Research

- A systematic investigation, study of materials and sources  Characteristics of Research

to establish facts and to reach new conclusions.
1. Empirical - Research is based on observations and
- An act of studying something carefully and extensively in experimentation of theories. It takes into account the
order to attain deep knowledge. direct experiences that fuse the researcher’s speculation
with reality.
- Suggests appropriate solutions to improve an individual’s
2. Systematic – Research follows orderly and sequential
quality of life.
procedures, based on valid procedures and principles.
Other definitions Researcher are advised to refer to the research guidelines
provided or prescribed by the school.
- It is an inquiry process
3. Controlled – In research, all variables, except those that
- It is a formal process of problem solving are tested/experimented on, are kept constant.
- It is a set of procedures and stages 4. Employs Hypothesis – The hypothesis guides the
investigation process. Research refers to a search for
- It originates with a question or a problem
facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems.
 Why do research? (For Undergraduate)
5. Analytical – There is a critical analysis of all data used so
- You can investigate topics that may be interest you. that there is no error in the researcher’s interpretations.

- It can make you study (course work) more meaningful 6. Objective – The term also refers to the research as
and you’ll discover real world application of what you’re unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on
studying. empirical data.

- You can have hands-on, practical experience in your field 7. Original Work – requires effort to get at the researcher’s
study. own investigation and produced the data needed to
complete the study.
- It is a great way to network and meet new people.
 Other Characteristics of Qualitative Research
- Allows you to grow and uncover opportunities for later
career. Concern for context and meaning- since it is context bound,
the human experience takes its meaning from social,
 Forms of Undergraduate Research Experience historical, political and cultural influences.

1. Class-Based Activities – such as naturalistic observation, Natural occurring setting – Qualitative research studies
surveys and experiments often be structured to train behavior.
students in the steps of the research process.
Humans as instrument – the researcher is the primary
instrument for gathering and analyzing data.
2. Class-Based Projects – term papers, service learning and
community-based and campus-based learning can be of Descriptive data – data in qualitative studies are in the form
research nature. of words or pictures or other visual rather than numbers or
statistics.
3. Capstone – experiences like senior research projects and
research tasks/assignments cam allow students to develop Emergent design - in qualitative research, the design cannot
and explore a research question of their own. be finalized at the onset because the researcher continues to
adjust his/her methods and ways of proceeding as the study
4. Out-of-the-Class Student/Faculty Collaborative progresses.
Research – provides students opportunity to work with
 Types of Research
faculty members on their own on-going research or on a
project jointly planned or designed by both. 1. Library Research – this type is done primarily in the
library where answers to specific questions or problems
 Importance of Research in Daily Life are available.
The Role of Research 2. Field Research – the research is one in the natural setting
such as barangay, school or factory.
- Research leads an expansion of knowledge and
discoveries. 3. Laboratory Research – this type is conducted in an
artificial or controlled situations by doing the study in a
- Research effects have led to breakthrough.
thoroughly specified and equipped area.
- Research increases the understanding of a phenomenon.

The Significance of Research

- To gather necessary information

- To make changes
- To improve the standard of living
- For a safer life
- To know the truth
- To explore our history
- To understand arts
Ethics and Research
What is Ethics?

- Refers to as the norms for conduct that distinguish

between acceptable and unacceptable

- Method, procedure or perspective for deciding how

to act and for analyzing complex problems and
issues.

- Involves the application of fundamental ethical

principles to a variety of topics involving research.

Functions of Ethics

- Norms promote the aims of research such as

knowledge, truth and evidence of error.

- Ethical standards promote the values that are

essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect and fairness

- Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held

accountable to the public.

- Ethical norms in research, is research that helps build

public support quality and integrity of research.

