Nagdocumentin

INDEX
Chapter no Description Page no

1 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2
1.2 APPLICATION AREAS 2
1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 4
1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 7
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS 7
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8
3 EXIXTING SYSTEM 9
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 9
3.2 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 10
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 11
4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM 11
4.2 COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS 14
5 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 15
5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 15
6 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 33
6.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 33
6.2 UBI DOTS CLOUD 37
7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 41
7.1 ADVANTAGES 41
7.2 APPLICATIONS 41
8 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 42
9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 44
9.1 CONCLUSION 44
9.2 FUTURE SCOPE 44
10 REFERENCES 45
List of Figures
Figure no Name Page no
1.1 Overview diagram of Embedded system 4

1.2 Embedded Block 5
1.3 Interfacing Components in an Embedded system 6
3.1 Block Diagram of Existing System 1 9
3.2 Block Diagram of Existing system2 System 10
4.1 Proposed System Block diagram 11
4.2: Working Flow Diagram 12
5.1 Arduino Board 16
5.2 ATmega328P-PU 16
5.3 Pin Description of Arduino 17
5.4 Pin diagram of Arduino 18
5.5 Wi-Fi Module 19
5.6 Power Supply 20
5.7 Circuit diagram of LPC2148 21
5.8 Step-down Transformer 22
5.9 Full wave Bridge Rectifier 22
5.10 Voltage Regulator 23
5.11 LCD Module 24
5.12 Liquid Crystal Display 25
5.13 LCD Connections 27
5.14 RFID Tag 28
5.15 RFID Reader and tags 28
5.16 Buzzer 29
5.17 RFID Tags 30
5.18 Touch sensor used as a switch 30
5.19 Internet of Things (IOT) 31
6.1 Arduino Board and USB Cable 33
6.2 Connect the board 34
6.3 Opening Blink Example 34
6.4 Source Code Written in Arduino Compiler 35
6.5 Selecting an Arduino Uno 35
6.6 Compilation under Process 37
8.1 System arrangement 42
8.2 Output of an LCD when sharpener is scanned 43
8.3 Output of an LCD when pen is scanned 43
List of Table
Table No Table Names Page No
5.1 Pin functions of LCD 25

5.2 Commands of LCD 26
6.1 Writing Sketches 36
Smart Shopping Trolley based on RFID
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
RFID is an upgrading innovation which has as of late pulled in light of a legitimate concern for the
exploration group in view of the more advantages it offers over the other existing recognizable proof and
information detecting improvements. RFID is the abbreviated form thus it uses a radio wave for naturally
distinguishing the things. RFID is a technology that permits the exchange of information amongst the tag that
has a specific labels and the reader. It transfers the information by contactless without the need of viewable
pathway over a separation up to a couple of 10 meters relying upon the sort of label engaged. For this
framework the radio waves transfer the information and the distinct tags can be scrutinized or collected
normally .
This part is designed to survey the current technology writing and probe the problems in the
existing RFID organization starting from the transformation to yet in its recognition phase. From past the
growth of this technology from 1900's, aside to this expressed reliable perspectives, thus innovations have
some new affairs or points. Thus a planned motivation behind part for look at the writing identified with the
abovementioned technology additionally develops scholarly analysis with giving an deal into a segment of
the outstanding and precious notes where in cases hindering the growth of this alteration. It basically works
on the goal to produce a more prominent perceivability and reliability and an enhanced item speed of the
RFID innovation.
From past 1900's, the evolution of this innovation aside the expressed affirmative viewpoints, thus
the existing system has some problems by using the RFID technology. And the anticipated rationale is a part
where the writing is related to Radio frequency Identification and further develops scholastic research, and
giving a knowledge into a portion of the exceptional information’s and urgent issues can block the
development of RFID technology. There is emergency need so that the specific end goal to give a more
prominent perceivability and an enhanced item speed of the RFID innovation. During world war II, The
radio waves are the main utilization for transmitting the signal. when transponder (labels) were put on one
plane and it is used to recognize drawing a other nearer plane so that it Interrogators dispatched a signal to
the system of the plane and the signal delivered previously to the plane could be deployed to identify
amicable and the hostile flying machine.
The merchandising process is the major part of the supply chain management that promotes the
products to the consumers and distributors. Shopping is the only thing where all people used to do this thing.
There are some supermarkets or shopping malls where it sells the retailers product and it creates a
relationship between the consumer and the consumers purchase. Instead of online shopping people are used
to the supermarkets with family or friends to entertain, enjoy and get the quality product with traditional
shopping. In current age the supermarkets and malls should reinvent so that in critical situations it can be
managed .Shopping malls or supermarkets are the place where small business retailer meets their need to sell
their product to the consumer and thus where supermarkets acts as a medium for small group organization. In
recent times many people not want to waste their time in the traditional shopping and thus it should be
reinvented.
In the today’s world many of the supermarkets use barcode technology for billing the items. The
barcode is nothing but a black vertical strips where the data are stored in terms of barcode technology. Thus
we implement smart trolley where the barcode is scanned with the help of the reader we attached to it.
Whereas in smart trolley the product can be scanned by the user self-scan by using ultrasonic transducer.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE 1 SVPCET, PUTTUR

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An Embedded System can be portrayed as dealing with contraption that makes a particular centered
showing up concerning. Gadgets, for example, the ventilation system, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax
machine, cell phone and whatnot are occurrences of installed structures. Each of these machines will have a
processor and remarkable equipment to meet the particular fundamental of the application near to the
installed programming that is executed by the processor for meeting that particular need. The presented
composing PC programs are in like way called "firm thing". The desktop/flexible workstation phone a
widely profitable PC.
Embedded Systems do a particular errand; they can't be acclimated to do grouped things.
Preoccupations, word managing, bookkeeping, programming movement et cetera. In contains Embedded
systems have unfathomably kept assets, especially You can utilize it for an assortment of vocations, for
example, playing structures need to strife with two or three due dates. A particular occupation must be done
inside a particular time. In some installed systems, called relentless structures, the due dates are stringent.
Missing a due date may understand a calamity death toll or harm to property. Implanted frameworks are
obliged for control. A comparative number of introduced systems work through a battery, the power utilize
must be astoundingly low. Some implanted frameworks need to work in outstanding organic conditions, for
example, high temperatures and Humidity.
1.2 APPLICATION AREAS
Around 99 for each penny of the processors made breeze up in presented frameworks. The presented
framework publicize is a champion among the most amazing progression zones as these structures are
utilized as a bit of particularly grandstand parcel purchaser hardware, office mechanization, current
computerization, biomedical building, remote correspondence, information correspondence, media trades,
transportation, military et cetera.
Consumer appliances:
At home we utilize distinctive installed structures which intertwine computerized camera, impelled
journal, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave stove, remote controls for TV and air course and cooling
system, VCO player, PC redirection bolsters, video recorders and so forth. The present front line auto has
around 20 installed structures for transmission control, motor start control, ventilating, course and whatnot.
Most likely, even wristwatches are straightforwardly persuading the chance to be especially presented
structures. The palmtops are capable installed structures utilizing which we can do various broadly important
attempts, for example, playing beguilements and word preparing.
Office automation:
The workplace mechanization items utilizing em installed frameworks are duplicating machine, fax
machine, key phone, modem, printer, scanner and so on. Industrial automation:
Today a noteworthy measure of associations utilizes presented frameworks for process control. These
merge pharmaceutical, bond, sugar, oil examination, atomic importance, control period and transmission.
The implanted frameworks for mechanical utilize are intended to complete particular attempts, for example,
viewing the temperature, weight, wetness, voltage, current and so on., and a while later make genuine move
in context of the checked levels to control unmistakable gadgets or to send data to a solidified watching
station. In hazardous current condition, where human closeness must be kept away from, robots are utilized,
which are modified to do particular occupations. The robots are at the present time winding up being
convincing and complete various beguiling and perplexed assignments, for example, outfit get together.
Medical electronics:
In every practical sense every helpful apparatus in the pro's office is an installed structure. In every practical

