WaterChemLabReport Grp4 CSE2

Water Chemistry Lab Report
CSE2
Group No. 4
Suhani Aggarwal (230547) Harshit Khurana (230515)
Aastha Thakur (230552) Abhinav Singh (230528)
1. pH Measurement
Aim: Obtain an accurate pH measurement of a solution using a digital pH meter.
Procedure: Follow manual instructions to calibrate the pH meter, rinse the probe with distilled
water, submerge it into the solution, wait for a stable reading, and record the pH value.
Recorded Data: The pH of the solution was determined to be 7.5
Significance: A pH of 7.5 in water, slightly alkaline, sustains diverse aquatic life, has stable
buffering, meets drinking standards, and lowers plumbing corrosion risks. It reflects a beneficial
neutral to alkaline state for ecosystems and infrastructure.
2. Conductivity Test
Aim: Measure the conductivity of a water sample using a Conductivity Meter.
Procedure: Place the water sample in a clean container, submerge the conductivity probe
completely without touching the container's bottom or sides, wait for a stable reading, and record
the conductivity value.
Recorded Data: Normality of KCL = 0.1 g/l, Conductivity of KCL = 12.88 mS/cm.
Result: Conductivity of the observed water sample = 1.7 mS/cm.
Significance: A conductivity of 1.7 mS/cm signals low ion levels, indicating fairly pure
freshwater usable across many applications. It matches freshwater ecosystem norms and suits
industries needing low-conductivity water.
3. Turbidity
Aim: Measure turbidity of samples using a Nephelometer in NTU.
Procedure: Set the Nephelometer to 0 with distilled water, then to 100 with formazin
standard. Measure sample turbidity.
Result: Turbidity recorded as 0.07 NTU.
Significance: A turbidity of 0.07 NTU indicates minimal suspended particles, signifying clear
water crucial for drinking and ecosystems. Accurate nephelometer calibration ensures reliable
measurements, vital for monitoring water quality and regulatory compliance in various
environmental and industrial applications.
4. Total dissolved Solids

Aim: Determine the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in a sample.
Procedure: Measure initial flask weight, evaporate 20 mL of sample, measure final weight.
Calculate TDS using weight difference and sample volume.
Recorded Data:
Experimentally recorded data: 498ppm
Initial flask weight = 56.66 gm
Final Weight = 56.67 gm
TDS= change in weight/volume ⇒ (56.67-56.66)/20 mg/mL => 500 mg/L
Result: TDS concentration determined as 500 mg/L.
Significance: A TDS concentration of 500 mg/L indicates a moderate level of dissolved
substances in the water. This level is typically acceptable for drinking and irrigation purposes,
reflecting common mineral content in natural waters.
5. Dissolved Oxygen Level
Aim: Determine the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the sample using the Winkler's
method (Azide modification).
Procedure: Mix 300 ml of water with 2 ml each of Manganous sulfate and alkali-iodide azide
reagent in a stoppered bottle. Add 3 ml concentrated Sulphuric acid, transfer 203 ml to an
Erlenmeyer flask, then titrate with sodium thiosulphate.
Recorded Data:
Reagent used: Alkali-Iodide azide
Indicator: Starch
Volume of (Sodium Thiosulphate) used = 3.4 ml
Calculations:
Formula used: DO(mg/L) = (8*1000*N*v)/V
here, N is normality of titrant
V is volume of sample taken
v is volume of titrant used
= (3.5*0.025*8*1000)/100 = 7 mg/L
Result: Dissolved oxygen measured at 7 mg/L.
Significance: A dissolved oxygen level of 7 mg/L in water signifies adequate oxygen for aerobic
organisms, supporting diverse aquatic life. It also indicates good water quality, suitable for
recreational activities like fishing and swimming, and can help maintain balanced ecosystems by
supporting natural processes like nutrient cycling and decomposition.
6. Biological Oxygen Demand at 5 (BOD)
Aim: Determine the biological oxygen demand exerted by a given sample.

