Chapter 8

Series and Parallel Resonance

INTRODUCTION
A when the applied voltage V and the resulting cur-
circuit is said to be in resonance
rent Iare in phase. Thus at resonance, the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit
consists of only resistance R.

Since V and I are in phase, the power factor of a resonant circuit is unity.

SERIES RESONANCE
The RLC series circuit of Fig. 8-1 has a complex
impedance Z = R+
cuit is in reson ance
j(a>L
when
- 1/wC)
X = 0,
= R+
i.e.
The cir-
jX.
when wL = 1/wC
1 VWW\r
R juL
#
-j/wC
or o) = 1/y/LC = w Then, since. o> = 2ir/, the reso-
nant frequency is given by
Fig. 8-1
/o = cycles/sec
^y/LC
In Fig. 8-2(a) below, the absolute value of Z and its three components R, L and c X X
are plotted as functions of «. At a> = w the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal
and, since |Z| = \/R 2 + X2 Z =
, R. Thus at resonance the impedance Z is a minimum.
Since I = V/Z, the current is a maximum.

(e)

Fig. 8-2. Series Circuit Z, e and Y as Functions of

At frequencies below w the capacitive reactance is greater than the inductive reactance,
and the angle of the impedance is negative. If the resistance is low, the angle changes
more rapidly with frequency as shown in Fig. 8-2(6) above. As approaches zero the angle a>

of Z approaches -90°.

81
82 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

At frequencies above co the inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance and
the angle of Z is positive and approaches +90° as «> > <o .

In Fig. 8-2(c) above, the series circuit admittance Y = 1/Z is plotted as a function of w.
Since I = VY, this plot is also an indication of current versus w. Thus Fig. 8-2(c) shows
that the maximum current occurs at w and that a low resistance results in a higher current.
The dotted curve shows the limiting case where R = 0. The angle of admittance, not
shown here, is the negative of the angle of impedance shown in Fig. 8-2(5).

PARALLEL RESONANCE, PURE RLC CIRCUIT

The parallel circuit of Fig. 8-3, consisting of
branches with single pure elements R, L and C, is
an ideal circuit. However, the performance of such G -}BL JBr
a circuit is of interest in the general subject of
resonance. This ideal parallel circuit can be com-
pared to the series circuit examined above and it
can be seen that a duality can be established be-
Fig. 8-3
tween the two circuits.

The admittance of the three elements is Y = G + j(<»C - 1A>L) = G + jB, where

B = Bc — Bl, Bc = oiC, and BL = l/wL. The circuit is in resonance when B = 0, i.e.
wC = 1/wL or <o = l/\/LC = <o . As in the series RLC circuit, the resonant frequency is

/. = cycles/sec
27TA/LC

In Fig. 8-4(a) below, the absolute value of Y and its three components G, B c and B L
are plotted as functions of a>. At <> = w the capacitive and inductive susceptances are equal
and Y = G. Thus at resonance the admittance is a minimum and, since I = VY, the
current has also a minimum value.

(a) (b) («)

Fig. 8-4. Parallel Circuit Y, Z and e as Functions of w

At frequencies below w the inductive susceptance exceeds the capacitive susceptance

and the angle of Y is negative. Then the angle of the impedance is positive and approaches
+90° as <o approaches zero. See Fig. 8-4(c).
At frequencies above w the angle of Z is negative, and its variation as a function of w
is more rapid for high R.
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 83

PARALLEL RESONANCE, TWO-BRANCH CIRCUIT

In the two-branch parallel circuit of Fig. 8-5, the admit-
tance Y is the sum of the admittances of the individual ^E,
branches.
* 1
Y = YL + Yc = n +
Rl + JXl Rc-jXc
Rl Rc \ .( Xc Xl
Rl + Xl
+ -„2
R
—
+X 2
C)
1 + 1
\R C + X
2 2
Rl + XlJ
Fig- 8 " 5

The circuit is at resonance when the complex admittance is a real number. Then
Xc/(R C2 + Xc =
2
) XJ(R*L + Xl) and
1
(R L2 + *IL*) = o, L(i^+l/w 2 C2) (i)
C
Each of the five quantities in (1) may be made variable in order to obtain resonance.

Solving (1) for <o , we obtain

Rl - L/C
(2)
Vlc\r
noc\ c -l/c 2

Thus the resonant frequency <o of the two-branch parallel circuit differs from that of the

pure R, L and C in parallel by the factor A \

^ ~ L/C .

\ R C - L/C
2

Frequency must be a real positive number; hence the circuit will have a resonant fre-
quency « when R\ > L/C and R% > L/C or Rl < L/C and R% < L/C. When R\ = R 2C =
L/C, the circuit is resonant at all frequencies. For this special case see Problem 8.12.
Solving (1) for L, we obtain

L = ic[(Rl+Xl) ± ^j(R c
2
+ X 2 y - 4RL2 X^
or, since Zc = <^R C
2
+ X C2 ,

\c\z% ± ylZt-4RL X
2 2
L = (3)
^
Now if in (3), Z% > ±R X we obtain two values of L for which the circuit is resonant.
L C ,

Zc = 4R L X
2 2
the circuit is in resonance at L = \CZ%. When Z% < 4R L X
2 2
If , no value ,

of L will make the circuit resonant.

