mac allows you to Unfortunately, the car can't understand English sen
do more with a tences. Instead, you must hold down a special key with
personal com one finger and type in some letters and numbers, such
puter-and more as "S20:TL:A35," which means, "Slow to 20, turn left,
importantly, do it and accelerate to 35."
more easily and If you make typing mistakes, one of three things
naturally- than will happen. If you type an unknown command, the
ever before. car radio will bleat and you will have to type the com
mand again. If what you type happens to be wrong but
is nevertheless a valid command, the car will blindly
obey. (Imagine typing A95 instead of A35.) If you type
something the manufacturer didn't anticipate, the car
will screech to a halt and shut itself off.
No doubt you could learn to drive such a car if
you had sufficient motivation and determination. But
why bother, when so many cars use familiar controls?
Most people wouldn't.
Most people don't bother to use a personal com
puter for the same reasons they wouldn't bother with a
keyboard-controlled car. Working on a computer isn't a
natural skill, and the benefits hardly seem worth the
hassle of learning how to get work done in an un
familiar environment. If you make a typing mistake,
the computer may do nothing, tell you it doesn't un
derstand, do the wrong thing, shut itself down, or de
stroy all the work you've done and then shut itself
down. Who cares if the machine is theoretically thou
sands of times more efficient than pencil and paper?
If using the machine rattles you so much that you can't
get anything done, it is in fact less efficient and may
waste more time than it saves.
•••••••••••
The Mac desktop con
tains small pictures, or
icons, that represent
the programs and doc
uments stored on the
disk inserted in the
Mac's disk drive.
Macworld 17
• State ofthe Art
What if a computer could let you work in a famil ,.. • File Edit Uiew Special
iar environment, similar to the way you work at your
desk? You could put things you wanted to work with on
top of the "desk," move them around, put documents
into folders or files, and even throw things into the
trash. This description accurately fits the working en
vironment of Apple's Macintosh computer. The things
you work with on your desk appear not as words and
numbers in regimented lines, but as graphic objects
located on the Mac screen.
Icons
The Mac desktop, being somewhat smaller than
the average desk it models, doesn't have room enough
for life-sized objects. At first, objects appear on the
Mac desktop as small pictures called icons. On the
Mac, an icon is a symbol for some concept or object. Figure I
For example, when you switch on the Mac and insert a 1be Mac desktop. The Write/Paint disk icon represents the doc
disk, the screen shows two disk-shaped icons and a uments andprograms stored on the current disk; the Alter
trash can (see Figure 1). As a graphic image, an icon nate Disk icon is usedfor copying.filesfrom one disk to
can remind you about what it represents better than another; and the trash can icon holds discarded documents.
words alone.
Each icon represents a specific collection of infor
mation. To avoid ambiguity, icons also have labels. The
disk icon (labeled Write/Paint in Figure 1) represents
the documents and programs stored on the disk in
serted into the Mac's disk drive. The dimmed disk icon
labeled Alternate Disk is used for copying files from
one disk to another, and the trash can icon labeled
Trash holds documents and programs waiting to be
purged from the disk.
Pointers and the Mouse

On a real desktop, you move things around. You
may work with one document or file for a while,
switch to another, do some minor calculations, check
the time, and then create a new file. When you finish
working on something, you want to put it away some
where convenient (such as in a file drawer) so you can Figure2
retrieve it later. The Mac lets you do all these things, Dragging an icon. As you hold down the mouse button and
but the things you work with exist as graphic images move the pointer, an outline ofthe selected icon moves across
on the Mac's electronic desktop. the screen.
Since you can't touch things on the Mac desktop,
you need some form of remote control. The mouse is
the key to working on the Mac desktop. Sliding the
mouse on a smooth surface moves a pointer on the
screen. Slide the mouse in any direction-up, down,
sideways, or diagonally-and the on-screen pointer
will move the same distance in the same direction (see
"A Mouse in the Hand" for an in-depth view of the Mac
intosh mouse).
Moving the mouse moves the pointer, but press
ing the mouse button makes things happen. For exam
ple, you can move an icon by placing the pointer over
it, pressing and holding down the mouse button, and
then dragging the icon to a new location. The moment
Figure3
The File menu. To select a command, drag the pointer down
the menu and release the mouse button when the command is
highlighted.
,.. .,
• File Edit Uiew Special
11 items 322K in disk
~ ~
~ ~
Mac'w'rite MacPaint Memo 1/24 Letter brc
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0Drafts
0
Pictures
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Flgure4
The disk wlndo The lca11. repre ent the docum Ill. andpro
grams on the current di k.
you press the mouse button, the Jeon b b..iglilighP<l. As you know tJ1e pe:,. o t on tJ1e Mac. Most people com
the poinc rm ve , it drags an utl ine fthe Icon and plaJn that menus take over the SCI' n, making the in
Its label along. The outU ne show u where the icon formation they're ac ting on invisible. Not on the Mac.
wUJ appear when you rel ase th m u e buuon (se Most people say even wich a menu you still end up typ
Fi ~ure 2). ing In a code number r le tter. Not on the Mac. Mac
Moving the pointer over an Icon and pri ing and menus are unobtrusive and fa t, and requlre no ty ping.
releasing the mouse butt n highlights th le u. This The Ma de·ktop has five prlmar m nus-Appl ,
mouse a t.k>n, lied clicking, ·elects th object but Fil , Edit, lew, anc.l pecJ.al-that stretd1 ~ ro the
does nothing except hJghl.Jglu it; you ·ti ll mu ·1 peclfy top fthe ·creen. These menus provide all the om
an action. ln other word , you must give a command. mands for organizing ~md working n the d ktop. You
can do everything from opening and cl ing files to
Menus rearmnging l on . The Mac hjdes lL'i menu commands
On most compute r sysr ms, you l · ue a command under tJ1e menu tltJes. When u move the pointer
by typing arcane word or ymbols on the key arid. over one of tJ1e menu titles and press the mo use but
Remembering uch command i d lfficulc n ugh ton , a list of c mmands drops down from the menu
from day to day. Go to H.awai..i fl r a week, and you can bar, Lempora.rily overla ing a small pare of the sO"een.
plan on a sessi n with the manual when you return. The Apple menu (repre e med b che apple, ym
The Mac neve r ore you to remember command bol) contains a selection of desktop accessories and
words or type commands on the keyboard. AU Mac controls ( ee "Desktop ccessor:ies" fi r a comprehen
commands are Listed in menu , and you choose them lve look at the Apple menu options). The File menu
with the mouse. Don't let other menus · u haves n lists commands for working with files (see figure 3),
or heard about pr judlce you against Mac menu . Mo t
people say menus are great when you're learning
something, but they slow you down t o much when
Macworld 19
• State of the Art
Desktop Accessories
Daniel Farber
You've probably noticed the apple in the

upper-left corner of the desktop menu bar
and wondered what it does. If you press
and hold down the mouse button on this
icon, a list of options will appear instantly.
These are the soon-to-be-well-known Mac
intosh desk accessories, which are manipu
lated with the mouse and are available as
part of any application program for the
Mac. The desk accessories provide a num
ber of useful functions similar to those
performed by objects on your "real" desk
top. The Mac also allows you to create your
own desk accessories. The following are
brief descriptions of each accessory. The NotePad, Clock, Puzzle, and Calculator have functions
•Calculator. The hand-held cal similar to those "real" objects on y our desktop.
culator rose to prominence in the 1970s,
joining pencil and paper as necessary tools
of every student, consumer, and busi
nessperson. The Mac partially replaces
those "concrete" objects, not only by re
ducing the need for pencil and paper, but
also by providing a basic four-function,
hand-held calculator. You can use the
mouse to click on the numbers and func
tion symbols, or you can perform calcula
tions using the keyboard or the numeric
keypad. Results of calculations can be cut
and pasted into another desk accessory or
into any document , and numbers from a
document can be pasted into the calcula
tor's display.
• Clock. We live in a time-conscious
era; we have clocks on our desks, walls, Key Caps displays the Mac 's optional character set.
stoves, cars, and wrists. The Mac also has a
clock that can be placed on the desktop. It
gives you the current date and time and has ' • File Edit Uiew Speciol
an alarm that can be set with the mouse.
't{)u can copy the date and time and paste
them into other documents or accessories.
• Key Caps. The Macintosh comes
with a set of optional characters. The Key
Caps accessory shows the characters you
can type while holding down either the
Option, Shift, or Caps Lock key. lb get the
character you want, you can click it whi le
you are in the Key Caps accessory or type
the particular key combination on the key
board. Characters typed in the Key Caps
window can be edited, and vou can cut and
paste them into any docum~nt or desk
accessory.
The Scraphook stores ima~es or text tbat you usefrequenl~) '.
20 Volume 1, Numher 1
• Puzzle. When you need some re
lief from a difficult computing task, you can clo ck
select the Puzzle option. The Apple menu
puzzle is an electronic simulation of the fa §:0 Co ntrol Panel tommand
miliar plastic tile number scramble. You blinking
click on the "titles" to move the numbers
into sequential positions. Whenever you insertion point
close the Puzzle the titles are rescrambled. blinking
• NotePad. Tuking notes or memos
has become an essential action in our fast keyboard
paced society. People carry around scraps repeat rate
of paper covered with phone numbers and
financial figures, and appointment books keyboard
stuffed with daily reminders. You may not response rate
be able to carry your Mac around, but you
can keep your notes and messages in the speaker mou se de sktop double - click
NotePad. It holds up to eight numbered uolum e t rac k i ng pa ttern speed
pages of text that are automatically saved
on the disk in a special NotePad file. Note
Pad text is editable, and you can cut and The Control Panel allows you to comrol nine system functions at any time.
paste text into and out of it. Clicking on the
turned-back corner of a page brings up the
next page, and clicking on the bottom-left numbers causes a slower repeat rate) and speed up the mouse movement. Having
corner brings up the previous page. This the keyboard response rate (the length of the faster mouse tracking speed in opera
accessory is handy for jotting down notes time a key must be held down before it tion facilitates taking action on the screen.
that you want to keep separate from a doc produces a repeating character). Clicking a The other mouse control determines
ument you're working on. If you are in the low number mean you'll have to hold what time span qualifies as a double-click.
midst of a spreadsheet application and sud down the key longer to get a repeating This may sound like an abstract concept,
denly get an idea for the final chapter of character; clicking 0 disables the character but being able to control double-clicking
your mystery novel, jot it down in the repeat feature. speed lets users adjust the computer to
NotePad. You can also control the blinking rate their styles, rather than vice versa. The set
• Scrapbook. People often use a of the in ertion point (vertical bar) and the ting with the arrows closest together is the
graphic image or a portion of text for sev command selection bar. When you drag mo t rapid double-clicking speed.
eral purposes. The Mac has a Scrapbook the pointer over a command in a pull The desktop pattern control feature
file for collecting images and text you want down menu, for example, the command is has a purely aesthetic function. It allows
to keep available. For example, if you have highlighted. When you release the mouse you to specify the pattern used for the
a standard letterhead or logo you use fre button, the highlighted command blinks desktop. The default setting is a neutral,
quently, you can copy or cut it into the according to the level et in the Control SO-percent gray pattern. You can scroll
Scrapbook. When you want to paste that el Panel. ( etting the blinking rate at 0 dis through more than 30 patterns, ranging
ement into a document, scroll through the ables the feature.) These two options help from solid black or white to crosshatch
contents of the Scrapbook file until the im users to control the visual cues on the ings, brick pauerns, and wave forms. You
age you want appears and then click the desktop. can even customize your own pattern by
Paste button in the window. 1\vo controls govern the actions of the editing the pattern in the FatBit portion of
• Control Panel. If any feature typ mouse. The mouse tracking control deter the pattern window.
ifies this machine's design as a user-scaled mines whether the movement of the The Macintosh might well have been
computer, it's the set of custom options mou e on the desktop will produce a successful without the Control Panel. The
available in the Control Panel. Calling up corresponding one-for-one, dot-by-dot fact that Apple programmer Andy Hertzfeld
this subprogram permits you to control movement of the pointer on the screen. took the time to design it-and that Apple
nine system functions at any time. 1\vo of Setting the mouse tracking control at 0 put his creation into the final product-re
them are fairly straightforward; one lets maintains a constant, dot-by-dot pointer flect the overall concept of the Macintosh
you adjust the volume of the internal speed. Setting the control at 1 causes the style of computing.
speaker, and another resets the time and pointer to move farther, skipping every
date on the Control Panel clock. other dot on the screen, but only when you
Some of the other controls are truly • • • • • • • • • • • Daniel Farber is
innovative. You can specify both the rate at the Assistant Editor of Macworld.
which the keys repeat (clicking the lower
Macworld 21
and the Edit menu contains basic editing commands. Windows

The View menu lets you organize your files by icon, When you want to look at the information that
name, date, size, or kind on the desktop. The Special one of the icons represents, you open a window. To
menu includes two options: Clean Up arranges the open the disk icon, for example, you first select the
icons in orderly rows and columns, and Empty Trash icon by clicking the mouse button while the pointer is
deletes files permanently from the disk. over the disk icon. The icon is highlighted to confirm
Menus operate as if they were spring-loaded. As that you have selected it. Next, you choose the Open
long as you hold down the mouse button, the menu command from the File menu. An outline zooms out of
choices (commands) stay in view; when you release the icon and the screen almost fills up with a rectangu
the mouse button, the menu choices disappear back lar "window" containing icons that represent the docu
under the menu bar. While you hold down the mouse ments and programs on the disk (see Figure 4). The
button, you can drag the pointer down the menu. Each selected icon becomes hollow (all white) to show that
menu choice is highlighted temporarily as the pointer you have opened it, and the disk icon's name appears
passes over it. You choose a command from the menu in a title bar at the top of the window. The line below
by releasing the mouse button when the command the title bar gives information including the number of
you want is highlighted. Also, some of the menu com files, the amount of disk space they take up, and the
mands have keyboard equivalents, which are listed amount of disk space available.
next to the corresponding command. A more efficient way to open an icon is to double
All of the available commands appear in black click the mouse button (quickly press and release
type. Sometimes it doesn't make sense to use some of it twice); this action selects the icon and opens a
the commands. Commands that are out of context in window.
any particular situation appear in gray, or dimmed, Some of the icons represent folders that can con
type. They are not highlighted when you move the tain other programs and documents, similar to file
pointer over them, and you cannot choose them. In folders on your office desk that combine separate files.
the File menu, for example, you cannot Close or Print You can see the contents of a folder by selecting and
a document unless you first Open it. opening that folder. A new window will appear on the
desktop, displaying the icons that represent the
files stored in the folder (see Figure 5). You can store
r • file Edit Uiew Spe cia l
folders within folders and use them to organize your
Drafts files so that windows don't get cluttered with too many
documents.
~
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~
Portrait
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Draft 1 /17
[!
Draft 1 /21
~
Draft 1/24
r • File Edit Uiew Special
,
iJ iJ
MisceUonE"Ous ll'MfE.x
Portrait
~
Draft 1 /1?
~
Draft 1 /2 1
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Draft 1 /24
Figure5
A window showing the
contents ofa folder.
Each folder contains
documents and pro
grams, which in turn Flgure6
can contain other Overlapping windows.
documents and You can ope,n several
folders. windows at once; the
topmost window is the
active window.
The Mac lets you open several windows simul NASA rocket control specialist to use them effectively.
taneously. Select another icon, choose the Open com The Mac displays controls to suit the situation. You use
mand from the File menu or double-dick on the the mouse to activate buttons and adjust control knobs
selected icon, and another window zooms into exis displayed on the screen. For example, the disk win
tence. Each new window you open overlaps the exist dow, like most windows, has several controls built in
ing windows. You may see the edges of existing (see Figure 7). The Mac displays the controls only
windows sticking out underneath the new window, or when the window is active, however. To close an active
the new window may completely hide everything un window, you can click the mouse button while the
der it. Windows can also cover up the icons on the Mac pointer is over the close box at the left side of the title
desktop (see Figure 6). bar. Clicking in this displayed box has the same effect
The window on top, or frontmost window, is as choosing the Close command from the File menu.
called the active window. You can bring any window to (Sawy Mac users will quickly discover many time
the top and make it the active window by putting the saving shortcuts.)
pointer anywhere on it (even an edge that's sticking The small box displayed in the lower-right corner
out behind another window) and clicking the mouse of most active windows gives you control over the size
button. You can remove the active window from the of the window. To make the window narrower, use the
Mac desktop by choosing the Close command from mouse to drag this size box to the left. To make th~
the File menu. The icon that the window came from window wider, drag the size box to the right. Drag the
sucks the information back, the window disappears, size box up and the window gets shorter; drag it down
and the icon resumes its normal appearance. and the window gets taller. Drag the size box on a di
You can also move windows around on the Mac agonal to change both height and width simultaneous-
desktop. If you place the pointer over the title bar of a
window, press and hold down the mouse button, and close boH title bar
slide the mouse, a flickering outline of the window is
Write / Point
dragged on the desktop. Let go of the mouse button, 323K in di sk
and the window jumps to the new location. When you
move a window by this method, it becomes the top
most window. However, holding down the 3€ key MacWrite MacPaint
I IJ
Memo 1/24 Letter brc
while you drag a window allows you to move the win
dow without disturbing its relative position in the pile.
This feature is an example of an "advanced" desktop
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scroll bar
System Folder Empty Folder Mop Invite Logo
management skill that you soon learn after a few work

sessions with the Mac. 0 0
Sometimes windows get buried. Unfortunately, Drafts Pictures
there's no way to get a side view of the Mac desktop to

see what might be under the frontmost window. But
you can always relocate windows or change their sizes size
to uncover the ones underneath. r ight arrow bOH
Window Controls
hor izonta l scroll bar
Think about the appliances you use. They have
pushbuttons, knobs, dials, and other types of controls.
Figure 7
Because the Mac desktop is a general purpose infor
mation processing appliance, it needs many different Window controls en
controls. You've seen the way elaborate stereo systems able you to change a
bristle with knobs, buttons, and dials. Imagine adding window's size, scroll
a television, telephone, and pocket calculator to that vertically or horizon
collection. Pretty intimidating, but nothing compared tally within it, or close
to what the Mac would look like if it had separate.con an active window
trols for everything it did. using the mouse.
Most computers handle the control problem by
overworking the keyboard. A few add some so-called
function keys, but you have to be a double-jointed
Macworld 23
ly. Changing the window size does not change the size Dialog and Alert Boxes
ofwhat's displayed, it just changes the amount of infor The Mac takes the unexpected in stride. When
mation you can see at once (see Figure 8). something unusual happens, it displays a special win
Sometimes a window doesn't show all of its con dow to inform you of the exceptional circumstances.
tents, even if you've fully extended its size. Fortunately, You may have to click some buttons to cancel or con
the scroll bar controls let you scan back and forth over tinue an action, manipulate some other controls, or
the available information. Most windows have two even type a name on the keyboard. These special win
scroll bars. One, located on the left edge of the win dows, called dialog boxes, appear only for the pur
dow, controls up-and-down movement. The other, lo pose of getting supplemental information from you,
cated at the bottom of the window, controls side-to information needed to proceed with the task at hand
side movement. (see Figure 9). If the special window appears because
Of the many ways to use scroll bars, the simplest of some potentially dangerous situation (such as when
is to click the arrow that points in the direction you your disk is almost full), it is called an alert box (see
want the window to move over the information. (Actu Figure 10). The appearance of an alert box may be ac
ally, the window stays put on the screen and the infor companied by one or two beeps from the Mac's
mation moves under it, but the effect is the same as if speaker.
the window had moved in the direction of the arrow
used.) If you press and hold the mouse button instead
r • Edit Search Format Font Style
of just clicking it, the window keeps moving. As the
Draft 2/3
window moves, a small white box, the scroll box, also
moves. The scroll box gauges the window's position Chapter IV
relative to the top and bottom, left and right edges of
the screen.
T Saue current document as Write/Pai ••• years to a time
!Draft 2/4
r • File Edit Ulew Speciol Eject
d in climate
[ Saue ~ Cancel Driue
Write / Point orce that
3 4fiK ift disk 181 Entire Document O TeHt Only
d6:n====~=;r==~<====~lose ly or as
MacWrite MacPaint
I. _, some kind of electronic Einstein that put man into space. The
development of personal computers has somewhat modified that
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Figure9
A dialog box appears
CJ when the Mac needs
Droft s Pfotur•s
additional informa
tion to proceed.
Figures
Small and large win
dows. Changing a win
dow's size affects the
amount ofinforma
tion visible at one
time.
Application Programs The Universal Interface
The commands available from the menu bar and Although the specific commands and controls are
the controls displayed on the screen vary depending different from one program to the next, all Mac pro
on the program you use. Every program has an icon, grams adhere to certain conventions, including the
and opening that icon starts the program. Starting a use of icons, windows, menus, and the mouse. Once
program opens a window in which you can display a you discover a way to do something in one program,
document of your choice. You can create a new docu you can apply the same principles in other Mac pro
ment or call up an existing document from the disk. grams (see ''The Mac Way" for more information about
The program also displays its own menu bar and con the Macintosh user interface). For example, the
trols that you can use to inspect and change the method for moving information from one part of a
document. document to another is uniform, no matter what kind
Generally speaking, you can also start a program of information is involved. That procedure, called cut
by opening a document that you created with it. You andpaste, is done entirely with the mouse and the
can start the MacWrite word processing program, for Edit menu (see Figure 11). The steps are as follows:
example, by opening a letter you wrote using it. You do 1. Select the information to be moved.
this by double-clicking on the icon representing that 2. Choose the Cut comm.and from the Edit menu.
document. 3. Select the insertion point.
On the Mac, however, you can run only one pro 4. Choose the Paste command from the Edit
gram at a time; you can't open a MacWrite window at menu.
the same time you have a MacPaint window open. Ap
ple had to leave something for the Lisa to do better.
Sp er ial
(You can, however, open and use a desk accessory pro ':C<?
gram while you are using another program, and you Wri1 e /Pai nt
can place MacPaint drawings into MacWrite docu ~( 347K in disk
ments as explained below.) 3€U
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Font Style
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[Q
Lo90
dehumaniied society by monitoring tax returns too closely or as
some kind of e lectronic Einstein that ut man into s ace. The CJ

Crofts Picturt-s
Almost out of memory I Is It OK If you can't Undo or repeat
Paste?
l Go flheadJ
1-1,11,:.
Ftguren
The Edit menu. The
Cut and Paste com
mands are used to
move text or graphics
from one part ofa
FlgurelO document to another.
An alert box warns
ofa potentially dan
gerous situation.
Macworld 25
You can copy information by choosing the Copy
command instead of the Cut command in step 2. Copy
and paste is completely analogous to cut and paste but
does not delete the original information. Either way, TheMacWay
the procedure works if the information comes from
one document and goes to another, even if the docu Most computers don't have a uniform
ments were created by d ifferent programs. It doesn't working environment, or universal inter
matter whether you transfer text to text, text to a draw face , like the Macintosh. Consequently,
ing, a drawing to a drawing, or a drawing to text. every application ends up with a different
way of doing the same thing. Trying to re
A Personable Computer member those various wavs can be verv
The popular notion of computers dates back 15 or frustrating. All of the applications currently
20 years to a time when computers studded with flash available on the Mac share the same work
ing lights hunkered in climate-controlled rooms. ing environment. If you learn how to edit
People viewed computers either as a force that de text using Mac Write, for example, you can
humanized society by monitoring tax returns too expect the same basic techniques to work
closely or as some kind of electronic Einstein that put in MacPaint and Multiplan. Of course,
man into space. The development of personal comput MacWrite will allow you to do more with
ers has somewhat modified that perception. Progres text than wil l MacPaint or Multiplan, but
sive thinkers now regard computers as impersonal all Mac applications have a un iform ap
machines, just so many keys to press and commands to proach to fundamental tasks.
remember. Rudeness is probably the only characteris Exploring a new application will not
tic anyone would anthropomorphically attribute to be an intimidating or frustrating experi
them. ence because you will be able to apply
The Mac, on the other hand, is a responsive, ac what you already know from working with
tive, engaging information processing appliance that is other applications. You may start by learn
incidentally a computer. It doesn't intrude. It is quiet, ing how to draw using MacPaint and find it
takes little space, and doesn't ask you to remember so entertaining that you will actually pro
anything. When you insert a disk, the screen fi lls with duce something useful, such as a map to
icons representing objects you find on or around your your house or a letterhead for your per
desk. These graphic images soon become very famil sonal stationery. That success will encour
iar to you, like the actual papers, folders, trash can, age you to try writing letters and memos
and documents they imitate. You copy a document, using MacWrite. Because that experience
choose a command, drag an icon, cut and paste a para was so painless, you'll brave Multiplan to
graph, sketch an illustration, sum a column of num create a budget or an expense account. The
bers, all by manipulating objects on the screen with working atmosphere is so familiar and con
the mouse. You tell the Mac what to do and it reacts, sistent from one application to the next that
not the other way around. You think , ''This electronic you will find yourself doing things you
desktop may not be so absurd or useless after all." never thought you would even try, with or
Finally, a computer that doesn't act like one. without a computer.
All this talk may seem a bit odd or
even pointless if you already use another
••••••••••• personal computer and feel comfortable
with it. You probably have some handy ref
Macintosh
Apple Computer, Inc. erence cards listing all the commands for
205~5 Mariani Ave. the programs you use, so if something
Cupertino, CA 95014 should slip your mind, you can easily look
8001538-9696; in California it up.
8001662-9238 But admit it, aren't there times when
List price: $2495 (includes Macintosh, you growl in anguish as your computer
keyboard, mouse, owner's manual, deletes the wrong file because of a typo
system disk, blank disk, power cord,
programmer's switch, two Apple
decals, and tutorial disk and audio
cassette)
graphical error? (Such errors are impos It's not surprising that the first applica
sible on the Mac because vou never need tions for the Mac use consistent methods
to type commands.) Don't you wish you and can share information. What about the
could move the cursor diagonally, not just applications to come? Apple is encouraging
up, down, and sideways? (With the mouse independent program developers to create
you can move quickly from one point di new applications for the Mac. It will be up
rectly to another.) Wouldn't you like to get to the programmers who develop new ap
rid of the pencil and paper you use to re plications to observe the rules and provide
mind yourself of which seven cells you Mac users with a consistent, familiar work
want to add together for a total in a spread- ing environment. Fortunately, they have at
least three good reasons to do so:
• Mac owners will be more likely to
All ofthe ap buy software that they find familiar and
consistent and hence easy to learn. Given
plications currently the choice between two programs with
comparable features, people will always
available on the Mac pick the one that is similar to the programs
they already have. MacPaint, MacWrite,
share the same work and Multiplan will set the de facto stan
dard working environment against which
ing environment. all other programs will be measured.
• Program developers will not have to
invent, describe, and justify their own
sheet? (All you do on the Mac is point at unique operating environment. Apple has
each cell or at a range of cells, and the pro already put years of research, development,
gram remembers for you.) And suppose and testing into the design of the Mac desk
you had a word processor you could use top model. It is general and flexible
without having to remember dozens of enough to work in almost any application.
control codes. Who knows, you might be • The tools that programmers need to
tempted to type your own letters and create the prescribed settings and trap
memos, rather than writing them out long pings of the desktop environment are built
hand and having someone else type and into the Mac. It costs programmers nothing
retype them. (You never have to use a con to use them. In fact, using them means less
trol code in MacWrite.) programming, not more, and a more reli
Switching to the Mac from another able program that uses less memory can be
computer will be far less trouble than try finished and bring in revenue sooner.
ing to remember the multitude of com If program developers use their imag
mands for the applications you have inations to come up with innovative ap
alreadv learned. You have a head start over plications while staying consistently within
computer newcomers because you know the Mac working environment, Apple's
word processing concepts such as word dream of a universal interface will become
wrap, page headers, boldface characters, a reality, and the computing power of the
and justified margins, or spreadsheet con Mac will be accessible to a wider range of
cepts such as column replication, summing users.
a range of cells, and dollar formats. All you
have to do is learn how to get around on
the electronic desktop. (Don't forget that
what you learn about in one application
will stand you in good stead in another.)
Macworld 27
~ State of the Art: Hardware
A Mouse in the Hand
Daniel Far ber
The Macintosh desktop en The juxtaposition of a mouse and a com ture from the lower end of the evolution
vironment was designed to puter on a modern office desktop or your ary tree (or a mechanized gimmick) can
make working on a personal cozy office at home might seem strange in replace the human intelligence embodied
computer easier and more deed. Is it some kind of marriage between in a typewriterlike machine.
productive. And the key to high technology and the rodent popula But after you spend a few minutes
working in that environment tion, or an example of the arcane Silicon moving the mouse around and performing
is the mouse. This little, hand Valley sense of humor? simple operations on a computer like the
held device puts you in con Actually, the mouse is not new to com Mac, the thought of a standard cursor and
trol ofall the Mac's unique puters. It has been around since the early the familiar keyboard seems less appeal
features. 1960s when Douglas Engelbart, an associ ing. At first you may have problems coordi
ate at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), nating your hand and eyes as you move the
created a small, mouse-shaped device mouse and simultaneously watch the
with three protruding control buttons pointer move on the screen. You may end
that looked like ears and a cable connect up playing "chicken" with the mouse and
ing the device to the main unit of the the end of your desk as you try to figure
computer that looked like a mouse tail. out how to reach the topmost cell of a
Engelbart's objective was to design interac worksheet without sliding the mouse off
tive computer aids that made using the the desk (just pick up the mouse and try
machine more natural and less alienating. again, and you'll get your bearings). But
Basically, the mouse works as a com after a few hours, you'll feel like an expert
bination cursor-movement and all-purpose as you edit a letter or work on your budget
function key that allows you to operate a with newfound ease and speed.
computer independent of the keyboard. Using a mouse draws on an innate
With the Macintosh mouse, for example, human skill: pointing. It's as natural as
you slide the device over a smooth surface throwing a ball, but more importantly, it in
with your hand, and the graphic pointer on creases your productivity and frees you
the screen precisely follows its movement. from the constraints of the keyboard. Be
A single button on top of the mouse allows cause the mouse minimizes use of the key
you to select information or objects and ac board, you can concentrate on what's
tivate commands. Essentially, the keyboard happening on the screen, and you won't
is a supplement to the mouse in the Macin have to memorize or look up all sorts of
tosh desktop environment. keyboard command codes to do your
work. For tasks that don't require extensive
The Desktop Mouse typing, a mouse in the hand is an efficient
Most people's first reaction to the device.
mouse or even the idea of a mouse-driven
menu system is skepticism; they are leery
of the mouse and cannot conceive of a
computer without the noble keyboard and
the familiar alphabet, numerals, and other
symbols engraved on the keytops. No crea
A MacPaint portrait ofthe Macintosh mouse
Mouse Lingo icon and then moving the pointer to the sources and two light-detecting sensors for
As with other practical tools, specific File menu to choose a command, you can each channel. An optical wheel at the end
terms are used to describe the actions of a double-dick the mouse button in most of each shaft has slots, or apertures, in the
mouse. Initially, you will focus on sliding instances. This action cuts down on the optical signal paths. When the wheel ro
the mouse on the desktop. However, once amount of mouse movement and the num tates, it breaks and releases the beams of
you get accustomed to working with the ber of steps you need to complete certain infrared light. The optical signals are in
mouse, your reference point will be the tasks. turn converted to electrical quadrature
screen. Rather than concentrating on slid signals (xl, x2, yl, y2) by means of the
ing the mouse, you'll be thinking in terms Anatomy ofa Mouse sensors. These electrical pulses generate
of selecting or dragging objects on the The plastic casing of the mouse hides interrupts in the computer. Depending on
screen; if you press and hold down the a rather sophisticated piece of technology. the status of the x and y quadrature signals,
mouse button when the pointer is over an If you look at the bottom of the mouse, the interrupt handler will either increment
icon, you can drag the icon to a new loca you'll see a small rubber-encased steel or decrement the x and y locations in
tion. Clicking (pressing and releasing) the tracking ball surrounded by a circular ring. memory.
mouse button selects a location within a When you slide the mouse across a desk, The computer picks up the speed of
document or activates an object. the ball mechanically stimulates two the mouse by the number of times the in
Double-clicking (pressing and releas orthogonal shafts that drive signals in two frared beam is broken or unbroken. The
ing the mouse button twice in rapid suc corresponding channels: an x channel that
cession) is a shortcut method you'll quickly monitors horizontal movement, and a y
master; for example, instead of selecting an channel that monitors vertical movement.
The movement of the mouse is ini
tially detected by optical sensors on each
channel. There are two light-emitting
Macworld 29
~ State of the Art
maximum speed that you can move the pointer addresses each dot on the screen, It's in the Software
mouse without losing pulses (interrupt sig or you can speed up mouse movement by The mouse will come of age in the
nals) is ten inches per second. That speed setting the mouse scaling so that the 1980s because the software developers at
is very quick; however, if you exceed that pointer skips over every other dot on the Apple have created a working environment
limit, the pointer may not perfectly track screen. However, the scaling feature will that superbly implements mouse technol
the movement of the mouse. not work unless you move the mouse ogy. The mouse did not become a part of
The Mac allows you to modify certain rather quickly; moving the mouse slowly the Mac system as an afterthought, but, as
aspects of the mouse's operation. The Con will address each dot no matter which op in the design for the Lisa, was part of the
trol Panel option in the Apple menu has tion is selected. overall concept from the beginning. The
two mouse-related control features . You Apple's research showed that the one Mac's mouse-driven, uniform working en
can choose from among three settings to button configuration makes it easier and vironment allows users to concentrate on
determine the length of time between Jess confusing for people learning to use their tasks, rather than on memorizing the
clicks that will effect a double-click. the mouse. For more expert usage, the keyboard commands and eccentricities of
The other mouse control feature, scal mouse can be used in conjunction with the various application programs.
ing, involves the relationship between the keyboard. In MacPaint, for example, hold As the community of Mac users multi
speed of mouse movement and the dis ing down the Option key while you drag a plies, and as other computer manufactur
tance covered by the pointer on the screen. selected part of a drawing will "stretch" the ers adopt similar mouse-based working
You can set the mouse scaling so that the image. environments, the mouse will become a
The mouse is a sturdy beast, but don't constant companion of the keyboard, tak
let it fall off the table or allow your dog or ing over many of its functions . The mouse
cat to chew on it. Having your workspace may not be the ultimate device for interfac
as free of dust as possible helps to keep the ing with computers, but for the time being
mouse in good working condition. You it's the best system yet devised for making
should also clean the mouse periodically. computers more compatible with the
The Macintosh owner's manual gives people who use them.
detailed instructions for this simple
procedure.
• • • • • • • • • • • Daniel Farber is
the Assistant Editor of Macworld.
The bottom ofthe

mouse. The two rollers
within the tracking
bal/ shell rotate when
the mouse (tracking
ball) moves, sending
signals down two The tracking ball is
channels that monitor easily remoued f or
mouse movement. cleaning the mouse.
The Macintosh mouse [

) '
......._._
=~ 52 13 • •
..
(I
30 Volume I , Number 1
Guess what Microtek
is doing for the Mac?
Just ask us! Microtek, the company that has been
supporting the II+ and lie for nearly 5 years. Afterall ..
Look what we did for the lie...

Printer Interfaces Communications
Parallel Printer Card Serial Interfaces for Modems
Serial Printer Card
Graphics Printer Card Memory Expansion
Buffered Printer Card 16K Memory Expansion Cards
64-128K Memory Expansion Cards
Disk Emulation 512K Memory Expansion Systems
128K Disk Emulators with software support
CP/M Disk Emulators
PASCAL Disk Emulators Utilities & Software
Memory Management
Video Expansion VisiCalc Expansion
80 Column Video Cards for the II + Color Monitor Programming
80 Column Video Cards for the lie CP/M Enhancers
80 Column w/64K Memory PASCAL Enhancers
Bundled MAGICALC by ArtSci
Color Enhancement
16 Color RGB Drivers
256 Color Programmable
RGB Drivers
For information and to get on our "Mac Mailing" list

Call Toll Free (800) 854-1081 or write to:
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(619) 569-0900/TLX: 910-335-1269
Congratulations AppleL .. Macl

Introducing
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the most out of your Macintosh. From the latest
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from amazing graphics to personal productivity
tools and games, each issue of Macworld will be
packed with interesting, practical, readable informa
tion written by skilled, perceptive writers.
Each month we'll be creating aMacworld com
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~--ThinkTaDkr_M -
YOU'LL NEVER
LOSE A GOOD IDEA
EVER LOST A GOOD IDEA?
With ThinkTank it's almost impossible. Sit at the keyboard and brainstorm. When an idea
comes, put it in your ThinkTank. Relax, then think some more. Another idea comes to
mind, then another-but you're prepared.
Elaborate as much as you want on any particular idea. ThinkTank will store it on-screen or
"collapse" it into memory off-screen. If, at a later time, you want to edit your "collapsed"
information, you can simply "expand" the heading, bringing the detail back into view.
AN ENTIRELY NEW CATEGORY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Idea processing-fragmented thinking, expanding, revising, deleting . . . limitless
changing and updating of data; this is how the human mind conceptualizes, creates and
stores its refined data.
ThinkTank, available for Apple and IBM personal computers, is a tool which you can use
to capture and organize ideas. It adds to your efficiency as a thinker, and helps you refine
the presentation of ideas.
YOU NEED FLEXIBILITY

Thanks to ThinkTank, personal computers from coast to coast are helping people get the
most out of their ideas. ThinkTank will be your file cabinet, your daily planner, your elec
tronic secretary ... Flexible, accessible, and constantly updated, ThinkTank is the first
IDEA PROCESSOR.
WHAT DO THE PROS THINK?

