General Physics 2

Grade 11/12 Quarter 4 - Module 5 – MIRRORS AND LENSES

First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any

form without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: FRANKLIN L. PADILLA

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr. Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
Target

Two of the properties of light are reflection and refraction. These properties
of light are the most easily illustrated `by the use of mirrors and lenses. Light
follows precise paths of straight lines and angles, directed and altered by mirrors
and lenses. The study regarding their matters is enclosed in a branch of science
known as geometric optics.
What are the different types of mirrors and lenses and how do they affect the
movement of light waves? What are their applications in modern society? What is
the mechanism behind our eyes and we are able to see? These questions are
answered in this module.

Now, after studying this Self-Learning Module in General Physics 2, you are
expected to:
1. Determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real),
magnification, location, and orientation of image of a point and extended
object produced by a plane or spherical mirror
2. Determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real),
magnification, location/ apparent depth, and orientation of image of a point
and extended object produced by a lens or series of lenses
3. Apply the principles of geometric optics to discuss image formation by the
eye, and correction of common vision defects

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
 LESSON IMAGES FORMED BY
1 REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.Have fun and good
luck!

Activity 1: Read and Digest!

Plane mirrors are highly polished surface which can produce images by the regular
reflection of light. The most common mirrors are plane glass plate which have been
silvered on one surface to reflect the greatest amount of light. Good reflecting
mirrors can have 85% reflectance.
When you look directly into a plane mirror, you will see the reflected images of
yourself and the objects around you. You can verify this in front of a bathroom
mirror. If you turned the light off in a bathroom to make the room completely dark,
the image will disappear. The image will only appear when the light is turned back
on.
The image you see that is upright and appears to be behind the mirror is known as
virtual image. The figure below shows how a plane mirror forms the virtual image of
a person. Light rays reflected from the person travels out in all directions. They
strike the mirror and reflected towards the eye. The reflected rays are in the same
line with an apparent path leads to the image. So even though the rays are
reflected, the brain treats them as if they had come from behind the mirror, where
the person’s image appears to be located.
 Image taken from
http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=GeometricOptics_
PlaneMirrors.xml

Plane mirrors are used at

home and produce images appear to
be as far behind the mirror as the
image is in front. Its only defect is
the reversal effect, the right side of
the object appears as the left side
appears as the right –the image is
flipped from left to right. It is said to
show the so called right-left reversal
relative to the object.

The letters from the word

AMBULANCE were printed backwards and are reversed in sequence so that they
appear in the proper orientation and order when seen in a rearview mirror.

Size and Position of the Image Formed in a Plane Mirror

Using ray diagrams, the size and the position of the of the virtual image formed by
a plane mirror can be determined.

Image taken from https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/concept/nature-of-

imageformed-by-plane-mirror-210172/
 An image is formed by reflection when two or more reflected rays of a point meet at
a single point. The image is formed at the point of intersection of the reflected rays.
Image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, same size as of object and laterally
inverted.
Also, image distance (distance between image and mirror) equals the object
distance (distance between object and mirror) for a plane mirror.

Guide Questions:
Plane Mirror
1. What type of image is always formed in a plane mirror?

2. What is the orientation of the image formed in a plane mirror?

3. What is the size of the image formed in a plane mirror?

4. What will be the location of the image formed in a plane mirror?

5. Think about the word below. What letters are unchanged if they are reflected
horizontally? Vertically?
B
A

D C

6. Why are the letters on the front of an ambulance reversed?

DISCOVER
Curved mirrors are commonly spherical mirrors. The reflecting surface
of a spherical mirror is part of a large sphere. A concave mirror curves inward like a
cave. A convex mirror curves outward.
 Image taken from https://www.slideshare.net/OhMiss/curved-mirrors

A curved mirror has a vertex, V, a center of curvature, C, and a principal focus,

F. The center of curvature is the center of the sphere from which the mirror is
formed. The distance from V to C is the radius of the curvature, R. The distance
from V to F is called the focal length, f. The line passing through the center of
curvature and perpendicular to line AB is the principal axis. Line B is tangent to
the curve at the vertex.