sense every helpful apparatus in the pro's office is an installed structure. These arrangements join
symptomatic assistants, for example, ECG, EEG, circulatory strain measuring contraptions, X-column
scanners; prepare utilized as a bit of blood examination, radiation, colonoscopy, and endoscopy and so on.
Changes in remedial contraptions have cleared path for more correct examination of torments.
Computer networking:
PC sorting out things, for instance, ranges, switches, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN),
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and diagram hand-off switches are embedded structures which
execute the basic data correspondence traditions. For example, a switch interconnects two frameworks. The
two frameworks may run assorted tradition stacks. The change's ability is to get the data packages from
moving toward pores, look at the groups and send them towards the objective ensuing to doing principal
tradition change. Most frameworks organization sorts of apparatus, other than the end structures (desktop
PCs) we use to get to the frameworks, are embedded frameworks.
Telecommunications:
In the field of communicate interchanges, the embedded structures can be organized as endorser
terminals and framework outfit. The endorser terminals, for instance, key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal
connectors, web cameras are embedded structures. The framework adapts fuses multiplexers, distinctive get
to systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems et cetera. IP phone, IP entryway, IP
protect et cetera are the latest introduced systems that give insignificant exertion voice correspondence over
the Internet.
Wireless technologies:
Moves in adaptable correspondences are clearing course for m way for some entrancing applications
using embedded structures. The phone is one of the miracles of the latest decade of the 20 thcentury. It is a
powerful introduced structure that gives voice correspondence while we are advancing. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops would now be able to be used to get the opportunity to sight and sound
organizations over the Internet. Compact correspondence structure, for instance, base station controllers,
adaptable trading centers are moreover exceptional Embedded Systems.
Security:
Security of people and data has dependably been a noteworthy issue. We have to secure our homes
and workplaces; and furthermore, the data we transmit and store. Creating inserted frameworks for security
applications is a standout amongst the most lucrative organizations these days. Security gadgets at homes,
workplaces, airplane terminals and so on for confirmation and check are installed frameworks. Encryption
gadgets are about 99 for each penny of the processors that are made wind up in inserted frameworks.
Installed frameworks discover applications in. each mechanical section purchaser hardware, transportation,
flight, biomedical building, fabricating, process control and modern robotization, information
correspondence, media transmission, barrier, security and so forth. Used to encode the information/voice
being transmitted on correspondence connections, for example, phone lines. Biometric frameworks utilizing
unique finger impression and face acknowledgment are currently being broadly utilized for client validation
in saving money applications and additionally for get to control in high security structures.
Finance:
Budgetary overseeing through cash and checks are right now slowly clearing course for trades using
splendid cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, in like manner reached out as Any Time Money)
machines. Astute card, of the measure of a Visa, has a little littler scale controller and memory; and it
interfaces with the insightful card peruse! ATM machine and goes about as an electronic wallet. Quick card
advancement has the limit of presenting a cashless society. It is no deception to express that eyes wherever
you go, you can see, or if nothing else feel, crafted by an embedded System.
1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing
on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a
layered architecture as shown in Figure.
Figure 1.1: Overview diagram of Embedded system
The working system keeps running over the equipment, and the application programming keeps
running over the working framework. A similar design is material to any PC including a desktop PC. Be that
as it may, there are huge contrasts. It is not necessary to have a working framework in each installed
framework. For little machines, for example, remote control units, aeration and cooling systems, toys and so
forth. There is no requirement for a working framework, and you can compose just the product particular to
that application. For applications including complex handling, it is fitting to have a working framework. In
such a case, you have to incorporate the application programming with the working System and after that
exchange the whole programming on to the memory chip. This may be seen as an adjustment in the lifestyles
of people.
The progression of a transportation structure has been the generative power for individuals to have
the most essential human headway above creatures in the earth. Auto has a great noteworthiness in our step-
by-step life. In the current circumstance, owning distinctive vehicles is seen as a financial prosperity in the
overall population and accordingly the number of vehicles in the city has extended greatly in the earlier
decade. On one hand, this may be seen as an adjustment in the lifestyles of people, along these lines, it can't
be denied that there is a stark augmentation of road disasters, air defilement caused by the vehicles and
wrongdoings related to the vehicles like theft et cetera.
We utilize it to go to our workplace, remain in contact with our friends and family, and pass on our
stock. Regardless, it can moreover pass on disaster to us and even can kill us through accidents. Speed is a
champion among the most key and basic peril factors in driving. It impacts the reality of a crash, and also
fabricates peril of being required in a crash. Regardless of various attempts taken by different authoritative
and non-managerial affiliations all around the world by various ventures to careful against impulsive driving,
yet disasters are happening every once in a while. In any case, many lives could have been saved if the
emergency organization could get the crash information in time. Everything considered, capable customized
incident acknowledgment with a modified cautioning to the emergency advantage with the setback zone is a

prime need to save the profitable human life. It can moreover pass on disaster to us and even can kill us
through accidents
1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 1.2 Embedded Block diagram
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware around a central processing unit (CPU).
This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on the
memory chip is also called the "firm ware". The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system as shown in figure. The same architecture is applicable
to any computer including a desktop computer.
However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every
embedded system. For small appliances such as remote-control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no
need for an operating system, and you can write only the software specific to that application. For
applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system.
In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then
transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.

Figure 1.3: Interfacing Components in an Embedded system

As shown in above figure, the building blocks of an embedded system are:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory (RAM and ROM)
• Input devices
• Output devices
Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit may be a microcontroller, microprocessor, or a Digital Signal Processor.
A microcontroller is a low-cost processor. On the microcontroller chip itself, there will be many other
components such as memory, serial communication interface, A/D converter etc. So, for small applications, a
microcontroller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the
other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but many external components are needed for them. Digital
Signal Processors are mainly used for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and
video processing.
Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains the
contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched
on, the processor reads the ROM.
Input Devices:
The input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will be no keyboard or
a mouse, like in computers and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded
systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction. They take inputs from
sensors or transducers that will produce electrical signals that are fed to other systems.

Output Devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few LEDs to indicate the health status of the system modules, or for visual indication of
alarms. LCDs may also be used to display some important parameters.
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems have vast applications in number of fields. The embedded system market is one of the
highest growth areas as these systems are used in
• Consumer electronics
• Office automation
• Bio-Medical engineering
• Wireless communication
• Data communication
• Military
• Automobiles
• Aerospace
• Household Appliances
1.5 CHARACTERISTICS
All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly /continuously over their
lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3 player. Embedded systems are created to perform the
task within a certain time frame. It must therefore perform fast enough. Cars break system, if exceeds the
time limit, may cause accidents. They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing
machine works on its own after the program is set and stops once the task is over. Some embedded systems
are designed to react to external stimuli and react accordingly. A thermos-meter, a GPS tracking device.
Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small sized, can work with less
power and are not too expensive. Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users. Hence,
they must rank high on reliability and stability. They are expected to function for long duration without the
user experiencing any difficulties.
Micro controller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems. Embedded systems need
connected peripherals to attach input & output devices. The hardware of an embedded system is used for
security and performance. The Software is used for features.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
During August 2020, The Haryana government announced that other than the shops which are
selling the daily needs all types of shops and offices will remain closed in the state every Saturday and
Sunday due to COVID-19 pandemic because it may cause increase in crowd. [5-6].
In July 2020, BBC reported that since social distance need to maintain many sectors need to
innovate and they pointed out the grocery shop particularly. Since many customers are standing in long
queue to buy their needs they are waiting in a distance of at-least two meters from each other and they are
also standing in a queue with hand sanitizers and masks to prevent them from covid attack. So, some
innovations are needed to reduce the queues in a pandemic situation [7].
In September 2020, The Hindu reported that the buying habits of consumers along with how they
search for and interact with new business are majorly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, based on
consumer’s report of crisis and recovery by Facebook [8].
The above articles reported by different news providers were published during the covid-19
pandemic situation. Since the disease is spreading from one person to other person through contact also
shops, malls and other places which are crowd pullers are closed and government of many countries-imposed
lockdown to reduce crowd and this mainly affected the people to buy the daily needs. Since shops were
closed and even the opened shops were also suggested to maintain at least two meter distance which will
reduce the disease from spreading to the other person [9-10].Since, the pandemic situation around the world
has left us to stay in home in the lockdown and later to make the economy to run government has suggested
to open the shops with social distancing, this is the main inspiration for us to help the people in pandemic.
So, we thought to reduce queue and maintain social distance in shopping malls where crowd is a regular
thing to consider. In response to the challenges posed by long queues and social distancing requirements, D
Mart might have implemented innovative solutions. This could include measures like online ordering and
home delivery services, contact less payment options, appointment-based shopping, and queue management
systems to streamline the shopping experience and minimize wait times for customers. The BBC report's
insights into consumer behavior align with D Mart's experience during the pandemic. Customers would have
adjusted their shopping habits, such as opting for bulk purchases, utilizing online platforms for grocery
shopping, and adhering to safety protocols like wearing masks and using hand sanitizers while shopping in-
store Overall, D Mart's response to the COVID-19 pandemic reflects the broader trends observed in the retail
sector, including a focus on safety, innovation, digitalization, and customer-eccentric strategies to navigate
the challenges and opportunities presented by the global health crisis.