We didn't have to ask. They told us in glowing reviews nationwide.
INFOWORLD (July 25, 1983): "an amazing tool" ... "your screen becomes a dynamic
arena for your ideas."
SOFTALK (August 1983): "get more out of your thinking" . . . "limitless permission
to change your mind."
Available for Apple's Macintosh early in the

second quarter of 1984.
See ThinkTank performing on the revolutionary
new Macintosh at SOFTCON, Booth A931.
ThlnkTank and "the first Idea processor" are trademarks of Living Vldeotext, Inc.
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
IBM and IBM PC are registered trademarks of International Business Machines
Corporation.
Living Videotext Inc., 1000 Elwell Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 964-6300
The First Idea Processor

• State of the Art: Hardware
Inside the Mac

A close-up view ofthe Mac's
internal hardware
Matthew Douglas
The Macintosh's hardware is every bit as from a minimum of chips. The result is By comparison, the Apple Ile, the Ap
marvelous as its software. You're probably small, fast machines that sip few watts, are ple III, Z-80 computers, and most CP/M ma
not surprised. But this fact may surprise simple and inexpensive to build, and offer chines are 8-bit machines. Their internal
you: any competent hardware engineer great reliability. unit of information consists of eight binary
could have designed the Mac's hardware. When hardware engineers gather to digits:
Simply take a Motorola 68000 micro pore over the Mac's hardware specifica 00100100
processor, throw in 64K of ROM, add 128K tions, they are invariably impressed-and The 68000 thinks nothing of processing
of RAM, slap on a couple of high-speed se with good reason. Until Burrell Smith de data chunks like this:
rial ports, cram in a few additional good signed the Mac, no one believed it was pos 11001100101011001101010111001010
ies, and voila- a Macintosh computer. sible to fit this much computer onto two Processing bigger chunks of information
Such a computer would have only two small circuit boards stuck into a compact; means larger numbers and more complex
flaws: it would be the size of a large win lightweight case. instructions can be held within the micro
dow air conditioner and would cost thou processor and then swapped and manipu
sands of dollars more than the Mac. The 68000 lated between on-chip data and address
The heart of the Mac is the digital registers. The 68000has17 on-chip regis
The Art of Design motherboard, home of the 68000 micro ters to hold addresses, results, and inter
Good design, whether in buildings, processor, read-only (ROM) and random mediate calculations.
bridges, or computers, is a combination of access (RAM) memory, and six amazing The 68000 communicates with every
craft and art. Great design is great art, and chips called PAL (Programmable Array thing else along an address bus 16 bits
great art seldom comes from a team pro Logic) chips. The motherboard is located
duction. One man, Burrell Smith, is pri
amazing size, and low cost of the Mac.

horizontally at the bottom of the main unit,
marily responsible for the awesome speed, in line with the connectors at the rear. An
analog board, containing the power supply,
Hardware engineers are fond of saying speaker, and circuitry needed by the video
that anything can be designed if you're monitor, is placed vertically along the left,
•••••
The 68000 chip
willing to pay the price of high-cost com inside edge (when viewed from the front) can easily work with
ponents and mammoth power supplies. of the main unit. The monitor tube takes
Just divide the engineering problem into up the inside-middle area, with the Apple/ 32-bit chunks of
sections, and then "throw chips" at each Sony micro-floppy disk drive tucked
section. Four-voice sound? Throw a big underneath. information.
glob of chips on the board. High-resolution The motherboard is where the actual
monitor? Cram a bunch of chips on a big processing takes place. At the center of wide. Data is slammed in and out 16 bits
card and shove it in an expansion slot. Disk this activity is the Motorola 68000 micro at a time, unlike the 8-bit maximum for
drives? Add another big card full of chips. processor, a 16-bit minicomputer on a 8-bit microprocessors. The key word is
Serial ports for the printers, modems, or single chip. If you could peek inside the throughput; throughput for the 68000 is
networks? More chips, more chips, more 68000, you'd notice that the chip can easily about double that of 8-bit processors, or
chips, and crank up the power supply. The work with 32-bit chunks of information, 8/16-bit processors crippled by only eight
result? Bigger size, greater power con what Motorola calls a long word of data. lines to the outside world.
sumption, greater cost to manufacture, and Microprocessors do their work in fre
bigger price stickers for buyers. quency cycles, similar to the ticks of a met
Brilliant engineers, on the other hand, ronome. For most 8-bit microprocessors,
take a different approach. They create de
signs that squeeze maximum function
Inside the Macintosh J. CRT (ca/bode rar 1t1he) 6 Poll'er switch
system unit 2 Yoke 7 Pou •er input
3 Disk dri1•e 8 So1111djack
4 Analog p r i111ed circ11il hoard 9 Ser ial ports
5 Clock hatter)' J. 0 E \·terna l disk dril'e co1111ector
J. J. Mouse connector
J.2 Diµ,ital printed circuit hoard
Macworlcl 35
the metronome thuds away at 1 or 2 mega as interrupt handlers, device drivers, an clock is powered by a pen-light battery
hertz (MHz). The 8088 processor within asynchronous 110 system, a memory m,m accessible from a small panel at the rear
the IBM Personal Computer steps along at ager, a file system, a segment loader, and of the main unit. Even when the Mac is
4.7 MHz. The 68000 within the Mac sprints various utilities. Other parts of the Mac's turned off or unplugged, the battery keeps
at an impressive 8 MHz. ROM are taken up by Bill Atkinson's Quick the time and date constantly updated.
The combination ofwide data, a 16-bit Draw graphics programs and the Macin
bus, 17 registers, and a fast clock speed tosh User Interface Toolbox, a group of PALs
translates into a chip that processes from "managers" and services intended to help Possibly the most magical aspects of
one to two million instructions each sec program developers conform to the Mac the Mac's hardware are contained in the six
ond. That's some fast thinking. way of doing applications. The Toolbox special PAL chips. Th~ PALs achieved a
includes routines for handling windows, measure of fame from their starring role in
Memorabilia menus, dialogs, text editing, controls, and 'Ii'acy Kidder's Soul ofa New Machine
The Mac comes to life fairly intelligent, system resources (see "The 64K Treasure (Avon, New York, 1982), in which they
even when the disk drive is empty. That in Chest" for an overview of program devel played a crucial role in the development of
telligence is contained on two high-density opment on the Mac and the Toolbox units). a minicomputer.
chips that hold 64K of ROM-memory that The Mac's RAM is comprised of two The PALs also play a crucial role in
contains almost 500 separate programs, banks of 8 chips each: 128K of RAM on 16 the Mac. They are the equivalent of entire
many of them accessible by other software. chips. Like the ROM chips, the RAM chips circuit boards placed on a single chip.
The ROM contents are frozen on silicon; are "late-model," high-density integrated Hardware designers determine the pro
they can be used or read by other pro circuits. Although memory can't be ex gramming of a PAL much like they go
grams, but can't be written to or changed. panded (yet), programs are free to use about designing entire boards of c~ips.
Most microcomputers have between ROM code. In effect, application program Each PAL takes the place of several discrete
2K and 32K of ROM. While the Mac's 64K of mers will find that the tedious parts of components. How many? Again, it depends
ROM is impressive, it might be more accu- their programs are prewritten for them on the skill of the designer. The 6 PAL
by Apple's programmers. The attitude chips on the Mac motherboard replace,
•••••
While the Mac:S
of "making it easy for application
programmers" should result in Mac
programs that look and behave like all
other Mac programs.
The mass of ROM programs takes the
conservatively, 30 or more conventional in
tegrated circuits.
The PALs work with the 68000 pro~
cessor, generate different bus and timing
signals, and mediate between the mother
64K ofROM is impres pressure off the Mac's 128K of RAM. Since board and the video display. It's safe to say
the routines to create menus and dialog that without the PALs and Burrell Smith's
sive, it might be more boxes, handle files, and open windows are inventive PAL programming, the Mac
already written in ROM, the 128K of RAM would have had a radically different
accurate to imagine it can be used for more specific purposes. appearance.
Is 128K enough RAM? Of course not
as 96Kor even 128K there's no such thing as enough RAM. A A Graphic Display
Mac with 256K would be better, 512K bet Appearances can be deceiving. Most
ofROM ter still, and even a full megabyte of mem computers display text on one of 24 or 25
ory would certainly be fully consumed by "invisible" horizontal lines on the screen.
rate to imagine it as 96K or even 128K of RAM-hungry programs, help files, RAM This display is called text mode. To display
ROM. The reason is the incredible optim disks, integrated programs, and innumera graphics, the software switches to graph
ization of program segments within ROM. ble crafty utilities. ics mode, and the display becomes a field
Apple's software engineers put enormous Expect the 128K limit to be stretched of dots. Each dot, or pixel, is either off (in
effort into making each Mac routine as and pulled in a variety of ways: programs visible) or on (visible). Of course, a com
small and fast as possible, coding, recod that shuttle chunks of code in and out of puter may have more than one text mode
ing, squeezing, polishing, and refining RAM, files in RAM merged and overlaid on or two or more graphics modes, or it may
every routine until it was lightning fast and other files, and virtual memory, which be a mixed mode of graphics and text.
incredibly small. It's the type of work that fools the Mac into believing that disk space The Mac display has only one mode:
high-level language compilers aren't smart is just so much more RAM. graphics. The entire screen is made up of
enough to do; you've got to get down to the Another chip, the 6522 Versatile dots: 512 dots horizontally and 342 dots
gritty level of assembly language and Interface Adapter, handles the Macintosh vertically, a total of175,104 dots that com
thrash it out with the BSETs, RORs, and mouse, keyboard, and real-time clock. The bine to display everything you'll ever see
SUBQs of assembler. on a Mac screen. (Now you know the secret
The ROM chips are a treasure chest for behind the incredible range of type fonts,
programmers. Inside are some of the tradi attributes, and type sizes.)
tional operating system components such
The heart ofthe Macintosh: 1 Video counters 9 l11l'er1ers 19 Keyhocmf co1111ector
the digital motherboard 2 System timing and con/rot fl'AL1') 10 Pou 'erl l'ideo co1111ector 20 Video sb1/i registers
3 15 6672 MHz oscif/ator 11 Serial por1 21 /J11s co111rof
4 Resel s1l'itcb 12 RAM array f64K x 16) 22 So1111d! disl..! speed amtro{
j Interrupt swi1cb 13 NOii (32K x 16) 23 Serial co1111111111icmio11s co11tru/fer
6 Sound-out jack 14 Serial receil'er 24 (>)..!..! l'ersatile i11te1.face adapter
7 RAM address multiplexors 1S Serial drit •er 2j Neal-time clock
8 68000 microprocessor 16 D isk cont roller 26 ,l/011se co1111ector
17 !11ter11af dril'e connec/or
18 E.\·tema/ dri1 •e co1111ector
Macworld 37
The Macintosh analog 1 U\er-accessible brightness con1rol 6 \Ylid1h coil 12 Power switch
circuit board 2 Speaker 7 Power lrcmsjormer 13 Video connector
3 Voltage adjusl 8 Processor connec1or 14 Battery holder
4 Height com rot 9 Fll'back Jransformer 15 Focus control
5 Yoke connector 10 Linefilter components 16 Cut-off control
11 Power inpu!
38 Volume 1, Num ber 1

Serial Speed RS-422 hardware can transfer 4 megabytes motor spins the disk at between 400 and
The main link between the 68000 and of information per second-more than 600 revolutions per minute (rpm). The
the Mac's two high-speed serial ports is enough for typical (and untypical) uses. varying speed increases reliability and sim
the serial communications controller, the Four megabytes per second is the hard plifies the analog read/write electronics.
8530. These serial ports link accessories, ware limit; software slows the rate down a Most 5~-inch disks, by comparison, poke
such as a printer, to the main unit. The se good deal. Still, it leaves the old RS-232 along at 300 rpm, hold from SOK to 320K of
rial ports are side by side on the rear panel; ports eating dust. information, and are noisy.
one is marked by an icon representing a At the top of the soon-to-come list is Disk ejection is automatic-no little
telephone receiver, the other by a printer networking-a Mac on every desk, each doors, no fumbling inside the drive. Go to
icon. But don't be misled, the ports are with the ability to send messages, mail, the File menu, drag down to the Eject com-
identical; you can plug a printer or a mo programs, and documents to other Macs.
dem into either port.
Typically, computers have either a par
allel port, a serial port, or one of each. The
serial ports are usually termed RS-232 se
rial ports. The RS-232 designation refers to
When networking arrives-and it won't be
long-making the connection will be
mostly a matter of plugging a cable into an
RS-422 port.
•••••Macintosh!
a communications convention detailing Sony's Contribution Sony drives have a
how to send electronic pulses down a line. The Mac's 3Yz-inch micro-floppy disk
Unfortunately, RS-232 comes from the days drive adds another chapter to the speed formatted capacity
of slow, clunky teletype machines that were and storage story. Apple buys its Mac disk
linked to slow computers. Imagine blowing
big peas through a small straw.
drives from Sony. Although 3Yz-inch disk of410,000 bytes.
drives are somewhat new to most buyers,
Parallel ports are faster but more com Sony disk drives have been available in mand, and release the mouse button. A
plicated. Using a parallel port, you can computers from Hewlett-Packard (HP), and good two inches of the disk pops out of
transmit data in chunks instead of as a they've proved to be fast and dependable. the slot.
The micro-floppy disks are also sturdy, "But what if I can't make the software
•••••
The Mac display
but they're not floppy, despite the "Micro
Floppydisk" label on the package. Each
disk is contained in a rigid plastic cover. A
spring-loaded shutter opens when the disk
is inserted to expose the disk's delicate
give me the disk?" you ask. Apple thought
of that. In the absolute worst case imagin
able, you can switch off the Mac, hold
down the mouse button, and switch on the
machine again. This procedure always
has only one mode: recording surface. You'll never have to ejects the disk.
worry about getting fingerprints on the For additional storage, an external
graphics. surface of your disks. disk drive can be plugged into a connector
Micro-floppy disks are so small that six alongside the serial ports. Currently, Apple
stream of individual bits. Until now, you or seven will fit easily into a shirt pocket. supports only one additional disk drive.
needed a college degree (or an excep They are sturdy enough to survive being The operating system software, however,
tional salesperson) to determine the dropped onto the floor, and sail with ease supports up to four disk drives and will
proper serial or parallel printer that would through the hazards inflicted by the U.S. also support double-sided disk drives
work with the proper serial or parallel port Postal.Service. If the Mac is your first com when they become available. Double-sided
and the proper serial or parallel card. Don't puter, you're going to like these disks. If drives would allow not 410K, but 800,000
forget trying to find the right cable. the Mac isn't your first computer, you're bytes per disk.
The Mac does away with the confu going to love them.
sion by adopting a new serial convention: The HP disk drives, like those in the Analog Bored
RS-422. The beauty of the RS-422 is four Mac, are Sony single-sided drives. The HP/ Analog electronics are often over
fold: it is fairly uncomplicated; it has a high Sony drives store 270,000 bytes on each looked. They're just not as glamorous as
bandwidth (which, loosely speaking, disk, while the Macintosh/Sony drives have high-speed microprocessors, fast RAMs, or
means it can pack lots of information, in a formatted capacity of 410,000 bytes. The snazzy disk drives. But they're important
cluding voice, into a cable); it is the new difference is in the hardware. The Mac uses nonetheless. The Mac's analog circuit
national standard for serial communica an Apple-designed, variable-speed disk board contains the power supply, power
tions, meaning that other computers will controller. Depending on what disk area is
eventually have RS-422 ports; and it is fast. under the read/write drive head, the disk
Just how fast is difficult to pinpoint. In
most cases, the serial port handles data
faster than the computer can process it,
which is very fast indeed. Roughly, the
Macworld 39
Computer Jargon
Janet McCandless • Digital circuit: a circuit • Parallelport: an outlet
that handles information as (port) that connects the com
You don't need anv technical distinct, separate values, most puter with a printer or other
knowledge to operate the Mac frequently as binary values of peripheral device through
intosh. You can design compli on or off, 1 or 0. which several bits of informa
cated electronic spreadsheets, • Disk drive: a device that tion are received or transmitted
write memos and letters, or rotates flat, circular magnetic at once. Parallel transmission
create an elaborate drawing storage media (disks) past an works faster than serial trans
without being bothered by the electromagnet (head) so that mission since more informa
computer's bits, bytes, RAM, or information can be recorded, tion can be sent or received
ROM. However, if vou want to retrieved, or erased. at a time.
know how the Mac is able to • K (kilobyte): a measure • RAM (random-access
perform your computing tasks, of computer memory; one K memory): the memory avail
you'll need a basic understand equals 1024 bytes, or approx able to the user for storing in
ing of the technical jargon. The imately one-half typewritten, formation or instructions. RAM
following glossary briefly ex double-spaced page of text. is read-write memory; it lets
plains some of the terms re • Microprocessor: an inte you retrieve (read) information
ferred to in "Inside the Mac." grated circuit usually contained you have put in the computer
on a single silicon chip that is or add (write) new informa
• Address bus: a transport the central processing unit tion. Data stored in RAM will
and identification system (CPU), or "brain," of a micro be lost when the computer is
whereby circuits route (bus) computer. The microprocessor turned off unless it is saved on
information from a memory performs arithmetic and logical a magnetic medium such as
location where information is operations and obtains and de tape or disk.
stored (an address) to another codes instructions. • Register: a temporary
location. • Modem: a device that storage unit for information
• Analog circuit: a circuit links computers into a commu currently being processed by a
that handles information as a nications network. Information computer such as arithmetic or
continuous range of physical is translated into signals that logical operations.
values such as voltage, light, or can be transmitted from one •ROM (read-only mem
temperature. computer to another by tele ory): the memory the com
• Bit: a contraction of bi phone, satellite, or other puter uses to store its operating
nary digit. The computer iden switching systems. instructions. The information
tifies each unit of information •Motherboard: the main in ROM is unalterable and re
as on or off voltage in a circuit. circuit board onto which mains in the computer even
Bits are grouped together to smaller circuit boards or chips when you turn it off.
form larger units of informa are mounted. • Serialport: an outlet
tion such as a nibble ( 4 bits) or • Network: a means of in (port) that connects the com
a byte (8 bits). terconnecting computers so puter with a printer or other
• Byte: an 8-bit unit of infor that information can be easily peripheral device through
mation that represents one exchanged and peripheral which information is received
character of data. devices shared. or transmitted one bit at a time.
• Chip: an integrated circuit •PAL (Programmable • Throughput: a measure
formed by thousands of elec Array Logic): an integrated of productivity based on the
tronic components etched onto circuit whose exact logical number of instructions
the surface of a silicon wafer. function is programmable at executed.
the time of manufacture.
supply regulator, vertical and horizontal from the 2-inch speaker. How much vol The Big Win
scanning circuitry, other video features, ume is up to you. Unlike other computers, The Mac might fool some people. Be
and the Mac's speaker. the Mac allows you to vary pitch and vol cause it's small, some may think it's a toy
Power supplies tend to be heavy and ume and to play up to four notes at the Because it's inexpensive, some may think
expensive. The trick to designing a good same time. it can't possibly be useful for business ap
power supply, according to Apple 's en The prospect of four-voice chords plications. Because the mon itor is black
gineers, is to be "as clever and smart as we might make you wish for more volume. Ap and white, some may think that graphics
can be and still be flexible." Translated into ple thought you might. For better tone, will suffer.
circuits that means an extremely light A close look at the Mac's hardware
weight switching power supply capable of
delivering clean power, even when the
power from the wall socket is far from op
timum. The Mac's power supply can handle
surges and subnormal amounts of power
•••••
The Mac is the
proves otherwise. The Mac is the most so
phisticated computer ever offered in its
price range- and faster and more power
ful than many machines that cost eight to
ten times more.
(within reason), and even keep the Mac most sophisticated The Mac has been the subject of fe
running smoothly during momentary vered speculation in the past few months.
breaks in power. computer ever offered The consensus was that Apple was about to
If your house has old wiring (or if win big or lose big. It's still too early to tell
you're subjected to a particularly poor in itsprice range. how the Apple marketeers will fare or what
power company), you might notice that the the competition will be, but one thing is
lamps in your house sometimes dim mo plug a 4 ohm to 10 ohm external speaker clear: from a hardware viewpoint the Mac
mentarily If so, don't worry: your Mac into the audio out jack on the rear panel. is truly a big win- rugged, fast, powerful,
won't flicker, dim, or skip a beat. For "eviction notice" sound levels, connect expandable, and affordable. A thoroughly
Three watts from the power supply the Mac to the proper plug on your stereo. marvelous design.
are reserved for the internal speaker; The Mac then becomes, in effect, a pre
enough power to get a respectable volume amplifier; the volumes that result will leave
you happily dazed.
Macintosh Specifications
Processor (up to 0.920 megabit per sec Size
• Motorola MC68000, 32-bit ond if clocked externally) • main unit:
architecture, 7.8336 MHz • mouse interface 9.7W x 10.90 x 13.5H inches
clock frequency • external disk interface • keyboard:
13.2W x 5.80 x 2.6H inches
Memory Sound generator • mouse:
• 128K bytes RAM • 4-voice sound with 8-bit digi 2.4W x 4.30x1.5H inches
• 64K bytes ROM tal-analog conversion using 22
KHz sample rate Weight
Disk capacity • main unit: 16 lhs. 8 oz.
• 400K bytes per formatted Clock/calendar • keyboard: 2 lbs. 8.5 oz.
disk, 3Y2-inch diameter hard • CMOS custom chip with 4.5 • mouse: 7 oz.
shell media volts user-replaceable battery
backup (Eveready No. 523 or Enviro nment
Screen equivalent) • operating temperature: 50F
• 9-inch diagonal high-resolu to 104F
tion black-and-white 512 by Input • storing temperature: -104F
342-pixel bit-mapped display • line voltage: 105to125 volts to 122F
AC, RMS • humidity: 5% to 90% relative
Interfaces • frequency: 50 or 60 Hz humidity
• synchronous serial keyboard • power: 60 watts • altitude: 0- 15,000 feet
bus • kevboard: 58-kev; 2-kev
• two RS-232/RS-422 serial roll~ver, software mapped
ports, 230.4K baud maximum • mouse: mechanical tracking,
optical shaft encoding, 3.54
pulse per mm. (90 pulse per
inch) of travel
Macworltl 41
42 Volume I , Number 1
• State of the Art: Systems
Polishing the Mac

An interview
with Microsoft's Bill Gates
Edited by David Bunnell
Bill Gates, Chairman of the Board of Micro techniques and features can be found on
soft, first learned ofthe Macintosh from earlier machines, the Mac heralds a major
Steve Jobs in June 1981. ByJanuary 1982, a change in how people view and interact
full two years before the machine's intro with application programs. That's why ['m
duction, Gates and a team of programmers so excited about it. There'· no question
were writing Mac oftware and participat that I'll let my mom try it out.
ing in the Mac's development. Their goal Bunnell: Why can't you do the same
was to have a range of software tools in things on the PC? What is so special about
cluding Microsoft BASIC, Multiplan, and the Macintosh?
other application packages ready for the Gates: The Mac was desig ned as a
Mac's launch or soon thereafter. graphics machine. Apple didn't put in a
Microsoft's roots in the computer in ROM charac ter generator or a bunch of
dustry go deep. The company has made video modes. They put in only one video
major contributions to the success of many mode, and that's the pure bit-mapped, 512
of personal computing's most popular ma by 342-pixel screen. The monitor was de
chines. Most notable has been the operat signed into the machine so that they could
ing system for the IBM Personal Computer get extremely crisp pictures and have one
(MS-DOS, aka PC-DOS), which has be integrated sy tern. They knew what che as
come the standard for 16-bit personal com pect ratio was and how the dots would ap
puters. Today Microsoft software is used on pear. And they also made sure that the
over five million per onal computers mouse would be used and that the 64K
worldwide. ROM would support very ricb graphics
Because of his unique experience, interaction.
Gates is ideally positioned to understand You can configure a PC with one of the
both the history and lhe future develo p better graphics b oards and add a Microsoft
ment of personal computing. In this inter mouse and the necessary software, but
view, Macworld Publisher David Bunnell that's not the thrust of the machine. The PC
learns why Gates has already declared the is used primarily in its text mode, and to
Macintosh to be a "classic." date it' used mostly without a mouse; you
couldn't get performance or graphics like
Bunnell: When I interviewed you for the Mac's out of the PC at a comparable
PC Magazine'.5 inaugural issue in January price. Although they're both "turing" ma
1982, you said the IBlVI Personal Com chines (that is, they have finite memory),
puter was not a machine you would buy the thrust of the Mac is quite different.
for your mother. How do you feel about Of all the personal computers avail
the Macintosh? able today; the Mac is unique. It's the first
Gates: The Macintosh is far easier to time . omebody said, "We don 't need a lot
use than anything we 've seen before, es of the things that other per. onal comput
pecially because of what it' letting the ers have, so let's optimize a few areas and
software do Although some of the Mac's make sure the software is designed around
them ."
Macworld 43
Bunnell: When did you first become

aware ofthe Macintosh?
Gates: I talked to Steve Jobs about the
Macintosh project inJune 1981. We were
excited about developing new software
and somewhat disappointed that we
weren't more involved in the Lisa's devel
opment. We thought Apple ought to do a
cheaper version of the Lisa, and we didn't
think the machine had to have so much
memory. We also thought we could move
some of our software over, and we'd always
wanted to have a machine with a straight
bit map.
Steve offered to show us what he was
doing on a confidential basis. We went to
Cupertino in October 1981 and saw a run
ning prototype. It was running a simple
bouncing-ball program, but even so it was
impressive, and they were talking about a
very aggressive price. We actually signed a
contract to work together in January 1982,
and agreed to devote a lot of good people
to developing a full range of productivity
tools for the Mac.
Bunnell: Can you tell us something Bill Gates discusses Microsoft's role in developing the Mac with Macworld Publisher David Bunnell
about the nature ofyour involvement? Is
itjust creating application programs?
Gates: No, we've had a very in-depth work. All of these things eventually got masking. Four or five times Apple said to
involvement. Whenever you get involved built into the software that Apple includes us, "OK, this is the final ROM."
with prototype machines that early on, you with the system. Bunnell: You mentioned the mem
are essentially part of the engineering Microsoft's Multiplan was running ory size. How do you feel about the whole
team; you're helping to find bugs and mak over a year and a half ago on the Mac. You memory issue-is it enoughfor your
ing suggestions for design changes. Micro could do recalcs, resize the sheet by mov applications?
soft has been an extension of the internal ing the mouse around, and other things. Gates: It's certainly enough memory.
Mac software team for the last few years. We thought we'd be finished with that The Mac started out with 64K, which is
We've had a close working relationship product in a few months, and in fact every one-sixteenth of what the Lisa started out
with the Mac team that has been beneficial one's schedules were overly optimistic. But with. Because the Mac's bit map is smaller
for both sides. We've learned a great deal the product has evolved since then. We than the Lisa's, we thought we could do
about doing graphics applications, and started to use the graphics much more, something with that amount of memory.
we've made sure that their subsystem, di changed the way scroll bars work, and al But we were pushing for 128K all the way,
alog boxes, and memory manager fit in tered the way data is passed between ap and about a year ago we switched to 128K.
properly. plications. We also sped it up considerably We figured out how to squeeze the applica
If you compared the Mac to what it and made sure that the worksheet size tions down to that size.
was two years ago, you probably wouldn't would be adequate. When you're writing applications that
recognize it. Steve's vision of where the Look at MacPaint, the program that are going to be simple to use, it's important
machine should go-that it should be a Bill Atkinson did internally at Apple. It was to have some boundaries that prevent you
simple, inexpensive graphics machinc impressive a year and a half ago, but it from throwing in an unlimited number of
has been preserved. But the disk, the wasn't even close to what it is today. It's features; the memory size provides that
memory, the code in ROM, the number of been polished up since then. For example, limit. Certainly what we've got in terms of
bits on the screen-they're all different. the spray can was included about nine Multichart, Multi.file, Multiplan, and Mi
We didn't realize that we needed to do so months ago. Every time we'd meet with Ap crosoft BASIC on the Mac are as rich as on
much work with the memory manager, ple, we'd show them our new stuff, and any other machine we've seen. I think the
menus, and dialog boxes. Nor did we know they'd show us theirs. We'd tell them that if people at Apple would openly admit that
how we were going to make the Finder we wanted to do something even better, Plan, File, and Chart are more powerful
work or how the desktop tools would we'd need more support in the ROM. than their equivalents on the Lisa, and yet
As with any ROM, you keep trying to they run on an eighth as much memory.
freeze the thing, because it's got to be ex
tremely reliable and there's a size limit. You
also have to consider the lead time for
When you do get more memory, you'll be The reason people like the computer Gates: We're working on many prod
able to have multiple applications active or business is that it's innovative. We've got to ucts, and Flight Simulator is certainly a
have more data space available. It's partly continue to experiment with how comput good product. Bruce Artwick originally
these boundaries that have forced us to ers are built and come up with new ideas, did Flight Simulator for the Apple II. He
find more clever ways to do things and stay or else this industry isn't going to stay as pushed the Apple II to its limit and proved
within the memory size. It's caused us to exciting and fast moving as it is now. I've al that the machine could do many things that
be more innovative than we would have ways said that the Mac is an ideal machine people didn't think it could do. When the
been if we'd had a megabyte. for office use, but it's also a great general IBM PC came out, Bruce proved that the PC
Bunnell: What programming tech purpose machine. We think it will address could do many things that people didn't
niques do you use to work within the several markets and remind people that think were possible. Now he's taken on the
memory limit? the pace of innovation hasn't slowed down challenge of proving to all of us that the
Gates: You've got to take advantage of in the industry. Mac can do things that we don't think are
what's in the ROM and learn to do very Bunnell: Do you think the Mac is possible. He's talked about things like
tight code. It's not simple to write software going to change the waypeople use shading and surfaces, and about getting
for the Mac. Over time, as really good pro computers? more realism into the program than what's
gram development tools emerge, people Gates: We've always promised people in the PC version. Certainly within the
will become proficient at writing programs that they could simply buy a computer, turn next year he'll generate another fantastic
for the Mac. it on, and use it. Even the Mac doesn't fulfill program.
Look at the Apple II. It took about two Bunnell: What about the lack of
years before people were really exploiting
its capabilities. If you look at the IBM PC,
products such as Microsoft Word, Flight
Simulator, or 1-2-3 took a year and a half
to emerge. That's because you've got to get
•••••
Microsoft has
color? You have all ofthese beautiful
graphics but no color.
Gates: The perfect machine will never
exist, and the obvious difference between
the perfect machine and the Mac is that
the tools together-you have to under
stand how to push the machine to its limit.
been an extension of you could ask for more memory, color, and
a faster way to move data in and out of the
I think we started that cycle much earlier
with the Mac. Maybe a year and a half from
the internal Mac soft machine. But when you look at price, you'll
acknowledge that this machine is incredi
now I'll say, "Wow, even I didn't realize the
Mac could do this newer stuff!" For exam
ware team for the last ble. The Mac is an 8 MHz 68000 machine; if
you take a PCjr, configure it up, and set it
ple, some facilities are available for music
in the Mac that we're not using well yet.
few years. side by side with the Mac, there will be
more than a three-to-one difference in raw
And there's even talk about how that ca this promise, but it's a new milestone in horsepower. Since the PCjr has about two
pability could be extended to include voice terms of usability. The way the menus and thirds the horsepower of a PC, the Mac has
synthesis. In the peripherals area, the Mac graphics work is so compelling that you're easily twice that of a PC. That's a lot of
has those two RS-422 ports, and nobody's enticed to learn that next feature-you power, and that power can be exploited in
really exploiting them yet. want to try it out and see if it works the way many ways, including moving bits around
Bunnell: What impact do you think you think it should. The Mac has so little on the screen.
the Macintosh will have on personal hidden behavior that it will attract a new If Apple had tried to put color in this
computing? class of users. machine, it wouldn't have been available
Gates: I think the Mac will mean that Many people have held back, thinking for a few years, because we'd need three
there's at least one company besides IBM that computers are complicated, mathe times as many bits for the screen and more
in the personal computer business that matical, scientific-type machines; they memory. We'd have to use 256K chips, and
doesn't have to do everything the IBM way. haven't viewed them as a medium of ex the design of our applications would be dif
It's healthy for the industry to have Apple pression, as machines with which you can ferent. I think Apple made the right trade
offering an alternative. The Apple II and do creative things. But many people will sit off, but someday a Mac or the equivalent of
the IBM PC will be joined by a third fan down and use MacPaint or Multichart and a Mac with color would be wonderful.
tastically successful machine-the Mac realize that the Mac is not confined to the Bunnell: Some people have predicted
so we're expecting to develop a lot of soft computer stereotype. I'll enjoy having that the Macintosh is going to be a classic.
ware for it. It's more than just the Mac's some people I know who are new to com Do you think that's correct?
hardware and software that's being ap puters play with the Mac and see if it Gates: The Mac is fun and exciting,
proached in an innovative way-some in doesn't draw them into the excitement of and it fulfills Apple's image of producing
novative work is being done in terms of interactive personal computing. very personal, interactive, state-of-the-art
getting sales people and college students Bunnell: Do you plan to havepro computers. It's a blend ofApple's knowl
involved with this machine. grams such as Flight Simulator on the edge of what personal computing should
Mac? be and what the semiconductor industry
has made possible. It's a great mixture, and
it's something that Apple is perfectly posi
tioned to sell to people. The Mac will be re
membered as one of the great classic
machines.
Macworld 45
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..... Review: Graphics
MacPaint: the
Electronic Easel
Jeffrey S. Young
Imagine being an artist. Not just any artist, mind you. Imagine
being a computer artist, with the kind of processing power
computers have long applied to words now extended to
drawing and painting. Imagine that you can reach up onto a
tool shelf, take down one of 32 different paintbrushes, dip it
into one of 38 patterns arrayed on your electronic palette, and
with a sweep of your hand produce complex brushstrokes
in crosshatches and herringbones, zigzags and pinstripes,
rattans and checkerboards. Maybe you want to mirror your
strokes as you draw them on up to four axes. Or perhaps you
want to flip the result horizontally or vertically, or rotate it by
90-degree turns, or even invert the blacks and whites.
Then you need to clean up a couple of ragged corners in
your drawing, so you zoom in and tidy up your image at the
dot-by-dot level, moving the page around as though you were
sliding your drawing back and forth under a microscope.
Perhaps as you look at your entire design you decide
there's only one section that you like, and the rest is dispens
able. You select the section you want, copy it, and paste that
copy into a document. Your original is intact, the new docu
ment has the detail you prefer, and you've done it in moments.
50 Volume 1, Number I
.. .· ::~:-:-:---:--:---
. ...
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· ·::
-
· ~~-
. ..
~I!!!~~···
~ ...
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.. ... . .
...
. .. ··:~ ..
__________ · ~·~·~_:_~~~:
_:_ ... .... ... .. . .. . .
-
Macworld 51
..illlllllll Review
,.. .,
Style
lasso-+ .. _.... +- selection

:--1
scroll-+ +-te xt +-no border
brush-+
+- spray paint
+-pencil
../
-- line & border
widths, m~ltiple
} copy spacing
lines-+ ............ g +-eraser

D
• current
hollow
0
• filled
pattern
.L.
patterns
shapes 0
• shapes
a •
C:?
"'
Ftgurel
The Introduction option from the Goodies menu provides a
quick reference to the MacPaintfeatures.
MacPaint is the Save the new copy, return to the original file, and
with a double-dick on the eraser the screen vou
electronic equivalent started with is wiped clean. No tiny eraser ru'bbings
covering your desktop, no glue stuck to your fingers,
ofhaving top-flight no shreds of trimmed paper blowing across the hard
wood floors, no smudged thumbprints and crinkled
artist's tools and skills originals. And the drawings you create needn't exist
only on the screen. Anything that appears on the
atyourfingertips. screen can be printed with remarkable accuracy.
And that's only the beginning. MacPaint, the
Macintosh's native graphics program, is the electronic
equivalent of having top-flight artist's tools and skills
at your fingertips-except the artistic talent that sepa
rated most of us from the arts at an early age is no
longer as relevant. The limitless possibilities of a blank
canvas are fully equaled by the blank screen confront
ing you as the program starts up . .. perhaps more than
equaled with the diversity of patterns and tool choices
available on the palettes surrounding the electronic
canvas. The only elements missing are the smell of lin
seed oil and the drips of paint on your clothes.
A Brief Introduction
1-...--......... I
able) you still have the problem of jagged lines. The
From the moment you double-dick on the Mac straight line tool also provides a rapid means ci pro-
Paint file in the disk window and watch as the blank ducing straight lines in any configuration, in any of the
canvas appears, followed quickly by the tool, border, four widths shown in the border palette in the lower-
and pattern palettes, you know that you've stepped into left corner.
a different world. If you are overwhelmed by all of the
choices that have suddenly appeared on your screen, a Shapes
good place to start is with the Introduction in the The ten filled and hollow geometric shapes in the
Goodies menu. This menu option displays a screen tool palette provide a wide variety of possibilities for
with the MacPaint tools and palettes labeled (see Fig drawing. The hollow shapes display a black outline in
ure 1). Although most of the icons are self-explanatory, a width determined by the border palette selection,
this feature should clear up any questions. and leave the interior either empty or transparent to
the design behind them. The solid shapes also display
The Paintbrush and the Pencil the outline in the currently selected border width,
Tools are at the heart of MacPaint, and the most while filling the interior of the shape with the cur
important of these are the paintbrush and the pencil. rently selected pattern. If the dotted line in the border
You select the tool and pattern you want by clicking palette is selected, the filled shapes will have no
the pointer on the appropriate icon. The paintbrush outlines.
can paint in any of the patterns displayed in the pattern The rectangle, rounded-corner rectangle, and ~
palette at the bottom of the screen, using shapes avail circle take on continuously changing shapes as you •
able from the Brush Shape option in the Goodies move them with the mouse (see Figures 4 and 5).
menu (see Figure 2). You can also look at the brush Using the Shift key with the mouse, however, provides
shapes by double-clicking on the brush icon. The pen perfect squares and circles.
cil draws a narrow, black, freeform line (clicking the Thefreeform shape and the polygon let you ~
mouse button changes the pencil color to white when create shapes in any combination or configuration. You W
you are drawing on top of filled patterns). can fill them in with patterns or vary the border width
You may have some trouble getting used to these just as with the predefined shapes. Any enclosed ob
tools. It took me quite a while to master the delicate ject, either straight-line or freeform, can be filled with
interrelationship between holding down the mouse any pattern.
button and moving the mouse (the combination of ac
tions needed to actually put something on the screen)
and the resulting image on the page. Drawing is a deli
cate operation usually performed by a utensil held in
The Paint Bucket and the Spray Can
The paint bucket fills in enclosed spaces, provid-
ing a quick way to insert broad swathes of patterns
I\/II
.!!:.. I
the fingers, not a small plastic box with a button on top throughout a drawing (see Figure 6). When using the
held in the hand. Perhaps someone will design a paint bucket, you must make sure that the section you
mouse the size and shape of a ball-point pen, making want to fill with a pattern is actually an enclosed space.
it even easier to draw on the screen. If even a single dot is missing from the perimeter, the
As a freeform tool, the pencil is much more diffi paint bucket will spill the pattern across your drawing
cult to master than the paintbrush. Because the various until it finds an enclosed section somewhere else; if no
brush shapes are wider than the single-dot pencil, other sections are enclosed, it will fill the entire
making a less precise brushstroke is hardly noticeable, screen. Don't worry if this happens; you can mop up
whereas the pencil creates unappealing, ragged lines the spilled paint by selecting the Undo command from
(see Figure 3). However, once I had learned to use the the Edit menu.
Shift key in conjunction with the pencil, I was able to In the days before MacPaint, filling an area with a
create straight, smooth, and precise lines with no hint pattern would have taken hours to accomplish. Now it
of roughness. Unfortunately, using the Shift key allows can be done in seconds using any of the choices in the
only vertical or horizontal lines to be drawn; with free pattern palette.
form drawing (in which the Shift key option is unavail MacPaint takes the spray can out of the street and
makes it into a nimble artistic tool. The spray can
sprays any pattern selected in a realistic way (see Fig-
ure 7). With the first few passes, the filling-in is faint,
5J ::·~
I!
as with a real spray can; if you continue to cover the
same area, it fills in gradually until you have a solid
belt of paint. Perhaps the Mac will bring graffiti into
the computer age; you'll turn on your computer one
day to discover a rude comment sprayed across one of
your files.
Macworld 53
.olllllll1ll Review
The Eraser
The ability to erase is an excellent example of the
r
•p File Edit font fontSize Sty le
Moc Paint ing

·-"
flexibility of MacPaint's program design. The two pri ('! A
mary ways to erase are selecting the eraser and drag <ll I!
ging it over the part of the drawing you want to
remove, or double-clicking the mouse on the eraser ......... u
fl
•• [!J• / / '\.
'
icon, which clears the entire drawing screen. When
you click on the eraser icon, a box about a quarter inch
D
0
•• • • ,,
'
·'
=.:-.:
square appears on the screen (see Figure 8). This
shape is quite unwieldy if you need to erase a small
0
c:?
•
section of a detailed drawing. a "
An efficient way to erase is to "paint with white:'
Choose the white pattern from the pattern palette and
""
-
../
the paintbrush from the tool palette, select a brush
shape, and then paint over the portions of the drawing
that you want to erase. The advantage of this tech
nique, although it is a little more complicated than sim Figure 2
ply selecting the eraser, is that the wide choice of You can choosefrom among the 32paintbrush shapes shown
brush shapes allows you to be much more precise in in the Brush Shape option.
what you remove.
,. S File Edit Goodies Font FontSize Style
FatBits Mac Pai ntin

One of the great qualities of this program is that
any drawing you create on the screen can be cleaned
up at the single-dot level. So what if the line you drew
with the pencil is a bit jagged? All you have to do to -.. . . u
improve details of your work is select the FatBits fea D •
ture, either by pulling down the Goodies menu and o •
choosing the FatBits option or by double-clicking on o•
the pencil icon. An enlarged dot-by-dot pattern of a
c:? "
section of your drawing (determined by the location a""
of the last screen activity) is displayed, as well as an
-
overall picture of the entire drawing in the upper-left .,/
corner of the screen (see Figure 9). In FatBits, the pen

cil can either insert or erase a dot, and you can watch
the success (or failure) of your efforts in the insert
Figure 3
screen in the corner. When you're satisfied, a single
Paintbrush strokes are more attractive and less difficult to
click in the insert screen returns you to the full
create than freeform lines drawn with the pencil.
drawing.
This is a remarkable capability. FatBits enables ,
you to zoom into the 99 ,840 dots that make up the s fi le Edit Goodies Font fontSize Sty le
MacPaint screen and manipulate each individual dot.