Image taken from scanned book of Vibal Publishing; Modular Physics

Images Formed by a Concave Mirror

Concave Mirror , also known as converging mirror, with a surface that curved
inward like the inside of a bowl. A concave mirror turns parallel rays into
convergent rays. These mirrors are used as magnifying mirrors for shaving and
applying makeup, and are also found in reflecting telescopes. They are also used to
make the beam of light in flashlights and car headlights.
The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the position of the object
in relation to the focal point. The image formed can be found by drawing ray
diagrams using the following construction rules for concave mirrors.
Rules for Concave mirror
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a short vertical
line with curved ends to represent the mirror.
2. Mark the positions of F and C on the principal axis. Remember that 2f = R.
3. Draw the object, for example, an arrow, standing upright at the given
position. The distance between the object and the mirror is called the object
distance (do).
4. Draw rays with arrows to indicate direction from tip of the object as shown
below.
Concave Mirror Ray Diagram

Ray 1 – travels parallel to the principal axis and reflects through the focal point.
Ray 2 – travels through the focal point and reflects parallel to the principal
axis.
The point where the two reflected rays converge will be the location of the
image.

5. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the principal axis. The distance
between the image and the mirror is called image distance (di).
 Table 1 below shows the different images formed by a concave mirror. It
shows ray diagrams for the different positions of pencil and the images formed by a
concave mirror.
OBJECT’S Ray Diagram Image
Position,type,orientation size
POSITION

Table 1: Images formed by a concave mirror

Images Formed by a Convex Mirror

A mirror with a surface that curves outward is known as convex mirror or

diverging mirror. A convex mirror can reflect parallel rays of light so that they
apparently meet at a point. When parallel rays of light hit a convex mirror, the rays
are reflected outwards. The reflected rays appear to spread out from a point, the
principal focus, behind the mirror. Therefore, a convex mirror is a diverging mirror.

You can use the following construction rules to trace the image formed by a convex
mirror.
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a short vertical
line with curved ends to represent the mirror.
2. Mark the positions of F and C on the principal axis. Remember that 2f =
R.
3. Draw the object, for example, an arrow, standing upright at the given
position. The distance between the object and the mirror is called the
object distance (do).
4. Draw rays with arrows to indicate direction from tip of the object using
the following
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected so that it appears to
come from the principal focus.
b. A ray is reflected parallel to the principal axis.
c. A ray directed toward the center of curvature is reflected back along
its own path.
5. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the princxipal axis. The
distance between the image and the mirror is the image distance (di).

The figure below shows the ray diagram for pencil and the image formed by a
convex mirror, since the rays do not meet, images formed by convex mirrors are
always virtual, upright and smaller than the object.

Convex mirrors are used in cars as passenger-side rearview mirrors.

Because convex mirrors spread out rays of light, you can see larger reflection area
and you can see more in mirror although the images appear smaller and farther
away that the objects really are.

Mirror Equation
 Ray diagrams can be used to determine the image location, size, orientation
and type of image formed of objects when placed at a given location in front of a
concave mirror. The use of these diagrams was demonstrated earlier.
Ray diagrams provide useful information about object-image relationships, yet
fail to provide the information in a quantitative form. While a ray diagram may help
one determine the approximate location and size of the image, it will not provide
numerical information about image distance and object size.
To obtain this type of numerical information, it is necessary to use the Mirror
Equation and the Magnification Equation. The mirror equation expresses the
quantitative relationship between the object distance (do), the image distance (di),
and the focal length (f). The equation is stated as follows:

The magnification equation relates the ratio of the image distance and object
distance to the ratio of the image height (h i) and object height (ho). The
magnification equation is stated as follows:

These two equations can be combined to yield information about the image
distance and image height if the object distance, object height, and focal length are
known.
As a demonstration of the effectiveness of the mirror equation and
magnification equation, consider the following example problem and its solution.
1. A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.7 cm from a concave
mirror having a focal length of 15.2 cm. Determine the image distance and
the image size.
Solution:
Like all problems in physics, begin by the identification of the known
information.
ho = 4.0 cm do = 45.7 cm f = 15.2 cm
Next identify the unknown quantities that you wish to solve for.
di = ??? hi = ???
To determine the image distance, the mirror equation must be used. The
following lines represent the solution to the image distance; substitutions and
algebraic steps are shown.
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
1/(15.2 cm) = 1/(45.7 cm) + 1/di
0.0658 cm-1 = 0.0219 cm-1 + 1/di
0.0439 cm-1 = 1/di di
= 22.8 cm
The numerical values in the solution above were rounded when written
down, yet un-rounded numbers were used in all calculations. The final answer is
rounded to the third significant digit.
To determine the image height, the magnification equation is needed. Since
three of the four quantities in the equation (disregarding the M) are known, the
fourth quantity can be calculated. The solution is shown below.
 hi/ho = - di/do
hi /(4.0 cm) = - (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = - (4.0 cm) • (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = -1.99 cm
The negative values for image height indicate that the image is an inverted image.
As is often the case in physics, a negative or positive sign in front of the numerical
value for a physical quantity represents information about direction. In the case of
the image height, a negative value always indicates an inverted image.
From the calculations in this problem it can be concluded that if a 4.00-cm
tall object is placed 45.7 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.2
cm, then the image will be inverted, 1.99-cm tall and located 22.8 cm from the
mirror. The results of this calculation agree with the principles discussed earlier in
this lesson. In this case, the object is located beyond the center of curvature (which
would be two focal lengths from the mirror), and the image is located between the
center of curvature and the focal point. This falls into the category of Case 1: The
object is located beyond C.

The +/- Sign Conventions

The sign conventions for the given quantities in the mirror equation and
magnification equations are as follows:
1. f is + if the mirror is a concave mirror
2. f is - if the mirror is a convex mirror
3. di is + if the image is a real image and located on the object's side of the
mirror.
4. di is - if the image is a virtual image and located behind the mirror.
5. hi is + if the image is an upright image (and therefore, also virtual) 6. hi is - if
the image an inverted image (and therefore, also real)

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the basic
concepts you have learned from this lesson.
 Activity 1: Problem Solving:
Criteria &
5 4 3 2 1
Rating
Strategic Approach chosen is Valid Valid approach with Invalid approach Little or no
Approach (S) clearly shown, approach with multiple errors that that understanding
clearly written & all minor errors impede demonstrates of how to
elements are valid. that don’t understanding. little approach the
disrupt understanding of problem.
understandin the problem.
g.
Physics Appropriate concepts Appropriate Appropriate At least one Little or no
Concepts that are fully concepts concepts concept understandi
(P) understood that are identified, but not identified but ng of physics
(symmetries, mostly employed or unable to concepts.
conserved understood understood. demonstrate
quantities, etc.), but understanding.
clearly stated & employed
employed correctly. with errors.
Mathematical Correct starting Correct Correct Can identify at Incorrect
Concepts equations; All starting starting least one equations;
(M) mathematical steps equations. equations. The equation, but demonstrates
are clearly shown All mathematical unable to apply little or no
and they flow easily mathematic steps are hard to them. understanding
toward the correct al steps are follow and errors of
answer. clearly begin to impede mathematical
shown but application. concepts
minor involved.
errors yield
wrong
answer. OR
Correct
starting
equations
with correct
final result
but the
mathematic
al steps are
hard to
follow.

100% correct answer Correct Incorrect answer, Unable to reach No answer.

Answer – analytically (IA) answer but on the right a correct
(A) numerically analytically path. answer on this
(If Any) & (IA), but path.
conceptually not
(IA). numerically
(IA).

For the problem solving part of the lesson, use the Rubric as your guide in
answering. The rubric shall be used by the teacher in checking your answer. Good
luck!

1. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5.00-cm tall object
placed 45.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.0 cm. (di =
 22.5 cm and hi = -2.5 cm)

2. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5.00-cm tall object
placed 30.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.0 cm. (di =
30.0 cm and hi = -5.0 cm)

3. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5.00-cm tall object
placed 20.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.0 cm. (di =
60.0 cm and hi = -15.0 cm)

4. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5.00-cm tall object
placed 10.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.0 cm. (di =
-
30.0 cm and hi = +15.0 cm)

5. A magnified, inverted image is located a distance of 32.0 cm from a concave

mirror with a focal length of 12.0 cm. Determine the object distance and tell
whether the image is real or virtual. (di = 19.2 cm and Real)

Great job! You have understood the lesson. Are you now
ready to summarize?
Deepen

At this point you are now ready for your last activity. Remember the things that you
learned in this lesson. Good luck!!!
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: Answer the last wave of activities on this part of module. This
activity shall be the basis of how you have learned in this lesson. Good luck!

Directions: Draw a ray diagram for each of the following, and then draw the
image formed.
Gauge

Multiple Choice
DIRECTIONS: Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer
choices. Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best
answer.

__1. As the angle of incidence is increased for a ray incident on a reflecting surface,
the angle between the incident and reflected rays ultimately approaches what
value?
a. zero b. 45 degrees c. 90 degrees d. 180 degrees
__2. If you stand three feet in front of a plane mirror, how far away would you see
yourself in the mirror?
a. 1.5 ft b. 3.0 ft c. 6.0 ft d. 12.0 ft
__3. A concave mirror with a focal length of 10.0 cm creates a real image 30.0 cm
away on its principal axis; the corresponding object is located how far from the
mirror?
a. 20.0 cm b. 15.0 cm c. 7.5 cm d. 5.0 cm
__4. A concave mirror forms a real image at 25.0 cm from the mirror surface along
the principal axis. If the corresponding object is at a 10.0 cm distance, what is the
mirror's focal length?
a. 1.4 cm b. 16.7 cm c. 12.4 cm d. 7.1 cm
__5. If a virtual image is formed along the principal axis 10.0 cm from a concave
mirror with the focal length 15.0 cm, what is the object distance from the mirror?
a. 30.0 cm b. 10.0 cm c. 12.4 cm d. 6.0 cm
__6. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane mirror?
a. virtual, inverted and enlarged
b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and the same size as object
d. real, upright and the same size as object
__7. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is located somewhere between the focal point (F) and the center of
curvature (C) of the mirror?
a. virtual, upright and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and reduced d. real, inverted and enlarged
__8. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance further than the center of curvature (C) of the
mirror?
a. virtual, erect and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and reduced d. real, inverted and enlarged
__9. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object distance from the mirror is less than the focal length (f)?
a. virtual, upright and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and reduced
__10. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a convex mirror
when the object distance from the mirror is less than the absolute value of the focal
length (f)?
 a. virtual, upright and enlarged b. real, inverted and reduced
c. virtual, upright and reduced d. real, inverted and enlarged

LESSON IMAGES FORMED BY

2 REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.Have fun and good
luck!

Activity 1: WHAT I KNOW?

Directions: Which of the following statements are true of converging lenses?
Identify all that apply.
1. Converging lenses are thicker at the center than they are at the
edges.
2. If the bottom half of a converging lens is covered, then the top half of the
image will not be visible.
3. Converging lenses only produce real images.
4. Converging lenses can produce images which are both magnified and
reduced in size.
5. Converging lenses only produce inverted images.
6. Converging lenses have a + focal length.
7. The images formed by a converging lens can be located on either side
of the lens relative to the object.
Which of the following statements are true of diverging lenses? Identify all
that apply.
8. Diverging lenses are thicker at the center than they are at the edges.
9. If the bottom half of a diverging lens is covered, then the bottom half of the
image will not be visible.
10. Diverging lenses only produce virtual images.
11. Diverging lenses can produce images which are both magnified and
reduced in size.
12. Diverging lenses only produce upright images.
13. Diverging lenses have a - focal length.
14. The images formed by a diverging lens can be located on either side of the
lens relative to the object.
 Which of the following statements are true of real images? Identify all that
apply.
15. Real images are inverted.
16. Real images as formed by lenses are located on the opposite side of the
lens from the object.
17. Real images are magnified in size.
18. Real images are only formed by converging lenses, never by diverging
lenses.
19. An image of a real object is formed; the image distance (s' or d i) for real
images is a + value.
20. An image of a real object is formed; the image height (h' or h i) for real
images is a + value.