Solving (1) for C, we obtain
C = 2L (*)
Z\ ± ^Zl-4RC XL2 _

2
Here if Zi > AR C X\, we obtain two values of C for which the circuit is resonant.

Solving (1) for Rl, we obtain

Rl = \I* LCRC - « L2 + L/C
2 2
(5)

and solving for Rc, Rc = 2

s]R l/(o> 2LC) - 1/«>
2
C2 + L/C (6)

If the radicand in (5) or (6) is positive, then we have a value for Rl or Rc for which the
two-branch circuit is in resonance.

QUALITY FACTOR Q
The quality factor of coils, capacitors and circuits is defined by
maximum stored energy
Q = 2r
energy dissipated per cycle
84 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

The energy
Fig. 8-6
dissipated per cycle in the circuits of
and Fig. 8-7 is given by the product of the WWW
R
W^
jaL
average power in the resistor {lwul^2)*R and the
period T or 1//.
In the RL series circuit of Fig. 8-6 the maximum
Fig. 8-6
stored energy is iL/Lx. Then

\L1 max 2tt/L

Q = -www-
2tt
(/Lx/2)/2(l//) R ~R R -K-
1/juC

In the RC series circuit of Fig. 8-7 the maximum

stored energy is iCFmax or i/max/<o 2 Then C
Fig. 8-7
2*max/o
'max/to C
Q = 2tt
(/max/2)#(l//) aCR

A series #LC circuit at resonance stores a constant amount of energy. Since when the
capacitor voltage is maximum the inductor current is zero, and vice versa, iCFmax = i-L/max.
Then «0, i

Qo = R ,CR

The RLC series circuit has a current function with respect to frequency similar to the
admittance plot of Fig. 8-2(c). In Fig. 8-8 the current of the RLC circuit is plotted as a
function of w or, with an appropriate change of scale, as a function of /. At <a the current
Io is a maximum. The points where the current is .707 of the maximum are indicated.
The corresponding frequencies are &> 1 and w2 .

.707/,

cycles/sec

Since the power delivered to the circuit is PR, at / = .707/o the power is one-half of
the maximum value which occurs at <o The points corresponding to a> t and w 2 are called
.

the half-power points. The distance between these points, measured in cycles/sec, is called
the bandwidth BW.
Now the quality factor can be given as the ratio of the resonant frequency to bandwidth;
hence (see Problem 8.13)
"°
O = = fo
= -A.

The resonant frequency <o is the geometric mean of <a

x
and a>
2
(see Problem 8.6):
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 85

The three branch parallel circuit of Fig. 8-9

stores a constant amount of energy at resonance. R: juL 1/joC't
Since when the inductor current is maximum the
capacitor voltage is zero, and vice versa, $LImax =
iCF£ ax . Then
Fig. 8-9
Q = —y = %CR

LOCUS DIAGRAMS
Circuits with one variable element are conveniently analyzed by the use of admittance
locus diagrams. Since I = VY, and V
is generally constant, the locus describes the Y
variation of I as the variable element is changed.
The series circuit of Fig. 8-10(a) has a fixed resistance, and a variable reactance which
can assume values either positive or negative. If we consider the Z plane formed by a set
of Cartesian axes R and X, the locus of the impedance Z for the given circuit is a straight
line parallel with the X axis and intersecting the R axis at R\, as shown in Fig. 8-10(6).

increasing Xc

*i!

ix

increasing XL

(a) (6) Z plane (c) Y plane

Fig. 8-10

We can determine a locus of the admittance Y for the given circuit in the Y plane
formed by a set of Cartesian axes G and B.
Since Z= 1/Y,
Ri + jX = (1)
G + jB
Rationalizing and equating the real parts in (1), we obtain

Ri = G
G + B2
2

or G2 - G/Ri + B2 = (2)

Adding 1/4 R\ to both sides in (2) and simplifying,

G -4) + B 2 = (3)
( \2RJ
If we compare the standard form of the equation of a circle as given in analytic geometry,
(x — h) 2 + (y — k) 2 = r2 , with (3), we note that the Y plane locus is a circle with center at
(l/2R lf 0) and with radius l/2Ri. See Fig. 8-10(c).
86 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

Each point on the Z

locus has a corresponding point on the locus. To each point on Y
the Z
locus above the R
axis corresponds a point on the semicircle below the G axis in the
Y plane. And +00 on the Z locus is at the origin in the plane. Similarly, to each point Y
below the R
axis on the Z locus corresponds a point on the semicircle above the G axis in
the Y
plane. -00 on the Z locus is at the origin in the Y
plane. Note the relative positions
of Zi and Yi. The distances of Zi and Yi from the respective origins are different while
the angles with the horizontal axes are equal but of opposite sign.

