CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.

2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

VocTech Senior High School
Grade 11

Second Semester
Module No. 1

MR. REY EMMANUEL G. ILUMBA, LPT

Teacher

Statistics & Probability

Statistical Variables
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

LEVEL: Grade 11
SUBJECT TITLE: Statistics and Probability
SEMESTER: 2nd Semester
WEEK NO.: #1

LESSON #1: The Random Variables

A. Learning Competency

The learners will be able to:

1) illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous); M11/12SP-IIIa-1

2) distinguishes between a discrete and continuous random variable; M11/12SP-IIIa-2
3) finds the possible values of a random variable; M11/12SP-IIIa-3
4) illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties;
M11/12SP-IIIa-4
5) computes the probabilities corresponding to a given random variable M11/12SP-IIIa-6

B. Specific Learning Objectives

The learners will be able to:

1) identify given random experiments as discrete or continuous random variable;

2) identify the possible values of a random variable; and
3) solve for the probability of a given random experiment

BASIC STATISTICS TERMS

✓ A statistic is a number that can be computed from the sample data without making use of any
parameters.
✓ A parameter is a number that describes the population usually its value is unknown.
✓ A probability of any outcome of a random phenomenon is the proportion of times the outcome
would occur in a very long series of repetitions.
✓ A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a random phenomenon.
✓ An event is any set of outcomes of interest.
✓ A probability of an event is the relative frequency of the outcomes over an infinite number of
trials.
✓ A random experiment is a mechanism that produces a definite outcome that cannot be
predicted with certainty. The sample space associated with a random experiment is the set of all
possible outcomes. An event is a subset of the sample space.

EXAMPLE #1: Construct a sample space for the random experiment that consists of tossing a single
coin.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑆 = {ℎ, 𝑡}

EXAMPLE #2: Construct a sample space for a random experiment that consists of rolling a single dice.
Find the event of (1) an even number is rolled and (2) a number that is greater than two is rolled.

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 #1: 𝐸 = {2, 4, 6} → 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 #2: 𝐸 = {3, 4, 5, 6} → 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

EXAMPLE #3: Construct a sample space that describes all three – child families according to the genders
of the children with respect to birth order. Find the events of (1) there are two boys in the siblings, (2)
there are two girls in the siblings and (3) there are three boys in the siblings.

Statistics & Probability

Statistical Variables
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𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑦

𝐺 = 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑌𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐵𝐺, 𝐵𝐺𝐵, 𝐵𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵𝐵, 𝐺𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺𝐵, 𝐺𝐺𝐺}

𝐸1 = {𝐵𝐵𝐺, 𝐵𝐺𝐵, 𝐺𝐵𝐵} 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝐸2 = {𝐵𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺𝐵} 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝐸3 = {𝐵𝐵𝐵} 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

A random variable is a quantitative variable that is derived from the outcomes of a random experiment

RANDOM VARIABLE
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
- is a random variable that can take on
- is a random variable that can take only
non-integers as they take on values
whole number values/outcomes that are
contained in an interval. It is associated
countable. It is associated with
for experiments with infinitely many
experiments for which there are finite
possible outcomes, and is commonly
number of possible outcomes
used for measurements such as lengths,
weight and time.
EXAMPLES
• the time it takes for a child to complete a
• the number of children in the family
lesson module
• five cards are drawn from the deck, one
• the distance traveled between classes
at a time, without replacement
• the effect on the number of hours
• The effect on the number of students in a
studying in getting high grades in the
class in getting scores in the class
subject of statistics and probability

THE DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

A discrete probability distribution is a list of probabilities for each of the distinct outcomes of a discrete
random variable.

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑬 𝒏(𝑬)

𝑷(𝑿) = =
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺 𝒏(𝑺)

The probability 𝑃(𝑋) for each possible value of 𝑋 is:

𝟎 ≤ 𝑷(𝑿) ≤ 𝟏

EXAMPLE #1: In a box are 2 balls – one red and one blue. Two balls picked one at a time with
replacement. Find the probability of the number of red balls is drawn.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵 = 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝑅, 𝑅𝐵, 𝑅𝑅}

𝐸1 : 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛

Outcomes 𝐸1 : 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 Probability 𝑃(𝑋)

1
BB 0 𝑃(𝑋) =
4
2
BR, RB 1 𝑃(𝑋) =
4
1
RR 2 𝑃(𝑋) =
4

1 2 1
∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = + + =1
4 4 4

Statistics & Probability

Statistical Variables
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EXAMPLE #2: In the random experiment in example #1, what is the probability that at least 1 red ball
can be drawn.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝐵 = 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝑅, 𝑅𝐵, 𝑅𝑅}