Ethical Principles

- Honesty - Responsible Publication

- Objectivity - Respect for Colleagues
- Integrity - Social Responsibility
- Carefulness - Non-Discrimination
- Openness - Competence
- Confidentiality - Legality
- Respect for Intellectual property

The Research Process

1. Define Research Problem

2. Review The Literature
3. Formulate Hypothesis
4. Design Research
5. Collect Data
6. Analyze Data
7. Interpret and Report.
 - Words, words and more words come in big quantity
Qualitative Research and Its Importance in Daily in this kind of research. Data gathering through
Life interviews or library reading, as well as the
presentation of data analysis results, is done verbally.
Qualitative Research
8. Internal Analysis
- A research type that puts premium or high value on
- Here, you examine the data yielded by the internal
people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by
traits of the subject individuals. You study people’s
their personal traits.
perception or views about your topic, not the effects
of their physical existence on your study.
- Usually takes place in soft sciences like social
sciences, politics, economics, humanities, education,
psychology, nursing and all business-related subjects. Types of Qualitative Research

- Subjectivity in qualitative research is true, not only 1. Case Study

for an individual or a group under study, but also for - Involves a long-time study of a person, group,
the researcher, because of your personal involvement organization, or situation.
in every stage of your study - It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to a
subject.
- In qualitative research, the reality is contained by
society and people’s intentions are involved in 2. Ethnography
explaining cause-effect relationship. - The study of a particular cultural group to get a
clear understanding of its organizational set-up,
internal operation, and lifestyle.
Characteristics of a Qualitative Research - A particular group reveals the nature or
characteristics of their own culture through the world
1. Human Understanding and Interpretation
perceptions of the cultural group’s members.
- Data analysis results show an individual’s mental,
social and spiritual understanding of the world.
3. Phenomenology
Hence, through their worldviews, you come to know
- Coming from the word “phenomenon”, which
what kind of human being he/she is, including his/her
means something known through sensory experience.
values, beliefs, like and dislikes.
- It refers to the study of how people find their own
experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make
2. Active, Powerful and Forceful
people understand their experiences about death of
- A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of
loved ones, care for handicapped persons,
a qualitative research. As you go through research
friendliness of people, etc.
process, you find the need to amend or rephrase
interview questions and consider varied ways of
4. Content and Discourse Analysis
getting answers, like shifting from mere speculating
- Content analysis is a method of quantitative research
to traveling to places for data gathering.
that requires an analysis or examination of the
substance or content of the mode of communication
- You are not fixated to a certain plan. Rather, you are
used by a person, group, organization, or any
inclined to discover your qualitative research design
institution in communication.
in accordance with your research objectives.
- A study of language structures used in medium of
communication to discover the effects of
3. Multiple Research Approaches and Methods
sociological, cultural, institutional and ideological
- Qualitative research allows you to approach or plan
factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis.
your study in varied ways. You are free to combine
this with quantitative research and use all gathered
5. Historical Analysis
data and analysis techniques. Being a multi-method
- Central to this qualitative research method is the
research, a qualitative study applies all research type.
examination of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of past events to the
4. Specificity to Generalization
present time.
- Specific ideas in qualitative research are directed to a
general understanding of something. It follows
6. Grounded Theory
inductive or scientific method of thinking that will
- Grounded theory takes place when you discover a
lead you to more complex ideas such as
new theory to underlie your study at the time of
generalization or conclusions.
data collection and analysis.
- Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are
5. Contextualization
the data gathering techniques for this type of
- Qualitative research involves all variables, factors, or
qualitative research.
conditions affecting the study. Your goal here is to
understand human behavior. Thus, it is crucial for
you to examine the context or situation of an Advantages or strengths of qualitative research
individual’s life – the who, what, why, how, and
other circumstances – affecting his/her way of life. 1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter,
which means that those involve in the research understand
6. Diversified Data in Real-life Situations things based on what they find meaningful.
- Qualitative research prefers collecting data in natural 2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or
setting like observing people as they live and work, personality traits in their natural setting.
analyzing photographs or videos as that genuinely 3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
appear to people, and looking at classrooms 4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it
unchanged or adjusted to people’s intentional demands the researcher’s careful and attentive stand
observations. toward people’s world views.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social
7. Abounds with Words and Visuals interactions.
6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study as it
includes the researcher’s experience of background
knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining
knowledge about something.

