THE INQUIRY OF RESEARCH CHARACTESTICS OF RESEARCH

Research is a systematic process 1. Empirical - direct experiences and observation

2. Logical - valid procedures and principles
- Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order 3. Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends with a
to increase our understanding of phenomenon, topic, problem
or issue. 4. Analytical - research utilizes proven analytical
-defined which includes collection, presentation, procedures in gathering data, whether historical,
analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an descriptive, experimental, and case study.
individual's speculation with reality. 5. Methodical - research is conducted in a methodical
Systematic and well-planned procedure manner without bias using systematic method and
- It is a process of inquiring procedures.
- Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge 6. Critical - research exhibits careful and precise
not on mere beliefs, guesses based or theories. judgement.
7. Replicability - research design and procedures are
NATURE OF INQUIRY repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at a valid
and conclusive result.
- Inquiry is defined as a seeking for truth, information
or knowledge RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
-It is a problem-solving technique
-The information and data pursued through 1. Human rights
questioning begins with gathering by applying the - they are moral principles or norms that describe
different human senses. certain standards of human behavior and are regularly
-Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a
till death. set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of
-Inquiry is synonymous with the word Investigation human dignity, inherent to all human beings.

IMRAD 2. Intellectual property

I-ntroduction - it protects creations of the mind, which have both a
M-ethod/s moral and a commercial value.
R-esults A-nd D-iscussion
3. Copyright infringement
THREE MAJOR STEPS IN RESEARCH - it is the use or production of copyright-protected
1. Pose a question material without permission of the copyright holder.
-Chapter 1(Introduction) BOS, SOP, RRL theory Copyright infringement means that the rights
2. Collect data to answer the questions accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive
-Chapter 2(Method/s) use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by
3. Present an answer to the question a third party.
-Chapter 3(Result and Discussion)
4. Voluntary participation
Why is RESEARCH IMPORTANT? - people must not be coerced into participation in
-Research adds to our knowledge research process. Essentially, this means that
-Research improves practice prospective research participants must be informed
-Research informs policy debates about the procedures and risks involved in research
(Creswell 2012; Plano Clark & Creswell, 2015) and must give their consent to participate.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 5. Anonymity

Honesty- s/he does not fabricate, falsify, or - it is the protection of people’s identity through not
mispresent data; disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It
Objectivity- if s/he avoids or minimizes bias or self- is a situation in data gathering activities in which
deception informant’s name is not given or known.
Morality- if s/he possesses the code of conduct that
would be accepted by anyone; 6. Privacy
Integrity- if s/he keeps his/her promises and - it is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and
agreements; relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to
Carefulness- if s/he avoids careless errors and seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
negligence
Openness- if s/he is open to criticism and new ideas;
Respect to intellectual property- if s/he
acknowledges ideas and give credits to the rightful
owner
Confidentiality- if s/he discloses sensitive and
personal info. to protect the identity of the person
Responsible publication- if s/he avoids wasteful and
duplicate publication
Legitimacy-if s/he gives accurate results of the study
Anti-discrimination- if s/he does not discriminate
someone else Qualitative research Vs. Quantitative research
(Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and Andriukaitienė, 2017)
OBJECTIVE
 U - Uses or research
•QUALITATIVE P - Purpose of research
- it aims to create new theory based on the gathered T - time dimension
data. R - research approach
- fact-finding research
-used to gain understanding of an individual USES OF RESEARCH
differences in terms of feeling and experiences
Two schools of thought
•QUANTITATIVE 1. Researchers who adopt a more detached, scientific,
- the purpose is to test a hypothesis or theory. and academic orientation.
Measures problem using raffling seek and other 2. Researchers who are more activist, pragmatic, and
research parameters, of group similarities. reform oriented.

DATA DESCRIPTION Basic

- academic research or pure research
•QUALITATIVE - understanding of the fundamental mature of social
- natural setting reality
-making stories out of a certain phenomenon - goal is to contribute to theoretical knowledge.
-uses pictures, words, sentences, paragraphs,
compositions, narrations, and short stories. Applied
- address a specific practical issue
•QUANTITATIVE -answer a policy question
-measurement setting -solve a pressing social problem
-Performs measures out of a certain phenomenon.
Uses numbers, scales, hypothesis, calculations, PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
computation, and statistical tools. 1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
SAMPLE SIZE 3. Explanatory

•QUALITATIVE Exploratory
- small judgement by decision sampling -it is done if the issue is new or little is written on it.
The goal is to formulate more precise questions that
•QUANTITATIVE future research can answer.
- large sample representatives of population.
Descriptive
DATA GATHERING - it is done to provide accurate profile of a group or
describe a process, mechanism, or relationship.
•QUALITATIVE
Explanatory
- unstructured or semi-structured
- the purpose is to explain things the way they are.
(flexible processes)
- basic question is “WHY”
- uses interviews, participant observation, group
- it is done to determine the accuracy of a principle or
discussions
theory.
-uses open-ended questions.
-it is a freeform survey questions allow a participant
TIME DIMENSION
to answer in open-text format, responses are
1. Cross-sectional study
unlimited to a set of options.
- it is one that takes place at a single point in time.
2. Longitudinal study
•QUANTITATIVE
- it involves gathering data over an extended period
- standardized/structured
of time.
- uses census, survey questionnaire, checklist, paper
Variations: Panel study, trend study, chart analysis.
pencil, test and experimentation.
-uses closed-ended questions.
RESEARCH APPROACH OR DATA COLLECTION
-these questions can only be answered by selecting
METHODS
from a limited number of options
-usually “multiple choice”, ‘yes” or “no” or rating
Quantitative
scale.
- when data are in numbers and analysis is done with
the use of statistics.
ACTIVITIES
Qualitative
•QUALITATIVE
- when data gathered are in words and analysis is
-INDUCTIVE (BOTTOM UP)
done by themes and trends.
-from a specific to general
-starts with the observations

•QUANTITATIVE
-DEDUCTIVE (TOP DOWN)
-from a hypothesis or already created theory
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- is a scientific method of observation to gather non-
DIMENSIONS OF RESEARCH
numerical data. It refers to the meanings, concepts,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of - Is a research technique that analyzes the modes of
phenomena, and not to their counts or measures. communication such as letters, emails, etc.