𝐸1 : 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛

𝐸1 = {𝐵𝑅, 𝑅𝐵, 𝑅𝑅}

𝑛(𝐸) 3
𝑃(𝑋) = = = 0.75 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑛(𝑆) 4

LEVEL: Grade 11
SUBJECT TITLE: Statistics and Probability
SEMESTER: 2nd Semester
WEEK NO.: #1

LESSON #2: The Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

A. Learning Competency

The learners will be able to:

1) illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;

2) calculates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
3) interprets the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
4) solve problems involving the mean and variance of probability distributions

B. Specific Learning Objectives

The learners will be able to:

1) solve the mean and variance of a given random experiment

2) interpret the mean and variance of a given random experiment

The Discrete Random Variable

The mean of a discrete random variable 𝑿 is also called the expected value of 𝑿. It is weighted average of
all the values that the random variable 𝑿 would assume in the long run.

The mean or expected value of a discrete random variable 𝑿 is computed using the following formula:

𝑬(𝒙) = ∑(𝒙𝑷(𝑿))

𝒙 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑷(𝑿) = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒙
𝑿 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

EXAMPLE #1: A researcher surveyed the households in a small town. The random variable 𝑥 represents
the number of college graduates in the households. The probability distribution of 𝑥 is shown below. Find
the mean or expected value of 𝑥.

𝑥 0 1 2
𝑷(𝑿) 0.25 0.50 0.25

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𝒙 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙𝑷(𝑿)
0 0.25 (0)(0.25) = 0
1 0.50 (1)(0.50) = 0.50
2 0.25 (2)(0.25) = 0.50

∑(𝒙𝑷(𝑿)) = 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏

Therefore, the value is 1. So the average number of college students/graduates in the household of the small
town is one.

The variance of a random variable 𝑋 is denoted by 𝜎 2 . It can be likewise be written as 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥). The
variance of a random variable is the expected value of the square f the difference between the assumed
value of a random variable and the mean:

EXAMPLE #2:

LEVEL: Grade 11
SUBJECT TITLE: Statistics and Probability
SEMESTER: 2nd Semester
WEEK NO.: #1

LESSON #3: The Normal Random Variables & Distribution

A. Learning Competency

The learners will be able to:

1) illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics; M11/12SP-IIIc-1

2) identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values; M11/12SP-IIIc-3

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Statistical Variables
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

3) convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa;
M11/12SP-IIIc-4
4) compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table M11/12SP-
IIIc-d-1

B. Specific Learning Objectives

The learners will be able to:

1) convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa;
2) compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

The Mean and Standard Deviation of Random Variable

A. Calculating the Mean (𝝁)

The mean is the average of the numbers. It is easy to calculate:

a) Add up all the numbers
b) Divide by how many numbers there are; in other word it is the sum divided by the
count.

EXAMPLE #1: What is the mean of the numbers {6, 11, 7}?

6 + 11 + 7
𝜇= =8
3

B. Calculating the Standard Deviation (𝝈)

The standard deviation is a measure of how spreads out the numbers are. The Symbol for
standard deviation is (𝝈) – the Greek letter sigma

𝒏
𝟏
𝝈 = √ ∑(𝑿𝒊 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝒏
𝒊=𝟏

EXAMPLE #2: What is the standard deviation of the test scores in statistics {9, 2, 5, 4, 12, 7, 8,
11}?
9+2+5+4+12+7+8+11
• 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛: 𝜇 = = 7.25
8
• 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2 :

(9 − 7.25)2 = 3.0625 (12 − 7.25)2 = 22.5625

(2 − 7.25)2 = 27.5625 (7 − 7.25)2 = 0.0625
(5 − 7.25)2 = 5.0625 (8 − 7.25)2 = 0.5625
(4 − 7.25)2 = 10.5625 (11 − 7.25)2 = 14.0625

• 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 − 𝝁)𝟐

3.0625 + 27.5625 + 5.0625 + 10.5625 + 22.5625 + 0.0625 + 0.5625 + 14.0625

= 10.4375
8
• 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝜎
𝝈 = √𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑

Statistics & Probability

Statistical Variables
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

The Normal Distribution

A powerful tool in statistics is the normal distribution. It allows us to make inferences about the
whole population based on some characteristics of a sample.

✓ The curve is symmetrical with respect to the vertical line passing through the mean;
✓ It approaches the x-axis asymptotically on both sides;
✓ The bell curve varies in the shape depending on the mean and on the standard
deviation. It can be narrow or wide or it can be tall or short; and
✓ The mean, median, and mode are all equal.

EXAMPLE #3: Interpret the normal distribution graph below.

