RIZAL REVIEWER ● Memorializing with special fondness

and devotion their lives and works

RA 1425 that have shaped the national
● Republic Act No. 1425 popularly character;
known as the Rizal Law, directs all ● Suffuse the life, works, and writings
private and public schools, colleges, of Jose Rizal which give constant
and universities to include in their and inspiring source of inspiration to
curricula courses or subjects on the the youth, especially during their
life, works, and writings of Jose formative and decisive years in
Rizal, particularly the novels Noli school; and
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. ● All schools are enjoyed to develop
moral character, personal discipline,
Background of Rizal Law civic conscience, and to teach the
● April 19, 1956 - “conflict in the duties of citizenship.
House of Representatives”
Congressman Jacobo Z. Gonzales The Hazard of Translation
introduced House Bill No. 5516. An ● R.A. 1425 is realistic in terms of
identical copy of House Bill No. 438. promoting the study of Rizal’s works
● April 23, 1956 - debate on Senate in their original language.
Bill No. 5516; State (Sen. ● Rizal’s writings are in Spanish, and
Laurel/Recto) and Church (Sen. translations can often lose the
Mariano J. Cuenco, Decoroso nuances and subtleties of the original
Rosales, Francisco Rodrigo). text.
● May 2, 1956 - Jose P. Laurel, ● It is important for students to learn
Committee on Education Spanish and read Rizal’s works in
recommended the approval without their original form to fully appreciate
amendment. and understand them.
● May 9, 1956 - debate started ● Not all students may have access to
following the report of the Spanish-language resources or
Committee on Education. qualified teachers who can teach the
● June 12, 1956 - Republic Act No. language.
1425 wa approved by President ● Some translations of Rizal’s works
Ramon Magsaysay. may not accurately convey the
intended meaning or may contain
Goals and Objectives of the Rizal Law errors.
● It was intended to the rededication
on the ideals of freedom and Translators
nationalism for which our heroes 1. Pascual G. Poblete (1909) - Filipino
lived and died; writer, journalist, and linguist,
remarkably noted as the first
 translator of Jose Rizal’s Noli Me 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
Tangere into the Tagalog language. ● The people of Spain did have Human
2. Pedro Gatmatian (1948) - A writer Rights and they enjoyed it ( Freedom
and poet. of Speech, Freedom of the Press and
3. Patricio Mariano (1961) - a Filipino Freedom to Assembly). However,
nationalista, revolutionary, pundit the Spanish who cherished these
(poet), playwright, dramatist, short Rights in Spain denied them to our
story writer, novelist, journalist, fellow country men, the Filipinos.
violinist, and painter. 5. No Equality Before the Law
4. Antonio at Melendez-Cruz (1991). ● Spaniards considered our ancestors
5. Virgilio Almario (1998). Roi Alma, as inferior beings to them.
is a Filipino author, poet, critic, ● Leyes de Indian ( Laws of the
editor, teacher, and cultural manager. Indies). Promulgated by the
He is a National Artist. Christians monarchs of Spain,
6. Gimena at Navaro Filipinos were abused, brutalized,
persecuted and slandered by their
Spanish Misrules and Abuses Spanish matters.
1. Instability of Colonial 6. Racial Discrimination
Administration ● During Rizal’s time a white skin,
● Frequent shift of policies owing to pointy nose and Castillian lineage
struggle between liberalism and were a badge of vaunted superiority.
despotism. Indios were supposed to be called
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials inferior beings because of the color
● Governor General Miguel Primo De of the skin, hair, and shape of their
Rivera - a Spanish dictator and nose.
military officer who ruled as the 7. Maladministration of Justice
prime minister of Spain was one of ● Justice was costly, partial and slow.
the corrupt officials. He operated To poor Filipinos they had no access
casinos and accepted bribes to obtain to the courts . To the Filipino masses,
a lot of money. Friars also used the litigation in court was a calamity.
word of God to collect and steal the 8. Frailocracy
offerings of the people. ● Friars ( Augustinians, Dominicans,
3. Philippine Representation in Spanish and Franciscans) - controlled the
Cortes religious educational life of the
● The Spanish cortes was established Philippines and later in the 19th
in 1837 to hide the corruption and century they acquired tremendous
abuse happening in the Philippines. political power, and influence.
With this, the Philippines was poorly
represented and resulted in various
atrocities of the Spanish colonizers.
9. Forced Labor Spanish Peninsular Troops of their
● Polo y Servicio - a compulsory labor work in policing towns. It consisted
imposed by the Spanish authorities of a body of Filipino policemen
on adult Filipino male in the organized originally in each of the
construction of establishments. provincial capitals -the oldest law
Filipino male ranging from 16 to 60 enforcement agency in Spain and is
years old were obliged to render one of two national police forces.
forced labor for 40 days a year. The
workers could be placed on any Dates to Remember
project the Spanish wanted, despite ● 1805 - Nueva Vizcaya Revolt
hazardous or unhealthy conditions. ● 1807 - Ambaristo Revolt
10. Hacienda Were Owned by the Friars ● The Last Galleon Left Manila for
● Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform Mexico
in 1887 but in vain, ignited the wrath ● 1813 - Spain ended the Galleon
of the Dominican Friars who Trade
retaliated by raising land rentals. ● 1815 - The Last State Galleon Left
● The agrarian reform aimed at Acapulco for Manila
modernizing the feudal structure of ● 1821 - The Philippines as Province
southern agriculture by expropriating of Spain
the most unproductive portions of ● 1823 - Rebellion of Andres Nobales
the large estates (latifundia) and ● 1834 (Sept. 6) - Royal Decree
