Bahirdar instute of technology

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIRDAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

POWER STREAM

INTERNSHIP REPORT

HOSTING COMPANY: DANGILA SUBSTATION

PROJECT TITLE : DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT
LOCATION DETECTOR USING MICROCONTROLLER

Name Of Students Id No
1. Woldemariam 1302399
Esuneh
1102410
2. Assaye gedif
3. Degisra 1011268
simachew

Name of mentors

1. Mr.alebachew k
2. Mr.marsilas
3. Mr.abdulkerim

Company supervisor Mr.Giwon

Date 29/02/2015
 Bahirdar instute of technology

DECLARATION
We declare that this Internship Report entitled “INTERNSHIP
REPORT IN DANGILA SUBSTATION.” is an original work of us
and also that submitted to Bahirdar University Institute of
Technology, Faculity of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
This internship report includes all requirements of internship
program. To accomplish this report, we have referred manuals,
different related books, EEP report papers, to have important
information on what we have done in our internship period.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First, we would like to thank our Almighty God for giving us strength
to accomplish our internship period and prepare our internship report
very well. In addition, we would like to thank Bahirdar University
Institute of technology for giving this chance to realize, understand
and upgrade our practical knowledge. Secondly, we would like to
thank the hosting company advisor Mr.Giwon and the substation
technicians, Mr. Siraw, Mr.fekade, Mrs. Dagnanesh, Mr. Fikremariam
and Mrs. Bizualem. Finally, we would like to thank
our academic advisors Mr.Alebachew, Mr.Marsilas,and
Mr.Abdukerim for your lovely approach for us.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In our final internship report; we have present the background history

of the Ethiopian electric power, organizational structure of EEP;
mission and vision of EEP and also the principles of electrical energy
generation, transmission to the substation, and distribution to the end
user are well addressed.

The report gives detail information about the input-output systems of

the substation, definitions of electrical components, applications,
functions and classification of these components. The report also
comprises pictures of the electrical components. Plus to that the
report contains the skills that we have developed from the hosting
company.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
DECLARATION................................................................................................................ 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ 4
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ 7
LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................. 1
1. BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY.................................................................1
1.1. History of the hosting company...............................................................................1
1.2. Step Up Substation.................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Step Down Substation..............................................................................................3
1.4. Vision, Mission and Objective of EEPCO............................................................... 3
1.4.1. Vision.......................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Mission....................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Main products or service of the substation.............................................................. 5
1.6. Main customers or the end users of its products or services....................................5
Working flow of the substation and their Diagram.........................................................8
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................ 9
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE............................................................. 9
2.1. How did we get in to the company?........................................................................ 9
2.2. Work section that we have been working............................................................... 9
2.3. Objective of the Internship.................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. General Objective..................................................................................... 10
2.3.2. Specific Objective.....................................................................................10
2.4. Single line diagram of the Dangla substation........................................................ 11
2.5. Major components and their own explanations of the Danglasubstation..........13
2.5.1. Lightening arrester....................................................................................14
2.5.2. Disconecter (isolator)................................................................................15
2.5.3. Common bus bar....................................................................................... 15
2.5.4. Circuit breaker.......................................................................................... 17
Types of Circuit breaker................................................................................................17
2.5.5. Wave trap.................................................................................................. 21