Let’s see if your answers are correct as we go on with the lesson!

DISCOVER

A lens is a curved piece of glass or some other transparent material that is

used to refract light. Like mirrors, lenses can have different shapes and type of
image formed depends on the shape of the lens. They may be concave (diverging) or
convex (converging). A convex lens is thicker at the center than at the edges while a
concave lens is thinner at the center that at the edges.

Image taken from

http://www.physics.louisville.edu/cldavis/phys299/notes/lo_lenses.html
 Since a lens has two surfaces, it has two focal points, F and F’, and the
center of the lens, C, between them. The focal points are the same distance from
the lens’ midpoint, O. The distance between lens’ midpoint and its focal point is
called focal length, f.

Refraction in Converging (Convex) lenses

When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens, they are refracted inwards.
The refracted rays meet and cross over at the principal focus. A convex lens is
converging lens.
Ray diagram can be used to determine the location, size, kind of image formed by a
lens. The images formed by a convex lens can be found by drawing diagrams using
the following guidelines for lenses written below.
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a symbol to
represent a double convex lens.
2. Mark the position of F’ on the other side of the lens where the object is
located and that of F on the other side, also mark points called 2F’ and 2F at
twice the focal length from the lens.
3. Draw the object, for example an arrow, standing upright on the principal
axis at the given position.

A=double convex lens; B=double concave lens

4. Draw rays, with arrows to indicate directions, from the tip of the object using
the following:
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the principal
focus,
F.
b. A ray passing through the principal focus F’ is refracted parallel to the
principal to the principal axis.
c. A ray passing through the lens’ midpoint travels straight line.
5. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the principal axis. Find out the
nature of the image, whether the image is upright, or inverted, enlarged or
reduced, real or virtual. (Use dashed line for a virtual image)
Images formed by a Convex Lens
Object’s Position Ray Diagram Image Example

Refraction in Diverging (Concave) lenses

When parallel rays of light pass through a diverging lens, they are refracted
outward. The refracted rays appear to spread out from the principal focus. A
concave lens is a diverging lens.
Like the convex lens, ray diagram can also be used to determine the location,
size, and kind of image formed by the concave lens. The following are the guidelines
to be followed:
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a symbol to
represent a double concave lens.
2. Mark the position of F’ on the other side of the lens where the object is
located and that of F on the other side, also mark points called 2F’ and 2F at
twice the focal length from the lens.
3. Draw the object, for example an arrow, standing upright on the principal
axis at the given position.
 A=double convex lens; B=double concave lens
4. Draw rays, with arrows to indicate directions, from the tip of the object using
the following:
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the principal
focus,
F’.
b. A ray projected toward the principal focus F is refracted parallel to the
principal axis.
c. A ray directed toward the optical center travels straight on.
5. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the principal axis. Find out the
nature of the image, whether the image is upright, or inverted, enlarged or
reduced, real or virtual. (Use dashed line for a virtual image).