This ability to work on details, coupled with the vir
tually inexhaustible supply of scrap paper that the
eraser gives you, allows anyone, with or without any
artistic skills, to turn out respectable drawings with
minimal practice.
o•
c:? "
a""
Figure 4
Filled and hollow rectangles can be enhanced using any of
thepatterns and the various border widths.
Creating Patterns Once you've changed a pattern to your liking,
One of MacPaint's unique capabilities is revealed click the box labeled "OK." The Mac will store it in the
when you drag the pointer down onto the pattern pal pattern palette of the current MacPaint file. Whenever
ette and double-dick on any of the 38 choices. The re you return to that file, the patterns you created will be
sult is a pattern edit window in which you can modify available. The default set of patterns will always ap
the dot-by-dot representation of each pattern while pear on a new file created from the master MacPaint
watching the effect of your changes on a full-pattern program, however. Having the ability to customize the
representation next to it (see Figure 10). With a little program is one of the most appealing qualities of
practice (it's not that easy to get used to the limited 8 MacPaint.
by 8-dot pattern easel), this feature enables you to
create an entire series of customized patterns. Selectors
To fully utilize the program, you must become fa
,. 9 File Edit Goodies Font FontStze Style
miliar with the two selector tools, the lasso and these
lection rectangle, or marquee. They provide ways of
P :~: m Mn c Painting
selecting a part of the drawing on the screen and per
f'I A forming any of a series of operations on it (for in
~ ,, ~
stance, all of the Edit options require a selected piece
of the drawing to operate on).
These two tools are quite different. The marquee,
with its box approach, is fairly straightforward, except
for learning how to position the starting point to in
clude the section of the drawing that you want to se
lect-this maneuver takes practice. Once you have
surrounded a section of your drawing with the
marquee's dotted box, you can move that section
or perform operations on it (see Figure 11).
The lasso, on the other hand, draws a line that en
circles an object and then shrinks to include only the
Flgure5
object-not the surrounding background-inside its
Circles and ovals can be filled with a~J' pattern and outlined freeform drawn rope (see Figure 12). After selecting
~v any ofthe border widths. an object, you can move it by positioning the lasso on
it (the lasso will change to an arrow), holding down
the mouse button, and dragging the object to the de
sired location. This can be particularly helpful when
you are lifting one item out of a fully developed draw
ing or moving text without the white background.
o •
<:.? "
a•
oe
<:.? "
Flgure6
a ..
The paint bucket fills enclosed spaces with the current~)' se
-/
-
lected pattern.
Figure 7
The spray can sprays a~1· pattern in a realistic u·~1: helping to
create a three-dimensional effect.
Macworld 55
..1111111111111 Review:
The Man Behind MacPaint

When you select the MacPaint program, graphics primitives- 40,000 lines of fine
the title bar on the screen reads "MacPaint tuned 68000 assembly language code. In
by Bill Atkinson" before you are presented my worst-case scenario with MacPaint
with a blank canvas or a MacPaint docu and believe me, I know just what it is
ment. It's unusual to see an author's name there are 300 free bytes left in the RAM out
appear on the screen, and you might well of the 128,000 the machine can handle.
wonder why this programmer deserves Every line of code has been made small,
such an honor. compact, and folded. There is no extra
Bill Atkinson, chief programming ar room ."
chitect of both the Macintosh user inter His entire attention is focused on the
face and the MacPaint program, has been machine as he works with the mouse, key
with Apple since 1978. He was the first ap board, and d isk drives. He moves through
plications programmer the company hired the Mac's world with the speedy ease of
and is now one of three Apple Fellows, the utter familiarity. Bill Atkinson knows
equivalent of senior vice-presidents of en where every bit of code lives, how to get
gineering. Bill designed the first Dow Jones there, and what it ought to look like when
stock portfolio program for the Apple II it is invoked. "fatBits is the inside of the
and rewrote UCSD Pascal to give the com machine. I've been there and that's what it
pany a high-level programming language. looks like. I'm still excited every time I
Later he joined the original Lisa develop double-dick on the pencil and start scroll
ment team, where many of the Mac's fea ing along at the single-dot level."
tures originated. Bill works out of his home, not sur
Bill describes himself this way: ''I'm prisingly surrounded by dozens of Apple
somewhere between an artist and an in computers as well as state-of-the-art pe
ventor. If I'd been horn during the indus ripherals. He has a digitizer program up
trial revolution, I'd have used gears and and runn ing, generating dot-by-dot repre
pulleys. The computer is simply a more sentations of anything that can be pho
modern inventor's medium." tographed with a video camera. "What if
Since the Mac has much less memory you could get a disk with all kinds of clip
than the Lisa, Mac programmers could not art on it? It would provide standard draw
afford to waste a bit of memory space. ings, illustrations, and details. With the dig
"Writing clean code is a science. It takes a itizer we can create such a disk. Maybe
clean, orderly mind. I was "Mr. User Inter someday every computer dealer will have
face " on the Lisa and did the QuickDraw
Text doesn't provide any word-wrap feature , so unless you

MacPaint allows vou to include text in vour art see that your text is going off the screen and press Re
work. When you click on the text icon (represented by turn, it will wind up off the "page."
the letter A), you have access to the wide variety of You can also write text on the NotePad or in a
type fonts, styles, and sizes available in the Mac's resi MacWrite document, and then cut and paste it into a
dent memory (see "Chart of Typefaces"). There is cer MacPaint document. Any text within a MacPaint doc
tainly enough text ability to produce short captions ument can be enhanced just like any other part of a
and headings, but MacPaint doesn't have the sophis drawing. Words can be stretched, copied, moved, and
tication of a full -scale word processing program such manipulated in the marquee (see Figure 13).
as MacWrite. Words can be written directly onto the If you type text over a pattern (or move it over a
screen at the insertion point. However, the program pattern with the marquee), it will be surrounded by a
white border. To place letters directly on a pattern
without the surrounding white space, first type some
text on a blank section of the screen. Then encircle it
.. .......
........
... .....
. .....
Bill Rtkinson by MacPaint
... =·......
. • .. ············=.
. ....
. ==·=·•.. . • . 1•. ..II
•=•1•
••• •• •• ••••••••
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·.1111
..
••• ... ...
..... ... . ....
... ..
11.111
. ..
!
•• •• • •••••• •••••• • •• •• ••
...... .............• ......... .
••••
...•..•..
..• •••• •
••••
•••••••1• ••• ••••• ••• ••• •••••••••••
••••• ••• ••• ••1.•••••••
... . ••1
•••• •••••
one to shoot particular images, as well as a
.. ••
it, to make it do a lot of things elegantly and
whole collection of disks containing im simply. That's the art of it."
ages in the public do mai n. )bu could make And what does he think of the Mac?
a copy of the original image, and then "I like to look ar: the Mac Jn terms of
change the copied image to suit your the American automobile industry. Our
needs on a working disk with MacPaint." Apple Il was like Ford's Model T: the first
Before joining Apple, Bill stud1ed neu simple, cheap, effective, but primltlve
rochemistry, investigating "thought on a mass-market vehicle. After studying the
molecular level," in tande m with the visual market, refining the technology, and im
arcs. "I don't see code as what I do. I try to proving the package, Ford brought out the
make aesthetic definltions of it. Like a Model A-the second great mass-market
sculptor using clay, a programmer has to car. I think the Macintosh is Apple's
be familiar enough with the code to shape Model A."
with the lasso and drag it to the desired position. (A The Hand
minor aesthetic drawback is that the hollow parts of Hand in hand with the Show Page option comes
letters such as d and e are filled with white, rather than one of the most useful of all the screen effects: the
with the unde rlying pattern.) band, which enables you to scroll the page, bring
ing different pares of the full drawing under scrutiny.
Pages and Screens The hand slides the page around like a transparency
The MacPaint scree n represents about one third under an overhead projector co reveal various parts of
of a standard 8Vi- by ll-inch sheet of paper, which is the whole drawing. Yo u can quickly and easily reposi
the frame for the entire drawing. Tu display the whole tion the drawing without going through the longer
page, you can e ither select the Show Page option in Show Page process.
the Goodies menu o r double-dick on the hand icon. It would be useful if your drawing displayed itself
Either way, you are rewarded by a representation of the immediacely as you moved the hand, but you muse
whole page, with a dotted box enclosing the portion of drag the page to where you think you want to go,
your drawing currently o n the screen (see Figure 14). release the mouse button, and walt for the screen
You can change the scree n selection by dragging the (0 fill in.
dotted box co another part of the page or by dragging
the image around the page so that a different pan of it
remains within the box (chis me tho d e rases every
thing that you drag off the edge of the Show Page,
however).
Macworld 57
... Review
Keystroke Combinations age, displaying one copy after another, by selecting an
Although it takes some practice, developing object and then holding down both the :IC and Option
facility with the MacPaint tools offers great rewards. keys. And you can vary the spacing of the smeared
When the tools are combined with various constraint copies, either by changing the speed with which you
and shortcut keys, a number of possibilities leap out at drag the pointer across the screen (faster makes them
you from the screen. You must press these keys before farther apart) or by selecting a different border palette
you hold down the mouse button and start to move the option (the thinner the line, the closer the images).
mouse. A brief guide to these keystroke combinations An interesting set of operations comes into play
can be found in the Short Cuts option in the Goodies when you use the Option key alone with a selection.
menu (see Figure 15). This procedure enables you to stretch the selected im
You can copy an image at various points on the age either vertically or horizontally when you drag the
screen by selecting something, then holding down the mouse. The result looks like a drawing on taffy, the
3€ (Command) key and dragging the copied image to
another spot; the original is still there, and each time
you click a new imprint is made. You can smear the im
......... 67
D•
o•
oe
C? W
a ..
o•
C?W ./
a ..
-
-
,/
Flgure9
The FatBits feature allows you to clean up your drawings at
the single-dot level.
Figures
The eraser works like a chalkboard eraser; however, the shape
ofthe eraser is unwieldy ifyou need to erase a small section * File Edit Goodies Font FontSize Style
ofa detailed drawing.
OK [ Cancel ]
o•
C?W
a ..
-
,/
FigurelO
You can modify the dot-by-dot image ofany pattern in the pat
tern edit window.
patterns and proportions stretched to new, and fre ing down the Shift key as the image is generated will
quently bizarre, combinations. If you hold down the yield perfectly proportioned geometric shapes. Using
Shift key in addition to the Option key, you'll produce the Shift key with the hand will limit motion to the
a stretched picture that stays roughly in proportion. An vertical or horizontal, and using it with the paint
interestiqg exercise is to take a patterned image and brush, spray can, pencil, and eraser will enforce the
then str~tch it to watch the shifting relationships be same 90-degree limits.
tween the elements as the size changes. You can also
"scr6ll" text through the various fonts and font sizes in
a MacPaint document by using keystroke
combinations.
Many of these keyboard controls also work with
the series ofgeometric shapes that occupy the lower
half of the tool palette. A circle, rectangle, or rounded
corner rectangle will normally be displayed in a
skewed perspective as it appears on the screen. Hold
o•
oe mac Planets
Illa.c:: Pla.net.:s
mDid!J. ~
Figure13
Text written orpasted into a MacPaint document can also be
enhanced.
- -
.,/-
Ftguren
The selection rectangle, or marquee, allows you to select part
~
i. ...
~
:
ofthe drawing so that you can move, cop)\ or manipulate the
selected area.
--,7-1~-a~lli~illll'il!il'il~i~ill
D • y A A Y y , y A y AAYAAAAAA,t-AAAYAAAAA AAYAYAAAYAAAAAAAYAAA
Figure14
The Show Page option displays a representation ofthe entire
o• by 11-inch page.
81/2-
oe
C? •
a ._
.,/-
-
Figure12
The lasso has a similarfunction to the marquee but includes
only the object within the selected area, not the surrounding
background.
Macworld 59
~ Review
Graphic Design with the Mac

Bruce Charonnat Shift key to create perfectly straight lines to
draw these borders. Other boxes enclosing
The computer age may be upon us, but text are created using the spray can-Shift
magazines are still produced largely by key combination.
hand. Many of the tools used in the graphic The large geometric shapes on the
arts have not changed appreciably in de first page of each article are created with
cades. Lines are drawn with pens, ink, and MacPaint, using the FatBits option for any
straight edges. Shapes such as circles and necessary clean-up work. When all the
squares are drawn using compasses, plastic shapes for an article are ready, we choose a
templates, and triangles. Pieces of paper MacPaint pattern or design a new one and
are held in place using rubber cement or use the paint bucket to fill in the shapes.
wax. Mistakes are rarely forgiven; they gen The technical diagrams, flowcharts, and
erally require that you start over, whatever mechanical illustrations in Macworld are
the task. also created on the Mac by our crew of de
The Macintosh renders these tools signers, using a variety of MacPaint tools.
and methods obsolete and will profoundly The spray can, for example, is often used to
affect the graphic arts industry. While shade objects and render a three-dimen
other machines equal or exceed the Mac's sional effect, and the Grid option helps
capabilities, they are many times as expen- align different parts of a drawing.
Combining text with artwork is an
other Mac feature that we often use. Parts
Never before has in mechanical drawings can be identified,
instructions typed directly into flowchart
a computer lent itself boxes, and diagrams labeled in a variety of
type sizes and styles. Before the Mac, this
so well to creating the text had to be typeset separately and posi
tioned in the illustration by hand. Now we
look ofa magazine. can create the entire image at once.
We hope to show the Mac's creative
sive and offer neither the Mac's portability side at its best in the artwork used to illus
nor its ease of use. The Mac brings com trate Macwor/d. With the advent of the
puter-aided design and layout skills to indi Mac, the field of computer-generated art
viduals and small publishing groups at an will open up to thousands of artists with
affordable price; it is the first truly personal out previous computer experience. Mac
graphic arts machine, and as such the Mac world intends to serve as a forum for this
will flourish. expanding field , and we look forward to
Macworld will reflect and utilize the bringing you innovative Mac artwork each
capabilities of the Mac. Much of what you'll month.
see in the pages of this magazine wil I be
generated by the MacPaint program. This
is a unique situation-never before has a Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Bruce Charonnat
computer lent itself so well to creating the is the Art Director of Macworld.
look of a magazine.
The Mac can draw lines and rules in a
number of widths, allowing us to draw the
borders around columns. We use the Mac
Paint paintbrush in conjunction with the
60 Volume 1, Numher I
,... .,
Style
Ma c Painting
,..- ..
Ioption I[i:,] Multip le Copies ~-_: Select Window
IOptionI Line/ Border Pattern -f7 Show Page

IOptionI t Scro 11 FatB its Double ~ Brush Shape
I~ I t Enter/Leave FatBits Click t FatBits
I~ I[] Change Font Size 0 Erase Window
!LI IShift I[] Change Font I~ I"' Edit Pattern
~000000000000~
00000000000000
I 1000000000001 I
l constrainlOOOOOOO~DOI --- I
lcopyllstretchll lc:::::JG;:J ( OK
-
Ftgure15
The Short Cuts option from the Goodies menu provides a guide to the keystroke combinations and their junctions.
The Overall Picture that matter, a line of text) in degrees or increments,

A MacPaint drawing, and any operations per not just the right-angle turns currently possible.
formed on that drawing, can have either the loose But in light of the complexity that MacPaint al
quality of a freehand sketch or the precise hard edge ready has, all of that can't be far away. It will be inter
of an engineer's or draftsman's work. At the touch of esting to see how the professional art world reacts to
an icon, a wide array of graphics and design capabili the program. I suspect, considering the howls of pro
ties become possible. It's hard to predict what effect test that always greet the new, that those with the most
this machine will have on architects, art directors, en vested in the status quo will be the most critical. After
gineers, and artists. But for the first time an extremely all, if you've spent ten years setting yourself up as an
sophisticated drawing program is available at a very expert draftsman, you're not going to enjoy the idea of
reasonable cost, and accessible to almost anyone. Com a horde of schoolkids, secretaries, and stockbrokers
pared to the more expensive CAD/CAM (computer being able to do it better than you can, and in less
aided design/manufacturing) programs available on time. The reality, of course, is that many talented artists
other personal computers, MacPaint is much more will flock to the Mac with its MacPaint program. One
usable, useful, and fun. It opens doors to people who can hardly imagine the legacy of images that this pro
could never before create art because they didn't have gram will produce, and I for one can hardly wait.
the "talent."
At the same time, for all its scope MacPaint is not
a program without problems. For instance, it is very ..............................
frustrating to have no full-page drawing capabilities. MacPaint
This means that it is impossible to draw a circle larger Apple Computer, Inc.
than one drawing screen (about one third of a page.) 20525 Mariani Ave.
Furthermore, at present the program lacks the three Cupertino, CA 95014
dimensional drawing aids essential in the design of 8001538-9696; in California
tools and buildings. It would also be helpful to be able 8001662-9238
to rotate a drawing or a section of a drawing (or, for List price: 1195 including MacWrite
Macworld 61
Review: Word Processing
Word Processing's
New Look
Andrew Fluegelman
The Macintosh represents Your opinion of MacWrite is likely to· de pointer over a portion of text, and releas
such a major event in com pend on whether you've ever used a com ing the mouse button. Double-clicking the
puting history that MacWrite, puter for writing. If the Mac and MacWrite mouse button selects a whole word. Drag
the Mac 's native wordp rocess are your first computer writing tools, you ging the pointer down the left margin se
ing program, must be viewed might assume that al I word processing sys lects larger portions of text. As text is
from two vantage points tems let people recast sentences and para selected, it appears highlighted on the
one that reveals a close-up graphs in various type styles, sizes, and screen (see Figure 2). You can scroll up or
look at MacWrite s amazing fonts; change margins on the fly; see for down the text using the scroll bar on the
capabilities and another that mat changes instantaneously; and print ex right edge of the text window. The dimen
views the program and the actly what appears on the screen at the sions of the window can be altered using
Mac from a m ore global click of a button. the size box, and the window itself can be
perspective. On the other hand, if you've been dragged and moved on the screen.
using word processing programs on an Ap Manipulating text within a document
ple II, Osborne, Kaypro, IBM Personal used to account for as many as half of the
Computer, or another computer, Mac keystroke commands required to operate a
Write's abilities will probably impress you word processing program with proficiency.
as electronic writing magic the likes of MacWrite reduces those commands to a
which you've never seen. few simple skills using the mouse-skills
that you probably learned on the Mac even
The Interface Be with You before you tried using Mac Write. Other
Like all Mac applications, MacWrite's MacWrite functions are accessible through
foundation is the Macintosh user interface six pull-down menus listed in the menu bar
(see "The Mac Way" in "A Tour of the Mac at the top of the screen. After playing with
Desktop"). The overall design and basic the Mac for five minutes, you know how to
concepts of the program are similar to use those commands.
those of other Mac programs. Once you As with other Mac programs, many of
have your hand on the mouse, ready to the features and operational concepts are
move the pointer, you're in control of every intuitive; you almost know how to use Mac
word processing function in the program. Write before you've tried it. Thanks to the
In MacWrite, the pointer takes the standard working environment provided
form of an I-beam shape within the text by the Mac's user interface, writing with a
area. One click of the mouse button sets word processing program has never been
the insertion point at the location of the so easy.
pointer, represented on the screen by a
flashing vertical line. The insertion point
determines where new text will appear as
it is typed (see Figure 1).
Portions of text can be selected by
positioning the I-beam pointer, holding
down the mouse button, dragging the
,.. .,
D
• File Edit Search Format
=
Font
Mac Writing
Style
.~.J... . ... 1.......1?.. . 1....... .1........1........1.~.....J.........1........1........1.1 ...1........1........1........ 1.~.....1..... .:!:.. ...1........ 1.~.....i:·.. ··.1........1........1.?IQ
.....1.......
~~ ~~a m~~~ 0:
The current common wisdom accepts that computers
have revolutionized the craft of writing. A half hour of
Iii:!,
creating words with the Macintosh will convince you,
however, that the real revolutioriin writing has only just
begun.I
Q
121
Ftgurel
A MacWrite text window with an insertion point (after begun) and an I-beam pointer (after revolution)
Which Format Rules? are moved, all text below the ruler is auto Three line-spacing options are avail
MacWrite is not distinguished from matically readjusted to the new settings. able: single, double, and line-and-a-half
other word processing programs just by This is a good example of the type of fea spacing. You select them by clicking one of
ease of use. It can perform some flashy ture that new Mac users may take in stride, three appropriate icons in the ruler bar,
screen formatting feats, all of which are while computer veterans let out cool and the new spacing is immediately re
controlled by the MacWrite ruler system. whistles. flected on the screen. The meaning of
At the top of each document window, Mac Asmall arrow-shaped marker in the these three icons is so obvious that you can
Write displays a ruler that controls five for ruler governs the location of each para ask new users to "choose double spacing,"
matting conventions: margins, indentation, graph indentation. You can also "outdent" and they'll probably get it right on the
tabs, line spacing, and justification (see paragraphs, which means that the body of first try.
Figure 3). the paragraph is indented after the first Four other icons let you format text as
You can adjust text to fit within your line. All indentation changes are reflected left-justified, centered, right-justified, or
chosen margins by positioning two black immediately on the screen. full-justified, which makes both left and
triangles (markers) along the ruler. In Tabs are set in the same manner. Each right margins even by adding letter spaces
keeping with the Macintosh style of opera new document comes with a tab marker within each line. Again, you see your
tion, you don't specify the margins with a set at the 5-inch mark on the ruler. You can changes immediately reflected on the
command-you actually move the mark reposition the marker by dragging it along screen.
ers along the ruler by dragging them with the ruler; additional tabs can be set by
the mouse. Whenever the margin markers dragging them out of the tab well (a box
on the lower-left side of the ruler) and
positioning them along the ruler. Decimal
tabs are also provided to position typed
numbers with the decimal points aligned.
Macworld 63
~Review
The MacWrite formatting features let inserting a new ruler and changing the for The Macintosh Style
you experiment interactively with the way mat settings instantly reformats the text be Another innovative feature in Mac
your text fills the page. If you want to pro low it. Write is the system of specifying type
duce a one-page memo and find that you These formatting features wil) have a styles, sizes, and fonts. At any point you can
have three lines too many to fit on the profound effect on how you view word select Style from the menu bar and choose
page, just move the margin markers out a processing. You can control the formatting a typographic enhancement from among
bit until the text fits. You can also reformat process so responsively that you won't plain text, bold, italic, underlined, outlined,
the memo to see what it looks like double think of your text as a static collection of or shadow. You can mix these effects to
spaced, indented, or centered. characters and spaces. Suddenly, it's a fluid produce bold italic underlined shadow
If you want to change formats in the body of writing that can be shaped in text, or, if you're prone to hyperbole, bold
middle of a document, you insert another stantly to your specifications. Few writers italic underlined outlined shadow text. The
ruler and designate new settings (see Fig have ever had such control over the look of Style menu also provides for type sizes
ure 4). Ruler settings can also be copied their work. ranging from 9- to 72-point type. Make that
from one part of a document to another. 18-point bold italic underlined outlined
You can insert new rulers in the middle of shadow text (see Figure 5 ).
a page or even in the middle of a para .,
graph, changing margins, spacing, and jus r • File Edit Search Format Font Style
tification with a click. As you'd expect, _o Mac Writing
Flgure 2
The word revolution
selected
r .,
Figure 3 • File Edit Search Format . Font Style
A MacWrite ruler show
ing margins at 11/.J
-o Mac Writing
and 6 inches, indenta J, l . .. ·l ·• .1 •··J?•. 1.. • L, 1...• J~•.. L.• .L. ... L.. .. .1.1..L. • . L.•..1. •..l.~•. L•·l,;:·• ··1···•··.l:.~•...1...•...L •... 1...•...1.? ~
tion at 2 inches, single
~IB 1~11 II I 1~11 11-=ll~I
I
spacing, and left
justification. The current common wisdom accepts that
computers have revolutionized the craft of writing. A
half hour of creating words with the Macintosh will
convince you, however, that the real revolution in I
writing has only just begun. //,,II
Up to now, word processors -- for all their
editing, searching, sorting, and paginating power -
have remained greatly glorified electronic typewriters.
But with the arrival of Macintosh, the scope of
computer writing skills is no longer confined to
stringing characters together. The power to control
typography and format has been put directly in the
hands of every writer. The art of writing has never
been so dramatically changed since Gutenberg.
~
Whatever sLyles are set define the ap the same Une ( ~ee Figure 6). And when you so much a pan oflhe Mac sLyle of comput
pearance of text subsequentl typed Dur later insert text In your document, the ln ing that we will everuuaUy come to expecc
you can also change exlstlng text by select sen.ed te.'<t automat.lcally appears In the them from almost any program thaL rwis
ing any port.Ii o of a documenr, from a In specified style. on the Mac.
gle character to the entire body of text, and To be fair, all iliis praise should not be
making a selection from t.he Style menu. If dlrected to MacWrtte. These typographic The Bit ofDifference
you're already amicipaUng Lhat Lhese type acrobatics are provided courtesy of d1e The Mac and MacWrfte can do all
chang - are reflected automatically on dle Mac's resldent ~ nL Manager-roullnes d1ese wonderful tJ1ings because they treat
creen, you're becoming conven Lo d1e that reside wlt.Wn the computer's penna wrillng as graphics rather than as jusL a
Mac style ofword processing nem memory (ROM). Th se font manlpula string of characters. The letter a Is not just
The type pOS.!lbillLles may extend be tl ns are therefore equally avai lable to all the first leuer f the alphabet; It's a 12
yond your expectation.5. )bu can ·pedfy olher Mac appllClllom. They will become pl.ain New York a, a 10-poinl bold Arhens a,
dlfferent 1ype Lyles, foru , and sJzes wlthln a 24-po nt itallc Venice a, or whaLever com
bination of variables you ch . MacWrlte
"knows" Lb.ls, and "tells" the Mac Font Man
"
.
1
•
-
Fiie
-
Edit Search
~21~~~~3~~~-·-~~.~1~
' · · 11 · ~~
Formet
' · ~~' ~~~~

Font
Mee Writing
Style
· · ~"""-i;. . . . . .~
6 _.__,,_._._......~. .
., ager to "tell" the screen to display a 10
polnt bold Athens a, for example (see
"Chan of'fype f'Onts")
~ ~ lm l ~ I I lllEI [I] [ll] Ill I

The current common wisdom accepts that
oomput•rs hav• revolutionized the craft of
writing. A half hour of creating words with
the Macintosh will convince you, however, I
that the real revolution in writing has only
just begun.
Flgu,.e 4
Up to now, word processors -- for all their A MacWrlce roler u>IJb
editing, searching.. sorting, and paginating margins set at 2 and5
• lnche , Indentation
power -- have remain•d gre tJy glorified 01 2J 4 lncbes, llrU!
(lTld-a-balf padng,
electronic l writers . But with the arrival andfull jw.tlficatknL
.,
" • Fiie Edit Seerch Format Font •Plll'I• Figure$
• --- -
2
- -
3
Mee Wr
4 "'1l•ld
MacWrlre'.s SJyle menu,
with the word rev.,lu
-i ,_! !_J,~.J.....-~~1.....-L. 1l.i ~ 116 1/r. tl t In 18-pomt
~ ~ [l!i!!1IJ [§] EJ ~Underline bold ltalfc underll11ed
ow/In d shadow te..'CJ
Th• curr.nt common wisdo "'1111DWlllmlll
have revolutionized the cratt of w ""11bmt!IQJl!D
however, that the real e;;•:;1!;;;;;::;~ ling

bas only just beglln.
Up to now, word processors ling,
s.arching, sorting, and paginating a ined
g~atly glori1ied electronic t ypew Point e
48
arrival of Macintosh, the scope of c 72 Point kills
is no longer confined to stringing C hi:rll"'!!'l:~""'""~oe'e!!l'l:'f'
power t.o control typography and format has been put
directly in lhe hands or every writer The art of writing
has never been so dramatically changed since Gutenberg.
Macworld 65
..4Review
The screen can display the letter in running out of space just as you're keying One is to wait until more memory be
this form because the computer has con in the climactic ending of your short story. comes available for the Mac. If a Mac had
trol of each of the 175,104 dots that make The immediate reason for this docu 512,000 bytes of memory installed, the
up the total image on the screen. The Mac ment size limit is that a good chunk of the maximum MacWrite document would the
screen is bit-mapped, meaning each of Mac's random-access memory (RAM) is oretically be about 400,000 characters,
those dots is controlled in the Mac's mem taken up by the programs that control the which is the size of a short novel. But that
ory. Thanks to the Mac's ability to display Mac's desktop and the MacWrite program might be too long a wait for your immedi
text in bits, every MacWrite writer has itself. The remaining RAM is what you have ate writing needs.
been given the power to be his or her own available for your document. The second solution is to wait until a
typographer and graphic designer. The real limitation, however, is the word processing program is introduced for
fact that MacWrite holds the entire docu the Mac that uses a disk-resident document
The Limit ment in memory while it is being worked system. Several such programs are under
Now for a dose of reality. Based on the on. There are other methods by which development and forthcoming. By the
introductory state of the Mac, each Mac word processing programs handle docu time you read this, you might not have to
Write document is limited to about 27,000 ments, such as by writing portions of the wait at all.
characters, or about 5000 words, which is document back to disk when necessary.
roughly the length of this review. It's about This method permits a document length Old Traditions
20 double-spaced pages in 12-point type. limited only by disk storage space. In com Now that you've been wowed by Mac
That's certainly more than enough space to puter parlance, such a storage system is Write's features and have come to terms
write your next office report or a long, said to be disk-resident, as opposed to the with its Achilles' heel, how well does it per
chatty letter, but you might find yourself memory-resident system that MacWrite form the standard operations that most
uses. word processing programs provide? The
If you've got a lengthy writing project following is a brief rundown of some of the
and can't manage to chop your material essentials.
into 5000-word chapters, two solutions to Insert and overwrite. All text is in
this memory-bound limitation are possible. serted in the document as it is typed at the
insertion point. You cannot overwrite char
acters-that is, type characters in place of
existing ones. Limiting MacWrite in this
" • File Edit Search Format Font Style

Mac Writing
~ • ..1 • L.. 1. • . L.. J~•..L. • . .L..
.L1. 1.. • . L.•...L. • ...l.~•...L.• .~. • ..J.::··· . l.~•.. L..... L.. ... 1... . ...L?
1?. ! .... L.• . L.•
~~ ~~~ ~~~~
The current C<.l11111w11 wisdom~
that computers have revotutionized the

craft of Wf it ittg:. A I/Hill? ~ of
creating words with the Macintosh I
will convince you, however, that the real
revolution in writing has only_just begun.
editing, searching, sorting, and paginating
power - have remained greatly glorified
Figure6 electronic typewriters. But with the arrival
A variety of MacWrite of Macintosh, the scope of computer writing
ope styles andfonts in skills is no longer confined to stringing
a single document
way is a wise choice, given the general Clipboard into the document (see Figure changing it to Sack, both Mac and mac
Macintosh edict that application programs 7). As an alternative, text can be copied to will be changed to Sack and sack respec
should not place users in different modes the Clipboard, leaving the original text in tively. A flexible range of search and re
of operation. place and making the Clipboard text place options is the sort of detail that in
Backspace. The Backspace key moves available for pasting elsewhere in the the traditional word processing world
the insertion point one character to the left document. distinguishes a good program from a
while deleting the character to the left; in This moving operation is fairly effi great one.
other words, it is a destructive backspace. cient in that it can be accomplished entirely
Seasoned writers and poor typists proba with the mouse, but it does require that Bells and Whistles
bly use this key more than any other. you move from the text area to the menu The word processing world is filled
Delete. The MacWrite program bar and back again twice. An alternative with other fancy features. Some programs
provides three ways to delete text. The method that uses the ag (Command) key is let you store different formats for memos,
Backspace key deletes destructively as de a very efficient way to make these moves letters, and outlines and implement them
scribed above. You can also delete bv (see "Keyboard Control"). with a single command; edit several docu
selecting a portion of text and choosing Search and replace. The Search op ments at once using multiple windows; ·
Cut from the Edit menu. The cut text tion on the MacWrite menu bar has com create footnotes, tables of contents, and in
then resides in the Clipboard, ready for mands for finding a specified string of dexes automatically; or define certain key
further use. characters and either selectively or strokes to type whole words, phrases, or
The third deletion technique is the globally changing the "find" string to an sentences or to define a series of program
most innovative and also the most useful. If other string (see Figure 8). Both functions commands into "macro" commands. Some
you select a portion of text and start typing ignore case; that is, if you are searching for programs even check your grammar and
new text, the selected text will be deleted Mac, you will find Mac, mac, Macys, and spelling. MacWrite does not offer any of
and the new text inserted as you type, all supremacy. these extra treats.
in one automatic operation. It's the hand MacWrite's search and replace func MacWrite does offer one rare and wel
iest way to make a spot correction. Pressing tion is somewhat limited. Other word pro come feature, however. The Undo com
the Backspace key when text has been se cessing programs allow you to specify mand in the Edit menu always gives you
lected deletes that text without cutting it to whether you want to ignore case. A further the option of undoing your last action.
the Clipboard. refinement is whether the replace string is Thus, you can undo deletions, moves, style
Move and copy. Moving a block of inserted in a "case-sensitive" manner. In changes, and even the last text typed as an
text in MacWrite is accomplished by select other words, if you are finding Mac and insertion. It's like having a word process
ing the text, cutting it to the Clipboard via ing seatbelt, only more effective, because
the Edit menu, choosing a new insertion you're always wearing it and it can take you
point, and then pasting the text from the back in time, before the accident occurred.
What's more, in classic Macintosh
style, the text of the Undo command
., changes to reflect your last action. For ex
ample, if you are undoing a Cut command,
the prompt will say Undo Cut. If you
1
••• J, ••• 1..
1... .1. •• .1. ••• 1. choose Undo twice in succession, the sec
ond time the prompt will say Redo Cut and
undo your previous undo. It's a powerful
dose of Mac magic.
Up to now, word processors -- for all their editing,

searching, sorting, and paginating power -- have remained
greatly glorified electronic typewriters. But with the
arrival of Macintosh, the scope of computer writing skills
is no longer confined to stringing characters together. The
power to control typography and format has been put Figure 7
directly in the hands of every writer. The art of writing Choosing the Cut com
has never been so dramatically changed since Gutenberg. mandfrom the Edit
menu to cut selected
text into the Clipboard
Macworld 67
~ Review
Heads and Tails

