QUESTION 1 A

450+500
Average inflow ¿ 2
=475 cfs

500+530
Average outflow ¿ 2
=515 cfs

Amount of water emptied during the hour

change ∈storage duringthe hour =( outflow−inflow )

∆ S=( 515−475 ) cfs × ( 60 ×60 ) sec

∆ S=40 cfs × 3600 sec
3
∆ S=144000 ft

Change in storage during the hour in cubic meters

cubic feet :cubic meter
1 :0.0283168
144000 :cubic meter

Cubic meter ¿ 4077.62 m3

Change in storage during the hour in acre feet

cubic feet :acre feet
−5
1 :2.296 ×10
144000 :acre feet

Acre feet = 3.306 acre feet

QUESTION 1 B

Area¿ 10000 km2=10000 ×1010 cm2

3
m
Q¿ 140
sec

Time = 1 year
Q
Runoff¿ A ×t
6
140× 10
R= 10
×(365 × 24 ×60 × 60)
10000 ×10

−6 3
R=(1.4 × 10 )×(31536 × 10 )
R=44.15 cm

Assume that change in storage =0

Storage change=Annual Precipitation-Runoff-ETlosses

0=105−44.15−ET losses
cm
ET losses=60.85
yr
 QUESTION 1 C

Area of reservoir ¿ 1 km2=1× 106 m2= 100 ha

Water level in the reservoir¿−0.2 m
Surface inflow ¿ 10 ha−m
Water extracted for irrigation and power¿ 20 ha−m
Evaporation ¿ 0.12 m
Rainfall¿ 0.03 m
Pan factor = 0.7

Change in storage
∆ S=inflow−outflow
∆ S=I −O

Inflow
I =surface inflow+ rainfall
I =[ 10+ ( 0.03 ×100 ) ] ha. m
I =13 ha . m

outflow
O=water for irrigation∧ power +evaporation+ seepage loss
O=20 ha . m+ ( 0.7 × 0.12× 100 ) +seepage loss
O=20+ 8.4+ seepage loss
O=28.4 + seepageloss
∆ S=I −O
−20=13 ha .m−(28.4 +seepage loss)
28.4+ seepage loss=13+ 20
seepageloss=33−28.4
seepageloss=4.6 ha . m

QUESTION 2 A

yea annual annual cumulativ cumulativ adjusted accumula

r rainfall average e data for e rainfall rainfall ted
for rainfall 10 for station (mm) adjusted
station for the stations M(mm) rainfall
M(mm) group (mm)
(mm)
197 612 588 588 612 521.91762 521.91762
9 79 79
197 426 410 998 1038 363.29560 885.21323
8 38 17
197 825 787 1785 1863 703.56542 1588.7786
7 98 61
197 685 653 2438 2548 584.17250 2172.9511
6 84 7
197 356 377 2815 2904 303.59914 2476.5503
5 3 13
197 568 570 3385 3472 484.39413 2960.9444
4 83 51
197 438 390 3775 3910 373.52928 3334.4737
3 27 34
197 386 400 4175 4296 329.18334 3663.6570
2 05 74
197 497 490 4665 4793 423.84487 4087.5019
 1 1 46
197 635 590 5255 5428 541.53217 4629.0341
0 93 25
196 375 350 5605 5803 319.80246 4948.8365
9 81 93
196 596 646 6251 6399 508.27272 5457.1093
8 26 16
196 573 650 6901 6972 488.65817 5945.7674
7 12 87
196 999 1140 8041 7971 851.95377 6797.7212
6 5 62
196 1244 1400 9441 9215 1060.8913 7858.6126
5 87 49
196 679 770 10211 9894 579.05566 8437.6683
4 89 18
196 828 950 11161 10722 706.12384 9143.7921
3 96 68
196 504 580 11741 11226 429.81451 9573.6066
2 71 85
196 531 600 12341 11757 452.84029 10026.446
1 48 98
196 415 480 12821 12172 353.91473 10380.361
0 14 71
195 503 575 13396 12675 428.96171 10809.323
9 05 42
195 493 560 13956 13168 420.43364 11229.757
8 47 07
195 431 490 14446 13599 367.55963 11597.316
7 67 7
195 479 540 14986 14078 408.49435 12005.811
6 26 06
195 699 800 15786 14777 596.11180 12601.922
5 05 86
195 472 540 16326 15249 402.52470 13004.447
4 65 56
195 462 520 16846 15711 393.99664 13398.444
3 07 2
195 95 110 16956 15806 81.016625 13479.460
2 25 83
 195 578 660 17616 16384 492.92220 13972.383
1 42 03
195 676 780 18396 17060 576.49724 14548.880
0 92 28