Most of the scores is at the range of 0 – 40. So the

students who take the exam finds the exam difficulty
since their scores is below 50 which is the passing
score of the exam.

The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and standard
deviation of 1.

The Characteristics of Standard Normal Distribution

✓ The area enclosed by the curve and x-axis is equal to 1.

✓ Regions under the curve approximate probabilities that random variables fall in
particular range.
✓ The curve is symmetric. The area to the right of 0 is equal to the area to the left of 0.
That is, 50% of the area is to the right of the mean and 50% of the area is to the left of
the mean.
✓ About 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviation; 95% are within 2 standard
deviation; and 99.8% are within 3 standard deviation.
✓ Using the curve and corresponding table entails converting an observed value 𝑋to its z-
score. The z-scores measure how many standard deviation in 𝜎 an observed score 𝑋 is
from the mean 𝑥̅ .
𝑿−𝝁 𝑿−𝒙 ̅
𝒛= 𝒐𝒓 𝒛 =
𝝈 𝒔

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EXAMPLE #1: Given an observed score of 50, a population mean of 53, and a standard
deviation of 1.5. What is the conversion of 50 to its z-score?

𝑋 − 𝜇 50 − 53
𝑧= = = −2
𝜎 1.5

This indicates that the observed score is 2 standard deviation to the left below the mean.

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EXERCISE #1: The Random Variables (20 pts.)

NAME: ________________________________________________________________________
GR. LEVEL: _____________________________________________________________________
STRAND: ______________________________________________________________________
SECTION: ______________________________________________________________________

Directions: Solve the random probability problem below and identify what is asked

A color is randomly chosen from the rainbow colors. Let 𝑋 be the number of the first letter of
the chosen color.

1) What is the sample space?

2) What is the probability of each color to be chosen?
3) What are the possible outcomes in the event when the letter of the color chosen is
constant?
4) What is the probability that the chosen letter of color is vowel?
5) What is the probability that the chosen letter of color is constant?

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EXERCISE #2: The Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable (20 pts.)

NAME: ________________________________________________________________________
GR. LEVEL: _____________________________________________________________________
STRAND: ______________________________________________________________________
SECTION: ______________________________________________________________________

Directions: Solve the mean and variance of the discrete random experiment below.

1) In a recent little league softball game, each player went to bat 4 times. The number of hits made
by each player is described by the following probability distribution. Find the mean of the
probability.

Probability,
Number of hits, x
P(x)

0 0.10

1 0.20

2 0.30

3 0.25

4 0.15

2) The number of adults living in homes on a randomly selected city block is described by the
following probability distribution. Find the variance of the probability.

Number of adults, x 1 2 3 4

Probability, P(x) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10

10

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 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
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EXERCISE #3: The Normal Random Variables & Distribution (20 pts.)

NAME: ________________________________________________________________________
GR. LEVEL: _____________________________________________________________________
STRAND: ______________________________________________________________________
SECTION: ______________________________________________________________________

Directions: Read the following mathematical statements below and solve what is being asked.

1) The scores on a long test in Physics follow a normal distribution with a mean of 42 and a
standard deviation of 3. Find the probability that a score will be between 36 and 45.

2) Find the z-score of the score 98 if the mean is 105 and the value of the standard deviation is 4.

3) Find the z-score of the score 90 if the mean is 96 and the value of the standard deviation is 5.

4) Find the z-score of the score 69 if the mean is 72 and the value of the standard deviation is 3.

5) Find the z-score of the score 58 if the mean is 53 and the value of the standard deviation is 4.

11

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PERFORMANCE CHECK #1: Determining the Variables in Research

NAME: ________________________________________________________________________
GR. LEVEL: _____________________________________________________________________
STRAND: ______________________________________________________________________
SECTION: ______________________________________________________________________

Title: Variable or Not (50 pts.)

Direction:
1) In a given 4 research titles, you need to identify what variables are being used in the research
study and determine what type are these variables.

• Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Sources of Foreign exchange Reserve and
Price Fluctuation in China (2016)
• Exchange Rate Market Pressure and The Quality of Governance (2001)
• Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship Between Mining and Livestock Sectors in
Mongolia (2013)
• The Impact of El Nino on Rice Production in the Philippines (2007)

2) Use the table below, to give your answers.

RESEARCH TITLE VARIABLE TYPE OF VARIABLE

Empirical Analysis of the
Relationship between Sources
of Foreign exchange Reserve
and Price Fluctuation in China
(2016)
Exchange Rate Market
Pressure and The Quality of
Governance (2001)

Quantitative Analysis of the

Relationship Between Mining
and Livestock Sectors in
Mongolia (2013)
The Impact of El Nino on Rice
Production in the Philippines
(2007)

12

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Statistical Variables