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2.5.6. Transformers............................................................................................. 22
2.5.7. Parts of power transformer....................................................................... 29
Lighting strike counter..................................................................................................41
2.6. Control Room and Protection System................................................................... 42
D.Rectifiers and Batteries............................................................................................. 45
2.7. Major Duties of the Internship...............................................................................47
2.8. Challenges we have been facing............................................................................49
2.8.1. Measures we have taken........................................................................... 49
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................... 50
3. BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP............................................... 50
3.1. Improving our practical skill..................................................................................50
3.2. Upgrading our theoretical knowledge....................................................................52
3.3. Improving our interpersonal communication skills............................................... 52
3.4. Improving our team playing skill...........................................................................52
3.5. In terms of improving our leadership skills........................................................... 54
3.6. In terms of understanding work ethics related issues............................................ 54
3.7. Entrepreneurship skills.......................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................ 57
4. PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTION......................................................................57
4.1. Design of Underground Cable Fault Location Detector Using Microcontroller... 57
4.2. Objective of the Project......................................................................................... 59
4.2.1. General Objective..................................................................................... 59
4.2.2. Specific Objective.....................................................................................59
4.2.3. Scope of the project.................................................................................. 59
4.2.4. Significance of the Project........................................................................59
4.2.5. Problem Statement....................................................................................59
4.3. Literature Review.................................................................................................. 59
4.3.1. Early time fault location process.............................................................. 59
4.3.2. Necessary Materials..................................................................................61
4.4. Methodology..........................................................................................................63
4.5. Block diagram and Flow chart...............................................................................64
4.5.1. Block diagram...........................................................................................64
4.5.2. Block diagram description........................................................................ 65
Algorithm..................................................................................................................68
CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................. 69
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................... 69

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5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................................. 69
5.2. Recommendations for the Company..................................................................... 69
REFERENCE............................................................................................................... 72

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: working flow of the substation and their diagram.................................. 5
Figure 2.1: Single line diagram of the Dangla substation......................................... 8
Figure 2.2: Lightening arrester.................................................................................. 10
Figure 2.3: Disconecter (isolator)............................................................................. 11
Figure 2.4: Common Bus Bar................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 5: Oil circuit breaker.................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.6: SF6 circuit breaker.................................................................................. 14
Figure 2.7: Wave trap................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 8: Current Transformer.............................................................................. 17
Figure 2.9: Voltage Transformer............................................................................... 18
Figure 2. 10: POWER TRANSFORMER................................................................. 20
Figure 2.11: Earth transformer.................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.12: Auxiliary transformer........................................................................... 21
Figure 2.13: Tap changer........................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.14: SILICA GEL........................................................................................ 24
Figure 2.15: CONSERVATOR.................................................................................. 25
Figure 2.16: Radiator................................................................................................ 26
Figure 2.17: Oil level indicator................................................................................. 26
Figure 2.18: Winding temperature indicators............................................................ 27
Figure 2.19: oil temperature indicator....................................................................... 27
Figure 2.20: Lighting strike counter.......................................................................... 30
Figure 2.21: Control Room and Protection System.................................................. 32
Figure 2.22: Batteries................................................................................................ 33

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current

CB Circuit Breaker

CT Current Transformer

DC Direct Current

DS Disconecter switch

E.C Ethiopian Calendar

EEP Ethiopian Electric Power

EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

KV Kilo Volt

KVA Kilo volt ampere

LA Lighting arrestor

MVA Mega Volt Ampere

ONAF Oil natural air fun

ONAN Oil natural air natural

PT Power Transformer

SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride

VT Voltage Transformer

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CHAPTER ONE

1. BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY

1.1. History of the hosting company

Now days the electrical power demand is increasing very rapidly. For
fulfilling these huge power demands the modern time requires
creation of bigger and bigger power generating stations. These power
generating stations may be hydro – electric, thermal and so on.
Depending upon the availability of resources these stations are
constructed different places. To transmit those electric power
substations are mandatory. Now a day there are many substations in
Ethiopia, from those Dangla substation is one of them. Dangla sub-
station was established in, 1976 E.C in the north western of
Amhara region with only one transformer is which converts 66kv to
15 kv.having four outgoing lines from the substation consists 15kv
each. After 23 years at 1999 anther 66/15kv step down transformer is
added, that is connected in parallel with the first transformer, for the
purpose of increasing reliability of power demands by users. Even if.
Transformer is added the substation have 4 outgoing lines having
15kv.latter on in 2005 three winding 66/33/15kv step down
transformer was installed to increase the coverage area of substation
with increasing output from the substation having additional four
33kv outgoing lines and one 15kv line .it is one of distribution
substation which receives power from bahirdar number 2 (gordema)
substations. So it is necessary to transmit these huge power blocks
from generating station to their load centers. Power is generated
comparatively in low voltage level.. For maintaining these voltage
levels and for providing greater stability a number of transformation
and switching stations have to be created in between generating
station and consumerends [1].