With fixed inductive reactance and variable resistance as in Fig. 8-ll(a), the Z locus
is a horizontal line in the first quadrant of the Z plane at X = Xl v Using the same method
as above, the equation of the Y locus is

G2 + (B + l/2XLl )
2
= (l/2XLl Y (*)

Comparing equation (.4) with the standard form of the equation of a circle, we find that
the Y locus is a circle with center at (0, -l/2XLl ) and radius l/2X
Ll in the Y plane. See
Fig. 8-ll(c). However, since the Z locus of Fig. 8-11(6) consists of the straight line in the
first quadrant of the Z plane, only the semicircle in the fourth quadrant of the Y plane is
the transformation of the Z locus for this circuit.

-7—7 —7
Z
—
locus

-1/2X, -
// s
1
*
I
'
I/'
R \
-B
(b) Z plane (c) Y plane

Fig. 8-11

When a fixed capacitive reactance is in series with a variable resistance as given in

Fig. 8-12(a), the Z locus is a horizontal line in the fourth quadrant of the Z plane at
X = -X
Cl See Fig. 8-12(6). Using the same methods as above, the
. locus equation is Y
G2 + (B - l/2ZCl ) 2 = (l/2ZCl ) 2 (5)

Comparing equation (5) with the standard form of the equation of a circle, we see that the
Y locus is a semicircle with center at (0, l/2XCl ) and radius l/2ZCl in the first quadrant
of the Y
plane. See Fig. 8-12(c).

Y locus

R
V2XC -- /

-iXr
\
\
-Xr ^. \
Z locus

(a) (b) Z plane (c) Y plane

Fig. 8-12
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 87

CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAMS

Consider the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-13(a) with a fixed Ri and jXl in series in the
first branch and with a fixed R2 and a variable — jXc in series in the second branch. The
total admittance of the two branches in parallel is

YT = Yt + Y2
In Fig. 8-13(6), adding the second branch Y2 locus to the fixed point Yi, we obtain the
Yt locus.

(a) (6) (e)

Fig. 8-13

The current is given by I = VY, and Fig. 8-13(c) shows that, as the fixed current Ii
isadded to the various values of I2, the result is a locus of the total current. The diagram
shows further how there can be two values of C for which the total current is in phase
with V.
Further examination of Fig. 8-13(c) illustrates why under certain conditions we may
not obtain a value of C which results in resonance. If the radius of the semicircular part
of the locus, I/2R2, is reduced in such a way that the curve does not intersect the V axis,
then there would be no value of C which could cause resonance. Further applications of
the locus diagrams are examined in the following problems.

Solved Problems

8.1. In a series RLC circuit, R = 10 ohms, L = 5 mh and C = 12.5 id. Plot the magni-
tude and angle of the impedance as a function of o> with «> varying from .8w to 1.2c> .

At resonance,

w = <o = 1/yfLC = 1/V(5 X 10~ 3 )(12.5 X 10~ 6 ) = 4000 rad/sec

XLq = UqL = 4000(5 X 10" 3 ) = 20 ohms

XCn = l/u C = 1/(4000 X 12.5 X 10-6) = 20 ohms

Then Zo = R+ j(XLo -XCo ) = 10 + ;(20-20) = 10/Of

Since XL = uL and Xc = 1/aC, then XJXL = <o/« and Xc /Xc = «(/«. Thus values of
XL Xc, and Z at other frequencies can be calculated.

Fig. 8-14(a) below gives a tabulation of reactances and impedances, and Fig. 8-14(6) below
shows the required plot.
88 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

(O xL *c Z

3200 16 25 10 - j9 13.4/-42

3600 18 22.2 10 - i4.2 10.8/-22.8

4000 20 20 10 10/0°

4400 22 18.2 10 + ;3.8 10.7/20.8°

4800 24 16.7 10 + i7.3 12.4/36.2°

3200 3600 4800 w < rad/sec)
4000 4400

(a) (6)
Fig. 8-14

8.2. A voltage V = 100/0? is applied to the series circuit of Problem 8.1. Find the
voltage across each element for <» — 3600, 4000 and 4400 rad/sec. Draw the voltage
phasor diagram at each frequency.
At <o = 3600 rad/sec, I = V/Z = (100/0? )/(10.8 /-22.8° ) = 9.26 /22.8° . Then
VR = 9.26 /22.8° (10) = 92.6 /22.8° , V^ = 9.26 /22.8° (18/90° ) = 167 /112.8° ,