Original data

18000 annual rainfall vs average rainfall for station m

16000

14000
Annual rainfall for station m (mm)

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

Average annual rainfall for 10 neighbouring stations (mm)

 Corrected data

annual rainfall vs average rainfall for station m

16000

14000

12000

10000
annual rainfall for station m (mm)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

Average annual rainfall for 10 neighbouring station (mm)

 QUESTION 2 B (i)

Time since start of 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

the storm (hr)

Incremental rainfall 1.75 2.25 6 4.5 2.5 1.5 0.75

in the time interval
(cm)
intensity of the 3.5 2.25 4 2.25 1 0.5 0.214
rainfall

Incremental rainfall ∈thetime interval(cm)

Intensity of rainfall ¿ Time (hr )

Hyetograph

intensity of storm vs time

4.5

3.5
intensity of the rainfall (cm/hr)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

time since the start of storm (hr)

 QUESTION 2 B (ii)

Time since start of the 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

storm (hr)

Incremental rainfall in 1.75 2.25 6 4.5 2.5 1.5 0.75

the time interval (cm)

accumulated rainfall 1.75 4 10 14.5 17 18.5 19.25

(cm)

Mass curve of rainfall

accumlated rainfall vs time

25

20
accumulated rainfall (cm)

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

time (hr)
 QUESTION 2 C (i)

Time since start 0 0.17 0.33 0.5 0.67 0.83 1 1.17 1.33 1.5
of the storm
(hr)
Accumulated 0 2.1 6.3 14.5 21.7 27.9 33 35.1 36.2 37
rainfall (cm)

Incremental 0 2.1 4.2 8.2 7.2 6.2 5.1 2.1 1.1 0.8
rainfall in the
time interval
(cm)
intensity of the 0 12.6 12.6 16.4 10.8 7.44 5.1 1.8 0.83 0.53
rainfall (cm/hr)

Hyetograph

intensity of rainfall vs time

18

16

14
intensity of rainfall (cm/hr)

12

10

0
0.00 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.00 1.17 1.33 1.50
time (hr)
 QUESTION 2 C (II & III)

maximum intensity-duration
data
6
Duration (min) 10 20 30 40 50 0 70 80 90
3
max depth (mm) 8.2 15.4 21.6 26.7 30.9 3 35.1 36.2 37
max intensity 49. 40.0 37.0 3 30.0 27.1 24.6
(mm) 2 46.2 42 5 8 3 9 5 7
Maximum intensity -duration curve

maximum intensity vs duration

60

50
intensity (mm/hr)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
duration (min)

Maximum depth-duration curve

maximum depth vs duration

40

35

30
maximum depth (mm)

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
duration (min)
 QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

distance dept velocity (m/s) average average discharge

from water h (m) at 0.2d at width(m velocity (m3/s)
edge (m) 0.8d ) (m/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 1.6875 0.5 1.096875
3 2.5 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.75 2.8125
4.5 1.7 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.6 1.53
6 1 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.75
7.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.6875 0.35 0.23625
9 0 0 0 0 0 0
total discharge 6.425625

Total discharge (Q)= q1 +q2 +……+ qn-1

Where qn=wnynvn
Average width of first segment
2 2
w2 1.5
(w 1+ ) (1.5+ )
2 2
w 1= = =1.6875 m
2 w1 2(1.5)

Average with of intermediate segment

wi +w i+1 1.5+ 1.5
wI = = =1.5 m
2 2

Average width of last segment

 2 2
w n−1 1.5
(wn + ) (1.5+ )
2 2
w n= = =1.6875 m
2 wn 2(1.5)

Average velocity is calculated as such

v 0.2 d + v 0.8 d 0.9+0.6 m
v i= = =0.75
2 2 s