Depending up on the purposes, the substations may be classified as-

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1.2.Step Up Substation

Step up substation are associated with generating stations. Generation

of power is limited to low voltage levels due to limitations of the
rotating alternators.
These generating voltages must be stepped up for economical
transmission of power over long distance. So there must be a step up
substation associated with generatingstation.

1.3.Step Down Substation

The stepped up voltages must be stepped down at load centers, to

different voltage levels for different purposes. For many years
Ethiopia had never used electric power. Electric power was introduce
to Ethiopia in the late 19th century.

In case of the power limitation during that time; most of Ethiopian

country town have got electric power from diesel generator if the
town is developed compares to others town in the country. This large
substation established the source come from Bahr Dar substations.
The Transmission receives 66kv from incoming power source in
Bahr Dar substations.

A substation receives electrical power from generation station via

incoming transmission line and delivers electrical power via outgoing
transmission line and distribute to customers .A substation are the
integral part of a power system and it can form important links
between the generation station, transmission systems, distribution
systems and the load point [2].

So Dangla substation is step down substation.

1.4.Vision, Mission and Objective of EEPCO

1.4.1. Vision

To be a center of excellence in providing quality electric service to

the country of rural and urban areas and being competitive in
energy export. EEPCO’s vision is not

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only to be a center of excellence in providing quality electric service

in our country but also being competitive to export electrical energy
and earning a valuable foreign currency for the country. Energize
Ethiopian sustainable growth and enable the country to be a power
hub of Africa.

1.4.2. Mission

To provide adequate and quality electricity generation, transmission,

distribution, and sales service, through continuous improvement of
utility management practices. To be a world class utility in
contributing towards nation building by ensuring delivery of cost
effective, safe, reliable and high quality power and to enable
interconnections across the African continent for exporting surplus
power and goals.

1.5. Main products or service of the

substation

In Dangla substation the inputs are 66 kv from Bahrdar

substation. So, this 66 kv input is step down to 33 and 15kv. The
main thing what we want to discusses, the main products (out puts)
or services of the substation. The society may be using this electricity
for different purposes.
Such as
 Lighting in homes, industries
 Industries for material production
 For 3 phase motors, for example mill
 Generally, for preparing and cooking purpose

1.6.Main customers or the end users of its products

or services

The main product or service of the substation is to give sustainable

electricity for thesociety. Dangla substation gives power for:
 Dangila 15kv
 Kossober 15kv

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 Adiss kedam 15kv

 Durbete 15kv
 Shawra 33kv
 Arsa genbeha 33kv
 Merawi kunzila 33kv
 Quancha kuakurta 33kv
 Pawi 66
The major customers:
 Residential customers
 Commercial customers (Such as:Agunta Hotel,YihAlem
Hotel, Hahu hotel,Gashuna hotel …)
 Industrial customers (Such as Gojam Dangla flour, kefta water, Zengena
flour
…)

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Working flow of the substation and their Diagram

figure 1.1: working flow of the substation and their

diagram

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CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1.How did we get in to the company?

We have taken the request of internship paper from the Industrial

linkage of Bahirdar University Institute of technology at the end of
may 2014 E.C; we distribute the request paper to many companies
related to our department. From those companies, Ethiopian Electric
utility was the first company which accepted our requesting
internship paper for four month starting from june 01/2014 to
October 02/ 2015
E.C. consequently Mr.Feleke from Bahrdar EEU, he has put the seal
of the company in our request paper and instructed to the Dangla
substation supervision manager of Mr.Giwon. Finally we met
Mr.Giwon and he has accepted our request and then has given our
acceptance paper.
2.2. Work section that we have been working
We have been working at one of EEP’s substation called dangle
substation. From this substation we have been working in switch yard
and controlling room. The incoming line is Bahrdar substation (main
supply from bules), so receives 66kv. The incoming 66 kv stepped
down into 66/33/15kv, 66/15kv (feeders). Since Ethiopian Electric
Power Corporation, EEP is associated with generation, transmission
and distribution system. In fact that after the power is generated; it
has to be distributed to the customers through high voltage
transmission lines. But it is impossible to provide the generated
power from generation station directly to the customer due to
different reasons. The first and main reason is voltage drop, because
the voltage drop will be high when the transmission line becomes
longer and longer. So that substations have a great role to solve the
occurrence of this problem. Since most of distributions’ fault are
occurred due to over loading and due to lacking of ability of
transmission lines to carry the required power when they are designed
and constructed.