Vc = 2Q6 /-67.2

At w = 4000 rad/sec, I = (100/0? )/(10/0? ) = 10/0? . Then

VR = 100/0? , \L = 10/0? (20/90? ) = 200/90° , Vc 200 /-90°

At a = 4400 rad/sec, I = (100/0° )/(10.7 /20.8° ) = 9.34 /-20.8 . Then

VR = 9.34 /-20.8 (10) = 93.4 /-20.8 , VL = 9.34 /-20.8 (22/90° ) 206 /69.2° t

Vc = 17Q /-11Q.8

The three voltage phasor diagrams are drawn in Fig. 8-15. Note that the magnitude of the
voltage across each reactive element of a series circuit near resonance may exceed the magnitude
of the applied voltage.

vR
100/0°
100
V= 100/0°

Vc vL
200 200

(o) w = 3600 (6) « = 4000 (c) w = 4400

Fig. 8-15

8.3. A series circuit with R = 5 ohms, L = 20 mh and a variable capacitance C has an

applied voltage with a frequency / = 1000 cycles/sec. Find C for series resonance.
At resonance the reactances are equal, 2irfL = 1/2-n-fC. Then
1 1
C = = 1.27 iif
L(2tt/)2 (20 X 10-»)(&r X 1000) 2
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 89

8.4. A series circuit with R — 5 ohms, C = 20 /if and a variable inductance L has an
applied voltage V = 10/0^ with a frequency of 1000 rad/sec. L is adjusted until the
voltage across the resistor is a maximum. Find the voltage across each element.
Since V R = IR, the maximum voltage across the resistor occurs at resonance, when the current
is a maximum. At resonance the reactances are equal; then

Xcr = i
wC
=
1000(20X10- 6
s-
)
= 50 ohms, XL = 50 ohms

and Z = R = 5/0^. Now I = V/Z = (10/Of )/(5/01) = 2/0^ and

Vr = 2/0^(5) = 10/0f, VL = (2/0° )(50/90° ) = 100/90° and Vc = 100 /-90

8.5. Given a series RLC circuit with R = 100 ohms, L = .5 h and C = 40 /if, calculate
the resonant, lower and upper half -power frequencies.
(o = 1/VLC = l/V-5(40 X 10- 6 ) = 224 rad/sec and f = uo/2w = 35.7 cycles/sec.

At the lower half-power frequency w 1 the capacitive reactance exceeds the inductive reactance,
the current is .707 of its maximum value and, since I = V/Z, |Z| is 1.414 times its value at o> -

Since Z = 100 at <o then |Z| = 141.4 ohms at Wl

, Now Z = 100 - j(Xc - L ) = 141.4/g, . X
cos 9 = J2/Z = 100/141.4 = .707, and e = -45°. Then
Xc - X L = R or 1/wiC - Wl L = i? (I)

Substituting in (i) the given values and solving for a lt we obtain <*i
= 145 rad/sec and
ft = 145/2tt = 23.1 cycles/sec.
At the upper half-power frequency « 2 tne inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance,
|Z| is also 141.4 ohms and tf = +45°. Then
XL - Xc - R or <o 2 L- 1/« 2 C = R (2)

Substituting in (2) and solving for <o 2 , we have w2 = 345 rad/sec and f2 = 55 cycles/sec.

w is the geometric mean of wj and w 2 ; hence

w = y/uiu 2 = Vl45 X 345 = 224 rad/sec

8.6. Show that the resonant frequency <o of an RLC series circuit is the geometric mean
of Wj and <a 2 the lower and upper half -power frequencies respectively.
,

As seen in Problem 8.5, 1/uxC — u>\L = R at wj, and «2L ~ l/ftyP — i2 at to 2 . Then
1/ojjC — wjL = <i)
2L
— l/a 2 C (1)

Multiplying through by C and substituting wq — 1/LC in (1), obtain

l/coj — wj/wq = w 2/co — l/w 2 or l/a>i + l/«2 = («i + <o 2 )/«o

from which « = Vu^.

8.7. A series circuit with R = 50 ohms, L = .05 h and C = 20 /if has an applied voltage
V = 100/0^ with a variable frequency. Find the maximum voltage across the
inductor as the frequency is varied.
The magnitude of the impedance as a function of <o is Z = ^/R2 + (wL — 1/«C) 2 . Then the
magnitude of the current is = V/^R + (wL —
/ 2 1/uC) 2 .

The magnitude of the voltage across L is

VL = ULI = aLV/VR 2 + («L - l/wC)2 (i)

Setting the derivative dVL /da of (1) equal to zero and solving for w, we obtain the value of w when
VL is a maximum.

