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IGedexcel 2.7-2.14 Bio Mol

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Questions

Q1.

Read the passage below.


Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that follow.
Toystory

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(a) Suggest why Genex waited until Toystory was four years old before beginning to collect his semen (line 9).
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(b) Explain how the semen from the bull is used to fertilise cows using artificial insemination.
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(c) (i) Suggest why the semen is stored in liquid nitrogen (line 13).(1)
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(ii) Sexed semen is guaranteed to produce offspring of one sex.
Suggest why dairy farmers would prefer to used sexed semen (line 19).(1)
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(d) Determine the percentage success of Toystory's semen samples in producing offspring (line 2 and line 15).
(2)

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percentage success = ........................................................... %
(e) Describe how scientists could investigate which of two bulls is the best to use as a father in dairy farming.
(3)
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(f) Explain why the composition of milk is important to consumers (line 22).
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(g) (i) Scientists are now using cloning to produce animals.
Describe the stages that are required to clone a bull.
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(ii) Give two advantages of using cloning rather than selective breeding to produce offspring.
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(Total for question = 18 marks)

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Q2.

Blood clotting is an important process in humans.


The process is controlled by enzymes.
(a) (i) Give two reasons why blood clotting is important.(2)
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(ii) The optimum temperature for the enzymes involved in blood clotting is 37 °C.
Sketch a graph to show how temperature affects the time taken for blood to clot.
(1)

(b) Some people cannot make the proteins needed for blood clotting.
Cloning is used to produce large numbers of transgenic mammals.
These transgenic mammals can make the human blood-clotting proteins. The human blood-clotting proteins can
then be removed from the mammals' milk and injected into people who cannot make the proteins.
(i) Explain why these mammals are described as transgenic.
(2)
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(ii) Describe how a mammal is cloned.
(6)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q3.

Some cosmetic companies claim that adding argan oil to their shampoo increases the strength of human hair.
Design an investigation to find out if argan oil shampoo does increase the strength of human hair.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.
(6)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

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Q4.

Human saliva contains amylase.


A student thinks that salty food might affect the ability of amylase to digest starch.
Design an investigation to find out if salt affects the ability of amylase to digest starch.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.
(6)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

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Q5.

Bread contains starch.


A student investigates how temperature affects the digestion of bread.
This is the apparatus he uses in his method.

This is the student's method.

· add amylase to a sample of bread


· put this bread in the filter funnel
· pour water onto the bread
· do a Benedict's test on the solution from the digested bread that collects in the beaker
· repeat the method at different temperatures
(a) Explain the results of Benedict's test if the amylase digests the starch.(2)
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(b) The student's method lacks detail.
Rewrite the method so that the student could make a valid conclusion about the effect of temperature on
amylase.(4)
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(c) The student predicted that the rate of digestion of starch would keep increasing as temperature increased.
Comment on this prediction.
(4)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q6.

Squirrels are animals that live in woodland. They feed on nuts produced by the trees.
The diagram shows a squirrel eating a nut.

(a) Describe a method you could use to show that the nut contains fat.
(3)
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(b) The table lists substances found in two types of nut, A and B.
The mass of each substance is given in milligram per gram of nut.

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(i) Explain the role of fibre in the squirrel's diet.
(2)
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(ii) Explain which nut is better at helping the squirrel make red blood cells.
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(iii) Nut A has a mass of 28.0 grams.
Calculate the total mass of carbohydrate in this nut.
(2)

total mass of carbohydrate = ........................................................... grams


(c) The graphs show the number of squirrels, foxes and trees in a woodland in 2010 and in 2018.

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Discuss possible reasons why there is a decrease in the number of squirrels from 2010 to 2018.
Use information from the graphs and your own knowledge in your answer.
(5)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

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Q7.

The table gives the masses of protein and lipid (fat) in the same volume of milk from a cow and from a human.

(a) Describe how you would test a sample of cow's milk and a sample of human milk to show they contain different
masses of protein.(2)
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(b) Some of the proteins in milk are antibodies.
Explain why antibodies in milk are useful for babies.(2)
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(c) Give two ways that lipid in milk is used by babies.(2)
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(d) Milk is used to make yoghurt.
(i) Name the carbohydrate in milk used to make yoghurt.(1)
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(ii) Name the bacteria added to milk to make yoghurt.(1)
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(iii) Explain why milk needs to be heated to a high temperature at the start of the process for making yoghurt.(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)


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Q8.

Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts in metabolic reactions.


(a) (i) State what is meant by the term catalyst.
(1)
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(ii) State what is meant by the term metabolic.
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(b) A teacher investigates the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of a reaction.
He uses the enzyme catalase, which is found in potato.
He changes the enzyme concentration by adding different numbers of potato discs.
Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide solution into water and oxygen.
This is his method.

· cut same-sized discs from a potato


· put 5 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution into each of five test tubes
· add a different number of potato discs to the hydrogen peroxide
· measure the volume of oxygen gas produced in three minutes
The teacher repeats each test four times for each concentration.
He then calculates the mean rate of oxygen production for each concentration.
The table shows his results.

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(i) Plot a line graph to show the effect of enzyme concentration on the mean rate of oxygen production.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.(5)

(ii) Explain the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on the rate of oxygen production.
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(iii) Name a piece of apparatus suitable for measuring the volume of oxygen produced.(1)
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(iv) Explain why it is important for the teacher to keep the volume and concentration of the hydrogen peroxide
constant.(2)
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(v) Name another variable the teacher should keep constant in his investigation.(1)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

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Q9.

The diagram shows part of a human nephron, with parts labelled P, Q, R, S and T.

(a) (i) What is the name of part P?


(1)
A collecting duct
B glomerulus
C proximal convoluted tubule
D renal artery

(ii) Where does ultrafiltration occur?


(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D T

(iii) Where is permeability affected by ADH?


(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S

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(iv) Where is glucose selectively reabsorbed into the blood?(1)
A Q
B R
C S
D T

(b) Scientists investigate the relationship between birth mass and the number of nephrons in the kidney.
The scatter diagram shows their results.

(i) Describe the relationship shown by the scatter diagram.(2)


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(ii) Babies born with low birth mass are more likely to develop high blood pressure when they become adults.
Explain why protein in the urine of these adults may be an indication of kidney damage caused by high blood
pressure.(4)
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(iii) Describe a simple test to show that a urine sample contains protein.
(2)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

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Q10.

Faeces contain undigested food.


(a) The table shows the percentage of different substances in a dry sample of faeces.

(i) Name a carbohydrate that could be found in faeces.


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(ii) Describe how you would test the sample of faeces for fat.
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(iii) State the five chemical elements that could be present in protein.
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(b) Grass is eaten by many animals.
Diagram 1 shows a grass cell.

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Diagram 2 shows this grass cell in the faeces of an animal.

Explain the difference in the appearance of these grass cells.


(3)
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(c) The diagram shows a section through a building that has been designed to grow grass indoors.

This is the method used to grow grass in the building.

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· wash and sterilise empty trays
· fill these trays with soil containing grass seeds
· put these trays in the building
· spray mineral ion solution on to the soil in the trays
· provide light and keep the temperature at 20 °C
· collect the grass after a week and feed to animals
1000 kg of grass can be grown every day using this method.
A farmer would need to use several fields to grow this mass of grass every day outdoors.
The farmer decides to grow grass in the building to feed his animals, rather than letting them eat grass from his
fields.
Discuss this decision.
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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