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2.3. Objective of the Internship

The four month internship program comprises of general and

specific objectives, both added to develop a skilled man power.
2.3.1. General Objective
To enable Electrical power engineering students under the institute
to relate their theoretical knowledge with the practically in real
world.

2.3.2. Specific Objective

 Improving their theoretical, practical, professional, industrial

problem solvingcapability
 Developing interpersonal communication skills, team playing and
leadership
 Knowing, understanding, practicing work ethics
 Adapting and developing work environment conditions

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2.4.Single line diagram of the Dangla substation

Figure 2.1: single line diagram of the dangla

substation

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Key
1. Koseber 15kv
2. Injibara universty 15kv
3. Dangla15kv
4. Durbete 15kv
5. Merawi kunzila 33kv
6. Arsegmbeha 33kv
7. Quancha kuakurta 33kv
8. Shawura 33kv
9. Adiskedam 15kv

Description for
power
transformerPT1
and PT2
Apparent power (S)
=6.3MVA 66/15kv
two winding
transformer X=for
PT1=0.2% and for
PT2=0.1%
Connection Y-delta
Grounding: delta with
earthing transformer
ONAN cooling system

PT 3

S=9.3MVA
66/33/15kv three
winding transformer
Connection Y-delta
Grounding: delta with
earthing transformer

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ONAN and ONAF

cooling system

2.5. Major components and their own explanations of the Dangla

substation
There are so many electrical equipment’s available in Dangla
substation. This electrical equipment’s including: -
 Lightening arrester
 Disconnections
 Common bus bar
 Circuit breaker
 Wave trap
 Transformer
 Relay
 Lighting strike counter

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2.5.1. Lightening arrester

Lightening arresters are device for limiting surge voltages due to

lightning strikes or equipment faults or other events, to prevent
damage to equipment and distribution of service. Also called surge
arresters.

Lightning arresters do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If

some lightening occurs, the arresters pull the lightning and ground it
to the earth. In many substations the main important is of protection
which is firstly done by these lighting arresters. The lightning
arresters are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to
the ground. It protects the substation equipment from transient high
voltage and also limits the duration and amplitude of the flow of
current. Lightning Arresters are installed on many different pieces of
equipment such as power poles and towers, power transformers,
circuit breakers, bus structures, and steel super structures in substati
ons.

FIGURE 2.2: LIGHTENING ARRESTER

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2.5.2. Disconecter (isolator)

Disconnections or isolator switch is used to make sure that an

electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service or
maintenance. High voltage isolation switches are used in electrical
substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers
and transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance.

In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth
the isolated circuit by providing additional safety..

Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as:

1) Bus side isolator: - the isolator is directly connected with main bus

2) Line side isolator: - the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder

Figure 2.3: disconecter (isolator)

2.5.3. Common bus bar

Bus bars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to
outgoing circuits. It is made of copper bar, Aluminum tube etc. In
Dangla substation bus bar is energized from Gordema substation
(Bahir Dar), Incoming 66kv by using transmission line. Bus bars can
be used to carry phase voltage in which case they must be suitably
insulated.

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the bus bar itself may be not insulated but physically mounted using
an insulating material to keep it electrically separate from its support.

Figure 2.4: common bus bar

2.5.4. Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by over
load or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition
and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical
flow
It is a device capable of making and breaking an electric circuit under
normal conditions and abnormal conditions. It can operate manually
or remotely under normal conditions, and automatically under fault
conditions. For normal operations of switching, operator from control
room or from switchyard gives the command.
During short circuits or abnormal conditions, relay operates and
sending opening command to CB and circuit is opened automatically.
The arc produced by separation of current carrying contacts is
interrupted by a suitable medium and by adopting suitable techniques
for arc extinction.
Types of Circuit breaker

As we have been learnt, there are different types of circuit breakers, such as:

 Oil circuit breaker

 Air blast circuit breaker

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 SF6 circuit breaker 

 Vacuum circuit breaker

But, among those oil circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker and vacuum
circuit breaker are found in Dangla substation.