Procedure : Dilute and pH-adjust a 100 ml sample to 500 ml. Add allylthiourea, phosphate
buffer, and incubate one bottle for 5 days at 27°C. Compare initial and final DO levels.
Recorded Data:
DO Initial = 7 mg/L
DO Final = (2.4*0.025*8*1000)/100 = 4.8 mg/L
BOD 5 = DO Initial - DO Final = 7 – 4.8 = 2.2 mg/L
Result: BOD was determined to be 2.2 mg/L
Significance: A BOD of 2.2 mg/L after 5 days indicates a relatively low level of organic
pollution in the water sample. This suggests good water quality with less organic material
present, which is beneficial for aquatic ecosystems and indicates a lower impact on oxygen levels
in the water body.
7. Total Hardness
Aim: Determine the total hardness of water samples using the EDTA titrimetric method .
Procedure: Mix 25 mL of the sample with distilled water to reach approximately 50 mL in an
Erlenmeyer flask. Introduce 1 mL of Buffer Solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black T
Indicator; observe the solution turning wine red. Gradually add standard EDTA titrant until the
reddish color shifts to blue, then record the EDTA volume used.
Recorded Data:
Hardness = V1 * N * Mr * 1000/V
Where, V1= Volume of EDTA added = 3.3 mL
N = Normality of the EDTA solution = 0.01 N
Mr = Molecular Weight of Calcium Carbonate = 100 amu
V = Volume of water taken = 25 mL
Hardness = 132 mg/L
Result: Total Hardness was measured to be 132 mg/L
Significance: A hardness level of 132 mg/L as Calcium Carbonate signifies moderately hard
water. This indicates notable mineral content, affecting taste and potentially requiring treatment
for industrial processes or managing scaling in pipes.
8. Alkalinity
Aim: Determine the alkalinity types in the provided sample

Procedure: In a clean flask, pour 25 mL of the sample. If residual chlorine is present, add 1 drop
of sodium thiosulphate solution. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator, resulting in an orange
solution. Titrate with standard sulphuric acid until the color shifts to wine red, and record the
volume of sulphuric acid used.
Recorded Data:
Alkalinity = V1 * N * Eq * 1000/25
V1 = Volume of sulphuric acid used = 5.5 mL
N = Normality of sulphuric acid solution = 0.01 N
Eq = Equivalent Weight of Calcium Carbonate = 100 g
V = Volume of water used = 25 mL
5.5*0.01*100*1000/25 = 220 mg/l.
Result: The alkalinity level is determined to be 220 mg/l.
Significance: A calcium carbonate alkalinity of 220 mg/L indicates high water buffering capacity
against pH changes. This is beneficial for ecosystems but may require attention in industrial or
treatment processes.
9. Chloride(Cl-) concentration determination

Aim: Determine chloride ion concentration in the water sample using Mohr’s Method.
Procedure: Mix 50 ml of water sample with 1 ml of Potassium Chromate, titrate with
standard silver nitrate until a reddish-brown precipitate forms. Note the volume as V1.
Recorded Data:
Chloride in mg/L = V1 * N * 35.46 * 1000/V
Where, V1 = Volume obtained after titration = 5.9 mL
N = Normality of the Silver Nitrate = 0.0141 N
V = Volume of the sample = 50mL
Now, Chloride in mg/l = 5.9 * 0.0141 * 35.46 * 1000/50
= 58.998348 = 59 mg/l
Result: Chloride ion concentration measured at 59 mg/L
Significance: A chloride concentration of 59 mg/L in water is safe for drinking, aligning with the
standard limit of around 60 mg/L. This indicates good water quality and minimal health risks
from chloride in drinking water.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data, the water appears to be of good quality, suitable for various purposes. It shows
a balanced pH, moderate conductivity, low turbidity, and acceptable levels of dissolved solids,
hardness, alkalinity, and chloride ions. The dissolved oxygen level suggests healthy aquatic
conditions with minimal organic pollution.

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Water Chemistry Lab Report

4. Total dissolved Solids

5. Dissolved Oxygen Level

6. Biological Oxygen Demand at 5 (BOD)

Aim: Determine the biological oxygen demand exerted by a given sample.

Aim: Determine the alkalinity types in the provided sample

9. Chloride(Cl-) concentration determination

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