Disadvantages or weaknesses of qualitative research

1. It involves a lot researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.

2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data.
3. Its open-ended questions yield “data overload” that
requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend
on the researcher’s views and interpretations.
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Broad Categories of Research  Difference between Quantitative Research and
1. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
2. Qualitative Research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

To understand and interpret To test hypotheses, look at
- Primarily exploratory research social interactions cause and effect and make
- It is used to give an understanding of underlying reasons, predictions
opinions and motivations Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly
- It is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions selected selected
and dig deeper into the problem. Study of the whole, not Specific variables studied
- It is a research method most often used in the analysis of variables
Words, images or objects Numbers and statistics
the literature
Data such as open-ended Data based on precise
response, interviews, measurements using
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
participants observations, structured and validated
- Is more often associated with hard data. field notes and reflections data-collection instruments
- This research is used to quantify- that is to put to Identify patterns, features Identify statistical
numerical equivalents to findings. and themes relationships
Researchers and their biases Researcher and their biases
- Is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
may be known to are not known to
mathematical data or data that can be transformed into
participants in the study, and participants in the study and
usable statistics. participants characteristics participants characteristics
- It quantifies altitudes, opinions, behaviors and other may be known to the are deliberately hidden from
defined variables and generalize results from a large researcher the researcher
sample of populations. Particular or specialized Generalizable findings that
findings that is less can be applied to other
 5 features of Qualitative Research according to (Yin, generalizable populations
2011):
Exploratory or bottom-up Confirmatory or top-down
1. Studying the meaning of people’s lives, under real-world method method
conditions; people will not be limited by the confines of a Dynamic, situational, social Regular and predictable
laboratory and personal
Explore, discover and Describe, explain and
2. Representing the views and perspective of the people or construct predict
participants of the study in the results of the research Wide-angle lens; examinees Narrow-angle lens; tests
the breadth and depth of specific hypotheses
mirror the values and meanings of the people who live
phenomena
them, not by the researcher.
Study behavior in a natural Study behavior under
environment controlled conditions;
3. Covering the contextual condition within which people isolate casual effects
live the social institutions and environmental conditions Multiple realities; subjective Single reality; objective
within which live. They may influence all human events. Narrative report with Statistical report with
contextual description and correlations, comparisons of
4. Contributing insights into existing or emerging concepts direct quotations from means and statistical
may help or explain human social behavior. Research can research participants significance of findings
be instances for developing new concepts.

5. Striving to use multiple sources of evidence is better than

relying on a single source alone.

 Similarities of Qualitative and Quantitative Research

1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new knowledge.

2. Research creates knowledge by observing phenomena.
3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives and
learning can be inferred from observing what people do or
say in a given setting.
4. All researchers are concerned about the universality of
ideas or expressing an idea in a general statement; that is,
they desire to find meaning for the research results
beyond a particular study.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT
AREAS/FIELDS  Ethnographic Research
- Refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-
 Applied Research depth study of the members of the culture
- Is designed to solve practical problems of the - It involves the systematic collection, description, and
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for analysis of data for development of theories of
knowledge’s sake cultural behavior
- It’s goal to improve human condition - It attempts to understand what is happening naturally
- It is used to find solutions to everyday problems, in the setting and to interpret the data gathered
current illnesses and develop technologies
 Experimental Research
Example: - Is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation,
1. improve agricultural crop production for the purpose of predicting and controlling
2. Treat or cure specific disease phenomena and examining probability and
3. Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices or causality among selected variables.
modes of transportation - It best establishes cause-effect relationships
- This type of research studies the effects of the
variables on each other.
 Basic Research
- Also referred to as a fundamental or pure research, is  Exploratory Research
driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a - is a type conducted for a problem that has not been
scientific question. clearly defined
- Extend man’s knowledge, not to create or invent - It helps determine the best research design, data
things collection method and selection of subjects
- Is designed to add an organized body of scientific - It can be informal, relying on secondary research
knowledge and does not necessarily produce results such as review, available literature and/or data. It is
of practical value. not typically generalizable to the population at large.