Oil circuit breaker: The switch contacts are immersed in oil to

quench (to minimize) any spark that might occur When the current is
interrupted. The oil used as dielectric materials insulating the current
Conducting parts.

 Low-oil content circuit breakers: - which operate with

minimum amount of oil used only for arc extinction.
 Bulk oil breakers: - these types of breaker use a large
quantity of oil used for arc Extinguishing and insulating the
current conducting part.

Figure 2. 5: oil circuit breaker

SF6 circuit breaker: The SF6 circuit breaker uses compressed sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool the arc and absorb free conducting
electrons. The electrons captured by the gas form mostly immobile
negative ions, creating dielectric insulation and extinguishing the arc.
Advantages of SF6 gas are extremely efficient at extinguishing or
"quenching" electrical arcs. n most substations SF6 circuit breakers
work through arc interruption. The main function of SF6 circuit
breakers is to interrupt powerduring faults, which work through arc
interruption. When electrical current exceeds a certain level (called a
rating), the breaker will trip and contacts within the circuit breaker
will open to interrupt the circuit. When the current is interrupted, an
electrical arc is created. An arc contains heat and voltage, so it must
be contained and extinguished.

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figure 2.6: sf6 circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breaker: is a kind of circuit breaker where the arc
quenching takes place in a vacuum medium. The operation of
switching on and closing of current carrying contacts.

Vacuum circuit breakers have the following advantages:

(i) They are compact, reliable and have longer life

(ii) There are no fire hazards.
(iii) There is no generation of gas during and after operation.
(iv) They can interrupt any fault current. The outstanding feature
of a VCB is that it can break any heavy fault current perfectly
just before the contacts reach thedefinite open position.
(v) They require little maintenance and are quiet in operation.

(vi) They can successfully withstand lightning surges.

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2.5.5. Wave trap

Wave trap consists of inductive coil usually connected in the outdoor

yard incoming line. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping the
wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves
Line traps are usually mounted above voltage transformer. This is
relevant in power line carrier communication (plc) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on
the telecom company network. The signals are primary teleportation
signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. PLC
line traps are connected in series with the high voltage lines and most
there for to be rated for the maximum continuous load current and be
able to with stand the maximum fault current at the place of the
installation. But in my company this wave trip out of service.

Figure 2.7: wave trap

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2.5.6. Transformers

Transformer is a static device, which transforms electrical energy

from one circuit toanother without any direct electrical connection
and with the help of mutual inductionbetween windings. It
transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its
frequency but in different voltage level. Mutual induction between
two or more winding is responsible for transformation action in an
electrical transformer [3].

There are different types of transformers installed available in

Dangla substation for different applications. These are:
 Instrument transformer  Current transformer
 Voltage transformer
 Power transformer
 Earth transformer
 Auxiliary transformer

 Instrument transformer

Instrument transformers are used for measuring voltage and current

in electricalpower systems and for power system protection. Where a
voltage or current is too large to be conveniently used by an
instrument. being measured or controlled.
 Current Transformer (CT)
Current transformer is a measurement device designed to provide a
current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its
primary. Current transformers can perform circuit control, measure
current for power measurement control; perform roles for safety
protection and current limiting. They can also cause circuit events to
occur when the current reaches a specified level. CTs are specified by
their current ratio from primary to secondary. The rated secondary
Current is normallystandardized at 1 or 5 amperes

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Figure 2.8: current transformer

 Voltage Transformer (VT)

Voltage transformer is another type of instrument transformer, used

for metering and protection in high voltage circuits. The voltage
transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this
transformer is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so
as to get the detail information of the voltage passing through the bus
to the instrument.

Voltage Transformers are used in electrical power system for

stepping down the system voltage proportionally to a Safe value,
which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. The system
voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of VT, and
then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary
terminals of the VT.