Image formed by a Concave lens

Lens Equation

Ray diagrams can be used to determine the image location, size, orientation
and type of image formed of objects when placed at a given location in front of a
lens.
The use of these diagrams was demonstrated earlier for
both converging and diverging lenses.
Ray diagrams provide useful information about object-image relationships,
yet fail to provide the information in a quantitative form. While a ray diagram may
help one determine the approximate location and size of the image, it will not
provide numerical information about image distance and image size.
To obtain this type of numerical information, it is necessary to use the Lens
Equation and the Magnification Equation. The lens equation expresses the
quantitative relationship between the object distance (d o), the image distance (di),
and the focal length (f). The equation is stated as follows:

The magnification equation relates the ratio of the image distance and
object distance to the ratio of the image height (hi) and object height (ho). The
magnification equation is stated as follows:
 These two equations can be combined to yield information about the
image distance and image height if the object distance, object height, and
focal length are known.
As a demonstration of the effectiveness of the lens equation and
magnification equation, consider the following sample problem and its
solution.
1. A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.7 cm from a double convex
lens having a focal length of 15.2 cm. Determine the image distance and the
image size.
Like all problems in physics, begin by the identification of the known
information.
ho = 4.00 cm do = 45.7 cm f = 15.2 cm
Next identify the unknown quantities that you wish to solve for.
di = ??? hi = ???
To determine the image distance, the lens equation must be used. The
following lines represent the solution to the image distance; substitutions and
algebraic steps are shown.
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
1/(15.2 cm) = 1/(45.7 cm) + 1/di
0.0658 cm-1 = 0.0219 cm-1 + 1/di
0.0439 cm-1 = 1/di
di = 22.8 cm
The numerical values in the solution above were rounded when written
down, yet unrounded numbers were used in all calculations. The final answer is
rounded to the third significant digit.
To determine the image height, the magnification equation is needed. Since
three of the four quantities in the equation (disregarding the M) are known, the
fourth quantity can be calculated. The solution is shown below.
hi/ho = - di/do
hi /(4.00 cm) = - (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = - (4.00 cm) • (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = -1.99 cm

The negative values for image height indicate that the image is an inverted
image. As is often the case in physics, a negative or positive sign in front of the
numerical value for a physical quantity represents information about direction. In
the case of the image height, a negative value always indicates an inverted image.
From the calculations in this problem it can be concluded that if a 4.00-cm
tall object is placed 45.7 cm from a double convex lens having a focal length of
15.2 cm, then the image will be inverted, 1.99-cm tall and located 22.8 cm from
the lens. The results of this calculation agree with the principles discussed earlier
in this lesson. In this case, the object is located beyond the 2F point (which would
be two focal lengths from the lens) and the image is located between the 2F point
and the focal point. This falls into the category of Case 1: The object is located
beyond 2F for a converging lens.
Sign Conventions
The sign conventions for the given quantities in the lens equation and
magnification equations are as follows:
• f is + if the lens is a double convex lens (converging lens)
• f is - if the lens is a double concave lens (diverging lens)
• di is + if the image is a real image and located on the opposite side of the lens.
• di is - if the image is a virtual image and located on the object's side of the
lens.
• hi is + if the image is an upright image (and therefore, also virtual) • hi is - if
the image an inverted image (and therefore, also real)

Lens Application

The Human eye

The most important application of lenses would probably be the human eye. Figure
below illustrates the different parts of the eye.

The eye is an exceptional optical instrument. The transparent media of the

eyes with curved surfaces constitute the lenses made of living tissues. They are
actually double-convex lenses which form a real image of objects on the retina. The
retina is an inner coat on the rear portion of the eyeball. It consists of a curtain of
nerve filaments which acts as a screen for the image formed by the lenses.
The eyeball is protected by a tough outer coat called sclera which helps to
retain the shape of the eyeball and protects the eye. In front of the sclera is the
transparent cornea which admits the light into the eye. The choroid layer is the
middle coat which contains a black pigment. Its main function is to absorb all light
which fails to be focused properly to avoid the blurring of images by reflected light
from the eyewalls.
The colored portion of the eye is the iris which acts as a diaphragm to control
the amount of light which enters the inner eye. In the middle of the iris is the pupil
which contracts in bright sunlight to reduce the amount of light entering the eye or
expands when one enters a dark room to allow more light to enter the eye.

How are the images formed in the eyes?