PURPOSE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Discourse analysis

- It promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a - is the study of social life, understood through
particular phenomenon. analysis of language. It includes face-to-face talks,
non-verbal interaction, images and symbols
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
5. Historical analysis
1. Human understanding and interpretation in data - is a qualitative method where there is an examining
analysis. of past events to draw conclusions and make
2. Multiple research approaches and methods that predictions about the future.
allows you to plan your study and being multi-method
research. 6. Grounded theory
3. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and - takes place when there is a discovery of new theory
rephrasing interview questions. which underlines your study at the time of data
4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will collection and analysis.
lead to generalization or conclusions,
5. Contextualization - context or situation of 7. Narrative report
individual’s life. - designed to present things or events that have
6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting happened in the past through a logical progression of
data in a natural setting. the relevant information. The main purpose of a
7. Abounds with words and visual that presents narrative report is to present a factual depiction of
people’s view in a picture, video, drawing, or graphs. what has occurred.
8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by
the internal traits of the subject persons. 8. Biography
-is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH how they reflect cultural themes of the society. It
deals with an interesting story found in documents
STRENGTHS and archival materials. It is concerned with the
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject reconstruction of meaning based on biographical
matter. narratives and documents.
2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/
personality traits in their natural setting. FIVE COMMON TYPES OF BIOGRAPHY
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes. 1. Scholarly chronicles
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality - focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life.
5. It’s a way of understanding & interpreting social
interactions. 2. Intellectual biography
6. Increases researchers interacts in the study - narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of
knowledge about something. ideas.

WEAKNESS 3. Life history writing

1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data - recording of life memories, experiences, whether
analysis one’s or another’s.
2. It is hard to know the validity/viability of the data.
3. It is open-ended question yield “data overload” that 4. Memoir biography
requires long-time analysis. - stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections
4. It is time consuming. and insights in relation to the factual account of life.
5. It involves several processes whose results greatly
depend on the researcher’s view or interpretations. 5. Narrative biography
- a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person.
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Case study 9. Action research
- long time study of a person, group, organization or - is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks
situation and an empirical inquiry that investigates transformative change through the process of taking
current phenomenon. action and doing research, which are linked together
by critical reflection. This type of research is commonly
2. Ethnography conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the
-A study of a particular cultural group existing problems to improve students’ academic
performance and positive attitudes.
3. Phenomenology
- “live-experiences” of a phenomenon. This design
focuses on obtaining descriptions of the subjects or
respondent’s lived experiences either in writing or THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
through interviews. ACROSS FIELDS OF INQUIRY

4. Content and discourse analysis Basic research approach in a specific area of

Content analysis discipline
1. Scientific or positive approach
- deals with empirical data instead of personal views, Arts and design
feelings, or attitudes. -qualitative research may provide detailed description
- allows control of variables or factors affecting the on the impact of arts in culture and the society. As a
study (Lausen 2010) researcher, you delay into the feelings and emotions
- express and records findings quantitatively of the artists and artisans and have better
- presents structured interviews, questionnaires and understanding of arts appreciation.
observational checklists.
Technology and livelihood field
2. Naturalistic approach -qualitative research discovers best practices in the
- a people-oriented approach focusing on discovering workplace, work ethics and strategies which increase
the real concept or meaning behind people’s lifestyles production.
and social relations
- present things qualitatively through verbal language Plagiarism
using words as unit of analysis. - plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s
ideas, works, processes, and results without giving
3. Triangular/mixed method due credit. It should not be tolerated as the
- allows a combination of a mixture of research unauthorized use of original works, a violation of
designs, data collection and data reliability of intellectual property rights.
qualitative research design
- enhances accuracy of interpretation. THREE DIFFERENT ACTS ARE CONSIDERED
Has an opportunity to view every angle of the research PLAGIARISM;
from different perspectives. 1. failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas;
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation
THREE MAIN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION marks, and.
1. Interactive interviewing 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your
- people asked to verbally describe their experiences own works.
of phenomenon.

2. Written descriptions by participant

- people asked to write descriptions of their
experiences of phenomenon.

3. Observation
- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal
behavior.

IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS

FIELDS

Business
- qualitative research explores industry problems in
unstructured manner.
- this research may reveal trends in thoughts, opinions
and dig deeper into the problem. It examines what is
in the mind of customers, managers, or entrepreneurs
including their emotions, beliefs, intentions, and
perceptions.

Humanities and Social Sciences

- qualitative research explores the complexities of
social interactions, systems and processes. It allows
in-depth understanding of people’s attitudes and
behavior. Research results in qualitative research may
serve as basis for identifying and highlighting social
values which define social standards.

Medical and Allied health

- qualitative research creates better understanding of
patients’ experiences challenges and struggles. It
helps develop detailed, tailor-made interventions
which improve

Natural sciences
-qualitative research provides non-numerical data
which are first gathered in any scientific investigation
through observation. From these observations, the
researcher can either use predictions as basis for
interpretations