Like many traditional word processing
programs, MacWrite provides the ability to
specify headers and footers-text that ap Keyboard Control
pears at the top or bottom of each page of
the document. In some respects, these fea A debate has raged for years in some commands directh• from
tures are powerfully implemented. You can word processing circles con the keyboard, using the Com
include several lines of text in both the cerning proper use of the key mand key X in conjunction
header and footer, and you can set the type board. One school, consisting with an alphabetic key. These
style, size, and even the font for the head mostly of writers who struggle keyboard alternatives are con
ers and footers independently of the main with the typewriter keyboard veniently listed next to the
text. The headers and footers are specified using four fingers at best, has equivalent commands in the
in separate windows, but their effect is dis cried out for special function menus.
played as part of the text on the screen keys that could be dedicated to Two systems of keyboard al
(see Figures 9 and 10). specific, convenient word pro ternatives are provided within
There are some problems with this cessing commands. the MacWrite program. One
feature, however. The header and footer The other school, which permits you to select type
windows provide three icons that can be seems to be made up entirely styles by holding down the X
dragged into the text for setting the page of touch-typists who generally key and pressing p, b, i, u, o, or
number, date, and time. Unfortunately, type faster than the national s for plain, bold, italic, under
these icons do not display their e~ects in speed limit, wants to keep ten lined, outlined, and shadow
the header window-you have to switch to fingers on the keyboard as text, respectively. Using this
the text window to see the page, date, or much as possible. method is very practical; for in
time; thus, aligning and editing them cor The Mac has no function stance, you can italicize a word
rectly can be difficult (see "Tips for Mac keys, and it's probably a good and return to plain text without
Writers" for some techniques to alleviate thing. Once you deal with more having to break your keyboard
this problem). than 107 of them and their vari flow.
ous permutations, remember Other keyboard alternatives
ing which convenience each permit you to Undo the last ac
BJJIJIJU•• key provides becomes a chore. tion by pressing X -z, Cut se
All the Mac's commands are ac lected text to the Clipboard
Every MacWrite cessible via the mouse pointer using X -x, Copy using X -c,
and "soft" checklists, buttons, and Paste with X -v.
writer has been given and boxes that appear on the If the mnemonics of those
screen when requested or letters escape you, you'll notice
the power to be his or when the situation warrants. that the z, x, c, and v kevs oc
It's a much more sane and prac cupy the bottom row of the
her own typographer tical system. keyboard. Thus, you can easily
Nevertheless, there will invoke these four X -key op
and graphic designer. surely be some proficient typ tions with one hand. It's a tech
ists among the ranks of Mac nique that Mac writers should
The headers and footers also control users, and they will probably quickly develop, because it cuts
the top and bottom margins of each page. prefer to remain keyboard down on mouse activitv and
If you want to create a larger top margin bound while they write. To ac makes text manipulatio~ more
but don't want any header text, you have to commodate them, MacWrite efficient.
open the header window and insert one or provides the ability to invoke
more Returns. This technique produces no
discernible effect on the header screen, so
you have to guess what effect you're pro
ducing. MacWrite will not let you insert
more than seven lines in a header or
footer. If you want more than seven lines'
worth of top margin, you have to select
line-and-a-half or double spacing on the
separate header/footer ruler before you en
ter the invisible Returns or specify a differ-
68 Volume 1, Numher 1
., Reading and Writing
Many word processing applications in
ID volve mixing and merging different docu
·~•··· 1 · ·•·· · Find what ments, often portions of standard text
called boilerplate. You can accomplish this
Change to task in several ways with MacWrite, but the
program lacks the two features necessary
(Find NeHt) Change . then Find (Change) ( Change All ) to do the job directly: the ability to read an
half hour of creat ing words with the Mac will convince other saved file into your document and
you, however, that the real r e_volution in writing has the ability to select a portion of text and
only just begun. save it as a separate file on disk.
Up t o now, word processors -- for all their The easiest way to transfer portions of
editing, searching, sorting, and paginating power - text from one document to another with
MacWrite is to Cut or Copy a selection to
have remained gr eatly glorified electronic typewriters. the Clipboard, save the existing file, open a
But with the arrival of 11§11 fib the scope of new document, and then Paste from the
computer writing skills is no longer confined to Clipboard into the new document. This
stringing characters together . The power to control process works, but would be very inconve
typography and format has been put directly in the nient if you needed to insert several docu
hands of every wr iter The art of writing has never ments into a text file or pull several
been so dramatically changed since Gutenberg. selections from text and save them as sepa
rate documents. The File menu offers the
Figures options of getting a copy of a document or
The MacWrite Search/Change menu duplicating the current document by sav
ing it with another name, but both of
those operations work only on whole
em type size for the header. This is a level You can confuse your document, how documents.
of abstraction that few users will enjoy ever, by mixing spaces with Returns and The best way to do multiple document
mastering. type style changes; figuring out where you reads and writes with MacWrite is to make
Many traditional word processing pro have to insert or delete to make your text use of the Scrapbook, a feature supplied as
grams provide more header and footer op bold instead of underlined or indented in a desk accessory. You can place several se
tions, such as positioning the header or stead of outdented can become very myste lections into the Scrapbook and then in
footer on the right or left depending on rious indeed. A welcome option would be a sert them from the Scrapbook into new
whether the page number is odd or even. menu choice that temporarily displays documents. This procedure is somewhat
This feature is handy for reports duplicated where the formatting breaks occurred. more efficient, but still requires two steps
by priming on both sides of the page. Most Another formatting reservation con to complete one operation (see Figure 11).
programs permit you to specify different cerns the ruler-like markers. While they do
header text midway in a document. Mac make page formatting simpler than in al The Graphics Connection
Write does not, although it does let you most any other word processing program MacWrite doesn't quite measure up to
specify a page as a "title page," which available, they can get in the way and be some of the traditional programs in the file
maintains the header spacing but does not come ungainly if your document has sev transfer department, but how many tradi
print the header text. eral format changes. (Rulers can be tional word processing programs let you
optionally hidden.) Centering a line of text combine graphics with text? With Mac
Blind Formatting in MacWrite is also rather cumbersome Write, MacPaint, and a little practice, you
Some of the same difficulties encoun (you have to insert a new ruler just for that can not only insert a drawing into your
tered in formatting headers occur when purpose). document, you can change its size and pro
you format the main text. All of the format Another format disappointment is that portions while it's on the page. Word pro
ting effects are based on the position of Re the maximum width of a MacWrite docu cessors just aren't supposed to be able to
turns in the text and the points at which ment is about 6\14 inches of text area-what have that capability.
type styles change. So long as you keep the can be displayed in the MacWrite window.
text in orderly paragraphs and make ra It's not unusual for word processing pro
tional typographic choices, MacWrite will grams to be able to scroll horizontally to
present a fairly dear picture, and what you accommodate wide documents. There is a
see is in fact what you get. further limitation: if you have reduced the
dimensions of the MacWrite text window,
you cannot scroll horizontally to see even
the 6\14-inch width. This limitation is a ma
jor departure from the Macintosh user
interface.
Macworld 69
~Review
.,
,. • file Edit Search Format Font Style
Heoder
MacWrlte Examples page l:)I

mi ~
editing, ~ching, sorting, and paginating power -

But with lbe arrival of Macintosh, the scope of
Figure!) computer writing skills is no longer confined to
A beader Uoindou • stringing characters together The power to control
sbou.•lng tbe page typography and formal has been put directly in the
number, daie, and hands of every writer The art of writing bas never
tlm Icons
.,
Ftg"relO ,. • File Edit Search Format font St yle
n1e effect of tbe
header window e1 - - -- - ---=._- --- ------=----:::::.....__
- - ----=-=------=- -
tf11gs specified 111
MacWrlte Examples page I
Flgur 9 Sahrday, I 9 November, 1983 15:-'16
The current common wisdom accepts t.hal

computers have revolutionized lbe cra!t of writing. A
half hour of creating words with the Macintosh will
convince you, however, that the rtal r volution in
writing has only just ~-1 I
editing, searching, sorting, ancl paginating power -
have remained greally glorified electronic typewriters
But with the arrival ot Macintosh, the scope of
computer writing skills is no l~nger confined to
st.ringing characters logelb r . The power to control
typography and format has ~en put directly in t.he
hands of every writer The art of writing has never
Printing appeared on tl1e screen ( · e Fl!{ure 12 . The printing function abo .lacks one
Printing a word processing document The only excepli n to thic; proc · is chat iJ feature tlull would have gone a long way to
has long been the writer' · mo ·c dreaded you d1oose hlgh resolution f m r..he Prim ameliorate the document size limitation.
chore. The problem was that you could menu, y ur primed d cumeru wil l look The abllicy to chain print eparate docu
never be really sure how the document even bener chan le dld on che creen. mem into one long printed docum m b
would prlm while ·ou were producing it The priming featu · haVi> · me pecu not an unconunon wor<l proc · ·ing tea
on the screen; you had to connect a multi 1..iaritl~. The Print menu offers tl 1e ptloru cure. If this feature ere includ d a Mtlc
tude of printing commands and peclfica priming randard Yi- by I I-inch leuer Write option, you could produ e fin.al
tlon · with the documenr for ir to print ize, legal size, and Eu pean si7.e d cu printed pieces of virtually any I ngth with
correctly. mem in a tall or wide format , buc ~ noted minim.al Inc nvenience.
Enter MacWrlte. Choose Print from above, the MacWrlle reeo llmi the l · t
the file menu, answer ·ome qu lion portion of a document to a idth of 6V..
about page length and printing quality, and inch
watch your printer produce exactl what
70 ~me 1, Number l
.,
Mac Writing
Sc rap Book
The current common wisdom accepts that computers ha,ve

revolutionized the craft of wr iting. A half hour of creat ing words
with the Macintosh will convince you , however , that the rea l
revolut i on in writing has only j ust begun.
Figuren
Pasting text to the
Scrapbook
r •
.,
Edit Search Format Figure12
The File/Print menu
Quality: Q High @Standard 0 Draft [~D_O

Page Range: @Hll O From: ~To: CJ
Copies: [LJ
Paper Feed : @ Continuous O Cut Sheet (Cancel )
convince you, however, that the real revolution in

writing has only just begun.
editing, searching, sorting, and paginating power -
But with the arrival of Macintosh, the scope of
stringing characters together. The power to control
typography and format has been put directly in the
hands of every writer. The art of writing has never
1\vo Reviews But for new computer writers and going to change the way we think about
Now it may be more apparent why this word processing veterans alike, MacWrite written communication. MacWrite is the
review is really two reviews. Compared to also provides the first widely accessible first popular program to show us why
the mundane functions of the word pro version of a revolutionary new style of and how.
cessing programs that preceded it, Mac computer writing tool. It excels in the
Write holds its own as a perfectly areas of screen formatting and type selec
serviceable, if somewhat limited, word tion. MacWrite does amazing things ...... ......... ......... ... ...
processing package. It's an appropriate effortlessly that most other programs can't MacWrite
program for beginners because of its sim even attempt. Without question, no word Apple Computer, Inc.
plicity. Some features could have been bet processing program has ever offered so 20525 Mariani Ave.
ter designed, and many bells and whistles much power with so much simplicity to Cupertino, CA95014
exist in the word processing world that such a wide audience. 8001538-9696; in California
MacWrite doesn't pretend to offer. This is why every writer, regardless of 8001662-9238
his or her computer experience, should be Listprice: $195 including MacPaint
thrilled by MacWrite. The Macintosh is
Macworld 71
Review: Spreadsheets
Multiplan Meets the Mac
Andrew T. Williams
The Mac teams up with an im Last year Microsoft's Multiplan was named Using an electronic spreadsheet, you
proved version ofMicrosoft's "Software of the Year" by Info World, a can construct tables that accurately model
venerable electronic spread widely read and respected news weekly for the relationships between elements on the
sheet program. microcomputer users. The honor was well spreadsheet and use the computer's rapid
deserved because Multiplan is a powerful calculating powers to recalculate the work
piece of software. This year Multiplan has sheet whenever new information is en
teamed up with the new kid on the block, tered or existing information is changed.
the flashy Macintosh. The result is defi To be sure, information is still arranged in
nitely something to behold. Later in this re the cells of the familiar spreadsheet grid
view, you'll see exactly what this marriage
of technical innovation and tried and true
software means in terms of specific fea
Multiplan s link
tures. Bue for those users who are new to
computers, here's a brief introduction to
the world of electronic spreadsheets.
ing feature allows you
Electronic Spreadsheets
To understand an electronic spread to combine several
sheet, you should begin with its more fa
miliar ancestor, the manual spreadsheet. worksheets into a gi
Manual spreadsheets (sometimes called
worksheets or accountant's pads) are com gantic workspace.
mon tools used in business analysis. They
can be large, complicated affairs containing formed by the intersection of columns and
hundreds of interrelated entries, or they rows, but the size and power of the spread
can be as simple and straightforward as a sheet is greatly expanded.
cash register receipt from the local super A 13-column by 30-row manual
market. spreadsheet has 390 cells, enough for 30
Accountants use spreadsheets to keep line items for twelve months plus a column
the books, managers use them to prepare for the row headings. Multiplan, by con
budgets and sales projections, and financial trast, has 16,065 cells arranged in 63 col
analysts use them to organize their analy umns and 256 rows. With Multiplan you
ses. Everyone uses them to keep records. can do five-year projections by months or
An electronic spreadsheet adds the fifteen-year projections by quarters. Multi
power of a microcomputer to the frame plan 'slinking feature allows you to com
work of the manual spreadsheet. It gives bine several worksheets into a gigantic
each spreadsheet the natural calculating workspace.
ability of the computer so that formulas
and functions can be entered into the cells
of the worksheet, instead of just the num
bers and text available on a manual
spreadsheet.
oJJ c1ons Calculat,
.....................................................................,..........................i-.•••............................................................................................•J'.•.·.-.·.·~.- .......,. ............. , . ...................

CPI
I 2 3 I I
RCHAS
. . . . . . .I.tiG . . . ./v'ER
. . . .P(:) . . . . . .OF
. . . .THE
. . . . . .DOLLP..R
11
... . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a a
Cf.:) t~Sllt·1ER
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
HO'./"'' t-11..JCH . .(OU 'D H.8.\IE TO
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a I a a a a a
. . . . . .F. .R. I.CE

. . . . . . . . . . . . .EP..R
. . . . .N. . .TO . . . . . . . .~:. .2. .0. .0
. . . .EARN . .(I. .0. . . . .
1
I
•
. . . . .I.t·~. [J
. .E
. .:::<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It~ . . . . . . . .DOLLARS
. . . .1967 .. .. .. .. . . . .
... .• .......• .. .
.. 1.247 ....... ..
.-, .,
' •
.1. .. 1
. ..:::... . (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$17J746.2
. ... .... .
• • • •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$18)9
. .1.058 . . . . . . . .0.
(1.86 . . . . . .2. . . .5. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$23)
.0.621 . . . . . . . . . .t . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$32)2
. . 406
Cl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$49
. . . . ._.26
. . . . .1.Oo
......
. '7 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$57
1..J i:i
. . . . ._.471
. . . . . ..26
... .. . .
... . . ............. ... .......
•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•=•'•'
=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·~·· -·
I
..• ...
················-·
. ~
a a a • • • a a a• a .,
I
.::#. Review
.,
,.. • File Edit Select Format Options Calculate
R13C3 =: oooo :r:·: 1-11

0
CPI
2 3
... ... ... POWER
············ ..PURCHASING Of THE......
... ... ........ DOLLAR
.. .................................
~ ......... ·········'.·cONSUMER ·\-iovii1Uci:iy(xfr> HAYE io' ~- ............................;111
= ·::·:::::·.. :::::: · ;.::· ;p~~~ :.:: . :·:~~ -~~~t1~%t~·~ . . : . :.:.:: : : : : ..:: : :··: . ·11 ·1i
6 ........ YEAR :···.. . .... :... .. . .. . .. .. .. -~· .................. ·11 I
7 ...... ... "1'Ci~;'5 ~ ..··; .2~--7 . . :.......... $16-;i1'38.-49 . .. .. ...'. . • ........... . ...... . .. 111·
.............................. .. . ... . .... .. . . . . . ........................... ... 1:
o .......1. ?.~.o : .... ~ ~P ...;...........~1J •.7.'4~ . 2.3 ...................... ·· 1'!!i
9 ... ... .1965
. : 1.058 . :.... .... ...$18,903
.. .. . .59 . ... 1iii
... ... . .. . .......... . "*
10 1970 :
...... . . ... ... .. 0.86 : $23,255 .B 1
..... ...... • . .... .... .. .... ..... 1iiil
.. • . .. . . ........ . . !lilq Ftgurel
11 1975 : 0.621 : $32,206. 12 n!:'' Sample Multiplan
1
12 ........... ii8a ·~ ... o.40i, .. :.. · ..
"$4~i · 2·6 ·1 '.' 6'6 .. . ..........................
l!iif:
· ::i:?.~:2; :~0N~ :.-_ ..q : 3:~~-. :) , r.··: :·--.. : : :::::.:::-.:: :ii!~)
spreadsheet docu
menting the sad
decline oflbe pur
chasing power of
the U.S dollar.
More imponam than size alone is the constructed table. Never again will you MacPlan
fact mat Mulliplan resides in the com have to use scls.5or and paste to remove an Mu/tip/an ls the first spreadsheet pro
puter's memory. The Mac i very good at unwanted row or column. Never again will gr'dJTl available for use on the Mac. But it is
keeping crack of things, doing error-free you need co reson to microscopic writlng such a different version of the well-known
calculations, and letting you change the co include a line item you missed or an product that those familiar with it might be
appearance of I.he display. Item someone suggesred you consider. Fur tempted to call ir "MacPlan." If you have
The speed of a Multiplan preadsheer mermore, every formula and functi n on used Mu/tip/an before, you'll recognize
calculation clearly manifest , the power of the worksh et adju ts automatically to ac the program, but I.here are many new
electronic spreadsheets. A simple example comm dare the new row or column ·. and worthwhile-things to learn. The uni
is adding up a column of numbers. Mu/ti Electronic spread hee ts, along wim form working environment of the Mac
p/an has a function char does this in less word processing programs, are what keep windows, icons, pull-down menus, and the
time rhan It takes co doc an i. You can microcomputers from being merely expen like-and the u e of the mouse for cursor
change a number in the list, and the pro sive toys. These programs gjve you great control have important, positive effects on
gram will recalculate me total (along with control over two of humankind's moSt e the way Mu/tip/an operates.
every other formula and function on the sentlal means of communication and analy Figure 1 hows a typical Mu/tip/an
worksheet) and dlsplay the new answers in . is: words and numbers. window. Ir dJsplays a table documenting
a flash. Also, spreadsheeLS and word proc me sad decline of the purchasing power of
"What If' analysis-changing a few ing programs do not require thar you use rhe U.S. dollar. The menu bar at the top of
numbers to ee what will happen to a bud spedfic cools to solve problems in pre the window list rbe Mu/tip/an menu title :
get, a balance sheet, or any other table-ls determined ways. Instead, me y provide Folder, Edit, Select, Format, Options, and
an Important financial analysis tool. It is two general rypes of electronic "black Calculate. Mose of the program fearures are
one of the tasks that Mu/tip/an and other board " and "chalk boxes." These are gen selecred by choo ing items from one of the
electronic preadsheet programs do best. eralized tools that let you decide how besr menus. Each menu can be pulled down by
The results of a few simple changes that to olve your particular problems based on locating me pointer on rhe desired menu
may rake hour of manual calculation (al your individual knowledge and creativity. title and pressing and holding down the
ways subject to human error) are pre mou e button.
sented error-free by the computer in You can elect items from the menu by
seconds. moving me pointer to the appropriate item
Anomer important feature of an elec and releasing me mouse bunon. The
tronic spreadsheer is its ability to insert or
delete pace in the middle of an already
74 \\:>lume 1, Number 1
,.. • File Options Calculate
.,
R13C3
Decimal
Scientific
: CONS Bar Graph TO .
PRI 0
Number Of Decimals ... ·.. · ·· · ·· · · ·· .... ·· · · ·· · ·· · · .. · · .. · ·· · · ·
I ND
.. YEAR··········· ···. ···· ·····
··· ···· ··· ................ . 3C1 ........ ............... .. .. .... ..... ..
Align Left
..... .......1955 : 1.2
···············
1960 : I. I Figure2
1965
9 ....... ...... : 1. 0
............. Sample Multiplan
10 1970 : 0.8 ............................ ..............
menu. The checks op
11 ···· ······ ·1·97·5T···a:6 vCommas
............................. posite Dollar, Align
12 .. ... .......1980
........: ... ....
0.4 . Center, and Commas
13 ... .1.?.~.~i.Y.l.:'.t:I( .... .q}.. Column Width ... indicate that those
three formats control
the display ofthe num
ber in the actil'e cell.
checks opposite Dollar, Align Center, and what it must do to find out how much you tion changes. When the pointer is in the
Commas in Figure 2 indicate that those would have needed to earn inJune of1982 menu bar, it is arrow shaped and can be
three formats control the display of the to have the average purchasing power of used to pull down menus. When the
number in the cell shown in black in the 20,000 1967 dollars. pointer is in the body of the worksheet, it
body of the worksheet. The denominator of the expression, is a cross and is used to activate cells. In
The line below the menu bar is the RC[-1], is how Multiplan refers to cells the formula bar the pointer is an I-beam
formula bar. The left side of the formula within formulas. It means, "Get the value and indicates where editing will take place.
bar contains the address of the active, or from the cell in this row (R), but one col If you move the pointer to one of the
current, cell in the body of the worksheet. umn to the left ( C[-1])." This type of eel 1 vertical lines that separate the column
In Figure 1, the active cell is at the intersec reference can become very complicated numbers, the symbol changes to indicate
tion of row 13 and column 3. Hence, the ad when you are referring to ranges, and it is a that you can change the column width by
dress of the active cell is R13C3. Each cell major reason Multiplan's ability to assign dragging the boundary to the right or left.
on a Multiplan worksheet has a unique ad names to ranges is so essential. (Column 3 in Figure 1 has been expanded
dress made up of the row number and col to accommodate the large column head
umn number of the cell's location. The Mouse ing.) When an action requires a few mo
The active cell is the only cell in One of the prominent features of the ments to complete, the pointer changes to
which information can be placed or modi Mac is the mouse. While you'll need some a wristwatch to indicate that you must wait.
fied. It is displayed as black with a solid practice to get the right hand-eye coordi While they do take some getting used
white border, making it easy to spot. The nation to move the pointer with the mouse, to, the context-sensitive symbols are an ex
contents of the active cell are displayed on the power and convenience it brings to cellent visual guide to what will happen
the right side of the formula bar. In Figure Multiplan are well worth the effort. (Some when you work in different areas of the
1, the active cell contains a formula commands can be implemented from the Multiplan window. The mouse is a conve
( = 20000/RC[-1]), even though it displays keyboard. These key combinations, which nient way to choose options from a menu,
the number $57,471.26 in the body ofthe are listed next to the equivalent commands and can quickly accomplish such routine
worksheet. The formula tells Multiplan in the menus, are convenient when you are tasks as selecting a range of cells, changing
keying in data.) column widths, or splitting the screen into
The action controlled by the mouse separate window panes.
depends on the location of the pointer on
the screen. To help you distinguish the ac
tions, the pointer changes shape as the ac
Macworld 75
.:! Review
....
r • File Edit Select Format Options Calculate
R2 1C1 3
CPI
2 3 13
1 PURCHASING POWER OF THE DOLLAR
.. ..
············································································· ········· ·· ········ ... ... ..... .
2 ............................................................................................................
3 ; CONSUMER
............................ ; HOW MUCH YOU'D HAVE
.. ..................................... TO
.... ......
" ...................;.....~R~~.~ .. ...;....~~R~ .i:~.~~R~.~.~~!~.9.q ....
5 ; INDEX ; IN 1967DOLLARS
.............................................................................
6 YEAR ; ;
. ....... •••. .: .•...•..• .•.~ .1.~...o.~~ . ~.~ ........... .

.•••••••••••••••..••••••••
. .
..
·············································································
..
22
23
... .
..
·············································································
2-4
.. ...
·· ····· ······································································
..
·· .
..
...
············································ ·······························
25 .............................................................................
.. Ftgurej
. .. ..
26 ............................................................................. Multiple windows
allowyou to view
different sets ofcells.
Scrolling the Worksheet using the pointer to position the scroll Selecting Cell Ranges
Only a small fraction of the Mu/tip/an boxes in the horizontal and vertical scroll Many of Mu/tip/an 's built-in functions
worksheet appears in the grid in the lower bars, you can quickly and easily cause any and commands operate on all cells in a
part of the screen in Figure 1. Although the of Mu/tip/an 's 16,065 cells to appear on the group or range of cells. The SUM function
number of cells displayed depends on the screen. is an obvious example. It adds up the num
width of each column, usually fewer than bers in a range and displays the answer in
100 cells are visible on the screen at any Window Bars the cell containing the function. Another
time. Actually you have plenty of room to Another feature of Mu/tip/an is the example is the Format command, in which
work with, since the worksheet in the window bar. This is the small black rec all the cells in a range can be assigned the
Mac's memory has 16,065 cells. tangle at the top of the vertical scroll bar Dollar format or aligned to the center of
The general procedure for making dif and at the far left of the horizontal scroll the cell, for example.
ferent cells appear on the screen is scroll bar. You can position the pointer in a win To operate on a range of cells, the pro
ing the worksheet. This term refers to the dow bar, hold down the mouse button, and gram must.provide ways to select the cells.
way the worksheet appears to wind and drag the window bar along the scroll bar. Mu/tip/an gives you several ways to accom
unwind on the screen. Since you will use The screen will split into two windows at plish this task. In fact, there is nothing like
scrolling frequently when you are con the point where you release the mouse it on any other electronic spreadsheet pro
structing or using an electronic worksheet, button (see Figure 3). gram. You can select an entire column or
the way a program handles this function is Unlike a similar feature on other elec row by positioning the pointer on a row or
very important. One of the Mac's greatest tronic spreadsheets, you cannot scroll all column number and clicking the mouse
strengths is that it performs these opera windows independently. Windows above button. Like all selected ranges, the se
tions efficiently. one another must display the same col lected row or column will appear in re
The easiest way to expose cells that umns, and windows beside one another verse video (white characters on a black
are just off the screen is to position the must display the same rows. However, win background).
pointer at the edge of the grid. Pressing dows on the diagonal can be scrolled inde Or you can position the pointer on the
and holding the mouse button while you pendently. You can view different sets of first cell of the range, hold down the but
move the pointer into the border causes cells in the upper-left and lower-right win ton, and drag the pointer ro the opposite
new rows or columns to appear. dows. Thus, you can display an entry space corner of the desired area. The area may
If you want to view distant cells, the (a place where you enter parameters) in
Mac has some particularly efficient ways to the upper-left window and, at the same
get you there. Mu/tip/an uses the scroll time in the lower-right window, a set of far
bars, scroll boxes, and scroll arrows that removed cells that form display output.
are standard equipment on most Mac win
dows (see ''.A Tour of the Mac Desktop" for
a detailed description of these features). By
,. • File
.,
Select Format Options Calculate
R2 1C13
CPI
3 13
Select R Function DOLLAR
2
OK ) ( Cancel )
3
4 0 Piil
5 0 REPT[)
6 YE D ROUND[)
1 DROW[)
::!!::;::=::::11 0 SIGN[)
21 0SIN[J
22 D SQRT[) Figure4
23 0 STDEU[) The Paste Function
~;:~11
24
25
26 l.!:::=============:!l
:::::::::::::: command. You use the
scroll bar in the dialog
box to view the entire
·························································
. . ·· ··········· ·······
list o/Multiplan's built
in fanctions.
be a block of cells as well as a row or col nonadjacent cells. Each time you click the Two other convenient Edit commands
umn of cells. If you drag the pointer into mouse button when the 3C key is pressed, are Paste Function and Paste Name. Figure
one of the borders, the screen will scroll a cell is selected. If you hold down the 4 shows what happens if you select the
and the selected area will expand until you mouse button, you can drag the pointer Paste Function command from the Edit
release the mouse button. over a group of cells. If you hold down the menu. You are presented with a dialog box
You can also select a block of cells by 3C key and the Shift key at the same time, listing all of Multiplan's built-in functions.
using the Shift key in combination with the you can select a block of cells. You can use the scroll bar in the dialog box
mouse button. First, designate the cell at Any of these groups of cells can be to view the entire list. When you find the
one corner of the block by clicking the assigned a name and used in a built-in function you want, you can select it by
cell. That cell is the active cell, and it ap function or aMultiplan command. Fur
pears in reverse video surrounded by a thermore, you can move through any
solid white border. Next, move the pointer selected range by pressing the Enter key,
to the cell at the opposite corner of the or back up through a range by using the
block. Then press the Shift key and click Shift-Enter key combination. The combi You can protect
the mouse button. The entire block will be nation of the Enter key and Multiplan's cell
selected, and the cells will be displayed in selection options gives you a powerful either a range ofcells
reverse video. worksheet tool.
This method of selecting a range of Aword of caution. The Shift key and or the entire worksheet.
cells works especially well when the op the 3C key are disabled whenever the Caps
posite corner of the block is off the screen. Lock key is engaged. If Multiplan isn't let clicking the box in front of the formula.
Just use the scroll bars to display the op ting you use all of the selection features, The selected function appears in the for
posite corner on the screen and designate check to make sure the Caps Lock key is mula bar, ready for you to designate the
the block by using the Shift key and the not engaged. range of values on which it will operate.
mouse button. If you make a mistake, re The Paste Name command operates in
position the pointer and Shift-dick again. Special Editing Commands the same way. When you select it, you are
The original cell will remain active to de Multiplan's Edit menu has several presented with a dialog box containing all
fine the opposite corner of the block. special capabilities not found in other of the names you have created. You select
Another method for selecting a group spreadsheet programs. One particularly the one you need, and it is pasted into the
of cells uses the 3C key in combination useful feature is Undo. If you select the appropriate place.
with the mouse button to randomly select Undo command, what you have just en The Fill Down command fills a range
tered will be undone. You can also click the with the contents of the first row, while the
"stop sign" that appears in the formula bar Fill Right command fills a range with the
when you begin an entry. The stop sign
cancels a command, formula, or other
entry in mid-stride.
Macworld 77
-=Review
coments of the first column. Tu begin, you You can protect either a range of cells Linking and Naming
must specify the range to be filled. AMu /ti (which may or may not be adjacent) or the The Macintosh version of Mu/tip/an
p/an range is ea ily seen, because every entire worksheet. If you protect the entire carries over two features for which the
range is displayed in black as it is selected. worksheet, use the Unprotect option to program has become famous: the ability to
The Fill commands perform the same open up the cells into which data will be link several worksheets and the use ofEn
function as the Replicate or Copy com entered. glish words, instead of row and column cell
mands found in traditional spreadsheet Mu/tip/an has several feature that references, as names for ranges.
programs. These commands are constantly make the protection option especially use The linking feature, from which Mu/
used to spread functions, labels, or data ful. First, protected worksheets are dis tip/an gets its name, allows you to estab
from one cell or et of cells to the rest of played on the screen without the row and lish a connection between supporting and
the worksheet. Using these commands column numbers and the dashed lines that dependent worksheets. Linking is the nat
makes constructing a spreadsheet easy mark the cell boundaries. You immediately ural way to combine quarterly reports into
and fast. Ln most situations, llSing Multi know that you are working with a pro annual reports or tables of regional or divi
plan 's Fill commands is much easier than tected worksheet. Secondly, Mu/tip/an sional sales figures.
using the Replicate or Copy commands of designates any unprotected cells by The link between worksheets is ac
other spreadsheet programs. underlining them so you can ee exactly complished by assigning a name to a cell or
which cells are available for data entry. range of cells you wish co link from one
Protecting Worksheets Mu/tip/an goes the standard protec worksheet to another. After you specify the
Multiplan can protect work heets tion features one better by having you ranges, use the Copy command from the
from accidental changes. This feature can assign a password to each protected Edit menu to establish the link. Once the
save your valuable worksheets from your worksheet. Once a worksheet is protected, link has been established, the dependent
clumsiness and careless mistakes. It can only using the password can unprotect it, worksheet will copy the information from
also prevent your worksheet from being so be sure to pick a password you'll the supporting worksheet each time the
damaged when your well-meaning as remember. dependent worksheet is loaded into the
sistant decides to update it. Finally, you can move from one un Mac's memory. If you want, you can break a
protected cell to the next on a protected link with the Undo Copy command in the
worksheet by pressing the Enter key. This Edit menu.
procedure makes it easy co update a pro
tected worksheet. Simply type the data
for the active cell and press Enter. The
active cell then moves automatically co
the next unprotected cell, ready for your
next data entry.
,. s File Edit Select Format Options Calculate
R7C3
CPI
2 3
PURCHASING POWER OF THE DOLLAR
.. ······ ... .... .. ....... . ······················ .......
~ :::·:::::::::.. ::. ~~~~.~ ::: ~~~. 0~~H· Y~u·~. ~~~. !~:~ ::::::::::::::::: :: .... :.::.· mm!il ~
4 . PRICE : EARN TO EARN $20,000 :
s ::::::::::::.:::.:: :.:: :.i:~~~ ::::!::::: :::i ~T~~ 1·~~:~~~:~:: ·:: :: ::: ::· :::·::: ::: :::: : :::::::::::.•!l!i!i
6 YEAR · · *''i
1 :·:::::::: ::i-?:?:~ ·~:::::1:;?:~:~ :. : ::..::::::::::::::: :::::::::.::· iilii!
8 1960 : 1.127 : $17 , 746 .23 : i!!!i!
t.~:~:;::: :\~~$~~.:::: l::::.::::~t:{~~{~::::: : : ::!::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::

9
1 0 ::::: ::::::::: li:i1 I Figure 5
11 1975 ; 0 .621 : $32,206. 12 : iii!!! Figure 1 u•itb tbefor
!~ : : ,: ;~:~;:tt~ !::::
11 .
~~ ;~::: :::: l: :::::::::::;~}~}~~::. ::::::::::1:::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::/lif
.
1,
mulas displayed. In
column 3, tbe name
............... : .............. : ................................................................ CPI is used in place of
cell references in tbe
formulas.
In addition to their use in linking Flaws in the Plan them in the Trash. This operation must
worksheets, named cells or ranges of cells Set off against an impressive list of take place at the disk window level either
are convenient to use with all spreadsheet strengths are three problems. The first is before you enter Multiplan or after you
functions. In Figure 5, the Consumer Price Multiplan's inability to scroll each pane of have left the program.
Index in column 2 of the spreadsheet in a split screen independently. As noted, only The use of icons and a uniform way of
Figure 1 has been given the name "CPI." diagonal windows can be scrolled inde doing similar tasks in all application pro
This name is used in place of cell refer pendently, and independent scrolling is grams is certainly one of the Mac's greatest
ences in the formulas in column 3. The necessary to view widely separated sec strengths; it helps you move from one ap
formulas are much easier to read and tions of a worksheet. The split screen is plication to another easily and with a mini
understand when CPI replaces the cell ref mum of training. But in this case, the
erence, RC[-1]. This procedure is even uniform environment is a drawback. Most
more useful when a name replaces a range people want to have one last look at a
of cells in a formula or built-in function. worksheet before consigning it to elec
You can use the Name option from the The relatively tronic purgatory, and with the Mac you
Select menu to view all of the names you can't do that. What you must do is keep a
have assigned and to see which cells are as small size ofthe Mac list of the files you want to discard in the
signed to each name. The Paste Name com Trash, and then do the operation after
mand in the Edit menu allows you to paste screen is a drawback. you've left Mu/tip/an. Microsoft should def
a name into a formula without having to re initely put a Delete File command in the
type the name. most often used when you are performing File menu.
What If analysis with large tables, and non These few objections aside, the most
Entering Data and Text independent scrolling means wasting exciting thing about Multiplan on the Mac
The Mac version of Multiplan has a about half of an already small screen to is the way the classic strengths of a solid
good method for entering information into obtain the two independent diagonal spreadsheet program team up with the
worksheet cells. First, you use the pointer windows. latest technology to produce a winning
to define the range into which you wish The relatively small size of the Mac combination. Many people will undoubt
to make your entries. After selecting the screen is also a drawback. When Multiplan edly find using the mouse an easy and nat
range, you type your entry and press Enter. first appears on the Mac screen, it displays ural way to select cells, split and scroll
The active cell, which is outlined in white, 84 cells in 14 rows and 6 columns. In con windows, and edit formulas. The pull
will automatically move to the next cell in trast, Multiplan displays almost 75 percent down menus and dialog boxes are more
the range. more cells-140 in 20 rows and 7 col important features, however, because they
You can skip cells by pressing Enter, umns-on the IBM Personal Computer. make Multiplan easier to use than ever be
and you can return to cells in which you Having more cells on the screen at one fore. And you simply cannot make a spread
have already entered information by simul time makes working with a worksheet sheet program too easy to use.
taneously pressing the Shift and Enter keys. easier. In fact, the major selling point of
This technique works with the Paste Func some microcomputers is that they display
tion and Paste Name commands, as well as 132 characters across the screen at one .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill .Ill
with numbers, formulas, and text. You must time and are therefore well suited for work Multiplan
be careful not to use the Return key in ing with spreadsheet programs. Microsoft Corporation
stead of the Enter key; pressing Return will The final problem is related to the 10700 Northup Way
cancel the range. Mac's uniform working environment, not Bellevue, WA 98004
to a specific application program. When 2061828-8080
you want to erase files, including Multiplan Listprice: $195
worksheet files, the Mac requires that you
take them from the desktop and place
Macworld 79
~ Review: Peripherals
Apple's Imagewriter
Printer
The Imagewriter mirrors the Mac
screens text and graphics
Lon Poole
What you see is what you get-that's the Snapshots Print Quality
watchword of the Apple Imagewriter Using various keystrokes, you can take The Imagewriter does a remarkable
printer. Like the Mac screen, this printer "snapshots" of what is showing on the job of accurately reproducing the Mac
uses patterns of dots to produce text and screen at any time. To get an instant print of screen's high-resolution graphics. The di
graphics. As a result, the Imagewriter can the whole screen, press the Command key mensions of a Mac screen and its printed
print anything the screen can display. ( 3€ ) and 4 key simultaneously. For a printed counterpart are close enough for visual
The Imagewriter actually comes in copy of the active window only, press Caps parity. Circles look round, squares print
two models, but the only material differ Lock, 3€ , and 4 together. square, and text generally looks the same
ence between them is the width of paper If you'd rather save the screen image on the printer as on the screen (see
they accommodate. The standard model and print it later, press 3€ and 3 simul Figure I).
holds paper up to 10 inches wide, while taneously; the whole screen image will be The printer actually has finer resolu
the wide-carriage model can handle 15 stored in a document named Screen 0. The tion than the screen. Horizontally, the
inch paper, which is handy for large second time you press 3€ -3, a current im printer can resolve 160 dots per inch, com-
spreadsheets. (The wide-carriage model age of the screen goes into a document
will not be available until the second quar named Screen 1, the third time into a docu
ter of 1984.) See Table 1 for an overview of ment named Screen 2, and so on up to
the Imagewriter's features. Screen 9. To create more than ten
Connecting an Imagewriter to a snapshots, you must rename a current With a good rib
Macintosh is easy. Plug one cord into a snapshot (such as Screen 0 to Screen 00),
grounded outlet, another into the printer because the Mac will not accept a file that bon, printed images
socket on the back of the Mac, and slip in has a name already in use. All snapshot
some paper. Switch on the printer and documents are standard MacPaint docu appear at least as
make sure its SEL light is glowing; the Im ments, so you can use MacPaint to en
agewriter is ready to print. hance them before printing. dark, dense, and well
Screen snapshots have their uses, but
most of the time you'll wane co print whole defined as displayed
documents, which rarely fit in a window.
Each application has a Print command, usu ones.
ally located in the File menu. Choosing the
Prim command prints either the document pared to the screen's 72. Vertically, the ratio
you're currently viewing or another docu is 144 to 72. The printer can overlap dots,
ment whose name you specify. but the screen cannot. With a good ribbon,
printed images appear at least as dark,
dense, and well-defined as displayed ones.
One factor does detract from a printed
image's sharpness and clarity: the Image
writer uses a fabric ribbon, which cannot
produce crisp dots on porous computer
paper. Fuzzy edges on dots sometimes
help fill unwanted gaps, but they can also
make the printout look splotchy.
Macworld 81
~ Review
The screen displays images with

square dots, while the Imagewriter prints
them with round dots. Dot shape disparity
causes some barely perceptible variations
Happy Happy
between displayed and printed images. Fig
ure 2 compares a magnified image on the
Birthday Birthday
Mac screen to the same image printed on
an Imagewriter.
The Imagewriter sometimes has trou
ble printing certain background patterns
with complete regularity. The root of the
problem is the pin-feed mechanism. While
it is reliable (paper jams are rare), it is not
as precise as the more elaborate tractor
feed mechanisms found on more expen-
The screen dis

plays images with
Ftgurel
square dots, while the A comparison of
screen and printer
Imagewriter prints output. The dimen
sions ofthe printout
them with round dots. close(1 1 match those of
the screen display
sive printers. Paper can shift ever so
slightly, especially lightweight (cheap)
fanfold paper. The shift shows up as faint
horizontal lines running across certain
backgrounds, notably the standard gray
desktop background (see Figure 3). Those
ghostly lines never appear in plain text,
with its solid, unpatterned characters, how
ever. You can minimize this effect by using
heavier fanfold paper or by forsaking pin
feed paper altogether in favor of single
sheet paper.
Text reproduction on the Imagewriter
is excellent, and in most cases matches
quite well what you see on the screen.
Some combinations of type font, size, and
style do look slightly different on the
printer, however. The differences in dot
size and shape between the printer and the
creen, along with dot fuzziness from ink
bleed, account for the aberrations.
Flgure2
Magnified screen and
printer output. Screen
dots are square, while
printer dots are
round.
Printing Options
In most applications, a dialog box ap
pears when you choose the Print com
mand (see Figure 4). It lets you choose Solid Ollk File Cllbioet
how much to print and the quality of the
print resolution. Your choice of print qual Replica of the one in grandfather'3
ity-draft, standard, or high-determines office. Matches our r o lltop desk.
how closely the printed image will match
(see p. 21) and oak office chairs
the displayed one.
Draft quality printing ignores pictures (seep. 19) for a complete set.
altogether and prints characters in one Hand-rubbed tung oil finish in
font, with no variation in style or size. Both
standard and high quality printing re your choice of natural, light
produce pictures and text exactly as dis oak or dark stained oak.
played. Standard quality images look
exactly like those displayed on the screen, FC602427L ....... light oak.......$195
but high quality images have about twice FC602427D .......dark oak.. .....$ 195
as many dots, giving them a fuller, denser
appearance. Figure 5 illustrates the differ Shipping ·weight, 75 lbs.
ences among the three printer resolution
qualities and the screen resolution quality.
The print resolution quality also af
fects how fast the Imagewriter prints. Draft Figure3
quality is fastest, because it simply sends Faint lines caused by
out a code for each character. The Im paper shift. Quality
agewriter translates those codes into dot single-sheet stationery
patterns, using its own built-in character minimizes this
.
font. The nominal print speed for draft problem.
quality is 120 characters per second.
Standard quality is somewhat slower
than draft quality, because it sends dot pat
,.. .,
terns, nor character codes, to the printer. · Edit Search Format Font style
The average print speed for standard qual Letter brc
ity is 90 seconds per page. High quality is . 1
slowest of all. It sends two sets of dot pat
terns for every line, so the Imagewriter has Quality: @High O Standard O Draft OK ~
to make two passes across each line. The Page Range: @Rll 0 From: 010: D
average print speed for high quality is 165
seconds per page.
Copies:
Paper Feed:
D
@ Continuous 0 Cut Sheet (Cancel )
Date: January 24, 1984