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system has RFID tags to read the product details and LCD is used to display the details
of the product. The existing system is capable of doing automatic billing and for such system ZigBee is
used to store the billing information and later the information is retrieved by cashier by using the ZigBee or
physical cable[1].In some other models they have tried to increase the range by using UHF RFID and
Circular Polarized Antenna[2].In some models they have used web camera to monitor the customers to
prevent theft[3]. In [4] they have used a server on each product shelves to find in which product customer is
interested and also it senses the customer behaviors and assist them with the help by sending information to
the store’s employee, it mainly focus on analyzing customers. In [5] the product details were red by using
RFID and Arduino is used as a micro controller.
A Bluetooth module is used to transfer the product information to mobile phone and also to transfer
the bill information to the cashier by connecting the mobile phone with the shop’s server. Figure 1 depicts
the block diagram of the existing shopping cart.
Figure 3.1.Block Diagram of Existing System 1
The drawback of the work proposed in [4] is when two customers are standing near the trolley,
there is a chance that the trolley may get interchanged for another customer. It is not. The block diagram of
the proposed shopping cart is shown in Fig 2 The main thing which frustrates a customer while shopping is
searching for the products they need, they may search it in the whole shop and they left out not getting it
even if the product is available they need to spend time to find it so we are thinking to give assist to customer
in this area by providing the product details and they are located in the store. The project work aims to assist
the customer by not only reducing the queue in billing but also in the payment area by providing payment
options in cart using card where balance amount is stored in Arduino EEPROM and retrieved and also

another option through mobile app. It includes an RFID reader, a micro controller, an LCD Screen, Keypad,
GSM.
Existing system is an IOT based smart cart that utilizes RFID mechanism. It includes RFID tags which are
attached to each product. The existing system is capable of doing automatic billing. Each product in the
supermarket is attached with an RFID tag, the tag contains the details of the product including product id,
brand name, price of the product, manufacturing date, expiry date etc. RFID Reader When the shopper puts
any product in the cart then the tag is read by the RFID reader. Arduino the Arduino facilitates
communication between RFID tags,
sensors, and the smart shopping trolley system. It reads information from RFID tags and products, allowing
the system to track items added or removed from the trolley.
Figure 3.2.Block Diagram of Existing system2 System
3.2 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

 Difficult to design
 Cost is high
 Complexity
 Low performance
 IoT not integrated

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the recent systems, the bar codes are printed in the product thus these bar codes are used for
scanning, so they don ’t want waste their time in queue for paying the amount. At times in the billing counter
the bar code of some product can be damaged thus it to take long time for scanning manually. In order to
solve the problems identified and to save the customers time and to win the loyalty with the clients by the
retailers. In the proposed system each product will have a passive radio rate of recurrence ID tag which
represents the unique electronic product code. Thus, the electronic product code gives the information about
the product details (i.e) name and price.
When the customer puts the product in the shopping cart, the RFID scanner scans the tag and the
electronic product code is generated. The radio frequency ID reader passes the electronic product code the
microcontroller. The name and price of the product is processed by the controller and gets displayed on the
LCD screen of the smart trolley. Where the customer can see their product details. To store the price of the
amount and the billing data information can be stored in the microcontroller memory. The LCD acts as the
interface with the microcontroller.
Where in the LCD display the customer can see that whether the product us been added or removed
from the cart and it also shows the amount of bill the customer should pay. The amount can be payed
through the online interface. As we conducted some test so that we infer that when putting an item into the
smart cart or expelling a item from the cart is able to precisely read it. In the proposed system, the ultrasonic
transducer is implanted so that in shopping malls or the supermarkets social distancing is followed. Thus the
block diagram of the proposed system in shown in figure 4.1.To overcome the mentioned drawbacks a novel
system has been proposed to reduce queue in the departmental stores and also to help the customer to find
the product. The project work aims to assist the customer only reducing queue in billing but also in the
payment area by providing payment options in cart using card.
Each product will have a passive radio frequency ID tag which represents the unique electronic product code.
The Internet of Things (IoT) acts as a network of interconnected devices, allowing them to communicate,
share data, and perform tasks autonomously. It enables a wide range of applications, from smart homes and
cities to industrial automation and healthcare monitoring.
Figure 4.1 Proposed System Block diagram

Fig 4.1 shows the proposed system. To make a further understand the working of big labor machines and
tech-devices we valuable and realistic technology for monitoring. The working flow of the proposed system
shown in figure4.2.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network where physical objects or "things" are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data over the internet. This network allows for
remote monitoring, control, and automation of various devices and systems, leading to increased efficiency,
convenience, and insights across different domains like home automation, healthcare, agriculture,
transportation, and more. In IoT (Internet of Things) applications, the ESP8266 is often used as a key
component due to its capabilities as a Wi-Fi module. It enables IoT devices to connect to the internet and
communicate with other devices and cloud services, facilitating data exchange, remote control, and
automation. The ESP8266's affordability, ease of use, and compatibility with different programming
languages make it a popular choice for IoT enthusiasts and developers.
Working Flow
Figure 4.2: Working Flow Diagram
The RFID tags acts as a product and the RFID reader (RC522) acts as a scanner. When the tags reach
the reader it detects the tag and the LCD display (i2c) shows the product details such as the product name
and price. If the customer decides to remove the product from the cart can use the Touch Sensor switch and

remove the product from the cart Following each and every product the price will be added After buying the
products they will get total amount by showing the payment card in RFID module and they can pay the
amount by pressing the touch sensor switch then it shows the remaining balance amount, customer can also
recharge the card if it shows low balance with the help of ATM card from sales executive. An IOT is
developed to comfort the customers which shows the details of the product, price of the product, and
payment method. Once the shopping is done, the customer can use the smart card to pay the bill or customer
can pay the bill using online payments. After paying the bill, customer will get a bill mail alerts to their
registered email and if the bill is paid using the smart card then the balance in the card will be intimidated.
RFID Reader (RC 522):

A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to gather information from an
RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects. Radio waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a
reader. RFID is a technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag does not have to be
scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader. The RFID tag it must be within the range of an
RFID reader, which ranges from 3 to 300 feet, in order to be read.
Ultrasonic Sensor:
Ultrasonic transducer is a device which converts some other energy into ultrasonic vibrations. It is
made up of an active element a backing and wear plate . The piezoelectric or single crystal material can be
used as an active element which converts the electrical energy into ultrasonic energy. The ultrasonic waves
are sound waves whose frequencies are higher than those of waves which are audible to human ear. It sends
electrical signals to the object and once when it strikes the object then it reverts to the transducer. In the
proposed system it is mainly used for the social distancing in the supermarkets or malls.
RFID Tags:
RFID tags are used to store the electronic code of the product and it also has barcode. The tags consist
of the integrated circuit and an antenna which is used to transfer the data to the RFID reader. These tags are
unique for all the product in the supermarkets or the shopping malls. It is a typing of tracking system where it
uses smart barcodes to identify the items. RFID tags utilize the radio frequency technology. There are two
types of tags these are battery operated and passive tags.
Touch Sensor:
Here touch sensor is used as switch. If the customer decides to remove the product from the cart can
use the Touch Sensor switch and remove the product from the cart.
Buzzer :
The buzzer acts as the alarm in the project. The audio signaling device which consider of mechanical
or electromechanical or piezoelectric. It gives the beep sound when social distancing is not followed it.
IOT (WI-FI module ESP8266):

The Node MCU (ESP8266) is a microcontroller with an inbuilt Wi-Fi module. The total pins on this
device are 30 out of which 17 are GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins which are connected to various

sensors to receive data from the sensors and send output data to the connected devices. The Node MCU has
128KB of RAM and 4MB flash memory storage to store programs and data. The code is dumped into the
Node MCU through USB and is stored in it.
Whenever the Node MCU receives input data from the sensors, it crosschecks the data received and
stores the received data. Depending on the data received it sends a pulse to the Relay Module which in-turn
acts as a switch to on or off the pump. The operating frequency of the Node MCU ranges from 80 to 160
MHZ and the operating voltage of this device range from 3 to 3.6V. The Wi-Fi module presents in the Node
MCU range from 46 (indoors) to 92 (Outdoors) Meters.
Arduino IDE:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application in which the
functions are written in C and C++ languages. It is used to write and dump the written programs to Arduino
compatible boards with the help of third-party cores and other vendor development boards.
LCD Display:
LCD stands for liquid crystal display, which is used to show the status of an application, displaying
values, debugging a program, etc. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric
dot matrix displays are capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols.
4.2 COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS

Hardware Requirements:
• Arduino
• Node MCU ESP8266
• Power supply
• LCD Display
• RFID Reader
• RFID Tags
• Buzzer
• Touch Sensor
Software Requirements:
• Ubi Dots
• Arduino IDE
• Embedded C Language
Operating Systems: Windows 7/10

CHAPTER 5
HARDWAREDESCRIPTION
5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

These are the following components we used to design our Project “IOT Based Social Distance
Shopping using RFID and Ultrasonic Sensor”.
• Arduino
• Node MCU ESP8266
• Power supply
• LCD Display
• RFID Reader
• RFID Tags
• Buzzer
• Touch Sensor
ARDUINO UNO
Overview:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board in context of the ATmega328. It has 14 electronic
data/yield pins (of which 6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 clear data sources, a 16 MHz stylish resonator,
a USB association, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset get. It contains everything foreseen that would
help the microcontroller; just interface it to a PC with a USB association or power it with an AC-to-DC
connector or battery to begin.
The Uno contrasts from every last going before board in that it doesn't utilize the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Or on the other hand perhaps, it consolidates the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to change R2)
modified as a USB to-serial converter.
Revision3 of the board has the running with new parts:
 Pin out: included SDA and SCL pins that are close to the AREF stick and two other new follows set
close to the RESET stick, the IOREF that enable the shields to adapt to the voltage gave from the board.
In future, shields will be extraordinary both with the board that utilization the AVR, which work with
5V and with the Arduino Due that work with 3.3V. The second one is a not related stick that is held for
future purposes.
 At mega 16U2 supplant the 8U2.
 "Uno" recommends one in Italian and is named to stamp the best in class arriving of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and modification 1.0 will be the reference variants of Arduino, advancing. The Uno is the most
recent in a development of USB Arduino sheets, and the reference display for the Arduino sort out, for
an association with past modification.
Arduino board:
Arduino is a model stage (open-source) in light of an easy to-use hardware and programming. It
incorporates a circuit board, which can be modified (suggested as a microcontroller) and a possible
programming called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is worn to casing and
exchange the PC code to the physical board. The key sections are Arduino sheets can read fundamental or

pushed data signals from different sensors and change it into a yield, for instance, starting a motor, turning
LED on/off, join to the dull and diverse obvious exercises
.
Figure 5.1: Arduino Board

You can deal with your board obliges as far as expert vocation a procedure of rules to the
microcontroller on the board by methods for Arduino IDE (recommended as exchanging programming). Not
at all like most before programmable circuit sheets, Arduino does not require an extra piece of hardware
(called a thing diagram) with a particular veritable objective to stack another code onto the board. You can
basically use a USB relate. Also, the Arduino IDE uses a streamlined difference in C++, making it less
requesting to appreciate how to program. Finally, Arduino gives a traditional bundling factor that breaks the
parts of the cut back scale controller into a more open package.
ATmega328P-PU with Arduino Boot loader:
Figure 5.2: ATmega328P-PU
Description:
The name says everything on this one. An Atmega328 in DIP bundle, prepacked with the Arduino
(16MHz) Boot loader. This will engage you to utilize Arduino code in your especially presented connects
without using a genuine Arduino board.
To get this chip working with Arduino IDE, you will require an outside 16MHz significant stone or
resonator, a 5V supply, and a serial association. On the off chance that you are not content with doing this,
we propose acquiring the Arduino Demilune board that has these merged with the board.

Figure 5.3: Pin Description of Arduino

1. Power USB: Arduino board can be engaged by using the USB interface from your PC. You should
basically relate the USB interface with the USB union (1).
2. Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino sheets can be filled particularly from the AC mains control supply by
assistant it to the Barrel Jack (2).
3. Voltage Regulator: The most distant purpose of the voltage controller is to control the voltage given
to the Arduino board and parity the DC voltages used by the processor and diverse areas.
4. Gem Oscillator: The gainful stone oscillator helps Arduino in overseeing time issues. How does
Arduino discover time? The most ideal reaction is, by using the noteworthy stone oscillator. The number
engraved over the Arduino critical stone is 16.000H9H. It reveals to us that the repeat is 16,000,000
Hertz or 16 MHz.
5. Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the most reliable
beginning stage. You can reset the UNO board in two different ways. Regardless, by using the reset get
(17) on the board. Second, you would interface have the ability to an outside reset catch to the Arduino
stick named RESET (5). 6,7,8,9 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 yield volt
 5V (7): Supply 5 yield volt
 Most of the parts used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3-volt5-volt GND (8) (Ground):
There are a few GND sticks on the Arduino, any of which it tends to be used to ground your
circuit. Vin (9): This stick in like way can be used to control the Arduino board from an outside
power source, like AC mains control supply.
6. Direct sticks: The Arduino UNO board has five clear data pins A0 through A5. These pins can read
the flag from a reasonable sensor like the moisture sensor or temperature sensor and change over it into
an electronic regard that can be broke down by the chip.
7. Primary Controller: Each Arduino board has its own specific micro controller (11). You can
remember it as the cerebrum of your board. The essential IC (joined circuit) on the Arduino is somewhat
not definitely the equivalent as board to board. The micro controllers are generally of the ATMEL
Company. You ought to perceive what IC your ban has before stacking another program from the

Arduino IDE. This information is open on the most astounding explanation behind the IC. For more bits
of finding out about the IC movement and purposes of restriction, you can propose the data sheet.
8. ICSP stick: For the most part, ICSP (12) is an AVR, an unassuming programming header for the
Arduino containing MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is as frequently as conceivable
proposed as a SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "extension" of the yield.
If all else fails, you are slaving the yield contraption to the expert of the SPI transport.
9. Power LED pointer: This LED ought to light up when you relate your Arduino to a power source to
demonstrate that your blockade is empowered certainly. If this light does not turn on, by then there is a
vital issue with the affiliation.
10.TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two names: TX (transmit) and RX (get). They
appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. Regardless, at the robotized pins 0 and 1 display the
pins accountable for sequential correspondence. Second, the TX and RX drove (13). The TX drove
flashes with different speed while sending the sequential data. The speed of shooting depends on the
baud rate used by the board. RX flashes in the midst of the getting method.
11.Computerized I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 electronic I/O pins (15) (of which 6 give PWM)
(Pulse Width Modulation) yield. These pins can be dealt with to fill in as data electronic pins to look at
procedure for speculation regards (0 or 1) or as forefront yield pins to drive particular modules like
LED's, exchanges, et cetera. The pins stamped "~" can be used to make PWM.
12.AREF: Remain for Analog Reference. It is on occasion, used to set an external reference voltage (in
the region of 0 and 5 Volts) past what many would consider attainable for the reasonable data stick.
Pin diagram:
Figure 5.4: Pin diagram of Arduino
Specialized Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Working Voltage 5V
Information Voltage (recommended) 7-
12V Info Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Computerized I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 give PWM yield)

Simple Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Streak Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Wi-Fi (ESP8266)
Wi-Fi Module:
Wi-Fi is an innovation for remote neighborhood with gadgets in light of the IEEE 802.11 guidelines.
Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which confines the utilization of the term Wi-Fi Certified to
items that effectively total interoperability accreditation testing.
Figure 5.5: Wi-Fi Module
Gadgets that can utilize Wi-Fi innovation incorporate PCs, computer game consoles, telephones and
tablets, computerized cameras, shrewd TVs, advanced sound players and present-day printers. Wi-Fi perfect
gadgets can associate with the Internet through a WLAN and a remote passageway. Such a passage (or
hotspot) has a scope of around 20 meters (66 feet) inside and a more prominent range outside. Hotspot
inclusion can be as little as a solitary stay with dividers that square radio waves, or as huge the same number
of square kilometers accomplished by utilizing numerous covering passageways. The ESP8266 is a minimal
effort Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller ability. The chip previously went to the
consideration of western creators in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made by an outsider maker, Ai-
Thinker. This little module enables microcontrollers to interface with a Wi-Fi system and make
straightforward TCP/IP associations utilizing Hayes-style directions. In any case, at the time there was no
English-dialect documentation on the chip and the directions it acknowledged. The simple low cost and the
way that there were not very many outside segments on the module which proposed that it could in the end
be extremely modest in volume, pulled in numerous programmers to investigate the module, chip, and the
product on it, and in addition to decipher the Chinese documentation. This little module enables
microcontrollers to interface with a Wi-Fi system and make straightforward TCP/IP associations utilizing
Hayes-style directions.