Each eye through its lens forms a real image in the retina. Like in case no. 2, the
image is inverted and reduced. If the object is not too close to the eye, the image
formed will be bright and well defined.
To get district vision, the image formed by the combined effect of the cornea, the
crystalline lens and other refracting media within the eye should fall precisely upon
the curtain of the nerve filaments (retina) located at the back of the interior portion
of the eyeball. This is actually how we get the sensation of seeing objects.
 Image taken from https://www.quora.com/When-we-see-an-object-is-the-
imageformed-on-the-retina

DEFECTS OF THE EYE

1. Myopia: (nearsightedness) This is

a defect of vision in which far
objects appear blurred but near
objects are seen clearly. The image
is focused in front of the retina
rather than on it usually because
the eyeball is too long or the
refractive power of the eye’s lens
too strong. Myopia
can be corrected by
wearing glasses/contacts
with concave lenses these
help to focus the image on the
retina.
2. Hyperopia: (farsightedness) This
is a defect of vision in which there
is difficulty with near vision but
far objects can be seen easily. The
image is focused behind the retina
rather than upon it. This occurs
when the eyeball is too short or
the refractive power of the lens is
 too weak. Hyperopia can be corrected by wearing glasses/contacts that
contain convex lenses.

3. Astigmatism: This defect is when

the light rays do not all come to a
single focal point on the retina,
instead some focus on the retina
and some focus in front of or
behind it. This is usually caused
by a non-uniform curvature of the
cornea. A typical symptom of
astigmatism is if you are looking
at a pattern of lines placed at
various angles and the lines
running in one direction appear
sharp whilst those in other
directions appear blurred.
Astigmatism can usually be
corrected by using a special spherical cylindrical lens; this is placed in the
out-of-focus axis.

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the basic
concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: Problem Solving:

Criteria &
5 4 3 2 1
Rating
Strategic Approach chosen is Valid Valid approach with Invalid approach Little or no
Approach (S) clearly shown, approach with multiple errors that that understanding
clearly written & all minor errors impede demonstrates of how to
elements are valid. that don’t understanding. little approach the
disrupt understanding of problem.
understandin the problem.
g.
Physics Appropriate concepts Appropriate Appropriate At least one Little or no
Concepts that are fully concepts concepts concept understandi
(P) understood that are identified, but not identified but ng of physics
(symmetries, mostly employed or unable to concepts.
conserved understood understood. demonstrate
quantities, etc.), but understanding.
clearly stated & employed
employed correctly. with errors.
Mathematical Correct starting Correct Correct Can identify at Incorrect
Concepts equations; All starting starting least one equations;
(M) mathematical steps equations. equations. The equation, but demonstrates
are clearly shown All mathematical unable to apply little or no
and they flow easily mathematic steps are hard to them. understanding
toward the correct al steps are follow and errors of
answer. clearly begin to impede mathematical
shown but application. concepts
minor involved.
errors yield
wrong
answer. OR
Correct
starting
equations
with correct
final result
but the
mathematic
al steps are
hard to
follow.

100% correct answer Correct Incorrect answer, Unable to reach No answer.

Answer – analytically (IA) answer but on the right a correct
(A) numerically analytically path. answer on this
(If Any) & (IA), but path.
conceptually not
(IA). numerically
(IA).

For the problem solving part of the lesson, use the Rubric as your guide in
answering. The rubric shall be used by the teacher in checking your answer. Good
luck!

1. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5-cm tall object placed
45.0 cm from a double convex lens having a focal length of 15.0 cm. di =
22.5 cm and hi = -2.5 cm

2. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5-cm tall object placed
30.0 cm from a double convex lens having a focal length of 15.0 cm. di =
30.0 cm and hi = -5.0 cm

3. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5-cm tall object placed
20.0 cm from a double convex lens having a focal length of 15.0 cm. di =
60.0 cm and hi = -15.0 cm
 4. Determine the image distance and image height for a 5-cm tall object placed
10.0 cm from a double convex lens having a focal length of 15.0 cm. di = -
30.0 cm and hi = +15.0 cm

5. A magnified, inverted image is located a distance of 32.0 cm from a double

convex lens with a focal length of 12.0 cm. Determine the object distance
and tell whether the image is real or virtual. di = 19.2 cm and Real

Great job! You have understood the lesson. Are you now
ready to summarize?