Example: Basic Science investigation probes for answers to  Historical Research

questions like the following: - Is one involving analysis of events that occurred in
1. What is the possible cure for HIV? the remote or recent past
2. What is the genetic code of the fruit fly? - It can show patterns that occurred in the past and
3. How do mushrooms reproduce? over time which can help to see where we came from
and what kind of solutions we have used in the past
- Understanding this can add perspective on how we
 Correlational Research examine current events and educational practices
- Refers to the systematic investigation or statistical
study of relationships among two or more variables,  Phenomenological Research
without necessarily determining cause and effect - is inductive descriptive research developed from
- It seeks to establish a relation or association phenomenological philosophy .
between two or more variables that do not readily - Its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually
lend themselves to experimental manipulation. lived by the person.
- It is concerned with the study of experience from
Examples: the perspective of the individual.
- The level of being educated might negatively - It emphasizes the importance of a personal
correlate with the crime rate when an increase in one perspective and interpretation.
variable leads to a decrease in another and vice versa. - Is powerful for understanding subjective experience ,
- What is the relationship between… gaining insights into people’s motivation and actions
school attendance and grades in school? - Attempts to understand one or more individual’s
hours spend each week doing homework and school grades? experiences of a phenomenon by one or more
individuals

 Descriptive Research  Action Research

- refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal - Involves the application of the steps of the
of a class or a particular individual situation or group. scientific method in the classroom problems.
It is also known as statistical research. - Is done in a very limited scope, the population to be
- These studies are a means of discussing new studied is not so big
meanings, describing what exists, determining the - conducted primarily by Education students
frequency with which something occurs and - Studies ongoing practice of a school, organization,
categorizing information. community or institution for the purpose of obtaining
- It collects a large amount of notes for a detailed results that will bring improvements in the system.
study.

Example: Market researchers that want to observe habits of

consumers.
- A company that wants to evaluate the morale of its
staff.
- A school district that wants to understand if students
will access online lessons rather than textbooks.
- An organization to understand if its wellness
programs increase the overall health of the employees
 - this will prevent you from having a clear focus on
your paper. Example: “ Some Remarkable Traits of a
Filipino” or “Several Comments on the RH Law”.
Writing Chapter 1
 Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem  Sources of research topics:
Research is an emergent design which means that it emerges
as you make ongoing decisions about what you have learned. 1. Mass Media communication - press (newspapers, ads,
As a design, qualitative research requires researcher’s TV,Radio, films, etc.
decision-making like how to gather data, from where and 2. Books, internet, government publications, peer-reviewed
whom to collect, when to gather, and for how long is the journals
process will be. To have a holistic picture of qualitative 3. Professional periodicals - College English Language
research project, you have to remember that in deciding on a Teaching Forum, English Forum, The Economist,
topic, you have to consider the kind and the field it belongs, as Academia, Business Circle, Law Review
well as its relevance to your daily life. 4. General periodicals - Reader’s Digest, Women’s
Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time Magazine
 Guidelines in Choosing a Research Topic 5. Work Experience - OJT Training

1. Interest in the subject matter Examples of Research Topics and their Sources
- Your interest in a topic may be caused by your rich
background knowledge about it. Your real interest Possible Area of Source Topic
in a subject push you to research. Investigate, or Research
inquire about it with full motivation, enthusiasm, and 1. Social Problems Magazines, Cyberbullying
energy. journals, social and coping
media, books, mechanisms
2. Availability of the information newspapers among senior
- Books, journals, and newspapers, among others, is a high school
students
part and a parcel of any research work. Hence, in
2. Wide Varied reading SONA as
choosing a research topic, visit your library to check
Reading/Critica materials – information
the availability of reading materials on your chosen l Film Viewing books, journals, campaign of the
topic. magazines, President’s
newspaper, programs and
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic videos and projects
- It yields results and instrumental in societal documentaries
improvement. It is timely if it is related to the 3. Social Social Media: Functionality of
present. Networking Facebook, social media
Instagram, among students
4. Limitations on the subject Twitter during the
- This makes you link your choosing with course pandemic
requirements. In this case, you have no freedom to 4. Replication of Compilation of Inadequacies of
choose your topic based on your interest, but has to research research in the private schools
library in the K to 12
decide on one topic to finish your course.
implementations
5. Gray Areas Lectures, Talks, The fallacy
5. Personal Resources
about issues, Seminars about COVID19
- Before sticking fully to your final choice, assess your phenomena, etc. vaccines
research abilities in terms of your financial standing,
health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities,  How to Narrow Down a Topic
and time allotment to enable you to complete your
research. 1. You can narrow down the topic by exploring and
extending the explanation of a theory.
 Research Topics to be Avoided 2. Talk over ideas with people who know research.
3. Focus on specific group.
1. Controversial Topic Ex: Students, Mothers, Teachers
- These are topic that depend greatly on the writer’s 4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study.
opinion a. Is the study exploratory, explanatory, or descriptive?
b. Is the study applied or basic?
2. Highly Technical subjects
- researching on topics that require advanced study,  Formulating Research Title
technical knowledge, and vast experience is a very
difficult task  Research title is the most important element of your
research as it clearly expresses the problem to be
3. Hard-to investigate subjects explored.
- If there are no available reading materials about the
topic  A research title capsulizes the main thought or idea of the
whole research paper. It also reflects the concepts under
4. Too broad subjects study.
- Too broad topic will prevent you from giving a
concentrated or an in-depth analysis of the subject  It is expressed in few words possible and just enough to
matter. Narrow or limit the topic to a smaller one describe the contents and the purpose of your research.