To: Pamela P.
From: Douglas D.
Re: Location Meeting Agenda
Here are my comments on your proposed agenda for the Location

group meeting next week.
1. Moving Date: Let's wait awhile. Discussing the moving date
Figure4
Printing options. This
dialog box appears
when you choose the
Print command.
Macworld 83
... Review
Printer Compatibility
The Imagewriter is manufactured for
Apple by Tokyo Electric, the same company
that makes C. Itoh printers. However, that Apple 'sl magewriterFrinter
does not mean the Imagewriter and the C. Wha.t you see is what you get -- tha.t's the wa.t~hword
Itoh printers are interchangeable. Apple
designed the Imagewriter's custom case to of the Apple Ima.gewriter printer. LiKe the Ma.c
make it significantly quieter. That alone screen, this printer uses patterns of dots to represent
doesn't make other printers incompatible;
it's the custom electronics inside that text a.nd gra.phics. As a. result, the Ima.gewriter
make it impossible to simply replace the
Imagewriter with another printer.
Apple's Imagewriter Printer
What you see is \Alhat you get -- that's the ~"'8.tchword
Your choice of of the Apple Image\Al!'it.er printer. Like the Mac
screen, this printer uses patterns of dots to represent
print quality deter text arid graphics. As a result, the ImageMiter
mines how closely the
printed image will Apple':. Imagcwritor Print.or
match the displayed What you see is what you get -- that's the watchword
one. of the Apple Imagewriter printer. Like the Mac
screen. this printer uses patterns of dots to represent
The Mac uses a special program called
a printer driver to send information to the text and graphics. As a result, the I magewriter
Imagewriter in a form the printer's custom
electronics can interpret. Other brands of
dot matrix printers will not work with the
standard Mac printer driver, nor will daisy Apple's Imagewriter Printer
wheel printers. But the standard printer What you see is VV'hat you get -- that's the watchword
driver is a computer program, and you can
replace it with another program that drives of the Apple Imagewriter printer. Like the Mac
another kind of printer. Apple plans to re screen, this printer uses patterns of dots to represent
lease the information that will allow pro
grammers to write drivers for various text and graphics. As a result, the Imagewriter
printers.
Other Apple computers, such as the
Apple II, Apple III, and Lisa, can also use
the Imagewriter. All it takes is an appropri Figure5
ate adapter kit from Apple. Each kit in A comparison ofdraft,
cludes a printer driver program, a special standard, and high
cable to connect the printer and the com resolution print
puter, and a reference manual. qualities and the
screen resolution
quali~l'-
84 Volume I, Number I
The Future
For now, the Imagewriter should sat
isfy most Mac users' needs for printed out
Imagewriter at a Glance put. Other printer manufacturers will
certainly write printer drivers, providing
Resolution 160 horizontal by 144 vertical dots per inch, maximum some competition, but it will be difficult to
beat the lmagewriter's quality for the
Speed 1.5 minutes per page, standard quality, standard carriage price. Those who cannot tolerate charac
2.75 minutes per page, high quality, standard carriage ters composed of dots will be willing to
2.5 minutes per page, standard quality, wide carriage sacrifice multiple type fonts, sizes, and
4.5 minutes per page, high quality, wide carriage styles, along with the ability to print g raph
120 characters per second, draft quality (text only) ics, for their cherished typewriterlike char
acters. Daisy wheel printer manufacturers
Character size Depends on application software, but typically 8- to 72 will no doubt accommodate them some
point, proportionally spaced how. Perhaps the future lies somewhere in
the realm of ink-jet or laser printer
Line spacing Depends on application software, but variable in technology.
increments of 'lJ44 inch
Copy thickness 0.28 mm maximum (3 copies)

Apple Imagewriter Printer
Paper width 10 inches, standard carriage Apple Computer, Inc.
15 inches, wide carriage 20525 Mariani Ave.
Cupertino, CA 95014
Printing 9-wire printhead 8001538-9696; in California
mechanism 8001662-9238
List price: $495 standard carriage;price
Noise level 53 decibels, maximum not set on wide-carriage model
Paper feed Single-sheet, pin-feed for continuous forms
Data Mac serial port (RS-232 standard)

connection
Power 120 VAC, grounded 180 watts maximum, 16 watts standby

requirements 220 VAC models available
Size 18W x 12D x 6H inches, standard carriage

24W x 12D x 6H inches, wide carriage
Approximate 19 lbs., standard carriage

weight 30 lbs., wide carriage
Macworld 85
Macware News
Announcements ofnew Macintosh products
Edited byJanet McCandless
Macware News reports on the product enables users to de tions through simple com hand or on the shoulder (a
latest hardware and software velop applications on a mands. Available upon release shoulder strap is included), the
developedfor the Macintosh. Macintosh for transfer to a of the Macintosh. List price: case is padded to protect the
Products are listed by names mainframe, and vice versa. $225 Modem 300, $495 Modem Mac system during transporta
ofmanufacturers, who pro Available during the first quar 1200. tion in a car or plane; however,
vide information for the prod ter of 1984. List price unavail a more protective container is
uct descriptions. Prices and able at publication time. recommended for shipping.
release dates are manufactur The case fits under the seats of
ers' estimates. In this issue, we Modem 300/Modem 1200 most commercial airlines. The
present a sample ofproducts An intelligent modem (avail Mac and carrying case together
expected to be available im able in both 300 bps and 1200 weigh 22 pounds. Available
mediately or in the nearfu bps versions) packaged with a upon release of the Macintosh.
ture; the list is by no means DemoPak from CompuServe, a List price: $99.
inclusive. Selected products Premium Pak from The Source,
will be evaluated in the Re and an Accessory Kit that con
view section in this andfuture tains the cables and manuals
issues of Macworld. necessary for installation. Both External Disk Drive, Apple
Computer, Inc.
External Disk Drive

Hardware An additional disk drive that
has a memory capacity of 400K
•Apple Computer and connects directly to the
20525 Mariani Ave. drive port. The drive is en
Cupertino, CA 95014 closed in a 6- by 8-inch plastic
8001538-9696; in housing and uses 3~-inch hard
California 8001662-9238 shell micro-floppy disks. Avail
Appleline able upon release of the Macin Carrying Case, Apple
An interface device that allows tosh. List price: $495. Computer, Inc.
the Macintosh to be used as an Modem 1200, Apple Computer, Inc.
IBM 3278-2 terminal for access Carrying Case Keypad
ing information on large IBM modems are equipped with an A padded carrying case that A ten-key numeric digital key
mainframes. The self-contained RS-232C interface that has a holds the main unit and has in pad that connects directly to
unit connects directly to the DB-9 connector. The modems side pockets fitted for the key both the Macintosh keyboard
327413276 type-cluster control feature self-diagnostics and op board, mouse, manuals, and and the main unit. The key
ler coaxial cable and the Macin erate with MacTerminal com power cord. The pack is made pad contains its own micro
tosh serial interface. The munications software. Built-in of Cordura nylon, which is both processor. It can be used alone
intelligence allows auto-dial water and tear resistant. De with the main unit and can be
(touch-tone or pulse dialing) signed to be carried either by
and auto-answer, and enables
users to customize these func
Security Kit 28M streaming cartridge tape
A kit that allows the keyboard drive. Average access time for
and main unit to be locked to SM to 21M systems is 110 milli
protect the Macintosh from seconds, 40 milliseconds for
theft. One keyhole lock slips 32M systems. The minimal
into the keyboard and the transfer rate is 62.5 kilobytes
other into the main unit. A steel per second. The Winchester
cable is put through the two runs on the Macintosh operat
locks. The end of the cable is ing system and provides vol
inserted into a metal cylinder ume backup and disk cache.
that has several tamper-proof
screws. When screwed in with Davong Streaming Tape
the kit's special screwdriver, Backup
they lock the cable. For com A backup drive that copies data
plete security, a padlock also from the Winchester Disk Sys
may be attached. Available tem or from floppies onto v.i
upon release of the Macintosh. 31/i' Disk Box, 10 microjloppv inch tape cassettes. The stream
List price: $49. disks, Apple Computer, Inc. ing tape has a formatted capac
ity of 28M. The system copies
Keypad, Apple 3%" DiskBox data in buffered stop/start or
Computer, Inc. Micro-floppy disks encased in • Davong Systems streaming mode and backs up
hard shells for use with the 217 Humboldt Ct. 15M in approximately 4 min
operated with four system Macintosh's Sony disk drives. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 utes. A cyclical redundancy
command keys. The unit The disks measure 3Y2 inches 4081734-4900 check procedure screens data
weighs two pounds and meas and are durable and compact. for errors.
ures 6 by 4 inches. Available The exterior shell and metal The following products will be
upon release of the Macintosh. shutter protect the media from available during the first Davong Multilink Local
List price: $99. damage and data loss due to quarter of1984. List prices Area Network
improper handling or dust. were unavailable at publica A shared, centralized hard disk
Available upon release of the tion time. storage system that uses a syn
Macintosh. List price: $49 for 10 Davong Universal chronous data link communica
disks. Winchester Disk System tions (SDLC) loop and operates
A single-drive hard disk system with Z8030-based protocol.
available in 5-, 10-, 15-, 21-, and The stations, or nodes, are
32-megabyte (M) formatted ca linked by conventional coaxial
pacities. The system supports cable (RG-62, IBM3270) to a
one master hard disk, one slave hub device. The network can
hard disk, and one tape drive.
Data can be backed up with a
Security Kit, Apple Computer, Inc.
Macworld 87
Macware News
connect up to 255 nodes. Each modem commands. During a Telephone/Modem

node uses a network multifunc power failure, the Options Pro A telephone and modem inter
tion card that supports external cessor battery retains real clock face that offers a cohesive ap
hard disk and network interfac time and date and restores the proach to communications. The
ing, network boot features, and default operating parameters of board is mounted in an exter
optional 110 expansion. Data is the modem. A business/per nal cabinet and functions as a
transferred at 1 megabit per sonal directory stores tele standard telephone with a
second, and messages can vary phone numbers; directory handset, or it can be connected
from 1 to 540 bytes in length. entries may be assigned indi to another telephone. A demod
Davong has developed Mac Net vidual or group reference ulated touch-tone decoder de
networking software for the names. A receive/transmit tects incoming calls and
system and has designed op buffer stores messages, which prevents piercing sounds or
tional software, Mac OS, that can be sent later to numbers se garbling while the phone is
moves files between the Macin lected by their individual or being used. The unit generates
tosh and the IBM PC. Other group reference name. Avail a phone log without interven Sbok-Stop, Tbermodyne Inter
Multilink options include print able upon release of the Macin ing on the line. The modem is national
spooling and electronic mail. tosh. List price: $99. 300/1200 bps (212A compati
ble) and has a pulse-tone auto
•Prometheus matic dialer. Dual-tone multiple • verbatim
• Tecmar frequency allows users to inter Corporation
Products, Inc. Personal Computer face any audio source (such as a
Products Division 323 Soquel Way
45277 Fremont Blvd. speech synthesizer) to the tele Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Fremont, CA 94538 6225 Cochran Rd. phone.
Cleveland, OH 44139 4081245-4400
4151490-2370
2161349-0600 Print Buffer Verbatim Datalife
Promodem 1200 Microdisk
A 300/1200 bps stand-alone The following products are A buffer that permits users to
available upon release ofthe employ the computer's full A pocket-sized 3¥2-inch micro
modem compatible with Bell disk with a storage capacity
212A- and 103-type modems. Macintosh. List prices were functions while printing text. It
unavailable atpublication is available in 16K and 64K ver equivalent to that of the 5Y<l
Standard features include auto inch minidisk. A shutter door
originate/auto-answer, an auto- time. sions and has its own power
supply and plastic shell protect the
Removable Cartridge media. The microdisks are
Winchester manufactured with a write/pro
A hard disk that has a 5-mega • Thermodyne tect mechanism and a metal
byte storage capacity and International
comes with a removable car 20850 S. Alameda St.
tridge. The unit combines the Long Beach, CA 90810
advantages of removable, trans 2131603-1976
portable media with the assets
of high-density, high-speed in Shok-Stop
formation access. A polyethylene carrying case
Promodem 1200, Prometheus
that has a foam core designed
Products, Inc.
IEEE 488 Interface for cargo transportation. The
An industrial standard interface case is certified for shipment
dialer, tone and pulse dialing,
that enables transfer of data by airlines. Channels and cor
an RS-232 interface, a real-time
from general purpose interface ner bumpers protect the con
clock/calendar, a programma
bus peripherals to the Macin tents under high-stress
ble intelligent dialing capacity,
tosh via Applebuss. The unit conditions. The case, which
alphanumeric display; internal
connects to the Applebuss port measures 22 by 18 inches with
and remote diagnostics modes,
and enables the Macintosh to a 12-inch bottom and a 5-inch
help commands, an internal
function in a variety of indus top, has recessed hinges and
power supply; and a built-in Datalife Microdisk, Verbatim
trial applications including latches, spring-loaded handles,
speaker with volume control. Corporation
sophisticated measure instru and interlocking ribs for stack
Available upon release of the
mentation, chromatography, ing. Its materials resist corro
Macintosh. List price: $495. hub. Disks are packaged in
and process and industrial sion and fungus. Available upon
Promodem's Options Pro boxes of five, and twinpacks
control. The board has fully im release of the Macintosh. List
cessor (sold separately) adds and boxes of ten microdisks
plemented IEEE 488 talker, lis price: $230.
features that may be used inde will be marketed later. Available
pendently or in combination tener, and controller functions. upon release of the Macintosh.
with the auto-dialer and other It contains its own power List price: less than $6 per disk.
supply.
MacProject Macintosh Logo package includes two reference
Software A program for scheduling and An interactive programming manuals with clues and solu
• Apple Computer illustrating project develop language with graphics output, tions, mystery master work
ment that charts and displays designed for children. Children sheets, and a solution decoder.
20525 Mariani Ave. Available during the first half of
resource usage, tracks costs, draw pictures by learning how
Cupertino, CA 95014 1984. List price unavailable at
and graphically demonstrates to move a turtle on screen. The
8001538-9696; in relationships between ac publication time.
language helps to build pro
California 8001662-9238
tivities. Users can define tasks, gramming skills; by giving
Macintosh Assembler/ indicate the time each will take, commands to the turtle the
Debugger draw relational lines between child learns how to draw a
• changLabs
A program that features a jobs, and enter their start dates. square, and by grouping com 5300 Stevens Creek
mouse-based editor, a 68000 The program then charts a crit mands, how to make a state Blvd. #200
macro assembler, and a sym ical path and determines the ment. Available during the SanJose, CA 95129
bolic debugger. The editor han project's completion date. second quarter of 1984. List 4081246-8020
dles multiple files concurrently Conversely, it can also calcu price: $99. The following products will be
(file sizes are limited only by late the necessary start date if a available during the first or
disk space) and follows user in completion date is known. second quarter of1984. List
terface conventions. The macro Users can transfer data from
•CBS Software prices were unai•ailahle at
assembler produces relocatable spreadsheets to MacProject One Fawcett Pl. publication time.
object code and symbol files documents. Combinations of Greenwich, CT 06836
2031622-2615 MicroPlan
for symbolic debugging. activities can be selected and
A financial modeling program
The mouse-driven symbolic duplicated in other locations
with built-in formulas. Micro
debugger can be operated re on the chart. Available during
Plan provides a complete
motely from a second Macin the second quarter of1984. List
statistical package, including
tosh-a significant benefit price: $125.
formulas for amortizing
when the machine is being de
monthly loans, standard devia
bugged since the program uses MacTerminal
tions, and tax rate schedules,
less space. Multiple windows A program used for asynchro
and for determining the impact
display memory contents in nous communications that em
of loan structure on cash flow.
various formats including in ulates the VT-100 and Vf-52. By
It offers a help command and
struction and symbolic dis emulating the Vf-100, the Mac
built-in prompts. Its worksheet
assembly. Available during the intosh can receive commands
size extends to 200 rows and 60
first quarter of 1984. List price: from timesharing services to
columns (approximately 1000
$99. position the cursor, display in
entries per table). The report
formation, and skip a desig
generator includes dollar signs,
MacDraw nated number of characters or
commas, negative numbers,
A structured graphics editor lines.
percent signs, underlining, cen
that enables users to prepare MacTerminal sends and re
tered titles, and subtitles.
flow charts, graphs, technical ceives files at speeds of up to
drawings, organizational 19,200 bps. Users can store data
Consolidated Module
charts, and freehand drawings. and scroll back through the
data. Text can be cut and pasted
Murder by the Dozen, CBS Softu•are A program to retrieve and con
The program also allows users
solidate data from different files
to move, change, or transfer to the terminal from other ap
Murder by the Dozen and perform calculations, vari
graphics to other applications. plications, and vice versa. Di
A game that offers players 12 ances, and sensitivity analyses.
These flexible functions aid in alog boxes and forms simplify
murder cases to solve. Informa The program can merge tables
redesigning presentation the steps in configuring the
graphics or in adjusting tion supplied by the crime and add or subtract reports
program to communicate with
blueprints. other terminals. These configu computer may be used to ob from different departments.
tain a case historv of the victim Used with MicroPlan, its inter
As with MacPaint, users rations can be saved in a file for
detect physical e~idence, travel' related reports can be revised
can select several predefined future reference. Available dur
to various locations, and inter to build up-to-date manage
shapes including arcs, rec ing the first quarter of 1984. List
view suspects. The game is ment summaries.
tangles, squares, and circles. price: $99.
won by the person who identi
Text can be added using vari
fies the criminal and the motive
ous type fonts, styles, and sizes.
in the shortest time. Up to four
Users can work on up to four
detectives can play. The game
documents simultaneously.
Available during the second
quarter of 1984. List price: $125.
Macworld 89
Macware News
Link Module MemoPlan reports in tabular or letter for report format, ranks, lists, or
AMicroPlan spreadsheet op A word processing program ori mat. Each record contains up to scores. The package includes
tion for analyzing data from ented for memo and letter writ 4000 bytes and 100 fields. Up to an installation guide, documen
mainframe files, timesharing ing. Users may work on up to 100 fields may be indexed using tation, a reference card, and a
services, and files from other five documents simultaneously, up to 10 sort keys and 30 verb disk. Available during the first
application and spreadsheet flipping between files with a objects per request. quarter of 1984. List price:
packages. With the Link Mod single keystroke. The program The program is for use by $199.95.
ule, MicroPlan tables can be has been designed to save and businesspeople and profes
read by data base and word recover documents automati sionals who design specific
processing applications. Built cally in the event of a power applications software and by
• Living Videotext
in routines post records to indi failure. It offers standard word firms whose managers and 1000 Elwell Ct.
vidual or multiple rows or col processing features (such as researchers extract and sum Palo Alto, CA 94303
umns and cross-tabulate and copy, move, delete, insert, jus marize information from large 4151964-6300
analyze results. tify, onscreen underline, split files and interact with corpo Think Tank
screen, and search and re rate mainframes. The package A program that offers users
FilePlan place), but does not include includes a query primer, a data flexibility in recording and re
A data base program that uses a headers, footers, or page-num entry primer, a user's guide, organizing ideas. The pro
spreadsheet format for data en ber print options. and a system disk with sample gram's outline format enables
try. Records contain between programs and data files. Avail users to expand or eliminate
128 and 1024 characters, with a DocuPlan able during the first half of subheads and restructure sec
total of 32 variable-length fields A word processing program de 1984. List price: $950. tions without affecting overall
(each using up to 99 charac signed to format long reports text structure. The program ex
ters). Users may view as many that require footnotes, sub ploits use of the mouse and the
as 15 records at a time, sort data scripts/superscripts, indexes,
• Dilithium Software
high-resolution graphics
on 5 fields, and apply the query and/or tables of contents. It has 8285 S.W. Nimbus #151 screen. It controls the amount
feature to extract information. the capability to prepare Beaverton, OR 97005 of text to be viewed, searches
Field and record parameters itemized lists with bullets or 8001547-1842; 5031646-2713 for key words, stores data on
may be defined after data entry. numbers, and adjust line spac Telofacts 2 screen, reorganizes or restruc
The program includes prompts ing, indentation, and margin A software package that assists tures data, and prints. Available
that can be customized. changes. users in gathering and analyz during the second quarter of
ing information and designing 1984. List price unavailable at
GraphPlan • Desktop Software questionnaires. The program publication time.
An integrated business-graph demonstrates designing a ques
ics spreadsheet package with Corporation tionnaire for data obtained
built-in formulas, statistical 228 Alexander St. from respondents (statistics, re
• Microsoft
commands, and graphics, sort Princeton, NJ 08540 sume information, marketing Corporation
ing, and ranking capabilities. 6091924-7il or survey data) and entering 10700 Northup Way
The program features auto NPL Information the answers, and presents Bellevue, WA 98004
matic generation of legends, Management Syste m choices for analyzing and dis 2061828-8080
numerical, date, time, and log A nonprogrammer's language playing results. Questionnaire Microsoft Budget
arithmic X- and Y-axis labels for application development results can be displayed for one A program that helps users con
and tic marks. Its graphics in that uses simple sentences to question or an entire survey in struct operating budgets and
clude explodable pie charts collect data, make ad hoc que variance analysis worksheets.
and horizontal or vertical line ries, and generate reports. The The budget planning process,
and bar graphs. language is similar to the popu based on the variable costing
lar data base query languages method, develops six interre
RAMIS II, FOCUS, and lated Multiplan worksheets to
NOMADZ. Users can create build an operating budget. The
data bases; specify edit and val
idation tests; select, sort, and
merge data records; and print
program helps to calculate the r • File Edit D11t11 llllm~t~h~ilr~t Format Microsoft Financial
costs of running a business. You Series 11 :19:13
Area .. . Order: ~ Statement
Dor.. . ISl Plot Series
can create worksheets to calcu Order:~
x y
An evaluation tool that assesses
late manufacturing overhead, ISl Plot Series line ... a company's financial perfor
x Pie .. .
unit costs, costs ofgoods sold, Scatter•••
mance. The program helps
and sales and administrative ex users create balance sheets and
12
penses, as well as sales budget income statements based on
worksheets to project 10 periods (e.g., quarters or
revenues. years) they select. Using work
The Operating Budget work sheet data, Financial State
sheet copies data from other 4
ment automatically calculates
worksheets and calculates the 18 financial performance ratios
contribution margin and net used by accountants and finan
operating income for products, 2 3 4 cial professionals. The ratios
Quarter
and can demonstrate the ef are divided into four catego
fects of changes in unit sales ries: liquidity, leverage, prof
volume. Microsoft Chart, Microsoft Corp. itability, and efficiency. Users
The Variance Analysis work are then able to gauge their
sheet is a budget control tool firm's ability to service current
divided into three sections: the Budget then consolidates those charts can be created on and long-term debts, to meas
budget variance summary results to produce a net cash screen, or two or more charts ure net returns, and to evaluate
shows variances between ac flow position for each interval can be overlaid. Charts auto how efficiently company re
tual performance and results selected. The final result works matically reflect changes to sources are being used. Avail
forecasted in the Operating as a planning and strategy tool. data series. Available during the able during the second quarter
Budget worksheet; detailed Available during the second first quarter of1984. List price: of 1984. List price: $100.
variance analysis shows vari quarter of 1984. List price: $100. under $200.
ances for sales volume, produc Microsoft Personal Finance
tion costs, fixed overhead, and Microsoft Chart Microsoft File An interactive analysis tool for
sales and administrative ex A program that translates nu A nonprocedural tool that helps personal financial planning that
penses; and worksheet data meric data into graphic form to individuals maintain personal addresses cash flow analysis.
provides a matrix in which to illustrate relationships or com data files. The program offers Users can produce a financial
enter data used to recalculate parisons presented by the data. forms-based data entry and re forecast through the develop
the summary and detail sec Users assign information to a trieval. Users select a format for ment of four worksheets. The
tions of the Variance Analysis set of categories; each category data entry suited to their per main worksheet summarizes
worksheet. Available during has a corresponding value. The sonal file management needs all sources and uses of cash and
the second quarter of1984. List category-value sets form data from a gallery of standard data includes a personal balance
price: $100. points, which may be com forms. Users can adapt data sheet. The three supplemen
bined to form up to 64 data forms by determining the num tary worksheets can be used to
Microsoft Cash Budget series. ber of fields, field sizes, and detail earnings, living ex
A program that monitors cash Once data has been assem field designations, and by se penses, assets, and liabilities.
flow to provide managers with bled, users choose a basic chart lecting data orientation by col They can be linked to the main
accurate data for marketing, fi type from the Gallery menu, umns or rows. worksheet for analysis. Cash
nance, and sales decisions. depending on their objectives File's reporting capabilities flow analysis enables users to
Cash Budget creates five Multi for presenting the data, the de include sorting and summing plan net worth positions with
plan worksheets to detail cash vice on which the chart will be on any field, simple mathemati variable net cash positions.
flow and show net cash flow. printed or displayed, and the cal operations, averages, Available during the second
The first four determine cash amount or type of data in counts, and logical operators. quarter of 1984. List price: $100.
inflows from sales, cash out cluded. The program allows for The interactive program per
flows for purchase of materials changes in shadings, colors, mits users to transfer data
and merchandise, cash flows line thicknesses, and positions entered in it to other applica
from operations, and non of titles. Shading and line for tions. Available during the first
operating cash flows. Cash mat options are presented in di quarter of1984. List price:
alog boxes. under $200.
The mouse is used to select
objects on the chart and move
them to different positions.
Text placement on charts is
user controlled. A group of
Macworld 91
Macware News
Microsoft Word facilitates the development of can format data to center, un • Volition Systems
A word processing program audit control programs, and as derline, and align columns, and P.O. Box 1236
that uses the mouse, windows, sists auditors in posting audit number pages. Available during Del Mar, CA 92014
dialog boxes, and graphics to adjustments and accurately up the first half of 1984. List price: 6191481-2286
provide a wide range of text dating trial balances and finan $100.
editing capabilities. The docu cial statements. Both File and Report use the Modula-2
ment window uses the standard In conjunction with the audit Macintosh's specially designed A language integrated with the
Macintosh scroll bars, split retrieval package System 2190, features. With the mouse, users Macintosh operating system
bars, and size box. Moving or data to prepare financial mod can quickly move to any posi that works on text files and gen
copying text and graphics is ac els can be retrieved from client tion on the screen or within a erates code files that can be ex
complished by standard Macin files and public and central of PFS form. Menu bars and pull ecuted in the Macintosh
tosh editing functions. fice data bases. Clients need down menus let users select working environment. The
The program displays on not own a computer to use the functions at any time. Func Modula-2 system combines
screen character formats (e.g., program. Available during the tions can also be selected by compiler, module library, and
bold, underline, or italic) and first or second quarter of 1984. pressing one or more keys. library manager. Library mod
character positioning. List List price unavailable at pub Windows enable users to view ules include random-access
boxes offer choices in font lication time. the form at all times, regardless files, disk directory operations,
and type sizes. Character styles of which function is being per format conversions, strings,
can also be selected from the formed on it. decimal arithmetic, storage
keyboard, using the 3€ (Com
• Software Publishing management, program sched
mand) key. Additional features Company uling, and process scheduling.
allow searching to a page num 1901 Landings Dr. • Trade*Plus Developed by Niklaus Wirth,
ber, footnote placing and se Mountain View, CA 94043 460 California Ave. the creator of Pascal, the pack
4151962-8910 Palo Alto, CA 94306 age contains sample and dem
quencing, customizing of style
sheets, compiling of glossaries, 8001952-9900; onstration source programs
PFS File in California 8001972-9900; (including p-shell and 40 tu
automatic paragraph reformat A data base program that per
ting, and paragraph and page 4151324-4554 torial source programs) and
mits users to custom design complete documentation. Avail
formatting. Available during the forms that can be modified or A service that gives investors
first quarter of 1984. List price: last sale prices and stock mar able during the second quarter
updated. PFS File offers the of 1984. List price: $495.
under $200. basic data bas~ management ket data. Subscribers can trade
features (recording, storing, all stocks and stock options
updating, and sorting informa listed in the Wall Street jour Macware News uses infor
• Peat Marwick nal directly through their per
Mitchell & Co. tion), but simplifies entry and mation provided by manufac
sort features for first-time com sonal computers. Stock and turers; it does not evaluate
345 Park Ave. puter users. Field attributes do option prices can be trans products or corroborate man
New York, NY 10154 ferred into worksheets, and
not have to be defined, and ufacturers' claims. Send a de
2121758-9700 items can be multiline. Com users can obtain up to three scription andphotograph of
SEACAS mon applications for the forms months of historical data for your new product to Macware
A microcomputer-based tool include invoices, personnel rec matted in ASCII, DIF, or Multi News, Macworld, 555 De Haro
for automating auditing tasks. ords, book indexes, and real es plan. Separate IRA and Keogh St., San Francisco, CA 94107,
When fully implemented, the tate listings. Available during accounts may be maintained, 4151861-3861.
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terns Evaluation Approach/ A program that produces tabu and supplies tax records for
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key words and calculates aver Macintosh communications
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cents per minute, night; 40
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TI-IE MOST USEFUL IDEAS ARE OFTEN
REMARKABLY SIMPLE.
.,..,..
The first filing system was a remarkably simple
MAU. LllT
way to do incredibly useful things. Like organize
a business and make it work
PFS®:FILE and PFS:REPORTare remarkably
simple software programs that can help you
organize your business faster and more
effectively. And both programs are amazingly
easy to learn.
FILE and REPORTwere designed for
people without computer experience. So all
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you can be productive quickly.
FILE lets you record, retrieve and
review information like personnel records
and purchase orders. Instantly. You can even cross reference by department or job
or however you want. And you arrange information in "forms" you design yourself.
So your filing system will fit your needs. Not your computer's.
REPORT is the perfect companion program to FILE. Because it gives you
the power to summarize and perform calculations on information you've stored
with FILE.
With REPORT, you can
create presentation quality
summaries in table forn1 in
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FILE and REPORT are
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PFS: It's the powerful soft
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See your computer dealer
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PFSS
THE POWER OF SIMPLICI
111e PFS Family ofSoftwate current~' runs on IBM~ Apple~ Radio Shack, Digilal, H~ett-Padrnrd, Texas Jnstn1mems,
Pan"50nic and otl 1er personal computers. 0 Software Publishing Corporation.
por
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94 Volume l, Number 1
' Hands On: Spreadsheets
tt 01io Investing
_I__
4 _I with Multiplan
. ... .... . . .. . ... .. .
THIS CERTIFICATE IS
TRANSFERABLE IN
NEW YORK OR CHICAGO Andrew T. Williams
OR SKOKIE. ILLINOIS
The best way to find out Constructing a simple stock portfolio valuation work
what a program realty sheet With Mu/tip/an demonstrates the program's
. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... can do is to make it powerful formula-creating and formatting features.

work. When you put This sample worksheet is set up to compute the worth
Multiplan to the test, of investments on a daily basis. To begin constructing
you'll be pleasantly it, set all column widths to S characters. At that width,
... . .. . .... .. ...... surprised. just use the
mouse to move the
the 9 columns of the portfolio valuation worksheet
will appear on the screen at one time, simplifying the
pointer to the cell in task. To set the column width, pull down the Select
. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . which you want to make

an entry, click the mouse
button, andyou're
menu and choose the All option. Next, pull down the
Format menu, choose the Column Width option, and
set the column width to 8 characters.
ready to type text or a Now you are ready to enter the headings shown in
.... . .... .......... number, paste in a for
mula, or create your
Figure 1. Begin by positioning the pointer over cell
R1C3 and clicking the mouse button to select that cell.
own function. Multiplan Then type Portfolio Valuation Worksheet.
.. .. .. . . .. . .. ..... . .. implements the pull

down menus, dialog
boxes, scroll bars, and
While typing, you'll notice two important features
of the program. First, Multiplan is smart. It knows you
are typing text and accepts it without making you press
other uniquefeatures an "alpha" key or type a special character, such as the
..................... ofthe Macintosh's
advanced technology.
quotation mark, to initiate a text entry. Secondly, all of
the text you type will be displayed, even though it ex
tends beyond the right boundary of cell R1C3. Multi
plan has "soft cell boundaries," so that lengthy text
• • • • • • • tll • • • • • • • • • • • • • entries can extend into adjacent cells, provided those
cells are empty. These two features make entering text
for titles, row labels, and column headings extremely
.............. ..... easy.
After you enter the title, select cell R3Cl and enter
the word Date: . While you still have R3Cl selected, pull
down the Format menu and choose the Align Right
. . ...... ........... option. Now select the block of cells from R5Cl to
R6C9 for the column headings. The Mac gives you sev
eral methods for selecting this range. The easiest is to
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . click the cell at one corner of the range, R5Cl, and
then move the pointer to the opposite corner, R6C9.
When the pointer is on the cell, press the Shift key and
click the mouse button. The entire range will be
1
.....................
r. r.1. r. F r. r. F. r. r. I•:• I•a a.
I• F. r. F.a r.
11 r. r. I
selected .
I a. a a a a a a. a a a a a a a a a. a a aa a a a a a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:::::::::::::::::·:·:
I 9 a 9 a e II 9 e •a a e 9 a a ea ea ea 9 9 e 9 9 a 9 9 e 9 9 a
:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:::·:::::::::::::::::::::::·
,•,•,•,•,•,•,•, I ,., I I 0 I I 7 I I 0 ,•
Macworld 95
Hands On
,. .,
• File
R5C 1 II
Edit Select
·:.t oe I.
Format Options Calculate
Portfolio
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 :Portfolio Valuation Worksheet 1
...... ·····:········ ·· ·:···········:····· ······:···········:····· ..... ·:· · ··· ··· ···:···········:·· ·· ····· · · 1········
2 : : : : : : : : I !:!:!:
···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:··········· 1········ !HU
3 Date
......··..... :...........
· :· ..... ......·~ ........... ·~ ........... ·j........... ·~ ........... ·~ .... ..... .. ·~ ... ..... .. .1::::::::: 1111!1
''''''
. .
·· ·· ····· ····················
. . . .
........................................
. ............ ......................
. . ... . .
8 : : : : . : : :
...... .····································································································
. . . . . . . .
9 . : : : : : : :
. ..........................................................
.... .... ........ . . . . . ........... . ···· ··········'
. ·······
10 ........... :........... :........... :........... :........... :........... :.... .. .. ... : ........... : ... ..... .... ... .. .. i!!!l!
1 1 ....... .. .. ; .... ..... .. ; ........... ~ ........ ... ~ .... ... .. .. ~ ........... ~ ........... ;........... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . !i1111
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1 2 ........... ; ... ........ ; ... ... ..... ........... ........... ........... ;..... ... .. . ... .. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . : : : : : : : : IJl!I!
t--1_3--1 ........... ~ ....... .... ~ ... ...... .. ~ ..... .... .. ~ ........... ~ ........... ~ ... ........ ~ ........... ~ ... , ... ... . I ........ !lrnt
: . : : : . : : I
Flgurel
Portfolio valuation worksheet beadings.
As wit.h all selecLed cell or range , Lhi.s one is dis

_...,... Multiplan has played in rever e video (white dlafacters on a black
b:.ickground). The firsl ceH oflh range, R50, h i., the
"soft cell bounda,ries, " lid white border that indl tes it is Lhe active cell.
'\'bur cyping appears in chis cell n the workshe c. ow
so that lengthy text en type the word Stuck. When y u are finished, p~ the
Enter key and tch what happens.
tries can extend into The range is still selected, but the aclive el I
move one cell ro the right. Each time you complete an
adjacent cells. enu-y by pressing Enter, Mu/tip/an advan es the active
cell so thac the worksheet i ready to rec ive your next
entry You can skip over cells by repeatedly pre sing
che Enter key, and you can back up by holding uown
the Shift key when you press Emer. Don't use the Re
turn key to finish an entry; it make. the entry, but it
also cancel the range select.ion.
After you have emered the column headings
shown m Figure 1 and while you sttll have the blocks
lecte<l, you can align the 1abe1 -. Mu/lip/an offers three
choices for aligning text in a cell : left, right, or center.
Column headings look best aligned e1cher at the right
or at the center of ead1 cell. Pull down the Format
96 \ulume I, Number I
,. .,
• R7C4
File
II
Edit Select
=RC [ - 2] ·+·RC [ - 1]
§0 Portfolio
1 2 3 5 6 1 8 9 10
1 :Portfo lio Valuation Worksheet
1----4 · ..... . .... : ........... : ........... : ........... : ......... . . : ........... : ........... : ..... . ..... : ........... , . . ..... .
1
2 . . . . . . . . I ::::::
i----4 ........... : ........... : ... . ....... : ........... : ........... : ........... : ........... : ..... . ..... : . . . . . . . . . . . I ....... . !!ii!!
3 Date· · · · · · · · · 1 ::::::
:S~~~k:: ~~;~~J~~~~;-~~;:
1--:----1:.................. ~,~; J:~ ~~~~:.~:. :~ ~d~~·~ j: ~~;~~:. :P~r~e~t: J ~~~~:~), :::::::: !iii!'
.............................. ... .. ... ... ... .......... ............................ .... .... , ........ ::::::
6 Symbo l : Price : Shares : Cost : . Price : Value : Change : Change :Percent Change lrnll
l--!----1 ::::::::::::::::::::::: ~:::::::::: l-r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::.:•!iii!!
_ ···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········:···········
. . . . . . . .
········ HH1!
,__9 _, .................................................................................................................... ::::::
::::::
1o .. ...... ... :~ ........... :~ .... ....... :~ ........... :~ ..... ... ... :~ ........... :~ ........... :...........
:
~·-········· ....... . !!!ii!
mm
11 • • • • • • • . l:l :l :
······················ ···································································-·······-········· ········ :::.: ::
:~ :::::::::::.:::::::::::!:::::::::::.:::::::::::!:::::::::::::::::::::::!:::::::::::!:::::::::::::::::::::::,::::::::
: . . : : : . . I
111111
Flgure2
Entering the Original Cost fonrwla into cell R7C4. The for
mula bar at the top ofthe screen bows thefonnu/a that Is
entered into the active cell.
menu, make your choi e, and all the cells in these Defining a Mu/tip/an f, rmula is easy because you
lected area wiJI be aligned (in Figure 1 the labels ar can use the mou e to point to the different cells. Tu
centered). create the formula for Original Cose, for example,
You are now ready to construct the formulas in move the pointer to cell R7C4 and selecc the cell by
the main body of che worksheet. dicking the mouse bucton. Now cype an equal sign
(=) to announce to Mu/tip/an that you want to create
Formulas a formula. The equals sign appear in both the cell and
Agreat advantage of electronic spreadsheet is che formula bar at the lOp of the screen.
that they al low you to create formulas to do routine Pointing with the mouse pays off here. Cell R7C2
calculations. This function fucilicaces changing a num contains the purchase price for the first stock, and that
ber to update a work heet or to see what will happen price will be the first part of the formula. Move the
if one of the underlying a umptions changes. You can pointer co R7C2 and click the mouse buuon. The refer
alway be sure the results are mathematically correct ence RC[-2] appears in the active cell and the formula
because they are calculated by the computer. bar. This designation refer to a cell that is relative to
This portfolio valuation work ·heet uses several the active cell R7C4. lt is Mu/tiplan's way of aying,
formulas. Th first is the Original Cost in column 4, "Get the information from a cell in this row (R without
which is the Purchase Price from column 2 multiplied a number means the current row), two columns to the
by the Number of Shares from column 3. In a similar left of the active cell"-C[-2].
fashion, lbday's Value, Dollar Change, and Percent Since you want to multiply the Purchase Price,
Change can be calculated by properly defined for RC[-2], by the Number of Shares from column 3, R7C3,
mulas. type an asterisk (•). This symbol is the multiplication
sign. Now click cell R7C3, and the formula bar will
show = RC[-2}RC[-1].
Macworld 97
' HandsOn
,.. ..,
•R1 1C7
File Edit
II
Select Format Options Calculate
~D portfolio
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 :Portfolio Valuation Worksheet
2 ......... .. ...
. .............................................
. . . ·························································
. . . .
1------t ........... j........... ~ ........... ~ ........... j........... ........... j........... j.... ....... j........... j....... · 111111
3 Date : . . . . . . . ,,,,,,
1--:----t::~;:~~~:: ~~;~~~j~~~~~~: ~~:;:~;;~~ : :~ ~~y:.~: ~~~~:.~:: :~:~~;~~::: :~~;~~~~:~~~:~i,:: :::::•!!Ill!