redistributing them to landless Officially Opened Manila to the
peasants in the form of small World Trade
holdings. ● 1837 - Manila Officially Opened to
● Feu·dal·ism - the dominant social the World Commerce
system in medieval Europe, in which ● 1849 - Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria y
the nobility held lands from the Zaldua Issued the Claveria Decree
Crown in exchange for military (Catálogo de Alfabético de
service, and vassals were in turn Apellidos)
tenants of the nobles, while the
peasants (villeins or serfs) were Economic History: Opening of the
obliged to live on their lord's land Philippines to the World
and give him homage, labor, and a ● 1815 - the last galleon arrived in
share of the produce, notionally in manila (Manila to Acapulco) -
exchange for military protection 1830’s
11. Guardia Civil Abuses ● 1834 - Manila officially opened to
● The police organization was created the world commerce
by the Royal Decree issued by the ● The rise of hacienda and cash-crop
Spanish Crown government on economy
February 12, 1852. It relieved the
 ● Expansion of export products in ● Espouses the theory that God
Europe to Suez Canal (1869) endowed man with natural rights
● The Philippines became a major such as the right to life, liberty, and
exporter (sugar, tobacco, coffee, and property.
abaca) and became well-known in ● According to this theory, kings
other parts of the world. derive their power from the people.
● 1834-1873 - different ports were ● Rulers have the obligation to look
opened: Sual (Pangasinan); Iloilo; after the general welfare, the people
Zamboanga; Cebu; and Legazpi. have the obligation to support their
rulers.
Social History: Birth of the Middle Class
Social Classes in the Philippines Philosophers that Contributed to Rizal’s
● Peninsulares - Insulares - Spaniards Thinking
born in the Philippines ● John Locke
● Middle Class - Spanish Mestizo or ● Voltaire
Mestizo de Espanol; the principalia; ● Jean-Jaques Rousseau
and the Chinese mestizos or mestizos ● Thomas Hobbes
de sangley ● Hegel
● Chinese - people from China ● Mikhail Bakunin
migrated in the Philippines ● Karl Marx
● Indio - Malayan inhabitant in the ● Friedrich Engels
archipelago.
Marx and Rousseau
● Espoused the theory that God
endowed man with natural rights
POLITICS, RELIGION, AND such as right to life, liberty, and
EDUCATION property, and by entering into a
social contract, man formed a civil
The Divine Right Theory society to protect his right.
● Very popular through the 15th - 18th ● When governance is oppressive it is
centuries. the right of the people to overthrow
● God created the state and chose such a government.
individuals to be given a “royal ● Man is inherently good but the false
birth” and therefore the “divine right values of society corrupt him.
to rule”. ● Everything is God when it leaves the
● Opposition to the ruler is both hands of God but everything
treason and moral sin. degenerates in the hands of man.
● Justifies absolute monarchy. ● Man is born free but everywhere in
chains.
Social Contract Theory
Mikhail Bakunin Feudalism
● Hated all forms of authority. ● A system of land ownership and
work relations during the middle
Marx and Hegel ages particularly in Europe.
● Share the theory that progress takes ● Landlords owning vast tracts of
place, conflicts are inevitable. lands by virtue of conquest or land
● Destruction of something old to grabbing.
create something new. ● Feudalism is the term invented in the
16th century by royal lawyers to
Voltaire describe the social, political, and
● Pen is mightier than sword. economic society out of which the
modern state was emerging.
Religiosity was merged with politics: ● Feudalism came from the German
religious doctrines and dogma serveda a word feud or “cow”.
persuasive sanctions. ● Fief - means something or value,
usually a land.
WORLD EVENTS ● Order giver and follower
- Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 relationship.
allowed liberal ideas to flow into the ● Master-servant
archipelago. ● The fundamental feature of such
- England was the leading world work relations is that the
power. subordinate, servant, or worker is
- Japan opened its door to the Western obliged, if not coerced, to do the
world after 2124 years of isolation. bidding of his master without
- In the second half of the 19th question, under pain of some
century, ilustrados started the sanction.
Propaganda movement. They
exposed the social ills in the Definition of Terms
Philippines and struggled to gain ● Bureaucracy - a system of
freedom for the Filipinos. government in which power is
- La Solaridad was the official organ; divided among different departments
exposition on abuses of friars and and officials.
civil authorities were biting and ● Encomienda - a Spanish labor
satirical. system that rewarded conquerors
- Propaganda movement exerted much with the labor of conquered
effort to awaken the Filipinos to the non-Christian people.
excesses of the authorities and stirred ● Encomiendero - receiver of the grant,
up their sentiments. could extract tributes from the Indios
in gold, kind, and labor, and was
FEUDALISM required to protect them and instruct
 them in the Christian faith. The
encomienda did not include a grant
of land, but in practice the
encomienderos gained control of
land.
● Gobernadorcillo - the leader of a
town or pueblo. The highest
government position held by a
Filipino.
● Principalia - the principalia or the
noble class, was the ruling and
usually educated upper class in the
pueblo.
● Conquistador - the one that conquers,
specifically a leader in the Spanish
conquest of America and especially
of Mexico and Peru in the 16th
century.
● Friars - the vanguards of the
Christian faith.
● The Barrio was administered by the
Cabeza de Barangay who served as
tax and contributions collector for
the gobernadorcillo.

Feudal Relations Results

● Inequitable - Inequality
● Exploitative - Exploitation
● Oppressive - Oppression

World Trade Crops

● Sugar
● Indigo
● Tobacco
● Coffee
● Rice
● Corn
● Silk
● spices