-j± = 4~ <»LV(R 2 + a 2L 2 - 2L/C + l/^C2 )" 1'2

aw Cwo

(R2 + <*
2L2 - 2L/C + l/aKfyMLV - <*LV$(R 2 L 2 - 2L/C +
+ <*
2 l/ a2C2 )-^ 2 (2 aL2 - 2/as C2 )
~~
R2 + U2L 2 - 2L/C + 1/«*C*
90 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

Factoring LV(R 2 + « 2L 2 - 2L/C + WC 2 )- 1 '2

in (2) and setting the numerator equal to zero, we
have
R 2 - 2L/C + 2/<o 2 C2 =

from which w - = 1/ Vlc^= R*C/L

v 2LC - R C 2 2 (3)

Since Q = u Q L/R = l/u CR, Qt = L/R 2 C; substituting in (3), we obtain

tt)
VZC \2Q 2q -1
Substituting the given values in

= = 1414 rad/sec
" \w.05)(20 X lO- - 6
) (50 x 20 x lO" 6 )
2

Now XL = UL = 1414(.05) = 70.7 ohms, Xc = 1/«C = 1/(1414 X 20 X lO" 6 ) = 35.4 ohms and
Z =50 + 3(70.7 - 35.4) = 50 + jSBA = 61.2 /35.3° . Then I = VIZ - 100/61.2 = 1.635 amp and

^L(max) = 1.635(70.7) = 115.5 volts

Equation (U) shows that for high Q, the maximum voltage across L occurs at u « 1/^LC.
If Q is high, maximum voltages are obtained also across R and C at w . With low Q, V c maximum
occurs below and V L maximum above w See Problem 8.28.
.

8.8. The circuit in Fig. 8-16 represents a parallel connec-

tion of a capacitor and a coil where the coil resistance
is Rl. Find the resonant frequency of the circuit.
1/juC
The total admittance of the circuit is

YT = + juC

Rl Fig. 8-16
+ j(o>C
R 2L + <o
2 L2 R2L + o>
2 L*

At resonance the j part is zero or

u L
Rl + (0
2 L2
= u C from which w =
Vlc v-
If the coil resistance is small compared to « L, the resonant frequency is given by 1/y/LC.

8.9. Find the resonant frequency <o for the two-branch

parallel circuit in Fig. 8-17. If the resistor in the
RC branch is increased, what is its maximum value 4fi
. 6fi

for which there is a resonant frequency?

-L/C ;20/.f
lmh
WO —
VZc^Rl- L/C
62 - 10-3/(20 x 10 -6) Fig. 8-17

V10- X 20 X 10-
3
W 42 _ 10-3/(20 X 10- 6 )

= 4540 rad/sec

The numerator within the radical has a value 36 — 50 = —14. Then the radical will have a
real root if the denominator is negative, i.e. if R c% < L/C or R c < 7.07 ohms. As the value of
Re approaches 7.07 ohms the frequency « approaches infinity.

If the value of RL is increased, then « will approach zero as RL approaches 7.07 ohms.
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 91

8.10. Find the values of L for which the circuit of Fig. 8-18
is resonant at a frequency of « = 5000 rad/sec.

The total admittance is

1 1
Y = + - jlO -;10
2 + jXL 5 I

A + Xl
2
+
125 y
^ + ifM
\125
--^M
4+^j Fig. 8-18

Setting the j part equal to zero,

10/125 = XjJV+Xl) or X|-12.5Xt + 4 = (1)

The roots of (J) are XL = 12.17 and XL = .33. Substitute these values into the equation XL = «L.
Then the condition for a resonant circuit is that L = 2.43 mh or .066 mh.

8.11. Find C
which results in resonance for the circuit of
Fig. 8-19 when *> = 5000 rad/sec. 8.34

Y =
8 + ;6
+ 8.34 - jXc
/ 8 8.34 \ ./
~ + ,

V100 69.5 + X*J \ 69.5 + X% 100 J

Fig. 8-19
At resonance the complex admittance is a real number. Then

Zc /(69.5 + X% = ) 6/100 and X% - 16.7*c + 69.5 =

from which Xc = 8.35 ohms. Substituting this value in Xc = 1/«C and solving, we have C- 24 /d .

8.12. Determine Rl and Re which cause the circuit of

Fig. 8-20 to be resonant at all frequencies. Rr
The circuit is resonant at a frequency
i2mh
1 RJ-L/C |80 /if

u — J
y/LC \R%~ LIC
6> can assume any value if Rl = Re — L/C. If L/C = Fig. 8-20
(2 X 10"3)/(80 X 10"«) = 25, then
RL = Rc = y/2& — 5 ohms
It is left as an exercise for the student to check this result at values of a = 2500 and 5000 rad/sec.

8.13. Show that Q = ^LIR = fJBW for a series RLC circuit.

At the half-power frequencies the net reactance is equal to the resistance.