6
7
j::
: :
j::
: $0.00 :
·
:~r: ~~?:i: ~:0 ~ ~:~ :: ~: ~:~~:0~:~ : ~:: :<~~\:: ~:0 ~ ~:~ :: "\i~.1~·~ ··~ · c-t;~-~g-~ ·~ · e:;"t;~·~g:~ ·~ p·~~·~~·~t · c:·h~·~g·~ mm
"""$iio"6 "~ "" "$ iio"6 " .~ #i)j \i iO"! ~ #i)j\i io{"""" .. . mm
··········· ~ ···········~ ···········~ ·· ·$0:0·6·~ ··········· ···$0." 0·6·~ ···$0 :0·6 ·~ #oi vio ·, ~ #oi vi"o·, ~ ········ mm
8
t---9---1 ·· · · ·· · · · ·· ~ · ·· · · · · ·· · · ~ · · · · · ·· · · ·· ~ ·· ·$0." 0·6·~ ··········· ···$0." 0·6·~ ···$0." 0·6·~ #o i vi·o·, ~ #oivio·, ~ ······· ·mm
1 o ········ · ··~···········~···········~···$0 ." 0·6 ·~··········· · · ·$0 ." 0·6 · : ···$0 ." 0·6 - : #o i vio·, ~ #o i v io{······ · ::::::
t--1-1-t !:~:f~~:=:: j::::: ~::::: ~::::::::::: ~:: :~~ -: ~:tj : j::::::::::: ···$0."0·6·1•11111111" ··········~ ···········~ ········imll
1--~-~--l ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i: ::::::::::::::::::::::,·... ::.::.:·:::::::::::: ·::: .. ::::.:::.::::.:.:: i: . :::::

: : : : I : : : :
1111!1
Figure3
Sample worksheet with allformulas in place. Blank cells by zero is specified. Once data is entered into the worksheet,
arefor data entry. Cells containingformulas display either a #DIVIO! will be replaced by a value.
$0.00 or #DIV/0.', which indicates a formula where division
~ Defining a Multi The Original Cost formula is complete. Press En

ter and the formula will be entered into cell R7C4. A
zero appears in the cell because both the references in
plan/ormula is easy the formula are to cells that are, for the moment, blank
because you can use (see Figure 2). When information is entered, the result
will be calculated automatically.
the mouse to point to Use the mouse to point to the appropriate cells to
create the formulas for Today's Value (Today's Price
times Number of Shares), Dollar Change (Today's
the different cells. Value minus Original Cost), and Percent Change (Dol
lar Change divided by Original Cost).
When you specify the Percent Change formula,
#DIVIO! appears in cell R7C8. Don't worry; you haven't
done anything wrong. Multiplan is just saying that you
have created a formula that calls for the impossible: di
vision by zero. As soon as data is entered so that cell
R7C4, Original Cost, no longer contains a zero, the
value calculated by the formula will replace # DIV/O!.
Don't bother to multiply the Percent Change for
mula by 100 to scale the decimal up to a percentage.
The decimals will be displayed as percents (complete
with percent signs) when you format the cells with the
Percent option.
,. ..,
•R16C1
File Edit Select Format Options Calculate
portfolio
1 2 3 ... 5 6 7 8
1 :Portfolio Valuation
... ... ................................... Worksheet
... .. .. .... ....................
.
.
.. .....................................
. . ...........
.
2 . . .
·········································· ··········y·············
3 ~".1~~ =..... ~.~<'.'~1:1~".'Y . ?.~. ~ . ~ . ?.~~ .. .~ ............. .~ ............. . : ::: :: : .::: : : : :.:: ::::::::::::::::: ill!!'
... . .. . .
...................................................................
.
.
5 ..~~P~. ~ .. ~. ~.l:'~.C?~.~~-~ . ~ ~~. "!I~~:. ~. ~~. i9!~.~~ . ~ .. !.?~<'.':(~ ..
.·+~ci~y··;·. j.. ·6 -~ii~~- .. j. ·P~-~~-~~·t·. ~ ci~~ ·111111
6 .~Y.f!I~~-' · ~ ... -~~. i .C?~.... ~. ~.~~.~~.~ . ~ ....<;:.C?~.t.... ~ ....~~. i.C?~....
··'\i~·,~·~ ···~ ··c:'t;~·~g·~ ··~ ··c·h~·~g-~ ··~ p·~~-~ :w::
7 AAPL : $18
.......... ...... .2 5 : 200 : $3650 : $20 .38 ····i4i:i7'6·~ ·····$42'6 ·~·· · 1 ·1:61·3 ~ ······rn:::
.. .................................................
8 IBM ....... ... ..... : $..1..2 .. 10 0 : $ 12 5 3 8 : $ 12 0.8 8
5...............................................
38 : ··$·12c10·0· ····<·$·4sD'> ···
~ ~ ~i5·9·3 ~ ···· ·· mm
9 DEC : $82 .75 : 100 : $8275 : $71.63
................................................................... ····i11·6·3' ··<$·1 ~ ·1·1·2» ~ ·~· 1 i4~.-% ~ ······mm
10 INTC : $40 .00 : 200 : $8000 : $42 .00 ····i04a·a· ·····$4a·a· ·····5:i:io'%
~ ~ ~ · ·· ···mm
t - - - - 1 • . . • . • . • • . • . • . . . . • • • • . . • . • . • • . •• ·•·•• ••.•.••.••••. ··••••••• ••••.•••
11 TOTAL : : : : $32463 : ·i3 · ····c·$-73i5) ············· ······

·1·~i2·7 ~ ~ ~ :rn::
- ·· ·· ··········· .. ····················································
.. ..
~ ~
.
12 . . .
··· ················· .. ····· ···.. ····· ··················
.. .
···············
. · : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i : : : : : : 1'1111
13 . . . .
1-----1 · . • . • • • • • . . • . • • • • • . . . . • • • • • . . . • . • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • . • . . . • • • • • . . . . • . • . • • ............. : ......... .... : ............. : ...... ::::::
... ... .
..
.
..
..
.
..
. ...
Flgure4
Completed sample worksheet with bar graphs in column 9.
You now have created the formulas for the first Use the pointer to enter the formula Percent change
eight cells in the first row of the table. To complete the •100 into cell R7C9. Multiplying by 100 is used in chis
formulas, you need only to enter the formula for the instance to produce easily distinguished bars. If your
Graph of Percent Change in column 9. bars don't show the difference in percentage changes
clearly, try another scaling factor such as 75 or 125.
Bar Charts Once again the message # IV/O! appears, indicar
Multiplan is not a graphics program, but it doe ing that you have created a formula referring to a cell
use the Mac's high-resolution screen to draw excellent in which division by zero has been attempted. Every
horizontal bar charts. The bars are either black (posi thing will be fine when data is entered into the table.
tive values) or white (negative values). Bars are drawn
using the Bar Graph option from the Format menu. Formatting Features
Each bar is one cell high, and its length is determined Multiplan has a rich assortment of format options
by the value of the number in the cell containing the with which you can improve the appearance of work
bar. sheets. You have already used an align command to
To set the Bar Graph format, select cell R7C9, pull line up the column headings. Now set the Dollar for
down the Format menu, and choose Bar Graph. Next, mat to improve the appearance of the columns con
hold down the mouse button and drag the pointer up taining currency-columns 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Also set
to highlight cells R5C9, R6C9, and R7C9. Cells R5C9 the Percent format for column 8 so the numbers in that
and R6C9 contain the words "Graph of Percent column will display as percentages.
Change." Use the Left Align command from the For To set a format, first select the range to be format
mat menu to align these three cells to the left. The Left ted. Since you will be formatting entire columns, it is
Align command displays the bars directJy below the
headings and next to the corresponding percentage
incolumn8.
Macworld 99
~ HandsOn
,.. .,
• R3C2
File
II
Edit Select
._1cmucu-y 24, 1 '~HH

portfolio
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
1 :Portfo li o Va luat i on Worksheet
............ ········· · ·:···········:······ · ····:··········· 1·········· ·:···········:···········:··· · ·······:········
2 ·········· ·: :.. ........ .:........... :....... .... :........... :........... :........... :........... :........ !HH!
! ~~~~:. . .l_AlliH!'f..~,. ~ -~-~~ ........... ~ ...........:........... j........ ···~ ···········~ ···········~ ······· - 11111!
........... :........... :.. ......... :........... :..... ...... :... ........ :........... :........... :........... :....... . mm
5Stock
....... PurchaseiNumber :Origina l ........
.. ...................................... : Today's
.... 1..Today's ,
: Dollar
........ ....... : Percent ...
.... .............. :Graph of:
.... .. ........... . !!!H!
;·:-:·
S mbol : Pri ce : Shar es : Cost : Pr ice 1 Value : Change : Change :Percent Change i!!i!l
6
.__1-· . ~-~-~~ . . ·:;·#·#:.•:;·###:if ·1·1.. 6·7·3 -:.. ··.... mm
8 #### ;
9 #### .
10 . ~-~· ~ ~ 1
. 'lillllilllT-
11 TOTAL:
12
13
: : : : I : : ; ;
Flgure5
nJe sample U'Orksbeel fl/led U'ftb crosshatches, iruJfcatfng that
som columns are too narrow to accommodate data.
_....... Multiplan uses easl . l to sel ct an em ire column by clicking the

mouse button o er the column number in the border
the Macs high-resolu above the worksheet
Since the columns conraining currency aren't all
tion screen to draw nexc to one another, use the X (Command) key and
the mouse bunon cogether to select a range of nonad
jacem columns. Hold down the x key, point to a col
excellent horizontal umn, and click the mouse button. Do th ls to select
columns 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Then pull down the Format
bar charts. m nu and choose the Dollar option. Finally, click the
column number for column 8 and set the Percent
format
Filling Up the Table

Now you are ready to use the Fill Down command
to copy the formulas from row 7 down che table. But
first you must select the area to be filled Begin by plac
ing the pointer on cell R7Cl and clicking the mouse
button.
Decide how many tocks to put n the work heet.
In the example there ore four tock , so move the
pointer to row 10 in column 9. Thi is the opposice c r
100 \Ulume 1 Number l

.,
...
• File Edit Se lec t Format Options Calculate
R3C2 II . _icmuciry 24, 1 9i:H
portfolio
Portfolio Valuation Worksheet
Date : .• .J..~.~.1.....
Stock Purchase Number Original Today's Today's Dollar

Symbol Price Shares Cost Price Value Change
AAPL $18.25 200 $3650 $4076 $426
IBM $125.38 100 $12538 $12088 ($450)
DEC $82.75 100 $8275 $7163 ($111 2) -13.44%
INTC $40.00 200 $8000 $8400 $400 5.00%
TOTAL : $32463 $317 27 ($736)
Figure6
Worksheet after Protect Document command is executed. The from unprotected cell to unprotected cell each time you press
unprotected cells are underlined and the active cell will moue Enter
ner of the block formed by cell R7Cl and R10C9. With A dialog box appears, and you can type in the name.
the pointer on RlOC9, hold down the Shift key and This group of cells contains the Original Cost for each
click the mouse button to select the block. stock, so name it COST.
Next, choose the Fill Down command from the To sum the cells in COST, select cell R11C4 and
Edit menu. Everything you specified for the cells of the pull down the Edit menu. Choosing the Paste function
first row will be copied down the respective columns makes a dialog box containing all of Multiplan 's built
to fill the rest of the cells in the range. in functions appear. Move the scroll box in the dialog
box until SUM() appears. Select SUM, and it will be
Totaling Your Position pasted into the formula bar.
You can total the Original Cost, Today's Value, and Pull down the Edit menu again. This time choose
Dollar Change columns by placing the Multiplan func the Paste Name option. A dialog box containing all as
tion SUM in the appropriate cells along the bottom of signed names appears. So far you've only assigned one
the table. The SUM function adds the contents of a name, COST. Choose COST, and it will be pasted into
range of cells, and you can select that range either by SUM() to form the function SUM(COST). Finally, press
pointing or by naming the range. Enter: to enter the completed function in cell R11C4.
Begin by entering the word TOTAL: into cell RllCl. Name the cells in the Today's Value column VALUE
To see how the name feature works, name the range and those in the Dollar Change column CHANGE. Then
for Original Cost. Locate the pointer on cell R7C4, hold define the SUM functions for each of these columns.
down the mouse button, and drag the pointer down to You can use the Paste Name and Paste Function op
cell RlOC4 to select the range to be named. Pull down tions, or you can type in the functions and names di
the Sel~ct menu and choose the Define Name option. rectly as= SUM(VALUE) and= SUM(CHANGE).
When you are finished, the worksheet will look like
the one in Figure 3.
Macworld 101
'Hands On
Filling In the Blanks Before you can protect the portfolio valuation
The table is now complete. Just enter the neces worksheet with the Protect Document command, you
sary information about the stock symbol, price per have to unprotect those cells where data will be en
share, and number of shares into the appropriate tered when you update the worksheet. Since not all of
cells in columns 1, 2, 3, and 5, and leave the rest to the cells are adjacent, you must use the 3€ key in tan
Multiplan. dem with the mouse button.
Figure 4 shows the data for a completed sample Begin by positioning the pointer on cell R3C2,
worksheet, but if you enter this data in the appropriate where the date will be entered, and clicking the
cells in columns 1, 2, 3, and 5, you'll see a worksheet mouse button. Cell R3C2 is now selected. Move the
filled with crosshatches, as in Figure 5. This indicates pointer to cell R7C5 in the Today's Price column. Hold
that some columns are too narrow to accommodate down the 3€ key and the mouse button simultaneously
the data to be entered in them. and drag the pointer down column 5 until you have se
You can save some space by formatting columns 4, lected all the data entry cells in that column.
6, and 7 to display their information with no decimal Now pull down the Options menu and choose
places. (Select those columns and then pull down the Remove_ Cell Protection. The selected cells are un
Format menu and choose the Number of Decimals ... protected, and you are ready to protect the rest of the
option.) worksheet by choosing the Protect Document com
The completed worksheet in Figure 4 almost fits mand from the Options menu.
on one screen. You will have to use the scroll box When Protect Document is executed, the ap
along the bottom edge of the worksheet to see the bar pearance of the Multiplan screen changes dramat
graphics in column 9. ically. Row numbers, column numbers, and the dashed
lines that divided the screen into a grid of cells disap
Setting Column Widths pear. The unprotected cells are underlined, and if you
The final step is adjusting the column widths so don't click the mouse button, the data entry range ap
that all the data is visible. (Regardless of what appears pears in reverse video (see Figure 6).
on the screen, the actual number will be in the Mac's
memory, where it is used in all calculations.) Updating the Worksheet
With the mouse, adjusting individual column To update a protected worksheet, all you have to
widths is easy. Just move the pointer to the horizontal do is begin typing. The active cell is the date cell, the
box containing the column numbers at the top of the first cell you specified in the unprotected range. Type
screen. The pointer icon will change to indicate that the date and press Enter. The active cell automatically
you can use the pointer to adjust the column width. moves to the next unprotected cell, the first cell under
Position the pointer on the boundary of the column Today's Price. Multiplan is now ready for you to update
you want to change, press and hold down the mouse the prices. Each time you finish an entry, press Enter;
button, and drag the boundary in the desired direc the active cell moves to the next cell, ready to receive
tion. Expand each column until the number replaces your next entry.
the crosshatching. Expand the right-hand column con If you want to skip a cell, press Enter without mak
taining the bar graphs to 30 or 40 characters. ing an entry. The active cell will move on. If you want
to go back to a previous cell, use the Shift-Enter com
Locking Up the Worksheet bination.
Now that your worksheet is finished, you may
want to go one step further and take out a little insur The Sky's the Limit
ance. Multiplan's Protect Document command pro The simple worksheet just described is only a be
tects your worksheets from accidental changes. This ginning. With the ability to unprotect cells randomly
insurance is particularly important in an office in on the worksheet and move the active cell through
which the person who enters data to update a work these cells in the order they were selected, you can
sheet may be unfamiliar with the procedures involved. create easy-to-use data entry forms. You can set up in
Multiplan lets you specify a personal password voices, budgets, profit and loss statements, cash flow
for each worksheet. Once a password has been as statements, and all types of report forms.
signed, a protected worksheet can be viewed but not Just remember to unprotect the data entry cells
changed by anyone who doesn't know the password. If before protecting the worksheet. Then anyone can up
you forget your own password,·you won't be able to date the worksheet without the risk of unauthorized
unlock the worksheet either, so choose a password or unintended changes.
that is easy to remember. You might use something
from the spreadsheet itself-for example, the first let
ters of the title of the spreadsheet (PVW in this exam
ple). If your worksheet doesn't require protection, you Multiplan
can accept the blank line in the dialog box, and a pass Microsoft Corporation
word won't be required to unprotect the worksheet. 10700 Northup Way
Bellevue, WA 98004
2061828-8080
Listprice: $195

Congratulations
Apple Computer
P.O. Box 606

Beaverton, OR 97075
(800) 547-1842
•
Dilithium Press, the #1 publisher of easy
to-read computer books, will release
books and book/software packages for
the Macintosh in Spring, 1984. Watch for
our announcements inMacworld and
check your local bookstore or computer
store for our new titles.
~ Hands On: Word Processing
Tips for Mac Writers

P'\'" A collection of25practical
techniques for using
MacWrite
Andrew Fluegelman
Although most word proces:ing programs dragging the pointer from the , tarting lengths to salvage the correct characters;
have similar functions and features, each poim to the ending point of che ·election. select the whole word by double-clicking
ha · different way:-. of implementing them . • When you wam to delete a larger and retype IL This tip also applles to short
MacWrite ban e<L'ly-10-use program, but portion of text such as several words, you phrases you want to repair or change, sud1
there are some ways to improve upon 1cs should sel •er the phrase to be deleted by as "The brown quick fo e.." You can select
features, as you will find out wh n you ex dragging the pointer over that lexL If you and retype "quick brown fox " in less time
perimen1 wich It. The following tips wiJI have no use for the te t you're deleting, tllllll it would take you ro analyze how to go
help y u use MacWrite's unique editing pressing the Back pace key Is the fastest about fixing the original.
and formatting features more efficiently. way to get rid of it. Keep in mind tluc this • Nooe of the above three delelion
operation will not put the deleted text into techniques will cut deleted text to the Clip
Ddeting che Clipboard, o you can't reu e it; how board, so you have to be careful that you
Whatever your writing style, you will ever, choosing the Undo command from don't delete anychlng of value. You can use
probably use the c.Jele1e function more the Edit menu al lows you to recover de these techniques ro your advantage, how
often than anv other. There are several leted text Immediately (pressing X -z also ever, if you want to delete text and already
ways to make. deletions with MacWrite, undoes che previous action). have some ln che CUpboord that you're av
and each Is particularly useful in differem • If you are deleting and ·ubstltutlng ing for a later paste action.
writing and editing situations. new text, take advaruage of the powerful • You might find it more convenient to
• While you are keying in text, use the MacWrite feature that automatically de select phrases for deletion by dragging the
Backspace key to correct mistyped charac
ters or co remove a word or two. This tech
nique lets you keep your hands on the
_....... pointer backward, from the end point of
che election ro the beginning. Since you
read from lef1 to right to decide what to ~e
keyboard so that your writing flow is un lect, your eye I already grounded at the
broken. Most writer.. probably use this
technique naturally, but if you're n w to
Ifyou're delet end of the selection. It' ea ier to tan
dragging at that point and w rk backward
word proce ing or keyboard writing, you ing a substantial por than to find the beginning point again and
might be tempted to use some of the more till have co keep an eye out for the end
powerful editing functions wh n a simple tion oftext, don't cut point. Of course, this technique is a mauer
d~tructive baoopace b sufticient. of personal taste, and might depend on
• A common editing function Is delet it without pasting it whether you're right-handed or have per
ing slnly characters from a body of text. In fected your tennis backhand troke, but
this situation, using the Backspace key is somewhere. gi"' it a try (see Figure 1).
the quickest and most accur.ue way to de • You might be surprised at such an
lete. Position the pointer so that the inser letes selected text and Inserts new text in exhaustive analy is of how to select and de
tion point is to the right of the char.icter(s) its place. In other words, if yo u type "The lete text. It's worth your time, however, to
to be deleted, click the mouse button, and quick green fox ... ," you can make your cor become famHiar with the techniques that
pre -- Back pace. This method is easier reccion by selecting the ord green, and will serve you best while you are writing
than using the mouse to select the charac chen typing brown. Overall, this innova and to make them auromatic reflexes. The
ters to be deleted because you only have to rive feature is the most useful MacWrite tennis analogy is really nor so farfetched. If
et the position of the pointer once. Select editing technique. you prctcrice your strokes at the beginning,
ing charctcrers with the mouse involves • You can also select a word bv dou
ble-clicking che mouse button on ic. If
you 've badly mangled a word such as sub
situtoin, for example, don't go to great
10-f ilurm: 1, umlx:r I

Figurel
You can select text by dragging the pointer back
ward, from the endpoint to the beginning point
ofthe selection
., thing from your original selection to the
,.. • file Edit Search Format Font Style
position of the pointer will be selected. You
MacWriting
can use the scroll box to get to the end
. ~ • . 1...•...1 ...•..J.:... • ···f-?····1...• ...1...•... 1...• ...L~•...1 ...•...L.•.. 1..•...1.1. 1.... L.•...1.. .•.. .1.~•. 1... •.:l:·· 1...•. ..1.~•.. 1..;,i;..1 ...• .. 1...• ...1.? point of your selection. This technique is
best for selecting everything from a point
~~ ~[§]§] ~~~~ in the middle of a document to the end or
The current common wisdom accepts that computers the beginning.
have revolutionized the craft of writing. A half hour of • Keep in mind that double-clicking is
creating words with the Macintosh will convince you, an accurate way to select whole words and
however, that the real}ffMMd in writing has only just that it works with extended selections as
begun. well. Double-click to start your selection on
a word boundary. Then move to the end of
Up to now, word processors -- for all their editing, the area to be selected and Shift-double
searching, sorting, and paginating power -- have click.
remained greatly glorified electronic typewriters. But • By all means, develop the habit of
with the arrival of Macintosh, the scope of computer using the X -x, X -c, and X -v key com
binations while you are editing. The Edit
writing skills is no longer confined to stringing menu lists these special key combinations
characters together. The power to control typography next to the corresponding command. Once
and format has been put directly in the hands of every a portion of text is selected, holding down
writer. The art of writing has never been so the X key and the x key simultaneously
cuts the selection to the Clipboard. al: -c
copies the selection to the Clipboard, and
X -v pastes whatever is in the Clipboard at
you'll be a much better player in the word Editing the current pointer position. The advan
processing game. When you get to moving text around tage of using these X -key combinations
• This last deletion tip has nothing to in a MacWrite document, as opposed to (rather than choosing Cut, Copy, or Paste
do with mechanical efficiency. If you' re de making spot corrections, some other tech from the Edit menu) is that you can keep
leting a substantial portion of text-a para niques come into play. the pointer positioned within the text area.
graph or even a few sentences-don't cut • The best way to select a whole para If you use these shortcuts for cutting and
it without pasting it somewhere, either to graph is to drag the pointer down the left pasting, your editing efficiency will triple.
the end of your document or to the Scrap margin. This procedure selects an entire • Remember the Undo command.
book. Those phrases and ideas may be line at a time and ensures that you'll in This powerful MacWrite feature lets you
useful somewhere else in your text or per clude the invisible but crucial Return char reverse cuts and pastes. Undo will also take
haps in some other writing project. When acter at the end of each paragraph. back the characters typed since the pre
you're ready for your final edit, you can • If you're selecting a large portion of vious program command. This capability
save the unused fragments to separate files text, make use of the Shift key to extend can be useful if you start typing (and there-
if they're still of value. your selection. As explained in the Mac
Write manual, you first make a selection in
the normal way, then move to another por
tion of your document, hold down the Shift
key, and click the mouse button. Every
Macworld 105
~ Hands On
Chart of Typefaces
MacWrite provides you with a little discretion in mak ing
almost two thousand possible your typographic selections.
combinations of type fonts, The following chart reproduces
sizes, and styles. Although printed output from a Mac
you'll be using only a frac tion Write document, showing
of those combinations, you'll some of the most legible and
still have to exercise more than attractive combinations.
New York is a serif font suitable for tex t. It prints best in:
')point - ABCDEFGabcdefgl 234' ABCDEFGalu:defgl234') ABCOeFGabcdefg/2 :145
12 point - ABCDEFGabcdefgl2345 ABCDEFGabcdefg12345
ABCOfiF6,obcdelg12.115 AJCDIPGmlbcdt!! 1 23~~
14 point - ABCDEFGabcdefg 12345ABCDEFGabcdefg1234-5
ABCDEFL7abcde.f._q1231'5 - i l l a t - 5
18 point -ABCDEabcde1234 ABCDEabcdel234
ABCOEabcdeI 2 ..14 Arnlm~Thlcet4l@ll ~~~
24 point - ABCabc123 ABCabcl23
. 4 Bla/Jc/2..1A~Cfl\lb1©ll~3
Geneva is a sans- serif f ont suitable for text. lt prints best in.
9 point - ABCDEF Gaocdefg 12345 A6CDEF6abcdefg12J45 A BCOEF6iJLICt/e.r_q 12345
12 point - A.BCDEFGabcdef g 123(~:) ABCDEFGabcdef g 12345
.'4BCOEF6Jb cdelg I 2J45 ABCOEFGabcdefg 12345
14 point - ABCDEFGabcdefg 12345 ABCDEFGabcdefg 12345
AfJCOEFtialJCdetg I 2345 AiaW~IF~cd=1?;Jn 2~~~
18 point - ABCDEabcde 1234ABCDEabcde1234
.ABlvEaL1cde I.:c?._-, z;4ABCDIEllbCdl 1234
24 point - ABCabc 123 ABCabc 123
. 4Bl~tbl~ I.::.?.} ABC:abc 123

Toronto is an expanded serif font. It prints best in:
12 point - ABCDEFGabcdefg 123'45 ABCDEFGabcdefg 12345
ABCDEFGobcdelg12345 A~lilW9ca~@i;J n~~~
14 point - ABCEDabcdefg 12345 ABCDEabcdefg 12345
ABlWEabcdelg l~.,345 AOO~I~
18 point - ABCDEabcde 1234 ABCDEabcde l 234
ABl7D&1bL-:de J..2~J1ABCDEabcda I ~1
24 point - ABCabc 123 ABCabc 123
ABCabcl23~ll~
Monaco is a monofont (al I letters same width) . It prints best in:
9 point - ABCDEFGabcdefg12345 RBCDEF8abcdefg1234:J RBCDEFCrnbcdefg/~'>..?I/~
12 point - ABCDEF6abcdefg12345 RBCDEF6abcdefg123~5
RBCDEFtit7bc:de. f g 12.11..' i ~f11UD~i1
Vmt.ce is a cursive font. 'lt prints &est in:

12 point - A.BenErGa&cc:Ufq12345 MCD~f1J12345
ABCO£Fa.6ctfef912345 · • "81
Chicago is the Mac's system font. It prints best in:
12 point - RBCDEF6abcdefg 12345 llCIEFli•llcdef112145
RBCDEFliabr.de,g/2J45 ~on~n~~
Rthens is a display font. It prints best in:

1Bpaint - ABC:DEabcde 1231 BBCDEabcde 1231
RBCDEabcde12s1mrnEIIDlm\mr!l@fim
lonbnn ti an telb tn~ltlb fnnt. Jt ptintl btlt in:
18 potltt .. l-ttl8f.abtbt1234 l-(•t1klJet234
l.6€AJe1J1;e1~34 ~nm
Macworld 107
'HandsOn
.,
fore inserting) in the middle of a para ,.. • File Edit Search Format Font Style
graph and want to restore the paragraph to Clipboard
its original state. Undo can be invoked
he real revolution in writing has only just begun.
from the keyboard using 3€ -z.
• Remember that there are four places
to which you can move and store text while
111111
you are editing: the Clipboard, the Scrap
book, the beginning of your document,
and the end of your document. Each loca ~D Mac UJriting
tion has specific uses. The Clipboard is vol The current common wisdom accepts that
atile-its contents are replaced with each computers have revolutionized the craft of writing. A
successive Cut or Copy. The Scrapbook half hour of creating words with the Macintosh will
stores text (or pictures) permanently and is convince you, however, that
convenient for inserting stock text selec
tions several times within a document.
I
Don't overlook the beginning and end of editing, searching, sorting, and paginating power -
your file as convenient holding areas for have remained greatly glorified electronic typewriters.
text that you know you will be working But with the arrival of Macintosh, the scope of
into your document at some point.
• If you are doing a good deal of cut
ting and pasting, you might want to set up stringing characters together. The power to control
your screen with both the text area and the t o ra h and format has been ut directly in the
Clipboard in full view, serving as a perma Figure2
nent on-screen reference (see Figure 2). Having the Clipboard in full view provides an
• The same screen arrangement is on-screen reference during cut-and-paste
helpful for aligning the page, date, and operations
time icons properly in the header or footer
windows. With both the header and footer
windows in view, you can adjust the icons .,
and then click the text window to see the Search Format Font Style
effects immediately. :)(:2
Searching
The MacWrite Find and Change func
tions are useful if you need to change the on wisdom accepts that
name of a character throughout your short
story, but some of the best uses for the ionized the craft of writing. A
Show Clipboard rds with the Macintosh will
Search capability don't involve changes
per se. convince you, however, that the real revolution in
• If your text includes a key word that writing has only just begun.
is long or difficult to type, substitute a dis Up to now, word processors -- for all their
tinctive, easily typed symbol while you're editing, searching, sorting, and paginating power -
doing your initial writing. Then change it have remained greatly glorified electronic typewriters.
during your final edit. For example, you But with the arrival of Macintosh, the scope of
could use the @ symbol and later change it computer writing skills is no longer confined to
to Tchaikovsky. stringing characters together. The power to control
• MacWrite does not feature place typography and format has been put directly in the
markers, but you can make use of the hands of every writer The art of writing has never
Search function to guide you through your
Figure3
Copying a ruler with a specifiedformat into
the Clipboard for insertion elsewhere in the
document

document. If you are moving a selected space icon, and select 14-point Athens type. format, such as indented single-spaced, you
portion of text to the beginning or end of Then choose Save from the File menu and can go to the well, copy the appropriate
your document, embed a special symbol, name the document Draft Format. Now ruler to the Clipboard, and paste it in place
such as the + + symbol, in the text before every time you want to begin a draft, start (see Figure 3). This technique is much
repositioning the pointer to complete the MacWrite by double-clicking on the icon faster than inserting new rulers and adjust
paste operation. Then you can find your labeled Draft Format. You'll automatically ing the margins each time you need them.
original position easily by searching for the create a document with your chosen for (To select a ruler, click on the portion of
+ + symbol. matting features. the ruler with the inch markings.)
• When you want to replace a word When you are ready to save your doc • Note that the rulers carry formatting
globally throughout your document with ument, don't choose the Save command. information, but not type style and size
the Change All command, be careful that Instead, choose Save As .. . from the File specifications. If you want to make those el
you don't accidentally replace fragments of ements part of your multiple formats, you
longer words. Suppose, for example, that should include at least one blank line (two
you decided to change all occurrences of ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\~\,,~- Returns) with each ruler before you copy it
Mac to Macintosh. If the word Macintosh to the Clipboard. Then when you paste in
were already in your document, it would The Scrapbook the ruler you'll include a spot in your doc
come out as Macintoshintosh. To avoid this ument that carries the appropriate type
situation, you could include spaces as part stores text (orpic specifications. As you insert text at that
of the Find string: Mac[space]. Then your spot, it will assume the specified format.
search would look only for whole words. tures) permanently This technique will work, but it can be dif
However, your search would not find oc ficult at first to know exactly where the
currences of Mac at the end of a sentence. and is convenientfor boundaries are between different type
Another strategy would be to change fonts and styles. Experiment and practice.
all instances of Macintosh to Mac first, and inserting stock text Bear in mind that the MacWrite win
then change all the Mac's back. You would dow is not as wide as a standard sheet of
still have to search for Mac[space], how selections. paper. In relation to an 8Y2-inch-wide sheet
ever. of paper, the MacWrite ruler starts at 1 inch
• After wading through the above sce menu. You'll be asked to give a name under and ends at about 7Y4 inches. Thus, there
narios, you should see clearly that global which to save the current document. At are margins beyond what you see on the
changes can have unexpected results. It's this point you should give your written screen. If you adjust the screen to show
usually wise to take the time to confirm document a distinctive name, such as Draft pleasing margins, your printed text may be
each modification with MacWrite's Story 23. too narrow (Don't be afraid to format your
Change, then Find option. Once you've copied and saved the documents with adequate "white space,"
document under a new name, choose Quit however.)
Formatting from the File menu, making sure that you • You should also note that Mac
MacWrite has powerful formatting ca don't save your original Draft Format docu Write's default format (the way the
pabilities that let you set margins, indenta ment with all the text you added. The next program starts out, without any user
tion, tabs, line spacing, and type styles. You time you want to write a draft, start with specification) does not include any head
can streamline your formatting chores by the Draft Format document again; it will ers or footers. Unless you specify other
using some of the following techniques. once again present a clean slate, formatted wise, your printed document will start at
• Most writers have standard writing according to your specifications. the top of each page and continue to the
applications-letters, memos, draft man • You can expand the above technique bottom. If you want top and bottom mar
uscripts-that require different formats. to create a correspondence format file that gins, call up the Header and Footer win
Take the time to determine the best format produces your own customized letterhead, dows and insert two or three Returns
for each of these situations, then save the complete with a MacPaint graphic, your in each. These specifications can be
formats in separate files and use one of address, and the date. included in your document format files,
those files to start each type of writing • If you are creating a document that as noted above.
project. uses several formats, such as an outline or
For example, suppose you like to pre a screenplay, you 'II want to be able to
pare drafts with 2-inch margins on both switch formats quickly and easily Before
sides of the page, double-spaced, using 14 you start writing, make up the different
point Athens type. Start MacWrite and rulers that you'll need and place them in a
open a new document. You'll see a blank "ruler well" at the beginning or end of
document called Untitled in the MacWrite your working file. When you need a certain
window. Without typing any text, move the
left margin marker to 2 inches and the
right to 6Yi inches, click on the double-
Macworld 109
Hands On: Programming
SimpleSketch
Programming the Mac in
BASIC and Pascal
Lon Poole
SimpleSketch is a short program that dem changing the location of its bottom-right does not require line numbers. (Note: the
onstrates the kind of control the Macintosh corner. The program recognizes those numbers to the left of the program lines in
User Interface Toolbox gives you over the changes and resizes the flickering outline the listing pertain only to the following de
Mac, whether you program in Pascal or accordingly. When you release the mouse scription of the program.)
BASIC. It lets you construct rectangles of button, the program redraws the rectangle
any size in the program's output window. permanently in black, using the propor 1. Declares that four variables will have in
You use the mouse to specify the top-right tions of the last flickering outline. teger values. Variables left and top will
and bottom-left corners of the rectangle. keep track of the coordinates for the point
One version of the program is written in MacPascal SimpleSketch at the top-left corner of the rectangle. Vari
Macintosh Pascal (MacPascal), another in Listing 1 shows the MacPascal version ables right and bottom will monitor the
Microsoft BASIC (MBASIC), and a third in of the SimpleSketch program. Notice that coordinates of the bottom-right corner.
Macintosh BASIC (MacBASIC). After ex the command words are in boldface and
ploring each version of the program, you 'II 2. Sets the size of the pen point that will
learn how to modify the original program draw the rectangles. Procedure penSize is
to draw ovals and circles in a way that Mac predefined; its first parameter sets the pen
Paint doesn't duplicate. point width and its second parameter the
TheSimple pen-point height.
Using the Program
Drawing rectangles with Simple Sketch program uses 3. Starts the program loop that repeats the
Sketch is the same as drawing them with program endlessly so that you can draw as
MacPaint. First, you move the pointer to the frameRect pro many rectangles as you like. (To halt the
the spot where you want to place the top program, choose the Halt command or
left corner of the rectangle and press the cedure from the click the displayed Halt button.)
mouse button. The program remembers
those coordinates. Then you move the QuickDraw Toolbox 4. Sets a pen mode that enables a flickering
pointer to the spot where you want to place outline to be drawn. The predefined pen
the bottom-right corner of the rectangle unit to draw rect Mode procedure is a standard element of
and release the mouse button. Figure 1 the QuickDraw Toolbox unit. Its single pa
shows the type of objects SimpleSketch angles and squares. rameter defines how an object to be drawn
can draw. will interact witb the existing images in the
As long as you hold down the mouse the program lines are indented. MacPascal window. The patXor option lets a program
button, a flickering outline shows the cur does this automatically to make the listing erase an object without disturbing other
rent size and shape of the rectangle. To easier to read. Capitalization is optional, images by displaying the object on top of
produce the flickering effect, the program except in the boldface words. MacPascal itself.
draws a rectangle in black and then quickly considers an uppercase letter and its
erases the image by redrawing the rec lowercase counterpart to be the same char 5. Starts a loop that waits for you to press
tangle in white. The program keeps draw acter (unless they appear between quota the mouse button. Before you press the
ing and erasing the rectangle as long as tion marks). Thus, you can use capital mouse button, another predefined pro
you hold down the mouse button. Moving letters to improve program readability. cedure, getMouse, monitors the mouse
the mouse while you hold down its button MacPascal, like other versions of Pascal, location and assigns the coordinates to var
modifies a rectangle's proportions by iables left and top. When you press the
mouse button, the loop ends, fixing the
top-left corner of the rectangle.

