Man Virtues and Values

Chapter 2
MAN, VIRTUES, AND VALUES

HUMANISM
 Abraham Maslow was one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century.
Among his many contributions to psychology were his advancements to the field of
humanistic psychology and his development of the hierarchy of needs.
 Carl Rogers The strength of Rogers’ approach lies in part in his focus on relationships. As he once
wrote, ‘The facilitation of significant learning rests upon certain attitudinal qualities that exist in the
personal relationship between facilitator and learner’(1990: 305).
Outline Discussion
1. Humanism and Education
2. Two Principles of Humanism
3. Educational Implication- Humanism
4. Principles of Humanistic Education
What is the Philosophy of Humanism and Education?
Humanism is a movement organized to gain for man a proper recognition in the universe.
Education thought in humanism is concerned with the restoration of lost values.
Man- is a free agent
Humanism operates on two principles
1. Values upheld by a nation affect history. Good follows when a nation’s values are of the
highest quality. Modern man must learn from history.
2. Great Literature stresses values. A man comes to recognize pieces.
 In humanism, learning is student-centered and personalized, and the educator’s role is that
of a facilitator.
 Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-actualized people in a
cooperative, supportive environment.
Educational implications humanism
 According to humanist school of thought, educational programmers should foster an

admiration and love for ancient cultures.
 These serve as an important source for the growth of human civilization.
 The younger generation should learn to respect the wisdom of the scholars as it relates to
the field of human values.
 Intellectuals through their vast knowledge and intellectual ability are in a favourable position
to set goals or the society.
 Respect for language should be inculcated among the student.
 Education must stress on the correct and appropriate use of vocabulary and follow rules of
grammar.
There are seven basic principles of humanistic education
1. Students should be able to choose what they want to learn. Humanistic teachers believe
that the students will be motivated to learn a subject if it’s something they need and
want to know.
2. The goal of education should be foster student’s desire to learn and teach them how to
learn. Students should be self-motivated in their studies and desire to learn on their
own.
3. Humanistic educators believe that grades are irrelevant and that only self-evaluation is
meaningful. Grading encourages students to work for a grade and not for personal
satisfaction.
4. Humanistic educators are opposed to objective tests because they test a student’s
ability to memorize and do not provide sufficient educational feedback to the teacher
and student.
5. Humanistic educators believe that both feelings and knowledge are important to the
learning process. Unlike traditional educators, humanistic teachers do not separate the
cognitive and affective domains.
6. Humanistic educators insist that schools need to provide students with a non-
threatening environment so that they will feel secure to learn.
7. They emphasize the “natural desire” of everyone to learn. So the teacher relinquishes a
great deal of authority and becomes a facilitator.
Virtues and Values
Virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of
principle and good moral being.
Four Cardinal Virtues
 Temperance- is primarily concerned with the control of the desires of the flesh, but when
it manifests itself as modesty, it can also restrain the desires of the spirit, such as pride.
 Prudence- Prudence is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason. It is
classically considered to be a virtue, and in particular one of the four cardinal virtues.
 Courage- Courage is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,
uncertainty, or intimidation. Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle.
 Justice- in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner
that is equitable and fair. A society in which justice has been achieved would be one in
which individuals…
Purpose of Values and Virtues
 Happiness- is that feeling that comes over you when you know life is good and you
can’t help but smile.
 Excellence- is doing something more than the ordinary. You called excellent if we are
humble and firm in our vision an if we are willing to learn from our mentors.
 Well-being- is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfactions. In short, well-being

could be described as how you feel about yourself and your life.
 Flourishing- in positive psychology, it is when people experience positive emotions,

positive psychological functioning and positive social functioning.
 Eudaimonia- It is the ultimate goal of a human being. The summary of happiness,

flourishing, and well-being.
Religious values and virtues
1. Spiritual- it is relating or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or

physical things.
2. Dogmatic- if you are dogmatic, you are certain that your always right and that everyone
else is wrong.
3. Fellowship- a friendly feeling that exists between people who have a shared interest or are
doing something as a group.
4. Community- it is a group of people living in the same place or having a particular

characteristic in common.
5. Relations with the state- it refers to a system of rules that nations traditionally followed in
order to maintain peaceful relations with each other and to promote commerce and
intercourse among their citizens or subjects.
6. Global- it is involving the entire world or a global system of communication, global

economic problems, and of course the global warfare.
Personal traits
While values can be broad and relate to all of society or individuals in a more generalized and
abstract sense, virtues tend to be related to the personal traits of particular individuals.
Virtues are the result of actually achieving those ideals, hopes, and dreams that are embodied
and expressed in our values.
WHAT ARE VALUES?
 They can be defined as “principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgment of what

is important in life” (Oxford Dictionary)
 They are the standards that form the foundation of an individual’s character, shaping
his personality, attitudes, behavior, and perceptions.
 It is these values that help us to make different choices in our lives.
 VALUES are often subjective – everyone may have a set of values that are
unique to him.
 This happens because each of us gives important to different things.
 For example, one might think that HONESTY is better than kindness above all
other qualities. These different values govern how we behave.
 For example, suppose your friend is wearing a dress that does not look good on
her. If you value truthfulness above all, you might say “don’t wear that dress
because it looks horrible, but if you put more value on being kind, you’d not
directly say that it looks horrible.
 Values of a person can be based on various elements such as his her family and
social background, culture, religion, and experience.
 Values may also change over time.
 Values and virtues are significant concepts that shape our behavior.
 The main difference between value and virtue is that values are principles or
standards of behavior that help one to decide what is important in life whereas
virtues are qualities that are universally or generally considered to be good and
desirable.

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Chapter 2

MAN, VIRTUES, AND VALUES

1. Humanism and Education

2. Two Principles of Humanism

3. Educational Implication- Humanism

4. Principles of Humanistic Education

What is the Philosophy of Humanism and Education?

Education thought in humanism is concerned with the restoration of lost values.

Man- is a free agent

Humanism operates on two principles

2. Great Literature stresses values. A man comes to recognize pieces.

Educational implications humanism

 According to humanist school of thought, educational programmers should foster an

 These serve as an important source for the growth of human civilization.

 Respect for language should be inculcated among the student.

There are seven basic principles of humanistic education

Virtues and Values

Four Cardinal Virtues

 Well-being- is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfactions. In short, well-being

 Flourishing- in positive psychology, it is when people experience positive emotions,

 Eudaimonia- It is the ultimate goal of a human being. The summary of happiness,

Religious values and virtues

1. Spiritual- it is relating or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or

4. Community- it is a group of people living in the same place or having a particular

6. Global- it is involving the entire world or a global system of communication, global

WHAT ARE VALUES?

 They can be defined as “principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgment of what

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