The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics including the zeroth, first, second, and third laws. It also covers concepts like heat, temperature, phases of matter, ideal gases, and thermodynamic processes.
The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics including the zeroth, first, second, and third laws. It also covers concepts like heat, temperature, phases of matter, ideal gases, and thermodynamic processes.
The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics including the zeroth, first, second, and third laws. It also covers concepts like heat, temperature, phases of matter, ideal gases, and thermodynamic processes.
The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics including the zeroth, first, second, and third laws. It also covers concepts like heat, temperature, phases of matter, ideal gases, and thermodynamic processes.
Zeroth Law: When two bodies are thermally equilibrium with when third body, there are also thermal equilibrium with each other. Relates with thermal equilibrium Thermometer (Practical applications)
Applications: Thermometer (Practical applications) Melting of ice cubes Heating and cooling systems
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy neither be created nor be destroyed and can form one form to one another. Q= W+E Q= HEAT W=WORK E=ENERGY Heat and mechanical work are mutually convert able
Example: Conversion of energy (concept of internal energy) Second law of thermodynamics: It is impossible for self-acting machine to transfer heat from a body of temp. to body at higher temp. without help of external force.
Applications: heat engine cycles Refrigerator Air Conditioners
Third law of thermodynamics:
Entropy of pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is zero. It’s impossible to achieve absolute Zero Entropy: Measure of disorder of system. Denoted by: ‘S’ Thermal energy of system per unit temp. that is unavailable for doing useful work S(solid)<S(liquid)<S(gases)
Enthalpy: Total heat content of a system is known as enthalpy. h= U+P.V h= enthalpy U=Internal energy P.V = flow energy
Temperature: Degree of hotness and coldness is called temperature. Relates with thermal equilibrium and zeroth law T=PV/mR
Temperature scales: Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine(R) Celsius and Fahrenheit are for experimentally, based on melting and boiling point Kelvin and Rankine for thermodynamically, independent of materials
Conversions: T(K)= T (℃) +273.15 T(R)= T (℉) + 459.67 T(R) =1.8(K) T (℉) =1.8T (℃) +32 T (℃) = 5/9 (℉-32) ΔT(K)= ΔT (℃) T(℃)=ΔT(℉) Property T(K) T(℃) T(℉) Boiling point 273 100 212 Freezing point 273 0 32 Absolute Zero 0 -273 -460
Critical Point: In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. The most prominent example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist.
Heat: It is the form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperature, usually measured in joules.
Modes: Conduction Convection Radiation Latent Heat: Amount of heat is required to charge the state of substance without charges its temperature.
L=Q/m L=specific latent heat of a substance Q=energy released or absorbed during phase change m=mass Sensible Heat:
When energy is transferred as heat to an object changes its temperature but not in heat.
Perfect Gas/Ideal Gas:
State of substance through evaporation to liquid state is complete.
Laws: Boyle’s Law: Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume and temperature is kept constant PV=constant P1V1=P2V2 Charles law: Volume is directly proportional to temperature and pressure is constant. V1/T1=P1/P2
Avogadro’s Law: For ideal gas, volume is directly proportional to the amount of substance. (n) V=constant × n