At the lower half-power frequency the capacitive reactance exceeds the inductive reactance.
Then
_ -R + V^2 + 4L/C
l/2wf x C — 2vf x L = R from which fx
4*-L

At the upper half-power frequency the inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance.
Then
R + y/R2 + 4L/C
2irf2 L— l/2v 2 C = R from which /2 = AwL
Since BW = /2 - A, BW = R/lvL. Hence

Q = / /BW = 2vf L/R = aoL/R

 f

92 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

8.14. Compute Q of the series circuit with R = 20 ohms, L = .05 h and C = 1 ^f, using
each of the three equivalent expressions for Q o> L/R, 1U CR and
/ /BW. :

The resonant frequency is <o = 1/yfLC = 1/V.05 x 10~e = 4470 rad/sec and f = U(t /2* =
712 cycles/sec. Then
Q = *>qL/R = 4470(.05)/20 = 11.2

or Q = l/o> CR = 1/(4470 X 10 ~« X 20) = 11.2

From Problem 8.13, at the lower half -power frequency, 1/2*f ± C - 2*f x h = R. Substituting,

l/(2ir/ 1 X10-«)-2w/ 1 (.05) = 20 and fx = 681 cycles/sec

At the upper half-power frequency, 2^/2 L - 1/2* 2C
= R. Substituting, f2 = 745 cycles/sec.

Then BW = (745 - 681) and

Qo = / /BW = 712/(745-681) = 11.1

8.15. Obtain the current locus for the circuit of Fig. 8-21(a) with a variable inductive
reactance XL .

The Y locus is a semicircle with radius r = 1/2R = .1, as shown in Fig. 8-21(6).

*-V

50/0°
et

(a) (b) Y plane (c) Locus of I

Fig. 8-21

Then the current locus is found from I = VY where V = 50/0^ . Thus the current locus is
similar to the Y locus and has a maximum value of 10 amp when = Xh 0. See Fig. 8-21(c).

8.16. Obtain the current locus for the circuit of Fig. 8-22(o) with variable resistance R
and fixed capacitive reactance.

The Y locus is a semicircle with radius r = 1/2X"C = .1, as shown in Fig. 8-22(6).

50/0°
-0t
-jB

*- V
(a) (b) Y plane (c) Locus of I

Fig. 8-22

Then the current locus is found from I = VY where V = Thus the current has a
50/0f .

maximum value of 10 amp when R = 0. See Fig. 8-22(c).

CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 93

8.17. Find RL which results in resonance for the circuit of Fig. 8-23(a). Draw the Y locus
to explain the results.

The total admittance is

YT = 1
+ .1 1 _ / Rl
"L .4\../5
4\ ./5 ,

R\ +
10
R L + J10 -is ~ v«i+ 100 41 /
V 41 100

For resonance the j part of Y must be zero, 5/41

i.e. = 10/(i2|, + 100), from which R L2 _
= -18
Thus there is no value of R L which results in resonance.

.122

-j5

.022 —
.0976

(a) (6) Locus of Ygq

Fig. 8-23

The fixed branch admittance is 1/(4 - jB) = .0976 + j .122. The semicircular locus of the
adjustable branch has a radius r = 1/2ZL = 1/20 = .05. The diameter is therefore .10. Since the
fixed branch capacitive susceptance was .122, the locus of the variable branch does not cross the
real axis and resonance is not possible.

8.18. Obtain the current locus for the circuit of Fig. 8-24(a) and find the value of Rc which
results in a phase angle of 45° between V and I.

The fixed branch admittance is 1/R = .1 mhos. The semicircular locus of the RC branch has
a radius r = 1/2XC = 1/8 = .125. See Fig. 8-24(6).

10
.125

;-H

I = .1V

(a) (b) Locus of Ye (c) Locus of IT

Fig. 8-24

From Fig. 8-24(c) the current leads the voltage by 45° at the point shown. It follows that the

Rc
real and imaginary parts of YT must be equal. If YT = ( .1 + + 3 , then
R% + 16 \RC + 16 J
Rr 4
.1 + and Rr =
. 2 ohms
Ri + 16 Ri+ 16
94 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

8.19. The circuit in Fig. 8-25 was examined in M

Prob. 6.18. It was determined that the abso- u I.

lute value of VAB was constant, i.e. VAB = %V>

and the phasor Vab lagged the applied
voltage V by 20, where 6 = tan" 1 MR. N
Show these results graphically.
Fig. 8-25
In the first branch, Z = 212, Y = 1/2/2 and
the current IA = V/2i2. Then the voltage across
(a) *- v
each resistor is

VR = Iff = V/2
(b)
UR IaR
N
The phasor diagram in Fig. 8-26 shows the
Fig. 8-26
voltagesVAN and VMA with A the midpoint of V.
The second branch has a semicircular Y locus. Then the current locus is also a semicircle as
shown in Fig. 8-27(a). The voltage phasor diagram consists of the voltage across the inductance,
VBN and the voltage across R lt VMB The two voltages are added and the voltage V is obtained.
, .

Note that IB lags YBN by 90°.