Flgure l
Sample outputfrom
SimpleSketcb.
Output
D D
- D~ (unless they are part of a program remark
or enclosed by quotation marks).
Here's how the MBASIC program
works, line by line:
20. Declares that al l variables starting with

I I the letters L, T, R, and B will have integer
values. Alternatively, this tatement could
be omitted and the name of each integer
variable suffixed with a % character.
~
30. Clears the output window.

bJl 40. Sets the size of the pen point. The first
parameter of PENSIZE defines the width;
6. Starts a loop that repeats as long as you 11. This time theframeRect procedure the second, the height.
hold down the mouse button. draws the rectangle permanently at its final
location. 50. Sets the pen mode. Mode 10, as it is
7. Assigns the latest coordinates for the bot called in MBASIC, works the same as the
tom-right corner of the rectangle to vari 12. The until statement marks the bound pat XOR mode in MacPascal. In this mode,
ables right and bottom. ary of the loop started by the repeat state drawing the same object twice in the ame
ment. The end statement marks the end of place erases it without erasing other
8. Uses the predefined procedureframe the program. images.
Rect to draw the rectangle defined by the
current corner coordinates. Micros oft BASIC SimpleSketch 60-70. The MOUSE function has different
The output of the MBASIC version of effects depending on the value of the
9. Draws the same rectangle a econd time SimpleSketch will look the same to its user parameter passed to it. MOUSE(l) and
at the same location. Because the drawing as the MacPascal version (see Listing 2). MOUSE(2) determine the mouse's current
mode at this time is patXor, the second Notice that all the program lines have line coordinates, and variables LEFT and TOP
drawing erases the first, without disturbing numbers. Also, this listing uses capital let keep track of them.
the rest of the screen. As a result, you see ters everywhere except in program re
the rectangle fla h briefly on the screen. marks. You can type the program into the 80. Until you press the mouse button, the
Mac using any combination of upper- and program loops between lines 60 and 80.
10. When you finally release the mouse but lowercase letters, bur MBASIC will convert MOUSE(O) checks the mouse button status
ton, the program changes the drawing lowercase letters to capitals in the listing and has a value of 0 if the button has not
mode, again with the penMode procedure. been clicked since the last time MOUSE(O)
This time it uses the patCopy mode, which was executed.
always makes black lines black, regardless
of what they are drawn over.
Macworld 111
'HandsOn
90-100. When you press the mouse button

to select the top-left corner of the rec p..-ogn1m SimpleSketch
tangle you want to draw; the program goes
into another loop. First, it gets the mouse DOI"
coordinates and assigns them to variables 1- - - - t o p , left, bottom, right : integer;
RIGHT and BOTTOM. begin
2---penSize(l , 1);
110. MBASIC expects the rectangle's corner
coordinates in the first four elements of an l ..-epeot
integer array; this program uses array R( ). 4 penMode(patHor);
5 while button = false do
120. Calls Toolbox procedure frameRect to getMouse(left,top);
draw the rectangle whose coordinates are
in array R( ). fi----while button do
begin
130. The second call to frameRect erases 7------getMouse(right,bottom);
the rectangle just displayed; the result is a
8 frameRect(top, left, bottom, right);
flashing rectangle.
140. As long as you hold down the mouse end;
button, the program loops between lines 10---penMode(patCopy);
90and140, flashing rectangles sized by the
current mouse coordinates. MOUSE(O) has
a value of -1 as long as the mouse button is 12 until false;
held down. end.
150-160. Changes the drawing mode and
Listing 1
permanently draws the rectangle at its final
MacPascal version ofSimpleSketch. Command
location.
words are in boldface andprogram lines are
indented.
170. Branches back to wait until you select
the top-left corner of another rectangle.
(Tu halt the program, press the x and c
keys simultaneously.)
1O REM SimpleSketch Program
MacBASIC SimpleSketch 20 DEF I NT L,T,R,B
From a program user's standpoint, the 30 CLS
MacBASIC version of SimpleSketch works
just like the MacPascal and MBASIC ver 40 CA LL PENS 12E( 1, 1)
sions (see Listing 3). But a comparison of 50 CALL PENMODE( 10)
the different versions of this program re 60 LEFT=MOUSE( 1)
veals disparities even between the two
BASIC versions. Unlike MBASIC, MacBASIC
70 TOP=MOUSE(2)
does not require line numbers. (Note: the 80 IF MOUSE(O)=O THEN GOTO 60
numbers to the left of the program lines in 90 RIGHT=MOUSE(l)
the listing pertain only to the following de 100 BOTTOM=MOUSE(2)
scription of the program.) Also, MacBASIC
displays listings in upper- and lowercase 110 R( 1)=LEFT:R(O)=TOP:R(3)=R I GHT:R(2)=BOTTOM
letters, although it treats capital letters and 120 CALL FRAMERECT(UARPTR(R(O)))
their lowercase counterparts as the same 130 CALL FRAMERECT(UARPTR(R(O)))
characters (unless they are between quota
tion marks). MacBASIC, unlike MacPascal,
140 IF MOUSE(0)=-1 THEN GOTO 90
does not automatically format listings. To 150 CALL PENMOOE(B)
indent program lines for better readability; 160 CALL FRAMERECT(UARPTR(R(O)))
you have to type the spaces yourself by 170 GOTO 50
pressing the space bar.
Listlng2
Microsoft BASIC version ofSimpleSketch.
MBASIC uses capital letters everywhere
except in program remarks.

Notice that the MacBASIC program
does not declare any variable types. It de
termines a variable's type from the last 1 - - - set pensize 1, 1
character of its name. All of the variables in
this program have a % character suffix, 2 do
which identifies them as integer types. 3 - - - set penmode 1o
The MacBASIC program works as 4 btnwait
follows:
5 L
left%=mouseH
1. Sets the pen-point size. The setpensize top°lo=mouseY
statement has two arguments: the fi.rst sets 6---Drawagain: right°lo=mouseH
the pen-point width, and the second the 1 bottom°lo=mouseY
height.
8 LframeRect left%, top°lo;right°lo,bottom °lo
2. Starts the main program loop. The pro frameRect left%, top°lo;right%,bottom %
gram goes through the loop once each 9 - - - i f mouseb then goto Drawagain:
time you draw a square. 10 set penmode 8
3. Sets the pen mode that lets the program LframeRect left%, top°lo;right°lo,bottom%
stretch and shrink the rectangle as it fol 11--loop
lows the mouse movement.
4. Waits for you to press the mouse button, Llstlng3

thereby fixing the top-left corner of the MacBASIC version ofSimpleSketch. Unlike
rectangle you want to draw. MBASIC, MacBASIC does not require line
numbers.
5. Gets the coordinates of the top-left cor
ner from functions mouseX and mouseY
and assigns them to variables left% and
top%.
6. This line has a label, Drawagain, that a

later statement branches to as long as you
hold down the mouse button.
7. Assigns the coordinates of the current

bottom-right corner to variables bottom%
and right%.
8. Flashes the rectangle defined by the cur

rently selected corner points. The firstfra
meRect statement draws the rectangle, and
the second erases it.
9. Repeats the rectangle-flashing loop as

long as you hold down the mouse button.
10. The program changes the pen mode to

8 when you release the mouse button. This Flgure2
mode, which is the same as MacPascal's Ova/Sketch determines the top, left, bottom, and
patCopy mode, always draws black lines in right coordinates given the centerpoint and any
black. This time the frameRect procedure cornerpoint ofthe rectangle into which an
draws the rectangle permanently at its final
oval.fits.
location.
Macworld 113
'HandsOn
11. The program branches back to the ear

lier do statement so that you can draw an Output
other rectangle. (To halt the program,
choose the Halt command.)
The Oval Alternative

Like MacPaint, the original Sim
pleSketch program uses the frameRect
procedure from the QuickDraw Toolbox
unit to draw rectangles and squares. With
MacPaint, you can also draw an oval by
selecting the rectangle it fits in, first choos
ing the upper-left corner and then the bot
tom-right corner. The key to drawing ovals
and circles is another QuickDraw pro
cedure,frameOval.
Drawing ovals the same way Mac
Paint does is easy in the MacPascal pro
gram; simply change the procedure name
in each of the three program lines in which
it occurs. With a little more work, you can
enhance the original SimpleSketch pro
Figure3
gram so it does something that can't be
Sample outputfrom Ova/Sketch.
done in MacPaint. Listing 4 shows a Mac
Pascal program, OvalSketch, that lets you
draw an oval by selecting the center point
and any corner of the rectangle into which 6. Starts the loop that repeats as long as Further Experimentation
it fits. Figure 2 shows how it works, and Fig you hold down the mouse button. The simplicity of these programs may
ure 3 illustrates the program output. fool you into thinking that programming
The following description explains 7. Assigns the coordinates of the current an application like MacPaint wouldn't be
how Ova!Sketch works, with emphasis on corner point to variables cornerX and so tough after all. To keep things in per
the modifications: cornerY. spective, try modifying SimpleSketch or
OvalSketch to do the following:
1. This program needs some additional var 8. Computes the distance from center to
iables to keep track of the center point, the corner. Without the ABS function, dis • Use thicker or thinner lines.
current-corner point, and the horizontal tances are negative when the corner is • Draw rectangles above or to the left
and vertical distances between the center above or to the left of the center point. of the starting point ( SimpleSketch).
and corner points. • Draw circles by selecting a center
9. Computes the coordinates for the cor point and any point on the circumference.
2. Notice that this program will draw ners of the rectangle in which to draw the The pointer must stay on the circum
thicker lines than the original. selected oval or circle. The top-left corner ference as you drag it away from the center.
is above and to the left of the center point, (Hint: use the sqr function and the fact that
3. Starts a loop that lets you draw ovals and the bottom-right corner is below and the length of the hypotenuse of a right tri
indefinitely. to the right of center. angle is equal to the square root of the sum
of the squares of its sides.)
4. Sets the pen mode for flashing interim 10. Flashes the oval defined by the current
ovals. center and corner points.
5. Waits for you to select the center point by 11. Changes the pen mode and draws the
pressing the mouse button. oval or circle in its final proportions.
12. Allows you to draw another oval. (To

halt the program, choose the Halt com
mand or click the displayed Halt button.)

• Draw a variety of other shapes
using the QuickDraw procedures frame
RoundRect, paintRoundRect, paint program OualSket ch;
Oval, and paintRect in place of uor
frameRect.
• Draw straight lines. Use the Quick
I L centerH, centerY , cornerH, cornerY : integer;
Draw procedure moveTo(x,y) to anchor a Hdistance, Ydistance : integer;
starting point and lineTo(x,y) to draw a left , top, right, bottom : integer;
line from there to another point. begin
• Allow freehand drawing. 2 - -- penSize(2 ,2);
• Display a palette of drawing options.
Allow the program user to use the mouse l - - - repeot
to select the line thickness and the shape of 4 penMode(patHor);
the object to draw. 5 - - - - while button=false do
These experiments only begin to ex getMouse(centerH, centerY) ;
plore the ways you can enhance the basic 6 - - - - while button do
SimpleSketch program. As you work out begin
ways to effect these improvements, new 1 - - - - - - getMouse(cornerH, cornerY);
ideas will probably come to mind. Were
you to continue adding features to the pro 8 - - - - - L - Hdistance := abs(centerH - cornerH);
gram, you would end up with thousands of Ydistance := abs(centerY - cornerY);
program lines distributed among dozens of 9~1eft := centerH - Hdistance;
independent procedures that would collec
tively provide sketching and drawing capa top := centerY - Ydistance ;
bilities similar to those in MacPaint. right := centerH + Hdistance;
bottom := centerY + Ydistance;
I0 frameOual(top, left , bottom, right);
Macintosh Pascal end;
Think Technologies 11--L- penMode(patCopy);
Liberty Square frameOual(top, left , bottom, right);
Danvers, MA 01923 12 - - until false;
6171777-5226
Distributed by Apple Computer, Inc. end.
List price: 199
Macintosh BASIC Ltstlng4

Apple Computer, Inc. Ova/Sketch, a MacPasca/ program that lets you
20525 Mariani Ave. draw an oval by selecting the center point and
Cupertino, CA 95014 any corner ofa rectangle into which itfits.
8001538-9696; in California
8001662-9238
List price: 199
Microsoft BASIC
Microsoft Corporation
10700 Northup Way
Bellevue, WA 98004
2061828-8080
List price: 1150
Macworld 115
' Hands On: Programming
The 64K Treasure Chest

~···
Lon Poole
Apple has gone to unprece The usefulness of any coi:nputer depends the standard desktop environment. By fol
dented lengths to attract soft on a wide variety of quality software. Apple lowing the advice in the manual, you can
ware developers to the Mac has done several things to encourage get a consistent user interface that people
and to persuade them to people to develop application programs will understand and accept. Adopting the
adopt the Mac desktop en for the Macintosh, including the following: Mac user interface guidelines allows you to
vironment as the standard focus on your strong point-the applica
user interface. The benefits of • Developing guidelines for a consis tion itself.
this system are that developers tent user interface.
can create better programs • Supplying programs that implement The User Interface Toolbox
with less effort and that users the user guidelines. Adopting the Mac user interface is one
will have a familiar working • Using an operating system that gives thing; implementing it is another. imagine
environmentfor all their Mac application programmers extraordinary writing the programs that manage the
applications. control over system events. Mac's desktop environment. Few applica
• Designing a unique way to greatly tion programmers would bother to work
simplify the editing of dialog and menu with the Mac user interface if they had to
wording. write those programs themselves.
• Making available a speedy and Apple realized that simple truth, wrote
powerful development system based on the programs to manage the desktop en
the Lisa. vironment, put them in a 64K ROM, and
• Providing inexpensive expert advice called the set of codes the User Interface
and support to registered developers. Toolbox. This 64K treasure chest means
you'll never have to design or code a user
User Interface Guidelines interface for the Mac.
Designers of interactive application Here's how the Toolbox works within
programs spend a great deal of time wor an application. The application program
rying about the user interface-the way uses one part of the Toolbox to poll system
the program interacts with its users. For events such as mouse and keyboard input.
the Mac, Apple has done the research and When the program user presses a key,
development, made the decisions, and clicks the mouse, or inserts a disk, the ap
come up with a flexible interface suitable plication uses another part of the Toolbox
for almost all applications. The Mac user to make the Mac react appropriately. The
interface, based on the desktop environ application sends a message that describes
ment, includes icons, windows, pull-down the event to the appropriate Toolbox pro
menus, mouse pointing, displayed control cedure, which then effects a change on the
buttons, dialog and alert boxes, basic text electronic desktop. Of course, an applica
editing, and cut-and-paste editing (see "A tion does not have to use the Toolbox to re
Tour of the Mac Desktop"). The Macintosh act; it can always use its own procedures.
user interface guidelines manual defines Actually, Apple came up with more
procedures to put in the Toolbox than
would fit in the 64K ROM, so some of the
Toolbox units will take up part of RAM if
you choose to use them (see "The Tool
box" for a brief description of the Toolbox
units).

Programming Languages
You can write some application pro
grams in Macintosh Pascal (MacPascal) or
Macintosh BASIC (MacBASIC). Both are in
terpreted languages, which provide an
ideal debugging and fine-tuning environ
ment. You can change your program and
immediately run it to see the results of the
changes.
There are some trade-offs in using
MacBASIC or MacPascal. For one, inter
preted languages are slower than compiled
languages; however, both MacBASIC and
MacPascal are fast enough for many ap
plications. Also, the first versions ofMac
Pascal and MacBASIC cannot turn over full MacPascal a reality. One solution uses two
control of the screen to an application pro Macs; you write and edit a MacPascal pro
gram on one Mac and run it on an intercon
nected second Mac. The interpreter's
~\\\\\\\\\\\\~\\."\'7- menus and windows appear on the first
Mac, and the application's menus, win
This 64K trea dows, and other graphics on the second.
The other MacPascal development system
sure chest means uses one Mac. In this case, the MacPascal
program takes over control of the menus
you'll never have to and windows from the interpreter.
You can also develop Mac applicatio ns For now, most serious programmers
design or code a user using Microsoft BASIC (MBASIC). Such ap will write Mac applications on a Lisa devel
plications will be subject to similar limica opment system. This system consists of a
interfacefor the Mac. tions as those written in MacBASIC or Lisa with a hard disk, the Lisa Pascal com
MacPascal, notably the inability to control piler and linker, a procedure and function
gram. Your program must share the menu the menu bar and all windows indepen library for the Mac, a Mac on which to test
bar with the interpreter and has limited dently. MBASIC does afford a degree of the application program, and a cable to in
control of the windows. Eventually, an en compatibility with other computer systems terconnect the Lisa and the Mac. (If you are
hanced version of MacPascal that features that have versions of MBASIC. (See "Pro developing more than one application, you
full Toolbox support will be available. gramming Preview" for a review of Mac may need more than one hard disk drive.)
Within six months of the Mac's intro Pascal, MacBASIC, and MBASIC.) To work on an application, you write a Pas
duction date, you should be able to circum cal program on the Lisa, compile it, and
vent these problems. Apple currently has send it to the Mac for execution. While it
two plans on the drawing board that will runs on the Mac, you can look at the listing
make full application development using on the Lisa.
Macworld 117
'HandsOn
A developer's kit will include all the

tools you need to develop a Mac applica
tion program on a Lisa. Among the tools
will be several complete, working sample The Toolbox
application programs written in Lisa Pascal
on 5~-inch Lisa disks; Mac utility pro The User Interface Toolbox in Mac. The User Interface Tool
grams, including a resource file editor, text cludes hundreds of procedures, box manual has more complete
font editor, icon editor, and screen which have been grouped into information about the Toolbox
snapshot maker, all on Mac disks; a pro 15 units. Some units have just a units and the individual pro
cedure and function library for Mac few procedures, and others, cedures in them.
programs, on Lisa disks; and Inside Macin dozens. The grouping is purely • Control Manager displays
tosh, a comprehensive technical manual logical, not functional, and ex buttons, check boxes, radio
containing user interface guidelines and ists mainly to give application buttons, scroll bars, dials, and
Toolbox procedures. Some of these items programmers an organized other application-specific con
may also be sold separately. concept of the Toolbox. Pro trols. It can also determine a
Apple plans to offer programming lan grammers can freely choose control's setting, change the
guages other than Pascal and BASIC. any combination of Toolbox setting, and indicate when
Within three months of the Mac's introduc procedures from the various someone uses the mouse to
tion an assembler and debugger will be units and use them in any operate a control.
available to those programmers who prefer order. Naturally, not all com • CoreEdit handles sophisti
coding directly in native 68000 assembly binations and sequences do cated, paragraph-oriented text
language. Aficionados of the C language something useful, and a few editing and formatting. It sup
can expect a compiler sometime within combinations will even crash ports rulers, which determine
the first six months. The C compiler will the system. So along with the margin justification and other
make application program development freedom and flexibility built parameters.
feasible on a single Mac. into the Toolbox goes a degree • Desk Manager supports
of responsibility: programmers the use of desk accessories
Developer Support must be careful to avoid those from an application. Standard
Apple has two programs that support procedural pitfalls. desk accessories include the
developers. If you are actively developing Not all programming lan Calculator, NotePad, Scrap
software for the Mac, you can sign up for guages support every Toolbox book, Clock, Key Caps, Puzzle,
the Certified Developer Program. This pro unit, let alone every g.rocedure. and Control Panel. You can also
gram entitles you to a discount on Apple Lisa Pascal, in combination define your own accessories.
products, a subscription to a newsletter, in with a Macintosh procedure • Dialog Manager displays
vitations to technical seminars, and more. and function library; does sup dialog and alert boxes and re
The Certified Developer Program itself is port the full Toolbox. Assembly ceives user responses to them.
free, although you must meet certain crite language and C programmers • Error Handler provides a
ria that establish your authenticity as a pro also have full access to the standard alert box for serious
gram developer. A fee will be charged for Toolbox. The first release of system errors that the applica
attending the seminars. MacPascal, however, omits tion cannot handle.
Certified developers can join the Reg some of the rarely used, com • Event Manager reports
istered Developer Program by paying a plicated, and potentially disas mouse and keyboard activity;
nominal yearly fee. Members of this pro trous procedures, making the disk insertion, and other sys
gram receive an electronic mail account Toolbox easier to use and pre tem events to application pro
that provides a bulletin board service and cluding inadvertent system grams and other Toolbox units.
ongoing, high-level technical support from crashes. For the same reasons, It is also used for communica
Apple product divisions. MacBASIC and MBASIC also tions between Toolbox units.
Apple will also offer a course con limit Toolbox support. • Font Manager primarily
sisting of four or five in-depth classes to The descriptions of the Tool assists the QuickDraw unit in
serious developers who use the Lisa devel box units that follow will give drawing text. Given the charac
opment system. Enrollment will be re you an idea of what an applica
stricted to advanced Pascal programmers tion program can do on the
and class size will be limited to around 20.
Within six months after the introduction of
the Mac, Apple will offer courses in Eu
rope, Australia, and several major cities in
the United States. Schedule announce
ments for the first course will go to regis-

tered Apple developers. Eventually, classes
will be held approximately every three
weeks at various locations around the
world.
Development languages and systems
ters, font, style, size, scaling fac • Resource Manager ac will also be available from sources other
tor, and output device, the Font cesses information in resource than Apple. Microsoft, for example, has
Manager supplies the pattern files that defines menus, fonts, come up with its own development system,
of dots that will draw the re icons, dialog boxes, alert boxes, centered around the C programming lan
quested text. or custom resources. Other guage, that it uses for developingMulti
• Menu Manager displays Toolbox procedures use the Re plan, Multichart, Multifile, Microsoft
the menu bar. On command, it source Manager to read and Word, and other Microsoft applications.
also displays a pull-down menu write resources. Consequently, Microsoft will make its development sys
and takes the user's order. many application programs tem available to those few developers with
• QuickDraw draws straight never have to call the Resource whom it enters into a co-development
lines, rectangles, rounded-cor Manager directly. arrangement.
ner rectangles, circles, ovals, • Scrap Manager helps an
arcs, wedges, polygons, and application manipulate the Program Development
arbitrary shapes, all either Clipboard for cutting and past Writing application programs that
hollow or solid. With a single ing between applications, desk make the most of the Mac requires a thor
procedure call it can draw a accessories, or an application ough understanding of the desktop en
complex picture made up of and a desk accessory. vironment; you'll have a lot to learn before
any combination of shapes and • Segment Loader swaps you can even create a window and print
lines. program segments between your name in it. The user interface guide
QuickDraw, with the aid of memory and the disk, allowing lines tell you what to do, and the Toolbox
the Font Manager, also draws an application program to be gives you the capability to do it, but neither
proportionally spaced text in larger than 32K, which is the one tells you how to do it. The trial-and
any of several fonts. Characters maximum size of one segment. error approach is probably the easiest way
can be any of several sizes • TextEdit supports basic to learn the "how-to" aspect. Start with a
(generally from 8 to 72 points) text editing, including word
and can be in any combination wrap, selection, pointer move
of type styles including bold ment, insertion, deletion, and ~\\'\!\.\\'\!\.\~~\."\'?-
face, italic, underlined, and replacement.
outlined.
You can define multiple
• Toolbox Utilities displays
icons and drags icons, custom
For now, most
drawing ports and easily switch
from one to another. Each port
windows, or controls in re
sponse to mouse movement.
serious p rogrammers
has its own coordinate system,
cursor, character attributes, and
Other utilities perform various
functions such as fixed-point
will write Mac applica
screen location. QuickDraw
provides complete image clip
arithmetic, string manipulation,
and logical operations on bits.
tions on a Lisa devel
ping at the edges of a drawing
port.
• Window Manager creates
and manipulates windows on
opment system.
You can also "draw" anything the screen. It handles overlap working application, look at its code,
into an off-screen memory ping windows and controls see how and why it works, and use the
buffer, either for sending to window activation/deactiva same techniques to develop your own
an output device or for super tion, closing, sizing, dragging, application.
high-speed display switching. and scrolling. The Lisa development system lets you
It does all of these things fast do more than get ideas from working pro
enough to generate an interac grams; you can also get working program
tive graphic user interface, code from them. Cut-and-paste editing
animation, and complex text makes this possible. You start with a work
displays. ing program in one window, cut out the
parts unique to the application, and leave
just the skeleton of the program. You can
open more windows for other working
programs, from which you can cut sections
Macworld 119
'HandsOn
of code to paste into the skeletal program. converting an existing program written for It won't take long for software devel
In another window you can write new pro a computer with an old-fashioned charac opers of all kinds, from large companies to
cedures, and then cut and paste those rou ter-based user interface and a rigid operat individual programmers, to agree with Mr.
tines into the skeletal program. ing system. It should be fairly easy to get Harbers. They'll accept the challenge and
The Mac gives the application pro such a program running in its original learn how to exploit the User Interface
gram much more control over external style, using one window as it formerly used Tuolbox to create some truly useful and
events than do most other systems. For ex a whole screen and ignoring the menu bar. usable applications. The Mac's electronic
ample, you can control the keyboard auto Then you can plug in elements of the Mac desktop may well engender the next
repeat feature from an application pro user interface one at a time, making your breakthrough in personal computer
gram. No more coping with an operating program easier to use. applications.
system that blasts characters at you if you Jeffrey Harbers, manager of the Mac
hold down a key. That's the type of think applications development team at Micro ~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~··
ing that pervades the whole system. Your soft, sums up program development for the For more information on software
application program controls system Mac this way: "The Mac is like a Lam developer support, contact Apple
events, not vice versa. borghini, in that almost anybody can go Computer, Inc., 20525 Mariani Ave.,
You'll probably end up taking your out and sit in this car and look great. It Cupertino, CA95014, 8001538-9696;
application through several rounds of takes very little work to look like a star. It's in California 8001662-9238.
coding, refining the way it controls exter just a matter of opening the door and get
nal events, windows, icons, menus, and ting in, because they give you everything.
other elements of the Mac user interface. But the difference is that this Lamborghini
This situation is especially true if you are can do 160 miles per hour. It takes a little
more skill and training to take it up to
those speeds. People are going to find
that the major limit is the limit of their
imaginations:·
Invitation Community articles describe the im

pact of the Macintosh in workplaces,
schools, and homes.
to Writers Macworld accepts commen
taries for the guest editorial depart
ment, NotePad. User group members
• • • • • • • • • • • Macworld invites writers to are invited to submit articles on any
submit articles for publication. Articles facet of their organization.
should be focused to fit within the edi ••• Articles may be submitted by
torial structure of the magazine. query or as unsolicited manuscripts to
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Macworld consists of four edi Editorial Proposals, Macworld, 555 De
torial sections: State ofthe Art, Review, Haro St., San Francisco, CA 94107. If
Hands On, and Community. State you send a query letter, please include
ofthe Art covers developing technol an outline and a short description of
ogies for the Macintosh. In Review, the article you are proposing, a brief
new Macintosh hardware and software account of your computer-related ex
are critically and objectively analyzed perience, and a sample of your work.
by experienced users. Hands On
offers how-to articles that instruct
readers on Macintosh applications.

Data
Communications
for the
Macintosh
Welcome, Macintosh!
Since 1978, Winterhalter,
Incorporated has been
providing micro-to-main
frame communication
solutions to the Fortune
Winterhalter, Incorporated 1500 community. Now,
Macintosh, it's your turn.
Soon Winterhalter will be
offering a complete line
of data communication
capabilities for the
Macintosh. Look for more
announcements soon.
Winterhalter, Inc.
P.O. Box 2180
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
800-321-7785
Open Window
Open Window
An exchange ofMacintosh discoveries
Edited by Andrew Fluegelman
Open Window is a forum for Macworld Contributing Editor

sharing discoveries about the Lon Poole. This hands-on ap
Macintosh. We invite and en plication demonstrates one of
courage readers to make con the Mac's unique features-in
tributions to this department. tegrating text and graphics. Fig
Perhaps you've come up with a ures 1 through 6 illustrate the
h t
nifty routine, gained some in steps involved in setting up a
-.. . . u
D•
sight into how the Mac or an
application program works, or
letterhead using MacPaint and
MacWrite. See the reviews of o•
o•
even written a short program MacPaint and MacWrite in the C? W
2 18 Evaro A venue
that performs a useful function Review section for a more com Gunslght, New Mexico 65302
a .. (602) 555-'4857
or creates an interesting diver prehensive explanation of the
sion. Tell us about it and we'll features in these programs. .,/
pass your discovery along to
other members of the Mac
world community. We'll also
pay $25 to $100 for each Open
Window item published.
Send your Macintosh discov
eries to Open Window, 555 De
Haro St., San Francisco, CA
Figurel
-
The logo image is created using MacPaint. The gallery name is in 18-point
Our first contribution to 94107, or electronically to bold outlined New York type andfilled with different patterns. The grid
Open Window comes from CompuServe 74055,412 or option is used to keep the text aligned.
The Source STE908.
,.
• File Edit Goodies Font FontSlze
Logo
Style
.........
D
0
•
•
u
D OK ~J ( Cancel )
••
.
0
o Avenue
C?
Gunsighl, New Mexico 65302
a (602) 555-'4857
.,/
Figure2
-
The backgroundpatternfor the logo is created by editing one ofthe
standard MacPaint patterns.

,. s · Edit Se11rch Format Font Style
untitled
-~--1 ...•.. .1...•... 1...•. J .2•... 1...• ...1...•... 1...•. J.~•...1 ...•.. .1 ...•... 1...•...l.4... 1...• .. .1...•... 1...• ...l.5•... 1... • -£ ·· ···1...• .. .L~•...1...• ... L.•... 1...• ..j}
l£l ~ ~ ~ 13 ~ [ji] [ji] [!ii >
Eject
Drl11e
Figure3 Figure5
The selection rectangle is used to select the logo image. Choosing the Copy Clicking on the logo image allows you to reposition it in the document. The
command stores a copy ofthe logo in the Clipboard. After saving the logo MacWrite document with the logo is then saved with the title Letterhead.
document, you can exit the MacPaint program.
Untitled
-~--1 ...• ...L • ...1. 17
.•...l...•... 1...• ...L'..'. ...1...• ... L •...1...•..J.5•... 1...•.£·... ·'---•··J.6•...1 ...• ...L •... 1 ...• ..
/£J /£J [ Ofll.J I I 1~!1-11 II I
Jon
Show Clipboard
Mr.----
Far East Import C~
34 East CamPlbock Boulevard
Hercults, California 94355
O.ar- Frtd·
The Navajo rugs wt bout;iht from "ou thrH months ago hon been a smashing success in our Indian
Trad1n9 Post and Curlo Shop. Can vou C)ft us a doz.n mon from IJOUr supplier in Indio at tht same pric•?
l'n enclosed a purchas. ordtr, detailing sii. and color.
R:.,ards,
Phyllis Tith
Figure4 Figure6
Opening a MacWrite document and choosing the Paste commandfrom the To write a letter using the letterhead, you would open the MacWrite docu
Edit menu places the logo image in the document. ment entitled Letterhead. Ifyou wanted a permanent copv ofa letter, you
would choose Save As ... and save the letter under a unique name.
Macworld 123
-··--. Soon after Macintosh joins the Apple
family tree we'll have an ATI training
Congratulations Macintosh! Together
--·--
we' ll help users- and dealers- bear fruit fast.
program ready to teach you how to use it. Contact ATI , 12638 Beatrice Street,
ATI's "How to Use Your Macintosh" Los Angeles , CA 90066 (213) 546-5579.
training disk and handbook will join our Dealers: Call (213) 546-4725 .
rapidly growing "how-to" series. We ' ll
also have training programs for all the best
software available for Macintosh. • •
. 1. 'il•·
. ;
"'-~
~ -....... 13 ..
~PO.~
1~1-2
~_,,.;-e
,..·
" •.t .•
All ATI training programs take you
"'.f
l-'
-·
~---· "~'
~-
=...
through the basics, step-by-step. Our .•
interactive simulation method lets you
~ i ., .;;:·t" • <
jilti
practice as you learn. It's simple and fun! ATI Training Powcrt 11 is a trademark of American Training International
D ATI ltainiµg Power™ Learn software the natural way.

"YOU CANWITH PERSYSt"
Persyst communications products are already For sophisticated communications a11d expansion
proven on the IBM PC'. Now they bring powerful new products for the Macintosh, insist on Persyst.
capability to your Macintosh'.
With Mac/3270'" and Mac/3 770'~ you can link your
personal computer to mainframe computers. Plus Persyst Products Personal Systems Technology, Inc
15801 Rockfi Id Blvd , Suite A, Irvine, CA 92714
receive, transmit and process data files. Telephone (7 14 ) 859-8871 Telex. 467864
IBM PC is a registered ttJdcmark of lnternaMnal Business Machines Corporation Macin1os ts a reg1s1e1ed 11 adcmark of App!e Comouler In:;
Community: Pr ofile
The Making of
the Macintosh
Ed i ted by Andrew Fluegelman
If you could have gone behind the scenes at Apple Computer

while the Macintosh was being created, you would have been
impressed by two things. One would have been the incredi
ble complexity of the tasks that go into conceiving, building,
testing, and marketing a major new computer. Some features
that stand out in the final product may have been the result
of a moment's inspiration, while others that are invisible to
users were the result of months of hard work. Such is the pro
cess of building a computer; in that regard, the making of the
Macintosh was not unique.
However, the other thing that would have impressed you
was special: the deep personal commitment and conviction
shared by everyone working on the project. The level of in
volvement approached religious fervor at times. There was
endless deliberation and debate with never a hint of self
doubt. The motivation of these "hardware wizards" and
"software evangelists" could not be explained by mere job
descriptions. The people on the Macintosh project were
driven by the unanimous belief that they had an opportunity
to change the ways people work and think.

Macworld 127
Community
In late November 1983, as the final touches were

being put on the Mac under round-the-clock sched
ules, I talked with some of the people who played key
roles in the projec t. The following remarks are edited
from tape-recorded conversations with Mac team
members. Here are the personal reflections of those
who made the mach ine.
Donn Denman
I've been work ing primarily on MacBASIC, which
isn't going to come out until after the machi ne is
launched. Recently, I've been concentrating on odds
and ends-helping out with the first release of the
software. I worked on one of the desk accessories, the
NotePad, and lately I've been work ing on the printer
applicatio n that will faci litate printing fi les from the
Finder.
Mike Boich
Getting last-minute derails finished has been
When I fi rst came ro rhe Macintosh project, I had
pretty frantic at times. There's a lot of pressure in creat
nothing ro do with soft ware; I was involved in defin ing
ing software. By its nature, it's never real ly fi nished.
and marketing the Apple label products and bu ild ing
You keep thinking of little things you could make bet
relationships with outside companies. Since then my
ter. Software is never done until you have to get it
role has evolved almost totally into "software evange
done and you make the final disks and shrink-wrap
lism," which me ans making sure that the smart, inde
them.
pende nt developers of the world, w ho have mad.e the
The best part of this project has been freedom
Apple II so successful, invest thei r best energies 111 the
the freedom to go out on a limb and design something
Macintosh. Showing the Macintosh ro any sharp soft
radically different.
ware develop er is easy- there's really no salesman
sh ip needed .
In the early days , before the docu mentation was
Andy
complete, my job was mainly to support the indepen
Hertzfeld
dent developers and try to determine who the early
I started on the
developers would be. Prototypes were scarce and so
was the time to support work on them. We decided, Macintosh project
in February 1981
"Let's pick people who appreciate what the Mac i and
when there was
encourage them to develop products that we think are
just one tiny wire
appropriate for the machine."
wrapped Mac and
We want to take functional applications and make
all it could do was
them very accessible to people-accessible eco
print "HELLO"
nomically and in terms of how easy they are to use. We
about 85 times on
want to use the machi ne's power to do things out of
the screen when
the ordinary Aesthetics are also an important fac tor in
you hit Reset. We
every application. The Macintosh is perhaps the first
were excited to
computer for which artists play a major role in design
see it do even that:
ing the software.
"Wowi The com
Getting paid to share the Macintosh with people
puter actually does
who appreciate it has been wonderful. Earl~ on ma~be
something!" For
20 people were in the group, and we couldn t show 1t
the first six months of the project we worked on three
or talk about it to just anyone. If you have a beautiful
things. First, we wrote routines to test the hardware to
thing, you wa nt to tell everyone about it. I was the per
make su re that it worked the way it was supposed to.
son who got to show it to the most people and see
At the same time, we were getting a development sys
their reactions. That in itself was a lot of fun .
tem going, figuring out some way we could use the
Lisa to write programs for the Mac.

