STS Prelims
STS Prelims
STS Prelims
Transportation Cuneiform
- the movement of goods and people from - The first writing system known as
one place to another. cuneiform.
- evolution: From simple boats, walking, - Utilizes word pictures and triangular
riding animals, to wheeled vehicles. symbols that are curved on clay wedge
instruments and then left to dry.
Communication methods
- Cave Paintings, Symbols, Smoke Uruk City
signals, Carrier pigeons. - The City of Uruk is considered the first
true city in the world.
Mass production - Construction was a challenge due to a
- Began for food security and warfare lack of materials.
needs. - The city was built using only mud or
clay from the river, mixed with reeds,
Weapons and Armors producing sunbaked bricks - an
- The careful selection of weapons at engineering feat.
times proved to be the crucial difference
between winning a battle or being The Great Ziggurat of Ur
slaughtered on the field. - An engineering and architectural feat of
the Sumerians.
- The Great Ziggurat of Ur, also known as
ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE the mountain of god, was constructed
using sunbaked bricks.
- commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC - It served as the sacred place of their
in Egypt when transportation gained chief god, accessible only to priests.
such importance that it led to the - The preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur
development of the wheel. continues to marvel people today.
- Structures that were built during :
Sphinx, Ziggurat of Ur, City of Uruk,
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Irrigation and Dikes : Farmers in Sumer - The code was carved onto a massive,
created levees to hold back floods and cut canals finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was
to channel river water. rediscovered in 1901.
Sailboats: Main mode of transportation was
through waterways. Boats were used to carry EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
large quantities of products and were able to
cover large distances. Paper of Papyrus
Wheel : The first wheels were invented for farm - Egypt was not the first to develop a
work and food processes. Farmers were able to system of writing, they made writing
mill grains with less effort in less time easier.
Plow : Invented to dig the earth at a faster pace. - Before the Egyptian innovation, clay
Roads : Made with the same technology they tablets were used. However,
used in making sunbaked bricks. The flow of safe-keeping and transporting them were
traffic becomes faster and more organized. a major problem. Clay tablets were very
fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION So, bringing them to places was a major
challenge.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a Ink : Combined soot with different chemicals to
marvel known only from stories of produce inks of different colors.
historians and paintings.
- It was described as a structure with Hieroglyphics: Symbols, known as
layers of gardens containing various hieroglyphics, tell the modern world of the
plant species, trees, and vines. history and culture of the ancient Egyptians.
- Believed to have been built by King
Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, Queen Cosmetics and Wig: The wigs were used to
Amytis. protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
- No physical evidence has been found to Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
prove their existence, and their exact Used for health and aesthetic reasons."
location remains unknown.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
- Babylonians used contracts for commercial
transactions. Alarm Clock: Although the alarm clock during
- They developed two significant literary pieces. that time did not resemble the present-day alarm
- They established the Code of Hammurabi, clock, the purpose was just the same- to tell an
which became the foundation for many modern individual when to stop or when to start. Used
laws. large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm.
3. Telescope
Function: Optical instrument for observing
remote objects.
Advantages: Aided navigators in sea travel.
Contributions: Improved navigation with the
compass, oars, and rudders.
MODERN AGES MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Around 1600 A.D.)
Booming Population (19th Century Onwards):
- Increased demand for goods. 1. GALILEO
- Need for efficient transportation to trade - First to use modern scientific methods
goods over larger distances. (experimentation, testable
- Upgradation of machines from observations).
animal-operated to more advanced Innovations:
forms. - Improvement of the spyglass into a
telescope.
Pasteurization - Discovery of craters and mountains on
- Inventor:Louis Pasteur, French biologist, the moon.
microbiologist, and chemist. - Invention of the microscope and
- Process: Heating dairy products to thermometer.
eliminate harmful bacteria. - magnification stepped up by eight and
- Benefits: Extended shelf life of milk. finally thirty times which is now known
Prevention of illnesses from bacteria. as the telescope.
Calculator
- Evolution: From basic to modern
calculators for complex computations.
- Importance: Portable computing
devices.Precursor to the development of
computers.
Lesson 2 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543):
- Polish Catholic Cleric and astronomer.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION - Proposed the heliocentric model in "De
- The term "Intellectual Revolution" Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium.
refers to Greek speculation about Faced opposition from the Catholic
"nature" in the period before Socrates Church.
(approximately 600 to 400 BCE).
- Two key concepts emerged during this Copernican Model Explained:
period: the belief that the world is a - Key features of the heliocentric model:
natural whole, without supernatural Earth's daily rotation, inferior planets
forces causing events, and the (Mercury and Venus), Earth's orbital
recognition of a natural 'order' motion causing Sun's annual motion,
governed by 'laws of nature'. and retrograde motion explanation.
**Pre-Colonial Clothing:**
- Visayan men wore Moorish-style robes
reaching their feet, embroidered with vibrant
colors.
- Men used "putong" (narrow cloth strips) to
bind their temples and foreheads.
- Gold jewelry and accessories were popular for
adornment.
**Mode of Dressing:**
- Men's attire consisted of "kanggan" (sleeveless
jacket) and "bahag" (loincloth), with the color of
"kanggan" signifying rank.
- Men also wore a turban called "pouchennej,"
indicating social status or achievements.
- Women wore "baro" or "camisa" (jacket with
sleeves) and "saya" or "patadyong" (long skirt). Lesson 4
**Reviewer: A Brief Overview of Science and - Internationally recognized in electrical
Technology in the Philippines** engineering.