A v M

Fig. 8-27 Fig. 8-28

The voltages VBN and VMB are at right angles for all values of L. As L varies from to *>,
B moves from M to N on the semicircular locus.
Now the two voltage phasor diagrams, Fig. 8-26(6) and 8-27(6), are superimposed in Fig. 8-28.
Itcan be seen that VAB is the radius ^V of the semicircle and therefore constant in magnitude.
Furthermore, the angle <p by which VAB lags V is found equal to 2.0, where a - tan" 1 uL/R.

8.20. A two branch parallel circuit has a total current locus as shown in Fig. 8-29. De-
termine the elements in the branches and specify which element is variable.

Locus of IT

Fig. 8-29 Fig. 8-30

CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 95

The point at the bottom of the semicircle corresponds to the condition where the current in the
variable branch is zero. Therefore the total current at this same point results entirely from the
fixed branch 1. Since this current lags the voltage, the fixed branch must contain R x and L v

The semicircular locus of the current in branch 2 shows that the current is in phase with the
voltage at its maximum value. At all other points on the locus, I2 lags V. Therefore branch 2
consists of R 2 and L 2 with the inductance variable, as shown in Fig. 8-30 above.

Supplementary Problems
8.21. In the series RLC circuit of Fig. 8-31 below, the instantaneous voltage and current are
v = 70.7 sin (500t + 30°) and i = 2.83 sin (500t + 30°). Find R and C.
Ans. R = 25 ohms, C = & pf

•0t

Fig. 8-31 Fig. 8-32

8.22. In the series circuit of Fig. 8-32 above, the impedance of the source is 5 + jS and the source
frequency is 2000 cycles/sec. At what value of C will the power in the 10 ohm resistor be a
maximum? Ans. C = 26.6 /*f, P = 111 w

8.23. A series RLC circuit with L = 25 mh and C - 75 /if has a lagging phase angle of 25° at
u = 2000 rad/sec. At what frequency will the phase angle be 25° leading? Find <o .

Ans. a — 267, w = 730 rad/sec

8.24. A series RLC circuit with L = .5 h has an instantaneous voltage v = 70.7 sin (500 + 30°) and
an instantaneous current i = 1.5 sin (500t). Find the values of R and C. At what frequency «
will the circuit be resonant? Ans. R = 40.8 ohms, C = 8.83 id, » = 476 rad/sec

8.25. A series circuit with = 10 ohms, L = .2 h and C = 40 /*f has an applied voltage with a
R
variable frequency. Find the frequencies f u f and f2 at which the current leads the voltage by 30°,
,

is in phase, and lags the voltage by 30° respectively.

Ans. A = 54.0, /o = 56.3, f2 = 58.6 cps

8.26. A series RLC circuit with R = 25 ohms and L = .6 h results in a leading phase angle of 60° at
a frequency of 40 cps. At what frequency will the circuit be resonant? Ans. f = 45.4 cps

8.27. In the series circuit shown in Fig. 8-33, the frequency is varied
until the voltage across the capacitor is a maximum. If the
effective applied voltage is 100 volts, find the maximum capaci-
5012
tor voltage and the frequency at which it occurs.
Ans. a = 707, Vc = 115.5

8.28. The quality factor of the series circuit in Problem 8.27 was
100/0°

Variable u
e .05 h

Q = uqL/R = 1. Let R = 10 ohms which results in a Q

of 5 and find the frequency at which the voltage across the 20 lit

capacitor is maximum. Repeat for R = 5 ohms.

Ans. a = 990, 998 rad/sec. Note. With Q ^ 10, it may be
assumed that the maximum voltages across R, L and C Fig. 8-33
all occur at the resonant frequency <o or / .
96 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

8.29. In order to show the effect of Q on the current magnitude near the resonant frequency, plot the
absolute value ofYvs« for the two circuits with constants as follows. Circuit 1: R = 5 ohms,
L = .05 h and C = 20 /if. Circuit 2: R
= 10 ohms, L .05 h and C = 20 /if. =
8.30. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-34 below, L = .2 h and C = 30 /if. Determine the resonant
frequency if R L = and compare it to the resonant frequency when R = 50 ohms.
Ans. w = 408, « = 323 rad/sec

«r 70

20 ^f

lmh

Fig. 8-34 Fig. 8-35 Fig. 8-36

8.31. In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8-35 above, find the resonant frequency / .

Arts. f = 159 cycles/sec

8.32. Referring to Problem 8.31, what value of resistance in series with the capacitor results in a
resonant frequency of 300 cycles/sec? Ans. Rc — 6 ohms

8.33. Find the value of RL for which the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8-36 above is resonant.
Ans. RL = 12.25 ohms

8.34. X
At what values of L will the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-37 below be resonant? Show the locus of Y
to explain the result.