Specifications:
 802.11 b/g/n.
 Integrated low power 32bit MCU.
 Integrated 10bit ADC.
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack.
 Operating temperature range: -40 ° C ~ 125 ° C.
 Frequency range: 2.4GHz - 2.5GHZ.
 Operating voltage: 3.0v~3.6v.
 Operating current: Average value 80mA.
Programming Node MCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE:
The Node MCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE since it is easy to
use.
Programming Node MCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All you need is the
Arduino IDE, a USB cable, and the Node MCU board itself.
Uploading your first program:

Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with the computer using the USB
cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting Tools>Boards>NodeMCU1.0
(ESP-12E Module) and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. To get it started with the Node
MCU board and blink the built-in LED, load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink.
Once the example code is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the
upload is finished, you should see the built-in LED of the board blinking.
Applications of Node MCU:

 Prototyping of IOT devices
 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities
POWER SUPPLY
Figure 5.6: Power Supply

The information to the circuit is related from the arranged power supply. The AC information i.e.,
230v from the mains give is wind around the transformer to 12v and is lively to a rectifier. The yield grabbed
from the rectifier is a sore DC voltage. Remembering the true objective to get an unmodified DC
voltage, the yield voltage from the rectifier is supported to a channel to leave any AC parts introduce widely

after refresh. Inevitably, this voltage is given to a voltage controller to get an immaculate unfaltering dc
voltage.
Figure 5.7: Circuit diagram of LPC2148
The Arduino Uno can be filled by techniques for the USB association or with an outside power
supply. The power source is picked consequently. Outside (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-
DC connector (divider wart) or battery. The connector can be connected by ending a 2.1mm focus positive
interface with the board's essentialness jack. Leads from a battery can be embedded in the Gnd and V in stick
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can wear down an outer supply of 6 to 20 volts. In the event that gave under 7V, regardless,
the 5V stick may supply under five volts and the board might be unsafe. In the event that utilizing more than
12V, the voltage controller may overheat and hurt the board. The prescribed run is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as per the going with:

 VIN: The information voltage to the Arduino board when it's utilizing an outside power source
(instead of 5 volts from the USB association or other supervised control source). You can supply
voltage through this stick, or, if giving voltage by techniques for the power jack, get to it through this
stick.
 5V: The facilitated control supply used to control the microcontroller and differing parts on the board.
This can come either from VIN by techniques for an on-board controller, or be given by USB or
another planned 5V supply.
 3.3V: A 3.3 volts supply conveyed by the on-board controller. Most ludicrous current draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
Transformer:
When in doubt, DC voltages are obliged to work diverse electronic apparatus and these voltages are
5/9/12 Volts. In any case these voltages can't be gotten arrange.

Figure 5.8: Step-down Transformer
In this way the AC information open at the mains supply i.e., 230Volts is to be cut down to the
obliged voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Along these lines, a wander down transformer is used to
diminish the voltage to an obliged level.
Rectifier:
The yield from the transformer is made sense of how to the rectifier. It changes over AC. into
throbbing DC. The rectifier might be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this broad, a phase rectifier is
used by brilliance of its purposes of intrigue like awesome reliability and full wave change.
Figure 5.9: Full wave Bridge Rectifier
Filter:
Capacitive channel is used as a touch of this wander. It removes the swells from the yield of rectifier
and smoothens the Dc. Yield got from this channel is relentless until the mains voltage and weight is kept up
reliable. On the other hand, if both of the two is changed, Dc. voltage got starting at the present moment
changes. Along these lines a controller is connected at the yield make.
Voltage Controller:
Figure 5.10: Voltage Regulator

A voltage controller is an electrical controller planned to thusly keep up a persevering voltage level.
In this wind, control supply of 5v and 12v are required. Remembering the true objective to get these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage controllers are to be used.
Memory: The
Atmega328 has 32 KB of glimmer memory for securing code (of which 0,5 KB is utilized for the boot loader); It has in
like way 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
Communication:
The Arduino Uno has different workplaces for talking with a PC, another Arduino, or diverse
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 gives UART TTL (5V) serial correspondence, which is available on
electronic pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial correspondence over
USB and appears as a virtual com port to programming on the PC. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is required. Nevertheless, on Windows, an .info record is required.
The Arduino programming consolidates a serial screen which empowers fundamental printed data to
be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will streak when data is being
transmitted through the USB-to-serial chip and USB relationship with the PC (however not for serial
correspondence on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library thinks about serial correspondence on any of the Uno's propelled pins. The
ATmega328 in like manner supports I2C (TWI) and SPI correspondence. The Arduino programming fuses a
Wire library to streamline use of the I2C transport; see the documentation for purposes of intrigue. For SPI
correspondence, use the SPI library.
USB Over current Protection:
The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly fused that shields your PC's USB ports from shorts and
overcurrent. Though most PCs give their own specific inside confirmation, the breaker gives an extra layer of
security. If more than 500 mA is associated with the USB port, the circuit will normally break the
relationship until the point that the short or over-load is removed.
Physical Characteristics:
The best length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches independently, with the USB
connector and power jack extending past the past estimation. Four screw holes empower the board to be
joined to a surface or case. Note that the partition between electronic pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an
even unique of the 100-mil scattering of exchange pins.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

LCD stays for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding extensive utilize supplanting LEDs (seven-piece
LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the going with reasons:
 The declining expenses of LCDs.
 The ability to indicate numbers, characters and plan. This is instead of LEDs, which are obliged to
numbers and a few characters.
 Consolidation of a fortifying controller into the LCD, in this way easing the CPU of the task of
resuscitating the LCD. Strikingly, the LED must be restored by the CPU to keep demonstrating the
data.
 Simplicity of programming for characters and outline. These are used for arraigning specific
messages on a little scale LCD.

Figure 5.11: LCD Module

Pin Functions:
Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) VCC
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; Register
4
and data register when high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 8-bit data pins DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table 5.1: Pin functions of LCD

LCD Screen:
Figure 5.12:Liquid Crystal Display
LCD Basic Commands:

Passage mode set order
These gather sets cursor move bearing and show proceed onward/OFF. There are 4 possible limit set
commands:04, 05, 06, and 07. This request modifies the course the cursor moves by setting the convey
counter to expansion or decrement. This request is basic. If you don't understand it you may not see anything
or what you extremely expected to see on LCD screen. I have made 4 vivified gifs to indicate what the limit
set charge is about.
Exactly when my partner Hakan Dereli expected to get some answers concerning LC demonstrates I
gave him a LC appear and the 4*4 support that I used with my Z80 framework. The support relies upon a
74C922 chip and my circuit to change over the 4-bit data yield of the 74C922 to 8-bit information. It
moreover has 3 distinct gets on it. This makes it exceptional to investigate diverse roads in regards to LCDs
by entering charges/data physically.
Hakan attempted each and every possible bring by sending each one of the numbers in the region of
00h and FFH to the LCD to check whether there is an undocumented part and see how all charges work. He
didn't find anything undocumented, yet he saw how LCD carries on after every limit set call. The
accompanying are the gifs to demonstrate those requests. To show the effect of every limit set charge it is
normal that the LCDs underneath are 2*16 LC Displays with DD RAM convey set to 8 and underline cursor
ON. Observe that when the convey counter is set to DECREMENT, strings sent to the LCD will be engraved
in reverse demand. A comparable thing applies to the CG RAM, moreover.
 Clear Display.
 Cursor Home. RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 0 1 * Returns the cursor to the home
position (Address 0). Returns show to its unique state on the off chance that it was moved.
 Entry Mode Set.

 Display ON/OFF.
 Cursor and Display Shift.
 Function Set.
 Set CG RAM Address.
 Set DDRAM Address.
16×2 LCD Commands:
Code (Hex) Working of LCD Commands

1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to beginning to 1st line
C0 Force cursor to beginning to 2nd line
90 Force cursor to beginning to 3rd line
D0 Force cursor to beginning to 4th line
38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (8-bit mode)
28 2 lines and 5×7 matrix (4-bit mode)
N Next line
T Tab
R Enter
Table 5.2: Commands of LCD

LCD Connection:
Figure 5.13: LCD Connections
LCD Initialization:
 To instate LCD to the microcontroller the accompanying guideline and orders are to be insert into
the capacities
 0×38 is utilized for 8-bit information instatement.
 0xFH for making LCD on and instating the cursor
 0x6H for augmenting the cursor which will show another character in the LCD
 0x1H for clearing the LCD.
 Sending information to the LCD: E=1; empower stick ought to be high
 RS=1; Register select ought to be high to write the information
 Placing the information on the information registers
 R/W=0; Read/Write stick ought to be low to write the information.
RFID READER:
Gone are the days when people waited in long checkout lines at the grocery store, thanks to RFID
technology. With an RFID based walk-through automatic checkout solution, you can fill up your cart and
walk right out the door. You no longer need to wait for someone to ring each item in your cart one by one;
Now with the help of RFID tags attached to the items, every item in the cart will be detected and ringed
almost instantly.
For most of our RFID based Arduino projects, the RC522 RFID reader/writer module is a great
choice. It is low power, low cost, very rugged, easy to interface and extremely popular among hobbyists.
What is RFID technology and how does it work?