The third thing going on at that time was writing tional software. And it will all come out right at the
demo programs to get people excited about the ma end; it won't require redefining the code. A person will
chine. This was before we even had QuickDraw. I actu be able to sit down and edit the resource files on the
ally wrote a mouse-based minisketch program that screen, and then the data format and prompts will au
allowed you to draw with patterns and shapes. One of tomatically appear in the right form and language for
the more famous ones was the "Stretching Muppets." I that country.
took a screen portrait of the Muppets from the Apple II
and wrote a little routine that was like a funhouse mir
ror that stretched the image very quickly. The image Jerry
flowed like water down a waterfall, almost. I'd like to Manock
resurrect that someday. We have a five
We would do hacks that might seem frivolous, but person product
they actually built excitement about the product. We design group that
had put together a team of sharp people, and we had does industrial de
to have something that would turn them on. sign, conceptualiza
The early days of the project were the best for me, tion, and layout and
because it was us against the world. I'm an outlaw-type mechanical draw
mentality. I like it when people say, "No, it's impossible ings. We handle all
to do that:' That makes me want to do it. It's been the tooling our
amazing seeing this infant computer being born, selves; we're a self
watching it crackle with raw potential but with none of contained unit. As
it really visible except to people who could imagine it, part of that group
and then seeing it come to life over a period of years. I essentially did all
the drawings for
the Macintosh, from
layout to original
models to final production drawings.
Of course, we meant to do everything right the
first time, but there were inevitable minor and major
changes. The most significant change was to the 3Y2
inch disk drives halfway through the project. Getting
the design updated in time was the big challenge be
cause some major modifications had to be done on
hard steel tooling. We told everybody that if we were
to meet the schedule, the plastic would still be hot
when it got to the assembly line, and that's essentially
happening. But we've been lucky to make the sched
ule that we're committed to.
It's always exciting to see the first prototype
Joanna Hoffman working-not just with your parts in it, but with the
I started out as part of the research team because software inserted and working. The first one that goes
the Macintosh project originally was a research group. together and works is definitely a thrill. Then to see a
We were working on user interface design and on hundred of them on the assembly line is neat-to see
coming up with a new way of approaching users. As a thousand of them, ten times neater. But I think I can
the project evolved, I started developing strategies for speak for all of us: the biggest thrill is to see the enthu
various markets. From the beginning I was interested siasm of people who discover the Macintosh for the
in making sure that the product would be inter first time. There are many subtle things about the de
national. sign of the machine-little features that you probably
One of the things we had to figure out was how to would not notice until you'd had it for a week. And we
handle various data formats-dates, currency, and the all know about them. To see people discovering those
like-because different countries handle these things features for themselves-to see them say, "Oh, now I
in different ways. You can't simply do a straightforward know why they put this here. When I do this, it fits
translation-the conventions are basically different. with that"-that's really exciting.
We had to make sure that we could accommodate
those various conventions properly.
We have a system that gives anyone who writes
software for the machine the ability to write interna
Macworld 129
Community
We're working with third-party vendors to get some in

itial software and hardware peripherals, and working
on launching the Mac in seven foreign countries as
soon as possible after domestic introduction.
The major challenge has been trying to keep
quality and excellence in everything we do for the
Macintosh while also finishing it in a timely manner so
that we can get the product out on schedule. Making
the right trade-offs between timeliness and quality
have been the most difficult decisions.
Many compromises have come up. "Should we
bundle a piece of software or shouldn't we? Is it too
late to change the manual? Does the Mac look exactly
like what we want it to be, or should we add another
Dave Egner stroke here?" We make decisions like these every day:
I'm responsible for meeting the FCC require This is the best group of people I've ever worked
ments for radio frequency interference (RFI). Some with in terms of quality, excellence, and energy level.
people also call it electromagnetic interference. Those This may sound corny, but working on the Macintosh
are just ten-dollar words that basically mean noise that is really a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity:
comes in over your radio or TV set. The computer uses
a 16-MHz crystal oscillator. To give you an idea, the AM
radio band is from .5 MHz to 1.6 MHz. So 16 MHz is Mike Murray
quite fast. I'm the mes
My job was to block out RFI. You can do it for al senger of the proj
truistic or social reasons , or you can do it because the ect. My job is to
law says you have to, which is why most people do. understand what
The FCC has some rather rigorous requirements for the engineers have
home computers. It's interesting that the law is actually done and to put that
much stricter than you think. It's really on the side of into words so plain
the consumer in this respect. folks like me will
It's never difficult to slap band-aids onto things. be able to under
The difficulty is in meeting the requirements and stand it.
keeping the computer inexpensive. If you look at some We faced some
of the design band-aids that other companies have tough choices in
done, our solution turns out look ing pretty good. making this prod
uct. We've had to
focus on a few
things and execute
them very well.
We've had to make decisions between alternative A
and alternative B. Ifwe choose Band it's the wrong
one, we're all going to feel bad.
In the process, our course has sometimes been
90 degrees different than the normal course people at
Apple or other companies take in the way they do and
think about things. We've had to be problem makers
and then problem solvers. Often the problems we've
made have been pretty big ones.
But what has gotten us through all this is the fact
that we believe strongly in what we're doing and, I
guess, in the romance of the product. We've had a love
Barbara Koalkin affair with this thing we call the Macintosh, and it's
My job is product marketing manager, and my made us all work 90 hours a week.
group is responsible for all the product-related ac For myself, the reward has been being able to
tivities that go on within the marketing base. We've stand up in front of groups of people, to talk to them
worked closely with engineering to finish the product, about the Macintosh, and then to see them respond in
test it, package it, document it, and figure out how to a way that tells us that what we did was right. We aren't
describe it in the product brochure and to the press. in the business of bringing out another type of alumi
num siding or a new loaf of bread-we're doing some
thing that's really going to change the way people do
things.

was a very "researchy" thing to propose, so I got a sys
tem up and running quickly. It was an 8-bit machine
that was incredibly tiny, but it didn't have enough
CPU power.
Around January 1981 Steve Jobs got involved and
said the Lisa group was doing amazing things with
68000 graphics. We came up with a clever way of
hooking the 68000 CPU up to memory. This was our
first effort. Although it was very tiny and had 384 by
256 dots of screen resolution and plenty of computing
power, we wanted a few more things.
We wanted more memory. We wanted a little
higher performance and better communications ca
pability built into the machine. So we did another pass
Susan Kare
and produced what basically is the Macintosh that ex
My job is to make the software look nice. It's a ists today.
high priority-having the aesthetics of this computer Throughout the process, my goal was to take that
be as friendly, appealing, and precise as the capabili idea of integrated functionality and make it into a real
ties allow. I'm responsible for the look of the windows kicking, breathing, and screaming computer. Finally,
and dialog boxes and also the fonts and icons.
Even though I didn't invent the machine or write
the software, I feel a responsibility to have the Mac • • The Macintosh
software look classy and be appealing without being
cute and becoming tiresome. I look around at the is a breakthrough
icons and little symbols that exist on other systems
and I think, "We have to have the best because a lot of because it allows both
people are going to be using our software for a long
time." computer experts and
I think the Mac will become a medium in its own
right. Today most art done on computers is branded computer novices to
"computer art:' That seems a little ludicrous-if it's
really good art, you wouldn't have a computer art share the technology
show, you'd have a print show. Some of those prints
would be lithographs and some would be dot matrix. - Burrell Smith
I think that the Mac can be used to produce quality
graphics good enough to be sold commercially. we were able to pull it off. The biggest challenge was
simply fitting it all in and having it do the things that
we wanted it to do, such as having amazing sound
capability.
For me, it also was a challenge, coming from my
lowly background as a service technician. Being able
to go from the very bottom of the company to a top
technical position is the kind of thing that happens
only at Apple.
The process I used to come up with these new de
signs was to prototype in my head. You can come up
with an idea and you're able to analyze it to see
whether that idea has any merit before you put your
pencil on paper. It allows you to build thousands of
prototypes-little mental creations that you can ex
plore without having to build a breadboard and a thou
sand different things. If you had to sort through
Burrell Smith physical models, you'd be wiring forever.
My official title is "Hardware Wizard." I started People are going to think that the Mac is a break
working on the Mac in the fall of 1979, in the very early through because it represents a critical point that al
stages. Jeff Raskin had initiated the idea of making an lows both computer experts and computer novices to
appliance computer. It had fixed functions and was share the technology, each at their own levels of effec
tiny and versatile. At that point, Apple had been going tiveness. Previously, computers have been designed as
in a different direction, and this appliance computer machines that computer science people think ought to
be good for other people.
Macworld 131
Community
With the Mac, we've been able to experiment the User Interface Toolbox, and they make the Mac dif
enough to find exactly the right combinations-keep ferent from any other mouse-based computer. All the
ing the user interface consistent while maintaining the applications will work the ,same because we agreed on
functionality of the machine. Many people will take a a way to build the Toolbox into every single machine.
Mac out of the box, plug in the cables, put in a disk, Developing the user interface guidelines involved
and immediately be able to use the computer. That's a lot ofgive-and-take and negotiation. It was about half
something people have not been able to do before. design and half politics.
With the Mac, we're saying, "It's okay to have power,
but it's not okay to require people to know much more
than they need to know to control the machine."
The key to the Mac is to spare people from having
to know all the complexities of its innards. Computer
people nowadays want to get things done-they want
to concentrate on their problems. When they're pre
senting a graph, they want to be thinking about the lit
tle subtleties they want to portray. I think with the Mac
you'll find that for the first time people truly will be
concentrating on the problem itself and not on the
computer hardware mechanisms.
Those of us who made the Mac have had to live in
two worlds. As the designers and synthesizers of the
machine, we have had to know every last detail about
the system. But we also had to function as consum
ers-very fussy consumers. We all said, "What would I Jerome Coonen
want to see the computer do? What would my kid I started in February 1983 as the section manager
brother want to see? What's the least amount of hassle of the software group. In some ways my job is just to
that we can put people through and allow them to ex hold hands-to make sure everybody's happy and
perience the joy of creating things that they never knows what to do. I like technical work, and once in a
thought they could do?" while I actually get to do something useful. I contrib
ute something I have on paper or diskette somewhere,
and in a sense that gives me the most pleasure. But
Chris that's not really my job-it's a luxury for me.
Espinosa There were two big pushes on the software end.
I was mainly The first was finalizing the ROM, which we finished in
responsible for September. The second was finishing the RAM-based
pulling together the operating system, which went out on diskettes in De
Macintosh user in cember. Each of those had a "drop-dead" date; niy job
terface guidelines was to make sure we hit all the milestones along the
documentation way. Sometimes that involved juggling people around,
the way of using trying to get the m to do the most critical task at any
windows so that all given time. Usually it was just a matter of coaxing
the applications re trying to assure my supervisors that everything was
semble each other going along smoothly.
and work similarly. Scheduling software is almost impossible. I don't
On many other know anybody who knows how to do that. I certainly
computer systems, don't. When I started, I spent about two months trying
every application is to figure out a schedule for the ROM. It was a waste of
written by a differ time. We just had to keep looking every step of the
ent person in a dif way, trying to see if everybody was on track. Dealing
ferent place, and they each have their own ideas of with people is difficult when a lot of volatile, individual
how to make a computer work. That's terrific for the personalities are around, but that's the nature of any
application writers, but not for users who have to learn management job.
every application and its way of using cursors, choos No other product looks anything like the Mac;
ing commands, and selecting information. people will be awed by it. But if we have bugs that
With the Macintosh we wanted to determine a make the programs crash, people will just notice that it
certain way to do all those functions, and then have crashes, no matter how good it looks.
everybody agree to do it that way. To hasten that agree
ment, we wrote the programs to do user interface
things and put those programs in the ROM. They're

The lateness of the transition was the most critical
part of installing the new drives. We even got as far as
making hard tooling with a 5V..-inch slot. We had to
change the bezel. We were really under the gun be
cause we brought Sony in about May of1983. Their
drives have been super performers- they're really
going to work out well for us.
Among the nicest things the customer will see is
how easy it is to handle the disks.
Bob Belleville
I came to the project in April 1982. I had the job of
trying to put in place all the pieces that would get the
product on the market. I've been in the computer busi
ness more than 18 years. Many of my own designs
never saw the light of day They were perfectly good
designs, but they didn't get out because there was no
champion for the project, no way of working through
the corporate maze and the corporate malaise. Even in
a company like Apple, which is supposed to be lean
and mean, small and well managed, it's hard to get a
Bill Atkinson
product finished.
I was the main designer of the Lisa, and when we
There was a tendency among this group to keep
brought its technology over to the Macintosh, I came
refining the design-trying to make it perfect. Some
to the project to do an application. On Lisa I did only
times perfection is a little too far down the design
systems programs, but for the Macintosh I wanted to
scheme. I made it my goal to be sure that the fine work
do an end-user application so that I could have more
of all these people at Apple got out in a timely fashion.
direct contact with the actual users. The result is
MacPaint.
One of my central jobs has been to make sure that
the Lisa and the Macintosh are compatible. lbward that
end, the QuickDraw graphics package is 100 percent
identical on both machines. Moving applications from
one co the other is easy.
Designing MacPaint required a lot of iteration to
make it simple-maybe 90 percent of the work was in
designing the program as opposed to coding it. Th~
program took a greac deal of work co perfect- the first
ten times I was simply willing to rewrite it.
I tried out versions of it on a number of people.
When I saw they were confused and didn't understand
it, I knew I muse have the wrong model. I find chat
when you start getting an application really simple and
clean, all the pieces scan falling together.
George Crow
Figuring our how co do the lasso was very impor
Originally I was hired to design the power supply
tant. Inscead of describing the complex mechanisms
and the CRT portion of the machine. As the project
underneath MacPaint that allow you to make a non
matured I picked up responsibility for the disk drive.
rectangular selection, I provided a simple metaphor co
Initially, we had planned on using the same 5V..-inch
draw a ring around someching: the way a lasso tightens
disk drive as in the Lisa. To put it tactfully, we decided
around an object and grabs it. Underneath that simple
that the 3\12-inch drive was the drive of the future, so in
action, MacPaint is going through a lot of processing.
the middle of the project we switched over to the little
3Yz-inch hard shell disks. I've always been a strong pro
ponent of them; in fact I was so strong for them that I
wound up lining up original equipment manufacturers
for the drives.
Macworld 133
Community
If you keep the design team of a computer system

very small, you can all be of one mind and spend less
time arguing about what to build and more time work
ing together to build it. When people were about to
join the team, we showed them the Mac, and if they
weren't excited enough to want to take it right home,
they didn't belong on the team.
Watching people use the Macintosh and get ex
cited, particularly people who aren't computer jocks,
is rewarding. Computer jocks are thrilled because they
realize how much work is behind it, but people with
out much knowledge of computers don't know that
they just love the way it works. They appreciate useful
ness rather than technical achievement.
Bruce Horn
I've worked mainly on the software that you don't
see very much: operating system things such as the file
system, memory manager, d rivers, basic VO, and inter
rupts. I spent a lot of time on the software for the Sony
d isk, and before that the "Twiggy" [Lisa] disk. When we
first got the Sony drives, we weren't sure we could read
and write to them. The disk driver is a very technical
program. You've got only about 16 microseconds to try
to get a byte in. You've got to handshake everything.
It's a matter of paying attention to detail. I worry a lot
about interrupts. We get habituated to the machine be
cause we're sitting here every day with it, but I think
outside people are going to be blown away by its capa
bilities.
Steve Capps
I came on fairly late in the game, as a sort of desig
nated janitor. I played clean-up everywhere.
When I first got here Andy Hertzfeld casually
asked whether I could do the text editing package in
I.SK [lK= 1024 bytes]. He later admitted that he was
willing to accept 2K hut said 1.5 so that I'd make the 2K
limit. When I first wrote the code, it was on ly lK of Pas
cal, and I said, "Wow, I have it made, no sweat!" But it
was too slow and therefore basically unusable. You
might not think so, but creating a text editor is actually
one of the most asymmetrical problems I've ever at
tacked. It turns out to be "special cases deluxe:· It was
very challenging and frustrating because I'd work hard
and get nowhere. Then I'd put it away for about a week
and try again . Larry Kenyon
Suddenly one day it was easy. I must have waked I was hired originally to work on the Finder. In
up or something, and I just got an idea of how to do it. thinking about that and about some of the interna
It ended up being about 2400 bytes, but I'd never been tional considerations, I came up with the idea for the
in such a crunch mode. The result is the text edit pack Resource Manager. It took awhile for everyone to ac
age that's built into the ROM. It's the little routine that cept it, but it's been pretty useful. The Resource Man
takes over when you 're asked to type in a file name. ager was clone late r in the project. As a result, various
people had to lift the entire operating system up so
that I could slide the Resource Manager underneath
and then plunk down the rest and hope that every
thing worked.
134 Volume l , Number 1

The reason the Resource Manager is so useful is
that it allows a program to be independent of any
human language. It's the key to creating international
versions of programs and the reason that we think the
Mac will be an important machine in many countries.
The best part of this project for me has been
working with really great people. The most difficult
aspect has been giving up the other parts of my life
to do it.
Steve Jobs
The people who are doing the work are the mov
ing force behind the Macintosh. My job is to create a
space for them, to clear out the rest of the organization
and keep it at bay. I can't spend enough time here, un
fortunately, because I have other responsibilities. But
every spare moment I have, I dash back because this is
the most fun place in the world.
This is the neatest group of people I've ever
worked with. They're all exceptionally bright, but
more importantly they share a quality about the way
RonySebok they look at life, which is that the journey is the re
When I came here they had pretty much gotten ward. They really want to see this product out in the
things settled down, but there was a great deal of test world. It's more important than their personal lives
ing to be done because we were just about to freeze right now
the ROM. I helped out with testing the ROM code. The Apple II had a magical feel about it. You
Everyone's going to get a training disk with the couldn't quantify it, but you could tell. The Macintosh
Mac, and part of it teaches you how to use the mouse. is the second thing in my life that's ever felt that way.
So I wrote this cute program that makes you drag a Opportunities like this don't come along very often.
mouse through a maze so that you learn mouse dex You know somehow that it's the start of something
terity and how to point. There's a little magician and a great. So everyone wants it to be perfect and works
bunch of hats. You point to a hat and out pop various really hard on it. Everyone feels a personal responsi
nice graphics that Susan Kare drew bility for the project.
I started on the project July 11, 1983, right out of The Macintosh is the future ofApple Computer.
Harvard. I had interviewed with about 12 companies, And it's being done by a bunch of people who are in
and someone suggested that I look at Apple. I talked to credibly talented but who in most organizations would
the Mac people, and I was turned on right away by this be working three levels below the impact of the deci
group. Everyone is really excited about the project. sions they're making in this organization. It's one of
They're bright and dedicated to getting great comput those things that you know won't last forever. The
ers out into the world. I think that will be reflected in group might stay together maybe for one more itera
the product. tion of the product, and then they'll go their separate
ways. For a very special moment, all of us have come
together to make this new product. We feel this may
be the best thing we'll ever do with our lives.
Macworld 135
Community: Macintosh Graphics
Macworld Gallery
An exhibition of
Macintosh graphics
Jeffrey S. Young, Curator
The Macintosh is certain to attract many

people who are intrigued by the potential
of Bill Atkinson's MacPaint graphics pro
gram. Professional artists and people who
have never touched a paintbrush will be
exploring the intricacies of the Mac's elec
tronic easel. Macworld Gallery, a regular
Macworld feature, will serve as a show
case for the talent and creativity of "Mac
artists," exhibiting their unique artwork
and sharing their comments about the
techniques they used to create their
drawings.
Macworld Gallery's first featured art
ist is Susan Kare, one of the inner circle of
creative people who helped shape the
Mac. Susan joined the Macintosh develop
ment team about a year ago as the "resi
dent artist," and is responsible for creating
many of the graphic images that make up
the desktop environment as well as the
type fonts used in MacWrite and
MacPaint.
Susan has extensive training in the
"traditional" fine arts, including a Ph.D. in
Art History from New York University, but
she had never used a computer before join
ing the Mac development team. She began
working on an Apple II with a graphics tab
let, quickly adapting her skills to the new
medium and enjoying the flexibility the Oriental Girl
computer offers in creating drawings.
But the Mac and the MacPaint pro
gram are her real forte. The series of draw Oriental Girl "In the hair, for instance, where there
ings that Susan has lent to Macworld "Steve Jobs had a beautiful book of Chi are streaks of white in the black, I used the
Gallery demonstrate what is graphically nese woodcuts, and we wondered what it single-dot brush shape-which I've found
possible with the Mac. As such, "Susion," as would be like to make a facsimile. We ran to be one of the most useful tools-to
the Mac team calls her, is the ideal artist to this one through a digitizer (a kind ofTV paint white over the black. To create the
introduce Macworld Gallery. camera that produces a bit-map display of flower design on the robe, I drew a single
whatever it is focused on), and read the re flower, peeled off several copies [holding
sult onto a Mac disk. Then I sketched in the
details to enhance the image.

H01QI! with Arrow
<lown the 3€ and Option ke whtle } u Mouse with Arrow "An c11er thing I've learned is that .'Om
dl"ag a ~ected sectl n tf J dra"ing "p els 'I drew che Macintosh mouse Lo see tf l things look greaL when ·erox ,d , w hile oth
olT," r maki , multiple copi" '], and moveJ could maki a han:l-edged, technical 11 er don't. For in tance, bl 1Jn1.: , come
them around. Th •n I went back· Ul and lw tration, I wanre<l tc get a t.rarufer-film ou t terrific, but gray Is not so hoL Aft r ·1
blurreu the detail by painting in blJck wllh son f efTe L Every p ttern in this drawing little while y u figure out what will work
the single-d brush." ls from c11e default paltern palcue, and and what won't'
every tool I used is from th Mandard root
palette. Ir's jusr a imple, ~tralgluforward il
lu tration that anyon could <lo wlt11 a little
pra Uce on t11e Ma .
Ma rid 137
• Community
Knots & Vines

"You could have a disk with all sorts of or
namental details-architectural features,
special patterns, logos, and so on. This
drawing shows what you can do with a re many tfmnks from
peating design. I made up three sets of
three leaves, then I peeled off a copy and
flipped it, so instead of three originals, I
had six. Then I filled the screen with cop
Macintosh
ies and started moving them at random
into rows. to
"The knots in the border were done at
the single-dot level with FatBits. I crossed
the straight lines to form the outside, then
lassoed the middle where they crossed,
and tried flipping and inverting it. Then I
worked on the knots in FatBits until I had
the effect I wanted. Notice that I alternated for you.r
the kind of knot at each of the crossings,
ou.tsmndi,nq contribu.tion
because nobody ever ties a knot the same
way twice."
51.euen P. Job.A, Ch.alrman. Jahn. Sc~, P re5ident& CEO
Knots & Vines
Macintosh Report Cover

"I wanted to make something that anyone
could use to improve the look of reports,
memos, or any type of office paperwork. It
doesn't have co look sensational, just ap
pealing. I was trying to make this look a lit
tle like a woodcut.
"The diagonal letters were sketched
freehand with the pencil and then filled in
with the paintbrush. I used FatBits to clean
it all up. I change the pattern of the shirt
every month, so that with just a slight varia
tion I can make each report distinctive.
"The line of vertical stitching on either
side of the buttons was done by clicking in
a heavier vertical black line (using the Shift
key to keep it straight), and then taking out
one dot at a given interval. Look carefully
in the center of the buttons, where the two
strands of thread cross. I popped out a sin
gle dot on either side to give it the illusion
of depth."
Macintosh Report Cover

Robot Paper Dolls
"I was just playing around, trying to come roBOT PapEr [loLLB
up with something that parents could do
with their kids on the Mac. What if you had
a disk with a hundred dolls, each with its
own set of clothes patterns, and you could
print up different sets for as long as you
wanted to?
"You'd simply paste a copy of the doll on
the screen, and then start building the
clothes around it. It would be easy for a
child to use the paint bucket to fill in differ
ent patterns in the clothes. If the child had
experience with the Mac, he or she could
create personalized patterns with mono
grams.
"Putting something like this on disk
could produce virtually inexhaustible toy
supplies."
0
0
LJ MAC¢INTOSH
S T A F F
l==1 c::::::::J
0
0 0
0 0
Robot Paper Dolls
Mac Sluggers
"This drawing was done when MacPaint
was in its primary stages. There wasn't a
spray can, so I had to create the baseball
image dot by dot. I went to a meeting with
the software people, and they thought the SRTUROR~ RFTERnoon SOFTBALL
drawing was digitized. I took that com
ment as a compliment, because I was try
ing to make it look realistic.
"Many of the things that were painstak
ing to do at that time can now be done with
ease. The stitching on the ball can be drag
ged around with the lasso. The 'sluggers'
on the bottom row are created by copying
the figure across the screen:'
Mac Sluggers
Macworld 139
e Community
Acme Detective Agency
"See that lettuce on top of the burger? I
gave it that rippled, wavy effect by drawing
in a pattern, lassoing one little section at a ACJTIE Detective Agency
time, and moving it just a dot or two off.
When the section drops back in place, it's
~O. Box 2664 Altoona, PA
skewed just a little, giving the drawing a
more three-dimensional look. I also
touched it up a bit with the spray can in 2 4 January 1934
white to give it an even more ripply effect.
"The rest of the drawing is variations on Dear Sid:
ovals. For the tomato I took an oval and
Just got back from the Orient. Unfortunately, we
then stretched it, filled it in, and sprayed
just a bit of white from the spray can to give never did find the missing jewels or the heiress. Spotted
it some highlighting. The hamburger bun an interesting camera in the Bangkok airport gift
was made out of two half-ovals. I made two shop, though--should be standard issue around ACME.
ovals, cut off the top of one and the bottom Lightweight, waterproof, and a dead ringer for a cheeseburger.
of another, and joined them together
that's why each has a different shape. Then
I made a copy and, with a few changes in
perspective, I had another bun."
•
To be considered for exhibi
.. .· ·;,·· ~- -~-~·--·~ .
Q
-
tion in Macworld Gallery, send
a paper copy ofyour drawing
and a short paragraph de
scribing the techniques you
used to create the drawing to
Macworld Gallery, 555 De
Haro St., San Francisco, CA
94107. Macworld pays $25 for
each drawing exhibited. If You load the film (35mm) between the cheese and the lettuce-
your drawing is selected for bite on the tomato to release the shutter The pickle slice
exhibition, we ask that you
advances the film, the onion ring changes f-stops .
send a copy ofit on disk.
I think they'd be a heck of a lot more efficient than that
saxophone camera Wilkerson picked up in Tuscaloosa.
Let me know what you think. Have to find my glasses and

catch a plane
Regards,
31,
Agent 319
Acme Detective Agency

MicrosoftS ~test hits
are nowplaying on · tosli.
MUL'TIPLAN~ The most powerful spreadsheet on the market. CHART. The first truly sophisticated and flexible graphics
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wons PfOCC"OI"' With feahn:::s IJlc
•ttt.. w lUllJJIJL.9"' cbw1cter tormgts boldfa~. ~
flilff:.t.. C'fC!I. nP'f'Xripl and !ll~pt, dbplaJt(I on the xreen wilh011t
cmbcd<led amt.rot than.ct.en.
• J1nU - k;i•e3 JOll Ute freedom to experiment in<l thc ability to reaner from
JOit~
• ftddttlpngl fprmqtuna cgpgbl!lti11 ·• . . . . . . . . . . "nail ClJl',
pl113 multiple fonts and sizes.
• , 1~!:z
• H0¥11 1Hppprt .. an ea,,y·t.o-ux an<l efficient pointing de•ia: that
»mptitio au word ~nt ta.sh.
, Jen se n 8~tha~~e~~ane Lon ·~
, Smith , I 5545 8th Aue. SC
• Hulllplo wlndow1 - you can xe an<l edit mode than one dOCUment ill a • Corte r , 540 Fro nt St. S.. Apt
time, uul e.-en mo•e tc1t bet ween them. , Pren ti ce • 11 11 aat h st. s
• £.1l!U.tt~. _g!_~. and S11Jle f.he eh aOn.nced tcature3 mo,1
WORD. Most dedicated word processors can't to uch it. FILE. Finally, a data manager advanced enough to be simple.
Microsoft was founded on the idea that computers should

tnt
be simple, easy and intuitive. The new Macintosh environ
l"> U IF MuU:;E(0)oJ.1 TH.EN 1c,o
l t•O IF A8$(X - MOUSi:.( ll )>)GoTO l ~lJ
ment gives us a great opportunity to prove that idea.
170 IF ABSC Y- MOUSE(2Jl t. THEN l "h
l ~1) PUT(X.Y).A .
We'll start with four of our high performance programs
190 X• Ml)U$E( I) Y·MOUSE(2J
200 PllT<X.Yl.A
to make the most of your Mac. And there are more to come.
210G0T0
z.::u (Ll
151.~ Lots more.
230 LINE<0.0) - (1.::0 120) 5F
2-t O ASPECT• · I ..
Pioneering like this is nothing new for us. We wrote the first
2~0 WHILE ASPECT • ,20 microcomputer BASIC in 1975 and developed the operating
lt>~l CIRCLE(60.60l.50.)0.,,A'.:PECT•
270 ASPECT • • ASPECT•• 1 't system for the IBM® PC.
-=~~~~lil:ji:i~f::::!'.M WEND Ifyou'd like to make the most ofyour Mac, call 80()-426--9400
(in Washington state, call 206-828-8088) for a free brochure
and the name of your nearest Microsoft dealer.
MICROSOFT® BASIC. The industry standard. Plus special
commands for the mouse and bit-mapped graphics.
Microsoft and Multiplan are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Macworld Authors
David Bunnell, Publisher of Lon Poole is a Contributing
-
Advertisers
American Training International, 12, 124
Macworld, is the founder of Editor of Macworld and the Apple Computer, 6-7
Personal Computing, PC, and author of several computer Davong, IBC
PC World magazines. He par books including The Apple II Dilithium Press, 103
ticipated in the creation of Users Guide. Howard W. Sams, 48
the first personal computer, Human Edge, 4-5
organized the first personal Andrew Williams is a Con Living Video Text, 33
computer trade show, and tributing Editor of Macworld Microtek, 31
published the first magazine and PC World and the author of Microsoft, IFC, 9, 141
with a bound-in floppy disk. WHAT IF.. .A Guide to Select Odesta, 49
ing and Using Electronic Persyst, 47, 125
Matthew Douglas is a free Spreadsheets on the IBM PC Software Publishing, 93
lance writer specializing in and The Know How Guide to Tecmar, 1, BC
microcomputer applications. SuperCalc 1, 2, and 3, both Verbatim, 8
forthcoming this year. Winterhalter, 121
Andrew Fluegelman is the
Editor-in-Chief of Macworld Jeffrey S. Young is a freelance
and PC World. He is the author journalist who has written for
of the popular communications several national publications
program PC-Talk and coauthor including Esquire.
of Writing in the Computer
Age.
Invitation Community articles describe the im

pact of the Macintosh in workplac~s,
schools, and homes.
to Writers Macworld accepts commen
taries for the guest editorial depart
ment, NotePad. User group members
• • • • • • • • • • • Macworld invites writers to are invited to submit articles on any
submit articles for publication. Articles facet of their organization.
should be focused to fit within the edi ••• Articles may be submitted by
torial structure of the magazine. query or as unsolicited manuscripts to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macworld consists of four edi Editorial Proposals, Macworld, 555 De
torial sections: State ofthe Art, Review, Haro St., San Francisco, CA 94107. If
Hands On, and Community. State you send a query letter, please include
ofthe Art covers developing technol an outline and a short description of
ogies for the Macintosh. In Review, the article you are proposing, a brief
new Macintosh hardware and software account of your computer-related ex
are critically and objectively analyzed perience, and a sample of your work.
by experienced users. Hands On
offers how-to articles that instruct
readers on Macintosh applications.

Hands On
Communications Primer
Going on line with the world requires a
number of special communications skills. We'll show
you how to connect your Mac to the phone lines using
a modem and explain the protocols computers use
when they speak to each other. We'll also describe
working routines to help you profit from each
communications session and acquaint you with on-line
services available to Mac owners.
The following summaries describe a few ofthe
articles to be featured in upcoming issues The Business Graphics Gallery
of Macworld. This hands-on article will explain some of
the tools available in programs such as Microsoft
Chart. We'll present tips for preparing business
graphics presentations, including advice on selecting
chart styles and modifications and an explanation of
analytical tools available through graphics and
The Lisa Connection statistical manipulation.
On the same dav that the Macintosh was
launched, Apple announced a new version of its Lisa
computer-Lisa 2-that is designed to run all the
Macintosh software. We'll take a look at the Mac's "big
sister" and evaluate what you can do with 1 megabyte Community
of memory and 10 megabytes of Winchester disk The Class of '84
storage. Apple Computer has embarked on an
ambitious program for "seeding" Macs in more than a
In Search of the Finder dozen colleges and universities. We'll describe the
Have vou wondered what rearranges icons introduction of the Mac on campus and the ways
on the desktop, a~ks you to switch disks, and generally different college administrators are implementing the
keeps track of what's going on while you work on the plan. We'll speculate about the impact that this
Mac? The answer is the Finder. We'll discover where it program may have on the way students learn, study,
"lives," investigate how it works, and suggest ways to and communicate.
make the Finder work for you.
The Electronic Auditor
Peat Marwick Mitchell and Co. developed
an auditing program, SEACAS, that runs on the
...ii Review Macintosh. The company plans to send two thousand
of its senior auditors out on consultations equipped
MacTerminal with a Mac and SEACAS. We'll examine the goals and
The Mac's link to the world is the serial strategies for using the program to computerize
port that lets you communicate with computers of accounting tasks previously performed with
every stripe, including other Macs. The software that calculators and pencils.
implements this capability is a communications
program. We'll review Apple's version of this essential
software, MacTerminal.
Plus
Microsoft Chart The Mac's hidden function keys
Business graphics are now accessible to all The future ofdata base management
Mac users through Microsoft Chart, the first graphing Digitizing images for the Mac
and plotting program available on the Macintosh. We'll A review of Microsoft Word
present an in-depth analysis of this program's powerful Tips on working with a single disk dril'e system
features that translate numeric data into informative An interview with Bill Atkinson, creator of MacPaint
graphics presentations. Tips and suggestionsfrom readers in Open Window
An exhibition ofMacintosh art in Macworld Gallery
Macintosh product descriptions in Macware News
Macworld 143
Introducing

At Special Charter Subscr iber Rates
e wh en you subscribe for 3 years)

Each month we'll be creating a Macworld com
together.
$24 for1 year {12 issues)
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That's a savings of 20% off the regular $30 subscrip

And you can save even mor e by subscribing

for 2 or 3 years at Special Ch arter Rates. Don't
Wait . . . Subscribe Today and Save!
Apple's new Macintosh"' is the most exciting development
in personal computing since the original Apples started it all.
Teamed with Davong peripherals, the incredibly easy to
use Macintosh becomes a powerful, flexible and expand
able business tool.
Available at more than 1,000 Davong dealers nationwide
is the new Davong Ma c Disk system, providing from 5 to
32 megabytes of hard disk storage. Mac Disk gives you the
increased capacity and enhanced functionality you need
for your business applications. All at a very reasonable price
and with no sacrifice in the speed and ease of use b uilt into
your Macintosh.
And corning very soon from Davong are a 28 mega·
byte streaming tape backup system, for fast and secure
backup of your files, and a multi-task ing local area net
working system to allow all of the Macintoshes in your
organization to share information, programs, and the
advantages of Mac Disk.
See your local Davong Dea ler today for details.
Davong Systems, Inc.
D
[lll>~~llJJ]
[f
A V 0 N G
217 Humboldt Court
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
(408) 734-4900
Telex: 176386
Apple and Ma cintosh are trademarks or Apple Computer Inc.

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Premier Issue $4.

00 The M acintosh M agazine

THE WQRD YOU'VE BEEN WAITING FOR. fir d nome: Rion

Microsoft was founded on the idea that computers should

Microsoft and Multiplan are registered. trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

• State of the Art .... Review

Photo/illustration credits: Apple Computer, 37,

Editorial Production Manager: Communications, Inc. PREPARE INFORMATION IN DETAIL,

Computerworld!Argentina; Australia: J.R . is that h~ is very sensitive

Introducing Business Strategy-Software:-- --- ­

Macintosh is a trademark licensed lo Apple Computer, Inc.

Cary lu, formerly executive

DATI 'Itain~ Power™

Letter from the Publisher

Pointers and the Mouse

11 items 322K in disk

You've probably noticed the apple in the

and the Edit menu contains basic editing commands. Windows

management skill that you soon learn after a few work

there's no way to get a side view of the Mac desktop to

development of personal computers has somewhat modified that

Memo 1/24 Letter brc

some kind of e lectronic Einstein that ut man into s ace. The CJ

A Mouse in the Hand

Daniel Far ber

The bottom ofthe

The Macintosh mouse [

Look what we did for the lie...

For information and to get on our "Mac Mailing" list

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Congratulations AppleL .. Macl

The Macintosh Magazine

The Exciting New Magazine for

Personal computing took a giant leap into the fu­

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AN ENTIRELY NEW CATEGORY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

YOU NEED FLEXIBILITY

WHAT DO THE PROS THINK?

Available for Apple's Macintosh early in the

The First Idea Processor

Inside the Mac

amazing size, and low cost of the Mac.

38 Volume 1, Num ber 1

Polishing the Mac

Edited by David Bunnell

Bunnell: When did you first become

The Macintosh Magazine

The Exciting New Magazine for

Personal computing took a giant leap into the fu­

And you can save even more by subscribing

The Macintosh is here.

It's the first and only complete Macin­

What Technology Is All About.

Howard W Sams & Co., Inc.

lasso-+ .. _.... +- selection

lines-+ ............ g +-eraser

Moc Paint ing

FatBits Mac Pai ntin

corner of the screen (see Figure 9). In FatBits, the pen­

MacPaint screen and manipulate each individual dot.

Introducing Business Strategy-Software:-- ---

Personal computing took a giant leap into the fu

Personal computing took a giant leap into the fu

It's the first and only complete Macin

corner of the screen (see Figure 9). In FatBits, the pen

' · ' ~~

editing, ~ching, sorting, and paginating power -

t.~:~:;::: :\$.:::: l::::.::::~t:{~~{~::::: : : ::!::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::

The screen dis

.. .. .. . . .. . .. ..... . .. implements the pull

As wit.h all selecLed cell or range , Lhi.s one is dis

1--:----t::~;:~:: ;~j~~: :;:~;;~~ : :~ ~~y:.~: ~~~~:.~:: :~:;::: :;:~:~i,:: :::::•!!Ill!

~ Defining a Multi The Original Cost formula is complete. Press En