2.94

iii.7
-yio

Fig. 8-37 Fig. 8-38

8.35. Find the value of R c for which the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-38 above is resonant. Show the Y locus
which explains this result. Ans. R c =

8.36. The parallel circuit of Fig. 8-39 below is in resonance when Xc — 9.68 and Xc — 1.65. Find the
total phasor current for each value of capacitive reactance. Ans. 1.83 /0° , 3.61/0°

:io

j\o
j3 -jxc

Fig. 8-39 Fig. 8-40

8.37. What value of Rc yields resonance in the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8-40 above?
Ans. Rc = 6 ohms
CHAP. 8] SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 97

8.38. A voltage V = 50 /0° is applied to a series circuit consisting of a fixed inductive reactance
XL = 5 ohms and a variable resistance R. Sketch the admittance and current locus diagrams.

8.39. A voltage V = 50/0^ is applied to a series circuit of fixed resistance R = 5 ohms and a variable
capacitance C. Sketch the admittance and current locus diagrams.

8.40. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-41 below, the inductance is variable without limit. Construct the
admittance locus diagram to show why it is not possible to obtain resonance.

10 5n
;4J1

100/0°

JXL .6mh
-yio 5^c

Fig. 8-41 Fig. 8-42 Fig. 8-43

8.41. The circuit shown in Fig. 8-42 above is resonant for two values of capacitance C when
to = 5000 rad/sec. Find both values of C and construct the admittance locus diagram.
Ans. 20.6 (if, 121 /if

8.42. In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 8-43 above, I T lags the applied voltage by 53.1° when 22 = 0.
Then if R = °° (open circuit), I T leads the voltage by the same angle. Construct the admittance
locus diagram to illustrate this condition. At what value of R is the circuit resonant?
Ans. R — 6.25 ohms

8.43. Find the value of R which makes the parallel circuit of Fig. 8-44 below resonant, and construct
the admittance locus diagram to explain the result.

8.44. Referring to Problem 8.43, what change in the inductive reactance will make it possible to obtain
resonance with some value of the variable resistor Rt Ans. L S 8.2 ohms X
8.45. Find the value of R which results in parallel resonance for the circuit shown in Fig. 8-45 below
and draw the locus diagram. Ans. R = 5.34

512

;-i5 ;-;8 555 20^

Fig. 8-44 Fig. 8-45 Fig. 8-46

8.46. In Problem 8.11 the parallel circuit was to be made resonant by varying the capacitance C. Use
the admittance locus diagram to show why only one value of C resulted in resonance instead of
the usual two.

8.47. The parallel circuit of Fig. 8-46 above is to be made resonant by varying L. Construct the ad-
mittance locus diagram and determine the values of L for resonance if w = 5000 rad/sec.
Ans. L= 2.43, .066 mh

8.48. Referring to the admittance locus of Problem 8.47, find the value of L which results in a minimum
total current. What would be the magnitude of this current with an applied voltage of 100 volts
effective? Ans. L = 2.95 mh, IT = 5.1 amp
98 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE [CHAP. 8

8.49. Referring to Problem 8.47, apply a voltage V =

150 /75° and compute I T for each value of L which
caused the circuit to be resonant. 2000

Ans. = 7.98/75°, 78.9/75°

IT
0t B
8.50. In the phase shifting circuit shown in Fig. 8-47, 2000 \R t
the voltage \AB is to be shifted between lag angles
of 10° to 170° with respect to the applied volt-
age V. At a frequency of 60 cycles/sec, what
range of R t is needed to satisfy the voltage shift? Fig. 8-47
Ans. 46.4 to 6080 ohms

8.51. In each of Fig. 8-48(a), (b) and (c), a locus diagram is given for the total current taken by the
circuitwhich contains one variable element. Describe a circuit that corresponds to each locus.

Locus of IT

•V

Ans. (a) A two-branch parallel circuit. Branch 1: fixed R and Xc ; branch 2: fixed R and
variable Xc .

(6) A three-branch parallel circuit. Branch 1: fixed R and Xc \ branch 2: fixed Xc \ branch
3: fixed R and variable L X .

(c) A two-branch parallel circuit. Branch 1: fixed R and Xc ; branch 2: fixed XL and
variable R.

8.52. Find the circuit constants and their connection •- V= 250/30°

corresponding to the current locus of Fig. 8-49 if

w = 2000 rad/sec.
Ans. Branch 1: R= 7.07, L = 3.54 mh.
Branch 2: R= 7.07, variable C. Fig. 8-49

8.53. A two-branch parallel circuit has a current locus diagram as shown in Fig. 8-50. What change in
the RL branch will make point A lie on the voltage phasor? Ans. Set XL to 5.78 ohms.

Locus of It

v= 100/0° V= 15Q /-25

Fig. 8-50 Fig. 8-51

8.54. A three-branch parallel circuit has a current locus as given in Fig. 8-51. Determine all of the cir-
cuit constants if « = 5000 rad/sec.

Ans. Branch 1: R= 8.05, L= .423 mh. Branch 2: R= 4.16, C= 27.7 /if. Branch 3: L = 2.74 mh
and variable R.