5. Too narrow subjects  It needs to be informative.

- These subjects are so limited or specific
 It contains the:
6. Vague subjects  What: the subject matter or topic to be investigated
  Where: place or locale where the research is to be
conducted
 Who: the participants of the study
 When: the time period of the conduct of the study

The introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that

answers three important questions for the reader:

1. What is this?
2. Why should I read it?
3. What do you want me to think about / consider doing /
react to?
TIPS >_<
Think of the structure of the introduction as an inverted
triangle of information that lays a foundation for 1. Keep it Short
understanding the research problem. Organize the information - A long and rambling introduction will soon put
so as to present the more general aspects of the topic early in people off and lose you marks. Stick closely to
the introduction, then narrow your analysis to more specific your outline for the paper, and structure your
topical information that provides context, finally arriving at introduction in a similar way.
your research problem and the rationale for studying it [often
written as a series of key questions] and, whenever possible, a 2. Define the Problem
description of the potential outcomes your study can reveal. - The entire introduction should logically end at the
research question and thesis statement. The reader, by
CHAPTER 1 FORMAT INTRODUCTION the end of the introduction, should know exactly what
you are trying to achieve with the paper. In addition,
- The research problem your conclusion and discussion will refer back to the
- evidence from literature introduction, and this is easier if you have a clearly
- justifying the problem defined problem.
- importance
- benefits and beneficiaries of the research 3. Organization
- As you write the paper, you may find that it goes in a
slightly different direction than planned. In this case,
The Research Problem go with the flow, but make sure that you adjust the
• Define your Research Problem. introduction accordingly. Some people work entirely
• Provide definitions of the concepts/ terminologies from an outline and then write the introduction as the
present in your research problem last part of the process. This is fine if it works for
• Example: Lived Experiences, Evacuees you.

Evidence from literature

• Provide at least 2 literature sources that support your
problem as a problem
• Properly cite your source
• Have international and locale sources that support the
problem of your study

Justify the Problem

• Using your own words, justify that your research
problem is indeed a problem and must therefore be
studied
• Also indicate that no previous studies have studied
your problem
• Put your research questions

Research Questions

1st Question: Grand Tour Question (Interrogative form of

your title)
2nd and 3rd Questions: Supporting Questions of your grand
tour Question