Deepen

At this point you are now ready for your last activity. Remember the things that you
learned in this lesson. Good luck!!!
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: Answer the last wave of activities on this part of module. This
activity shall be the basis of how you have learned in this lesson. Good luck!

Directions: Draw a ray diagram for each of the following, and then draw the
image formed.
(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)
 (5)

(6)

(7)
(8)

(9) Draw a ray diagram for a 5.0-cm tall object placed 45.0 cm from a converging lens
having a focal length of 15.0 cm.

(10) Draw a ray diagram for a 3.0-cm tall object placed 10.0 cm from a converging lens
having a focal length of 15.0 cm.
Gauge

Multiple Choice
DIRECTIONS: Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer
choices.
Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
__1. For a converging lens, a ray arriving parallel to the optic axis
a. appears to come from the principal focal point.
b. passes through the principal focal point.
c. passes through the "other" focal point.
d. appears to come from the "other" focal point.
__2. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half of
the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
a. lower half of the image will disappear.
b. upper half of the image will disappear.
c. image will become dimmer.
d. image will not change.
__3. A diverging lens has a focal length of 10 cm. Where is the image located when
an object is placed 30 cm from the lens?
 a. 7.5 cm on the near side c. 30 cm on the near side
b. 15 cm on the near side d. 7.5 cm on the far side
__4. A camera employs a .... lens to form..... images.
a. converging .... real c. diverging .... real
b. converging .... virtual d. diverging .... virtual
__5. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the
a. position of the lens. c. shape of the lens.
b. diameter of the diaphragm. d. focal length of the lens.
__6. A human eye employs a ..... lens to form ..... images.
a. converging .... real c. diverging .... real
b. converging .... virtual d. diverging .... virtual
__7. The inability of eye to see the objects clearly is called
a. clarity of image c. blur image
b. Defect of vision d. small image
__8. The condition in which the image is formed behind the retina is called
a. Farsightedness c. image defect
b. Nearsightedness d. blind spotting
__9. The short-sightedness can be corrected if
a. converging glasses are used c. diverging mirror is used
b. converging mirror is used d. diverging glasses is used
__10. The condition in which image is formed in front of the retina is called
a. Farsightedness c. nearsightedness
b. Defect of vision
d. blind spotting

References Printed Material

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Senior high school – Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) specialized subject. General Physics 1.
List of Learning Competencies

General Physics 1. , March 2, 2015 Open Stax College. Vibal Interactive e-Book.
Philippine Edition

Science Learner’s Material, Grade 10. Department of Education. Republic of the

Philippines.K-12 Curriculum

Phoenix Publishing house. Fourth Year Physics. Textbook Second edition.

Vibal Publishing Inc. Practical and Explorational Physics. Modular Approach.

Science and Technology

Website Lesson 1
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/reviews/ReflectionandMirrors/Reflec
tion-and-Mirrors-Review-Printable-Version
 https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/panvini/p110a/
Ch1617.html

https://www.ck12.org/quizbook/ck-12-physics-intermediate-
quizzesand-tests/section/20.2/

https://byjus.com/physics/concave-convex-mirrors/
Lesson 2
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/TheMath
ematicsofLenses#:~:text=The%20lens%20equation%20expresses
%20the,the%20focal%20length%20(f).&text=The%20magnification%2
0equation%20relates%20the,object%20height%20(ho).

https://mcqlearn.com/physics/g10/eye-defects-mcqs.php

https://www.examfear.com/notes/Class-10/Physics/Human-
Eyeand-Colourful-World/726/Defects-of--Vision-and-their-
Correction.htm

https://www.humbleisd.net/cms/lib/TX01001414/Centricity/Domai
n/6038/lens-ray-diagram-worksheet.pdf