An RFID or radio frequency identification system consists of two main components, a tag attached to
the object to be identified, and a reader that reads the tag.A reader consists of a radio frequency module and
an antenna that generates a high frequency electromagnetic field. Whereas the tag is usually a passive device
(it does not have a battery). It consists of a microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna
for receiving and transmitting a signal.
Figure 5.14 : RFID Tag
When the tag is brought close to the reader, the reader generates an electromagnetic field. This causes
electrons to move through the tag’s antenna and subsequently powers the chip.
The chip then responds by sending its stored information back to the reader in the form of another
radio signal. This is called a backscatter. The reader detects and interprets this backscatter and sends the data
to a computer or microcontroller.
Hardware Overview
The RC522 RFID module based on the MFRC522 IC from NXP is one of the cheapest RFID options
you can get online for less than four dollars. It usually comes with an RFID card tag and a key fob tag with
1KB of memory. And the best part is that it can write a tag that means you can store any message in it.
Figure 5.15: RFID Reader and tags

The RC522 RFID reader module is designed to create a 13.56MHz electromagnetic field and
communicate with RFID tags (ISO 14443A standard tags).
The reader can communicate with a microcontroller over a 4-pin SPI with a maximum data rate of 10 Mbps.
It also supports communication over I2C and UART protocols.
The RC522 RFID module can be programmed to generate an interrupt, allowing the module to alert us when
a tag approaches it, instead of constantly asking the module “Is there a card nearby?”
The module’s operating voltage ranges from 2.5 to 3.3V, but the good news is that the logic pins are
5-volt tolerant, so we can easily connect it to an Arduino or any 5V logic microcontroller without using a
logic level converter.

Technical Specifications:
specifications:
Frequency Range 13.56 MHz ISM Band
Host Interface SPI / I2C / UART
Operating Supply Voltage 2.5 V to 3.3 V
Max. Operating Current 13-26mA
Min. Current(Power down) 10µA
Logic Inputs 5V Tolerant
Read Range 5 cm
There are mainly two essential elements which are the transmitter and receiver. Using the
piezoelectric crystals, the transmitter generates sound, and from there it travels to the target and gets back to
the receiver component.
To know the distance between the target and the sensor, the sensor calculates the amount of time required for
sound emission to travel from transmitter to receiver.
BUZZER:
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.The helmet is also designed with panic button.
This button is used to alarm other workers working at various floors of the large building in case of any
disaster or emergency situations. It is designed primarily to intimate every other workers involved in the
construction process instantly to avoid large disaster. It is an audio signaling device.
Figure 5.16 Buzzer
RFID TAGS
RFID Tag an RFID reader is a device used to gather data from an RFID tag that is employed to trace
individual objects. Radio waves are used to transfer signals from the tag to a reader. RFID is also a
technology similar in theory to bar codes. The RFID tag should be among the range of an RFID reader,
which ranges from three to a few hundred feet, soon be scan. RFID technology permits many things to be
quickly scanned and permits quick identification of a particular product, even once it's encircled by many
various things. RFID tags haven't replaced bar codes thanks to their price and therefore they have to singly
determine each item.

Figure 5.17: RFID Tags
TOUCH SENSOR
Here touch sensor is used as switch. If the customer decides to remove the product from the cart can
use the Touch Sensor switch and remove the product from the cart.
Figure 5.18: Touch sensor used as a switch

WEB SERVER
The essential capacity of a web server is to store, process and convey website pages to customers.
The correspondence amongst customer and server happens utilizing the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Pages conveyed are most often HTML archives, which may incorporate pictures, templates and contents
notwithstanding content substance.
A client specialist, ordinarily a web program or web crawler, starts correspondence by making a
demand for a particular asset utilizing HTTP and the server reacts with the substance of that asset or a
blunder message if unfit to do as such. The asset is normally a genuine document on the server's optional
stockpiling, yet this is not really the case and relies upon how the web server is actualized.
While the essential capacity is to serve content, a full execution of HTTP additionally incorporates methods
for getting content from customers. This component is utilized for submitting web shapes, including
transferring of records.
Numerous nonspecific web servers additionally bolster server-side scripting utilizing Active Server
Pages (ASP), PHP, or other scripting dialects. This implies the conduct of the web server can be scripted in
isolated records, while the genuine server programming stays unaltered. Generally, this capacity is utilized to
create HTML archives progressively ("on-the-fly") rather than returning static reports. The previous is
fundamentally utilized for recovering or altering data from databases. The last is commonly significantly
quicker and all the more effortlessly reserved however can't convey dynamic substance.
Web servers are not just utilized for serving the World Wide Web. They can likewise be discovered
installed in gadgets, for example, printers, switches, webcams and serving just a neighborhood organize. The
web server may then be utilized as a piece of a framework for observing or overseeing the gadget being

referred to. This normally implies no extra programming must be introduced on the customer PC, since just a
web program is required (which now is incorporated with most working frameworks).
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The Internet of Things (IOT) is an arrangement of interrelated processing gadgets, mechanical and
advanced machines, items, creatures or individuals that are furnished with novel identifiers and the capacity
to exchange information over a system without expecting human-to-human or human-to-PC connection.
Figure 5.19: Internet of Things (IOT)

IOT is just the system of interconnected things/gadgets which are installed with sensors,
programming, organize network and fundamental hardware that empowers them to gather and trade
information making them responsive.
Why Internet of Things /IOT will be successful in the coming years?

As the media transmission segment is ending up broader and more effective, broadband web is
generally accessible. With mechanical progression it is currently substantially less expensive to create
important sensors with worked in Wi-Fi abilities making interfacing gadgets less exorbitant.
Most vital, the advanced mobile phone use has outperformed all as far as possible and media
transmission segment is now chipping away at its toes to keep their clients fulfilled by enhancing their
foundation. As IOT gadgets require no different correspondence than the current one building IOT tech is
exceptionally shabby and very achievable. Widely accessible, the cost of interfacing is diminishing, more
gadgets are being made with Wi-Fi abilities and sensors incorporated with them, innovation costs are going
down, and cell phone infiltration is soaring. These things are making an "impeccable tempest" for the IOT.
This is the idea of fundamentally interfacing any gadget with an on and off change to the Internet (as
well as to each other). This incorporates everything from cell phones, espresso creators, clothes washers,
earphones, lights, wearable gadgets and practically whatever else you can consider. The IOT is a monster
system of associated "things" (which additionally incorporates individuals). The relationship will be between
human individuals, human things, and things-things.

How Does This Impact You?

The new control for what's to come will be, "Anything that can be associated, will be associated." But
why for heaven's sake would you need such a significant number of associated gadgets conversing with each
other? There are numerous cases for what this may look like or what the potential esteem may be. Say for
instance you are en route to a meeting; your auto could approach your date-book and right now.
know the best course to take. In the event that the activity is substantial your auto may send content to the
next gathering advising them that you will be late. Imagine a scenario where your wake-up timer awakens
you at 6 a.m. and after that informs your espresso creator to begin blending espresso for you? Imagine a
scenario in which your office hardware knew when it was running low on provisions and consequently re-
requested more. Consider the possibility that the wearable gadget you utilized as a part of the working
environment could reveal to you when and where you were most dynamic and profitable and imparted that
data to different gadgets that you utilized while working.The Internet of Things, called the IOT for short, is
another interconnection of innovation proclaimed as the following mechanical upset inferring radical change,
interruption, and a totally new worldview for the planet. In particular, the Internet of Things is an expansion
of the current associations amongst individuals and PCs to incorporate carefully associated "things." These
things measure and report information. This information can be straightforward numbers from a stationary or
portable sensor, (for example, a temperature sensor), or more mind-boggling discoveries from gadgets that
measure and report numerous information streams without a moment's delay. These propelled gadgets can
even incite or impact the information they're measuring (an associated indoor regulator is a simple
illustration).
As indicated by Cisco, the IOT can possibly develop worldwide corporate benefits by 21% out of
2022. (Wim Elfrink, EVP Industry Solutions, Cisco)
That means 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes of information more than 18,200,000,000 associations.
Advantages of IOT:
 Communication
 Robotization and Control
 Information
 Monitor
 Time
 Money
 Productive and Saves Time
 Spares Money
 Better Quality of Life
 Smart Cities
 Home Automation
 Modern Automation.

CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
6.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Arduino 1.0.6 software tools used to program microcontroller. The working of software tool is
explained below in detail.
Programming Microcontroller:
A compiler for an abnormal state dialect decreases generation time. To program the Arduino UNO
microcontroller the Arduino is utilized. The writing computer program is done entirely in the installed C
dialect. Arduino is a suite of executable, open-source programming advancement devices for the
microcontrollers facilitated on the Windows stage.
Arduino is a device for appearing well and good and control a greater amount of the physical world
than your desktop PC. It's an open-source physical registering stage in view of a straightforward
microcontroller board, and an improvement domain for composing programming for the board.
One of the challenges of programming microcontrollers is the restricted measure of assets the
developer needs to manage. In PCs assets, for example, RAM and preparing speed are essentially boundless
when contrasted with microcontrollers. Conversely, the code on microcontrollers ought to be as low on
assets as could reasonably be expected.
About Arduino Compiler
Get an Arduino board and USB cable:
You additionally require a standard USB link (An attachment to B plug): the kind you would
associate with a USB printer, for instance. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll require an A to Mini-B link.)

Figure 6.1: Arduino Board and USB Cable
Connect the board:

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano consequently draw control from either the
USB association with the PC or an outer power supply. In case you're utilizing an Arduino Diecimila, you'll
have to ensure that the board is configured to draw control from the USB association.
The power source is chosen with a jumper, a little bit of plastic that fits onto two of the three sticks
between the USB and power jacks. Watch that it's on the two sticks nearest to the USB port. Associate the
Arduino board to your PC utilizing the USB link. The green power LED (named PWR) ought to go on.
Figure 6.2: Connect the board

Open the blink example:
Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >1.Basics> Blink.

Figure 6.3: Opening Blink Example
Figure 6.4: Source Code Written in Arduino Compiler
Select your board:

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino.
Figure 6.5: Selecting an Arduino Uno
Writing Sketches:
Software written using Arduino are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text editor.
Sketches are saved with the file extension.ino. It has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing
text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console
displays text output by the Arduino environment including complete error messages and other information.
The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the current board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the IDE prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the extension.pde. It is possible to open these files
with version 1.0, you will be prompted to save the sketch with the into extension on save.
Check
Checks your code for mistakes.
Transfer
Assembles your code and transfers it to the Arduino I/O board. See transferring beneath for
subtle elements.
Note: If you are utilizing an outer software engineer, you can hold down the "move" key on your
PC when utilizing this symbol. The content will change to "Transfer utilizing Programmer"
New
Makes another draw.
Open
Presents a menu of all the representations in your sketchbook. Clicking one will open it inside
the present window.
Note: because of a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; on the off chance that you have to open
a portray late in the rundown, utilize the File | Sketchbook menu.
Spare
Recoveries your outline.
Serial Monitor
Opens the serial screen.
Table 6.1: Writing Sketches

Extra charges are found inside the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are
setting delicate which implies just those things applicable to the work as of now being done are accessible.
Select your serial port:
Select the serial gadget of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is probably
going to be COM3 or higher (COM1and COM2 are typically saved for equipment serial ports). To discover,
you can disengage your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the section that vanishes ought to be the
Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
Upload the program:
Before transferring your portray, you have to choose the right things from the Tools > Board and
Tools > Serial Port menus. The sheets are depicted beneath. On the Mac, the serial port is most likely
something like/dev/tty.usbmodem241 On Windows, it's presumably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or
COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to discover, you search for USB serial gadget in the
ports segment of the Windows Device Manager.
On Linux, it ought to be/dev/ttyUSB0,/dev/ttyUSB1 or comparable.
Once you've chosen the right serial port and board, press the transfer catch in the toolbar or select the Upload
thing from the File menu. Current Arduino sheets will reset naturally and start the transfer. With more
established sheets (pre-Diecimila) that need auto-reset, you'll have to press the reset catch on the board just
before beginning the transfer. On most sheets, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs flicker as the portray is
transferred. The Arduino condition will show a message when the transfer is finished, or demonstrate a
blunder. When you transfer a portray, you're utilizing the Arduino boot loader, a little program that has been
stacked on to the microcontroller on your board. It enables you to transfer code without utilizing any extra

equipment. The boot loader is dynamic for a couple of moments when the board resets; at that point it begins
whichever outline was most as of late transferred to the microcontroller. The boot loader will squint the on-
board (stick 13) LED when it begins (i.e., at the point when the board resets). Presently, just tap the
"Transfer" catch in the earth. Hold up a couple of moments - you should see the RX and TX leds on the
board blazing. In the event that the transfer is fruitful, the message "Done transferring." will show up in the
status bar. (Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you'll have to physically exhibit the reset
catch on the board promptly before squeezing the transfer catch).
Figure6.6: Compilation under Process

A couple of moments after the transfer completes, you should see the stick 13 (L) LED on the board
begin to flicker (in orange). In the event that it does, congrats! You've gotten Arduino up-and-running.
6.2 UBI DOTS CLOUD:
The basics components of any Internet of Things application powered by UBI dots are: Devices,
Variables, Synthetic Variables Engine, Dashboards, and Events.
Within this article we will address each of these concepts as they relate to UBI dots IOT Development and
Deployment Platform and how you can better organize your UBI dots Apps to best connect with the users.
Once your devices, variables, and general Application is assembled, give your App some layers with
UBI dots Device Management to learn more about UBI dots internal architecture and how you can use Apps,
Organizations, and Users to efficiently connect your data with those who should be using it.
Table of Contents:
1. Devices
2. Variables
3. Synthetic Variables Engine
4. Dashboard and Visualizations
5. Events.
1. Devices:
A UBI dots' device is a virtual representation of a data-source or simply, an asset taking sensor data and
transmitting said data through a connection protocol to UBI dots' cloud.
For current firm-ware examples and tutorials for connecting your device to UBI dots.
All devices are different, but the standard setup on any device entails:
 A library that should be installed in the device's IDE. (Not required)
 Filling parameters for authentication and connection such as a TOKEN (i.e. the unique ID for each
account or user), device and variable labels (i.e. devices and variables unique identifiers in UBI
dots), Wi-Fi SSID and Password, depending on the device and the requirements.

 Making API request (i.e., a call from a device to the web server). UBI dots’ libraries spare the need
to manually make these requests. However, if you’re working with a device not currently in the list
of supported hardware, you can choose a connectivity protocol such as MQTT or HTTP and make a
request using the API accordingly.
Creating devices:
There are three ways to create devices:
1. Devices are created automatically in UBI dots the first time a dot is received to a user's private
TOKEN or an Organizational TOKEN.
2. Clicking the "+" icon in the top right corner of any single device's screen.
3. Creating a Device Type which then creates a new device with pre-determined device properties,
appearance, and variables and automate the on-boarding of thousands of devices.
2. Variables:
Once a device is created and receiving data from your hardware or another 3rd party data-source, the data
will be presented in its raw or calculated form as a variable.
Types of Variables:
Default - raw data coming from devices (people counted).
Synthetic - correspond to statistical or arithmetical operations of default variables in a determined time-
frame (e.g., average daily traffic this month). Below you can read more about synthetic variable setups.
Creating variables: there are two ways to create variables.
1. Assigning a label as a variable within your hardware's code.
2. Clicking the "+" icon found in any single device screen and assign a name which will also correspond
to the variable's label. By default, UBI dots assigns an additional unique identifier to the variable
called Variable ID. To find both the variable's ID and variable's label, select the "i" icon form the
variables card.

3. Synthetic Variables Engine:

UBI dots Synthetic Variables (SV) Engine is a simple and effective way to create insights from the
raw data stored in UBI dots' Cloud. Using UBI dots SV Engine, users can create Synthetic Variables that
calculate and enhance data to give data-driven decision to user of an UBI dots powered application.
For example, to calculate Average (mean) Energy consumed this week, we will need to create a synthetic
variable called Energy to calculate the product of Current and Voltage (P=C*V): the default variable Current
is multiplied by Voltage. Then average the product every week with built-in function mean().
Synthetic Variables Analytics
Here is a complete list of available functions, such as cos(x) or ceil(x) functions, and more!