Benefits and Beneficiaries of Research

ex:
The researchers confine the study in conducting an interview
with a minimum of ten (10) participants. These participants
are all bona fide Junior High School students from Agusan
National High School who have social media accounts. The
results of the study are non-generalizable and is only true to
the participants involved.
Review of Related Literature
- A review related analysis is an analysis of man’s 2. Systematic Review of Literature
written or spoken knowledge of the world. - systematic means methodical
- You are able to examine representations of man’s - is a style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a
thinking about the world to determine the connection review that has no particular order.
of your research with what people already know - more demanding
about it. - required at the graduate level
- Direct expression of man’s knowledge of the world - rigorous way obtaining data from written works
are in books, periodicals, and online reading - bias-free style
materials. - requires you to go through RRL steps
- Indirect experiences are the interference or
reflections of the surroundings.
RRL steps:
Purpose of Review Related Literature
 Have a clear understanding of the research questions.
- To obtain background knowledge of your research
 Plan your manner of obtaining the data.
- To relate your study to the current condition of the world
 Do the literature search.
- To show the capacity of your research work to introduce
 Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies or
new knowledge
sources of knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the
- To expand, prove or disprove the findings of previous
reasonableness of your decision to take some data and
studies
junk the rest.
- To increase your understanding of the underlying
 Determine the methodological soundness of the research
theories, principles, or concepts of your research
studies.
- To explain technical terms involve in your research study
 Summarize what you have gathered from various sources
- To highlight the significance of your work with kind of
of data.
evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your
research
- To avoid repeating previous research studies.
- To recommend the necessity of further research on a The following table shows the way several books on RRL
certain topic compare and contrast the two styles of RRL.

Standards Traditional Systematic

 Style or Approaches of Review of Related Literature
Review Review
1. Traditional Review of Literature Purpose To have a To meet a certain
- to summarize present forms of knowledge on a thorough and objective based
specific subject. clear on specific
- your aim here is to give an expanded or new understanding to research
understanding of an existing work. the field questions
- it does not require to describe method of reviewing Scope Comprehensive, Restricted focus
literature but expects to state intentions in wide picture
conducting the review and to name the sources of Review Design Indefinite plan, Viewable process
information. permits creative and paper trail
and exploratory
plan
Types of Traditional Review Choice of studies Purposeful Prepared
selection by the standards for
a. Conceptual Review reviewer studies selection
- analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to Nature of Studies Inquiry-based Wide and
some national or world issues. techniques thorough search
involving several for all studies
b. Critical Review studies
- focuses on theories or hypothesis and examines Quality appraisal Reviewer’s views Assessment
meanings and results of their application to checklist
situation. Summary Narrative Graphical and
short summary
c. State-of-the-art Review answers
- makes the researcher deal with the latest
research studies on the subject.

d. Expert Review
- encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL
because of the influence of a certain ideology,
paradigm, or belief on him/her.

e. Scoping Review
- prepares a situation for a future research work
in the form of project about community
development, government policies, and health
services, among others.
Structure of the RRL

 Indicates the original pattern or order of the components

of the summary of RRL results.
 For traditional review, the structure of the summary
resembles that of an essay where series of united
sentences presents the RRL result.
 For systematic review the structure is based on the
research questions;
 Must see to it the organizational pattern of the results of
your review contains these three elements:

a. introduction to explain the organizational method of

your literature review;
b. headings and subheadings to indicate the right
placement of your supporting statements ; and
c. summary to concisely restate your main point.
STANDARD STYLES IN RELATED LITERATURE  PATTERNS OF CITATION
CITATIONS OR REFERENCES
1. Summary
Three terms used to express your appreciation - a shortened version of the original text that is
1. Acknowledgement - the beginning portion of the work expressed in your own language. Pick out only the
that identifies individuals who have contributed important
something for the production of the paper 2. Paraphrase
- antithesis of SUMMARY because, here instead of
2. References or Bibliography - a concept list of all shortening the form, you explain what the text means
reading materials, including books, journals ,periodicals , to you using your own words
etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from 3. Short Direct Quotation
- the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several
3. Citation or In-Text Citation - references within the
sentence, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can
main body of text, specifically in Review of Related
quote or repeat in writing through this citation
Literature
patterns.
4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract
- this citation patterns makes you copy the author’s
Purpose of citation exact word numbering 40 to 100 words.
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what
they know about the field Two (2) basic methods in identifying the exact author referred
2. To give authority , validity , and credibility to other to by your paper
people’s claims , conclusion and arguments
3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic APA - (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)
and relevant materials about your topic
MLA - (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION )
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work each methods have its own in-text citation style.
6. To save yourself from plagiarism
The difference between them as regards citation formats
 STYLES OF CITATION APA - (Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2016)
1. Integral Citation (Manalo, 2015) or Manalo (2016)
- referring to the authors whose ideas appear in your
work. By using active verbs like claims, assert, state, MLA - (Bautista 183), Flores et.al. 1500-158)
etc. to report the authors ideas. Using these types of
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235-240)
verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental
position, stand, or opinion in relation to the (Velarde 4: 389-403) – for periodicals
information referred to. This is the reason integral
citation is often used in social sciences or any
subjects belonging to the soft sciences
5. Tense of verbs for reporting
APA MLA - active verbs are effective words to use in reporting
One study by Manalo One study by (Manalo 70) author’s idea in any of these tense: present, simple
(2015) reveals… The latest work by (Lee past, or present perfect tense. The APA system
The latest work by (Lee, 123) prefers to use of present perfect tense.
2015) asserts… According to (Abad et al.:
According to Abad et al. 54) Examples :
(2015) context is… Present tense - Marcos explains…

