Systems Dynamics & Control Components

Chapter 3
Digital Signal Conditioning

Prof. Dr Abdel-Fattah Heliel

Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt
email: aheliel@eng.kfs.edu.eg
URL :http://eng.kfs.edu.eg/

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Digital Signal Conditioning

Objective
Introduce the basic technique of digital signal
conditioning, especially interfacing, in process
control.
Review of Digital Numbers 5 / 29

• Digital signal is the representation of analog

signal in binary format
• The format of digital signal is called digital word
consisted of several digital bits
Review of Digital Numbers 6 / 29
 7 / 29
Review of Digital Numbers

(10011101)2 =
(1001 1101)2 =
(9D)16

(A7)16 =
(10100111)2
Review of Digital Numbers: 8 / 29
Boolean Functions and Logic Gates

Not Gate “Inverter”

OR Gate
Boolean Functions and Logic Gates 9 / 29

AND Gate

XOR Gate
 Boolean Functions and Logic Gates 10 / 29

NAND and NOR are two very important gates.

Their symbols and truth tables are shown below

NAND

NOR
• Boolean algebra is a mathematical method
to solve logical equation
• Operation for Boolean operation are
– Equity “=”
– Complement “Ā”
– AND “.”
– OR “+”

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• For combination of logic operation there
are theorem listed below

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 Boolean Application to Control 13 / 29
• Application of digital techniques to the solution of
control problem often involves use of complex
logical operations (Digital Signals)
1 High pressure
B=
0 Low pressure

Pressure
Level

1 High level
A= Temperature
0 Low level
1 High temp.
C=
1 ON 0 Low temp.
Alarm = A • B + A • C + A • B • C Alarm = D = 
0 OFF
Alarm condition (D=1)
1. Low level with high pressure 14 / 29
2. High level with high temperature
3. High level with low temperature and high pressure

Alarm = D = A • B + A • C + A • B • C
 15 / 29
Review of Digital Logic
 16 / 29
Tri-State Buffers Generic model of
computer bus system
Tri-state buffers allow
multiple signals to share a Computer Interface
single digital line in the bus.
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Converter

• The important digital tool for process

control is the tool that can convert
analog to digital and vice versa
1. Comparator
2. DAC: Digital-to-Analog Converter
3. ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter
Comparator 18 / 29

• A device (IC) that compares 2 analog

signals on its input terminals.
• Used for alarm signals
Example 3.7 19 / 29
A process-control system specifies that temperature should never
exceed 160 °C if the pressure also exceeds 10kPa. Design an alarm
system to detect this condition, using temperature and pressure
transducers with transfer functions of 2.2mv/°C and 0.2 V/kPa,
respectively.
Solution
160 °C ------> 160 °C x 2.2mv/°C = 0.352 v
10 kPa -----> 10 kPa x 0.2 V/kPa = 2.0 v
 Calculate the critical temperature and pressure of the
system:
For temperature of 1600C the equivalent output voltage is:
VT lim = (2.2mV/0C)(1600C)
= 352 mv or 0.352V

For pressure of 10kPa the equivalent output voltage is:

VP lim = (0.2mV/kPa)(10kPa)
= 2.0 V

20 20
 Using comparator to compare the measured temperature
against the temperature limit.
Tin 2.2 mV/ºC +
C OUT1
VT lim OUT1=1 if Tin>Tlim
=0.352V OUT1=0 if Tin<Tlim

Using comparator to compare the measured pressure against the

pressure limit.

Pin 0.2 V/kPa +

C OUT2
VP lim OUT2=1 if Pin>Plim
=2.0V OUT2=0 if Pin<Plim
21 21
 Since the alarm will only triggered if both temperature and pressure
exceed VT lim and VP lim respectively, an AND gate can be used to
ensure the required condition is met.

Tin
22 mV/ºC + OUT1
C
VT lim =0.352V ALARM
Pin
0.2 V/kPa +
C
VP lim =2.0V OUT2

22 22
 The truth table for the ALARM output is as shown below.

OUT1 0 1 0 1
OUT2 0 0 1 1
ALARM 0 0 0 1

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Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)

• DACs accept digital

information and
transforms it into analog
voltage
• The digital information is
in the format of digital
word 101101102

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 28 / 29
• The analog information can be
mathematically represented by treating the
binary number as fractional number

Vout = VR b1 2−1 + b2 2−2 + + bn 2− n 

where
Vout = analog voltage output
VR = reference voltage
b1b2 bn = n-bit binary word
• The minimum analog voltage would be zero
• The maximum analog voltage depends on
number of digits
• For 4 bits word, the maximum is

Vmax = VR  2−1 + 2−2 + 2−3 + 2−4  = 0.9375VR

• For 8 bits word, the maximum is

Vmax = VR  2−1 + 2−2 + 2−3 + 2−4 + 2−5 + 2−6 + 2−7 + 2−8  = 0.9961VR

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• Alternatively, the analog output can be
found as: N
Vout = n
VR
2

where N = base 10 whole-number equivalent of DAC input

Example:
An 8-bit converter with a 10.0-V reference has an input of
010011102. Find Vout.
Solution:
010011102 = 7810

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 31 / 29
Digital Signal Conditioning

Converters Conversion Resolution?

Digital-to-Analog Conversion resolution is the
reference voltage divided total
Converters (DAC) number of binary states

N 1
Vout = n Vref Vout = n Vref
2 2

Bipolar DAC:
Bipolar DAC outputs a voltage ranging from plus to minus
N 1
Vout = n
Vref − VR
2 2
 Converters R-2R ladder DAC 32 / 29

R
DAC is
implemented using R R R −
an op amp with 2R + V out
resistive ladder 2R 2R 2R 2R
network b0

b1

b2

b3

VR
Assignments:
HW1: P3.10 & P3.14
HW2:

Given R3 = 50 K, and the two

capacitors must be equal,
calculate:
the rest of the components so that
the circuit will act as a band-pass
filter for frequency range 1 KHz
to 10 KHz, with a mid-band gain
of magnitude = 5.