Purposive Communication Reviewer

❖ Psychological - emanate from the emotions of

the sender or recipient.
- a process by which information is exchanged ❖ Physical - affect the receiver's physical
between individuals through a common system condition
of symbols, signs, or behavior. ❖ Physiological - when people have physical traits
that make communicating more complicated:
such as if someone cannot articulate properly,
stutters, or has a throat disease.
VERBAL - communication using words - Combination of physical and
NONVERBAL - communication using body (e.g. sign psychological barriers
language, signal, letter, body movements, etc.) ❖ Culture - Different cultures have their own
way of conveying messages. Besides language,
people convey messages using gestures and
symbols
❖ Language - occurs because of language
SENDER - crafts the message differences.
- Encoder
ENCODING- process of converting idea
MESSAGE - information, idea, content
- expressed through written, action,
non-verbal and verbal
CHANNEL - the way in which a message or messages
travel between source and receiver. ” (McLean, 2005)
RECEIVER - receives the message from the source,
analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both
intended and unintended by the source. ” (McLean,
2005)
DECODING- the mental process of
interpreting message into meaning
FEEDBACK - composed of messages the receiver
1. Inevitable
sends back to the source.
2. Complex
CONTEXT - context of the communication
3. Irreversible
interaction involves the setting, scene, and
4. Contextual
expectations of the individuals involved. ” (McLean,
2005)
ENVIRONMENT - the atmosphere, physical and
psychological, where you send and receive messages.”
(McLean, 2005)
INTERFERENCE - is anything that blocks or changes ● Respect audience
the source’s intended meaning of the message. ● Speak from your own experience
”(McLean, 2005) ● Value truth
- “Noise” ● Strive to understand
- “barrier” ● Avoid a negative tone

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Purposive Communication Reviewer

- Pictorial representation of communication

process, ideas, thought, and concepts through
diagrams

- One-Directional Communication
- one-way type of communication and can be
helpful in communicating a message out to a
wide range of people all at once

1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL - entire authority of 3. SHANNON’S MODEL OF

fluent communication is laid on the sender COMMUNICATION - Claude Shannon
only. (1948), presented one of the earliest models
- sender should wisely choose the words of communication
for the message depending on the - elaborates on how the dissemination of
targeted audience. information takes place and also
- Aristotle emphasised the importance determines what all can go wrong
of maintaining eye contact with the while communicating
receiver/ audience to ensure the
authenticity of the message

4. BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION -

importance of thorough communication is laid
2. LASSWELL’S MODEL - seeks to ask 5 on the person sending the message and the
important questions and they are as follows receiver
➔ Who said? - to properly decode and encode the
➔ What did they say? message, the communication skills of
➔ What was the channel? (TV, radio, blog, both, sender and receiver, must be
etc.) fluent. If both are skilled,
➔ To whom did they say it? communication will be at its best!
➔ What were the effects?

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Purposive Communication Reviewer

receiver of a message are considered to be

active participants in the communication
process

2. DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL - builds on the

circular models and explains how messages are
improved with time by using feedback
- When we are communicating with
someone, their feedback influences our
next statement.
- With each cycle of communication, our
pool of knowledge grows wider or we
‘expand our circle’ which are
represented in the figure below.
- Two-Way Communication - The upward movement of the spiral
- participants alternate positions as sender and shows a new cycle of communication
receiver and generate meaning by sending that is independent of the previous
messages and receiving feedback within one
physical and psychological contexts (Schramm,
1997)

1. SCHRAMM’S MODEL - elaborates on the

importance of both sender and receiver, turn
by turn, in the message

- informal network of communication that

spreads rumors, gossip, and information
throughout an organization

1. SINGLE STRAND CHAIN

- passes through a single line of people

- Personal Communication with immediate

two-way feedback
1. BARNLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL -
two-way process where both the sender and

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Purposive Communication Reviewer

2. GOSSIP CHAIN
- one individual passing on the
information to everyone/group

- term used to describe how trade and

technology have made the world into a more
connected and interdependent place (National
Geographic)

- describes the manner in which a given society

deals with cultural diversity.
- all the different cultural or racial groups in
3. PROBABILITY CHAIN a society have equal rights and opportunities
- also known as random process
- information is provided at random
during the process INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- sharing of meanings with and receiving and
interpreting ideas from people whose cultural
background is different from yours
VARIATIONS (Samovar and Porter, 2001):
➢ Interracial communication - interaction
among people of different races.
Ex. A tourist guide conducting a tour for a
group of people with different nationalities
➢ Inter-ethnic communication - interaction
among people who have different ethnic
groups.
Ex. An international correspondent interviewing the
4. CLUSTER CHAIN
aborigines of Australia for a television documentary
- individual passes on knowledge to a few people
using this method
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➢ International communication - interaction are given equal opportunity to access and

between persons representing different study the information in the said sources.
political structures With this, information and ideas slowly
Ex. The president of a parliamentary transcend boundaries and social strata
government meeting the president of a
democratic government
➢ Intra-cultural communication - members of
Communication Competence Components:
the same ethnic, racial, or subculture groups
❖ Self-awareness
interact and share messages among others.
❖ Adaptability
Ex. The head of the Manobo tribe meeting his
❖ Cognitive Complexity
constituents
❖ Ethics
Characteristics of Competent Global Communicator:
High-context communication is a 1. Tolerance during uncertainty
tradition-linked communication system which 2. Contemplative
adheres strongly to being indirect. Low-context 3. Sensitive
communication is a system that works on 4. Adaptable
straightforward communication 5. Polite
6. Avoids negative questions
7. Supportive
8. Unbiased or unprejudiced
9. Observant
1. Increased Business Opportunities - with the 10. Does not use slang
help of communication platforms (e.g. Google 11. Watches the humor
Meet, Zoom, Skype, etc.), employees and 12. Maintains etiquette
applicants can now be hired by companies from
other countries.
- outsourcing jobs/services from other
countries helps the operations of the company
to be more efficient and modern
2. Fewer Cultural Barriers – being able to
communicate with other people frequently
and easily results in one person’s better
understanding of other cultures and customs.
3. Creation of a Global Village – according to
Marshall McLuhan, a “global village” is formed
when distance and separation is of no more
importance. This “global village” is made
possible because of the ability of technology
to connect people
4. Accessibility and Equitability – due to the
availability of online communication platforms
(e.g. Facebook, Google, YouTube, e-books,
search engines, online courses, etc.), people

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