Past tense – Marcos explained…

2. Non-Integral Citation
Present Perfect tense – Marcos has explained…
- in contrast to integral, this second citation style
downplays any strength of the writer’s personal
characteristics . The stress is given to the piece of
information rather than to the owner of the ideas.

Examples:

a. The code of ethics for intercultural competence give four

ways by which people from different cultural background
can harmoniously relate themselves with one another.
(De La Cruz, 2015)
b. Knowledge is one component of not only Systematic
Functional grammar but Intercultural competence as well.
It is the driving force beyond any successful collaborative
activities to develop interpersonal relationships and
communicative competence. (Smith 2015)
Format examples of A.P.A PLAGIARISM

BOOKS - is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the

writer and passing the quoted words off as your own
Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title.
words.
Additional information. City of publication: Publishing
company. - the leading act of plagiarism is using the words of the
original text in expressing your understanding of the
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing Wildlife of North America. reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is to
Washington, D.C. : National Geographic Society . express the borrowed ideas in your own words.
(Ransome 2013)
ENCYCLOPEDIA & DICTIONARY
- what do not belong to you is a criminal act that is
Author’s last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title punishable by imprisonment and indemnity or payment of
of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication : money
Publishing company.
REMEMBER!
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity . In The New
Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26 , pp. 501-508). Chicago: All citations should be 2018 and above.
Encyclopedia Britannica. The following rules for handling works by a single author or
MAGAZINE & NEWS PAPER ARTICLES multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your
reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article,
Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article electronic resource, etc.).
title. Periodical title, volume number (issue number if
available) , inclusive pages. 1. Single Author

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology Last name first, followed by author initials.
journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
Psychology , 55, 893- 896. development. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Modern Language Association - is the most commonly used 2. Two Authors

to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead
humanities. of "and.“
• “Blueprint lays Out Clear Path for Climate Action.” Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management
Environmental Defense Fund, 8 May 2007. Web 24 across affective states: The hedonic contingency
May 2009. - Book hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social
• Clinton, Bill. Interview by Andrew C. Revkin. Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
“Clinton on Climate Change.” New York Times,
May 2007. Web - encyclopedia and dictionary 25 3. Three to Seven Authors
May 2009.
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names,
• Dean, Cornelia. “Executive on a Mission: Saving the
while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.
Planet,” New York Times, 22 May 2007. Web. 25
2009 – magazines Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow,
T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-
esteem than whether it is high or low: The
WEBSITE & WEBPAGE
importance of stability of self- esteem. Journal
Online periodicals: of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-
1204.
Author’s name. ( Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from 4. Unknown Author
full URL
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injuries four at music Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
festival. The Why? Files. Retrieveds January 23 , 2002, from
5. Two or More Works by the Same Author
http://whyfiles. org/137lightning/index.html
Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the
Online document:
year (earliest comes first).
Author’s name. (Date of publication ). Title of work. Retrieved
Berndt, T. J. (1981).
month day, year, from full URL
Berndt, T. J. (1999).
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic
Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman 6. When an author appears both as a sole author and, in
Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib. another citation, as the first author of a group, list the
virginia.edu/subjects/afam. html one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment

to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.
Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on
adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development,
66, 1312-1329.