Note that default variables are yellow, and Synthetic Variables are green.
4. Dashboards and Visualizations:

Dashboards are the human-machine interfaces where data is easily visualized. Your UBI dots account
will let you create as many dashboards as needed, containing widgets and data-visualizations to comprehend
your data at a glance. For additional details on your dashboard's construction, check out this tutorial.
4. Events:
In UBI dots, Events are messages triggered and delivered through Email, SMS, Telegrams, Slack, Voice
Call or web book messages based on a customized design rule created in the application. If you wish to
create alerts for your IOT application, check out this tutorial for additional support.
Three Event types:
.When sensor readings reach a specific value:
 Variable is inactive during a specific amount of time:
 When a device enters or exits a specific area (geofence):

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
7.1 ADVANTAGES:
 It is easy to maintain and cost is reasonable to purchase. The components which are used are easily
available.
 It has advantage to observe the status on smart phone or laptop using internet.
 Major advantage is that we use RFID tags instead of barcodes for scanning which can be scanned up
to few cm.
 Can do self-checkout which avoids standing in long queues which is tedious
 Low cost
 Good performance
 Flexible
 User friendly
 Good Performance
7.2 APPLICATIONS:
 Shopping Malls
 Super Markets
 Super bazaars
 Used in Industries

CHAPTER 8
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Programming for the Arduino platform is done with the c compiler. The Items that are put in a smart
shopping cart are read one by one and the bill is generated and displayed. the displayed results contains cost
of the product, name of the product. Every item that put into the cart will be able to have a bill generated by
the system.
Figure 8.1: System arrangement
That's correct! Programming for the Arduino platform typically involves using the C/C++ compiler. In the
context of a smart shopping cart, items placed in the cart are read one by one, and the system generates and
displays a bill. This bill includes details such as the cost and name of each product. The system ensures that
every item added to the cart contributes to generating an accurate bill, providing a seamless checkout
experience for customers."In the context of smart shopping carts, programming for Arduino using the C
compiler enables the system to read items added to the cart and generate a detailed bill. This bill typically
includes information like the cost and name of each product, ensuring accuracy and transparency in the
checkout process. By automating bill generation for every item added to the cart, the system enhances
efficiency and provides a convenient shopping experience for customers."

Figure 8.2: Output of an LCD when sharpener is scanned
This is an Embedded C Programming Code used in my project “IoT Based Social Distance Shopping using
RFID and Ultrasonic Senso”.This code dumped into Arduino Microcontroller by using USB cable to connect
the hardware components like esp8266 and sensors through the Ubidots online platform.
Figure 8.3: Output of an LCD when pen is scanned

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
9.1 CONCLUSION:
Smart shopping application creates an automatic central billing system in malls as well as in
supermarket with the maintenance of the social distancing. The main agenda of this project is to avoid crowd
in shopping mart in an efficacious approach. Many obstacles can be removed and everything becomes
customer friendly. Hence this project reduces a huge cost which is spent on many modules to connect it with
servers and routers in each shelves to transfer the information to the server.
That sounds like a fantastic idea! Creating an automatic central billing system for malls and supermarkets
can indeed help maintain social distancing and improve the overall shopping experience. By reducing crowds
and streamlining the billing process, it not only enhances efficiency but also reduces costs associated with
traditional manual billing systems. Plus, integrating with existing infrastructure like servers and routers can
make the transition smoother and more cost-effective.
"A smart shopping application with an automatic central billing system aims to enhance shopping
experiences by maintaining social distancing in malls and supermarkets. By automating billing processes and
integrating with existing infrastructure like servers and routers, this project eliminates the need for multiple
modules and reduces costs significantly. The primary goal is to avoid crowds, improve efficiency, and create
a more customer-friendly environment."
9.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
In future it will be developed that the customer just type the name of the consumer products he/she
want to purchase on android device, the trolley will automatically guide them to where the products placed.
Absolutely, that's a fascinating vision for the future of shopping! With advancements in technology like AI,
machine learning, and augmented reality, it's entirely possible to create a seamless shopping experience
where customers can simply type the name of the products they want on their Android device, and the app
guides them directly to the location of those products in the store. This not only saves time but also enhances
convenience and reduces the hassle of searching for items manually. It aligns well with the trend of making
shopping more efficient and user-friendly.

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
1. IOT application on secure Smart Shopping system by Ruinian Li, Tianyi Song, Nicholas Capurso, Jiguo
Yu, Jason Couture, and Xiuzhen Cheng - 2017.
2. Nagaraj, Naveenprabu, Jagadesh, Mahalakshmi published Robust low-cost passive UHF RFID based
smart shopping trolley in 2020.
3. International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology published “A novel
video processing based cost effective smart trolley system for supermarkets using FPGA,” by
R.Karishma, S.R.Rupanagudi, , V.K.Bharadwaj, F.Jabeen, V. G. Bhat V.R.Savarni and S. Adinarayana
in 2015.
4. H. Anandakumar and K. Umamaheswari, “Supervised machine learning techniques in cognitive radio
networks during cooperative spectrum handovers,” Cluster Computing, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1505- 1515,
Mar. 2017.
5. H. Anandakumar and K. Umamaheswari, “A bio-inspired swarm intelligence technique for social aware
cognitive radio handovers,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 71, pp. 925-937, Oct. 2018. doi:
10.1016/j .compeleceng.2017.09.016
6. 3S Cart: You-Chiun Wang and Chang-Chen Yang‘s “Light weight interactive Sensor based cart for
smart shopping in super market” in 2016.
7. IoT Based Smart Shopping Using radio frequency identification by Mobeen Shahroz, Muhammad
Faheem Mushtaq , Maqsood Ahmad.
8. Saleem Ullah , Arif Mehmood , and Gyu Sang Choi -2020.
9. Coronavirus : Haryana Govt orders shops and offices to remain shut on weekends except the shops
selling essential goods published on TIMESNOWNEWS by Amarnath Yatra in August 2020.
10. How Covid-19 impacts Shopping in day-to-day life - BBC by Anna Rahmanan in july 2020.
11. How has Covid - 19 pandamic impacted the buying habits of consumers? By Hemani sheth Mumbai-The
Hindu sept-2020.
12. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects or "things" that are embedded with
sensors, software.
13. The other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices.
14. These objects can range from everyday items like cars, appliances, and wearable devices to industrial
machinery and infrastructure components.
15. How IoT-enabled devices in a manufacturing plant can improve operational efficiency.
16. Exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet.
17. Overall, D Mart's response to the COVID-19 pandemic reflects the broader trends
observed in the retail sector,including a focus on safety, innovation, digitalization, and customer-centric
strategies to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by the global health crisis.

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INDEX

Chapter no Description Page no

Figure no Name Page no

1.1 Overview diagram of Embedded system 4

5.1 Pin functions of LCD 25

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 1 SVPCET, PUTTUR

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 2 SVPCET, PUTTUR

1.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1.1: Overview diagram of Embedded system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 4 SVPCET, PUTTUR

1.4 EMBEDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.2 Embedded Block diagram

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 5 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 1.3: Interfacing Components in an Embedded system

Central Processing Unit:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 6 SVPCET, PUTTUR

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 7 SVPCET, PUTTUR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 8 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 3.1.Block Diagram of Existing System 1

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 9 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 3.2.Block Diagram of Existing system2 System

3.2 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 10 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 4.1 Proposed System Block diagram

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 11 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 4.2: Working Flow Diagram

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 12 SVPCET, PUTTUR

RFID Reader (RC 522):

IOT (WI-FI module ESP8266):

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 13 SVPCET, PUTTUR

4.2 COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 14 SVPCET, PUTTUR

5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 15 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 5.1: Arduino Board

ATmega328P-PU with Arduino Boot loader:

Figure 5.2: ATmega328P-PU

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 16 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 5.3: Pin Description of Arduino

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 17 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 5.4: Pin diagram of Arduino

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 18 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Computerized I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 give PWM yield)

Figure 5.5: Wi-Fi Module

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 19 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Uploading your first program:

Applications of Node MCU:

Figure 5.6: Power Supply

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 20 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 5.7: Circuit diagram of LPC2148

The power pins are as per the going with:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 21 SVPCET, PUTTUR

Figure 5.8: Step-down Transformer

Figure 5.9: Full wave Bridge Rectifier

Figure 5.10: Voltage Regulator

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 22 SVPCET, PUTTUR

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):