The secondary voltage of the VT is generally 100v or 110v.

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Figure 2.9: voltage transformer

 Power Transformer
 Power transformer is a static device that is used to transfer an
AC voltage or current to another AC voltage or current
without changing the frequency. Power transformers are
consisting of two or more winding for each phase and these
windings are usually wound around an iron core. The iron
core improves the efficiency of the transformer by
concentrating the magnetic field and reduces transformer
losses. The high-voltage and low voltage windings have a
unique number of coil turns. Specifically, in Dangla
substation, there are three step-down transformers. These are:
 Two 66/15kv step down transformer and
 One 66/33/15kv steps down transformer ( three winding
transformer)

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Figure 2. 10: power transformer

 Earth transformer

Earthing transformer is twisted between the power transformer and

the breaker. It is used to protect the power transformer from reverse
current, which burns the power transformer, occurs during any
accidental fault or failure. It protects the fault by Ear thing the reverse
current flowing to the earth.

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Figure 2.11: earth transformer

 Auxiliary transformer

Auxiliary transformer is types of transformer which gives service

only the compound of the substation. Auxiliary transformer is used to
supply low voltage for AC power system inside substation such as
lighting, air conditioners and other AC supply system and DC power
system such as protection relays, batteries.

Figure 2.12: auxiliary transformer

2.5.7. Parts of power transformer

 Tap changer Main tank

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 Core
 Silica gel
 Winding temperature indicator

 Oil temperature indicator

 Drain valve

 Winding

 Conservator
 Radiator

 Oil level indicator

 Oil temrature indicator

 Buchholz Relay

 Bushing
A. Tap changer

A tap changer is a device fitted to distribution transformers for

regulation of the output voltage to required level. It used to adjust the
secondary voltage of transformers and designed to change the
turns ratio of the transformer as required. This is normally achieved
by changing the ratios of the transformers on the system by altering
the number of turns in one winding of the appropriate transformer.
The simplest type of tap-changing mechanism is a rotary switch
which allows selecting one of several “tapping” connection points on
the high-voltage side of a transformer. This enables the turns-ratio of
the transformer is energized because the winding is temporarily
disconnected as the mechanism’s contacts move from one tap to the
next. There are two types of tap changers:
1. On load tap changers

2. Off-load tap changers

On load tap changers are capable of operating without interrupting
the current flow to the load whereas off-load tap changers are
designed to operate only when the transformer is not supplying any
loads. But in dangle substation have on load tap changers.

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Figure 2.13: tap changer

B. Main tank

This part of the transformer contains the assembly of the core and the
winding which is immersed in the insulation oil. It has usually
cylindrical or cubical shape dependingon transformer construction.

C. Core
Core is used to support the windings in the transformer. It also
provides a lowreluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made
up of laminated soft iron core in order to reduce eddy current loss and
Hysteresis loss.
Cores are usually circular or rectangular in shape; Diameter of the
transformer core is directly proportional to core and copper loss. If
diameter of the core is decreased, the weight of the steel in the core is
reduced which leads to less core loss of transformer and the copper
loss becomes decrease. The vice versa happen when the diameter is
increased.

D.Winding

Single phase transformer has one primary and one secondary winding.
But three- phase transformer consists of three primary and three
secondary windings which connects to each other with proper
methods. Low voltage winding is always placed inner side of core.

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E.Silica gel

Silica gel breather always comes as loose item. The plastic plug
sealing on the top of the breather should be removed and fitted to the
associated pipe work. The oil cup at the bottom of the breather should
be removed, filled with transformer oil to the level indicated on it and
then re fitted to the position. Thus, the silica gel is prevented from
absorbing moisture from atmosphere. When the oil becomes
depreciate the silica gel color becomes change from pink to the blue
this indicates the oil should be changed and silica gel itself changed
in to new.

Figure 2.14: silica gel

F.Conservator

It is connected above the main tank of transformer. It has cylindrical

shape with partially filled with oil. Main tank and conservator tank
connected to each other through a pipe.
It is used to provide adequate space for the expansion of oil when
transformer is loaded or when ambient temperature changes. When
the temperature of the transformer increases, the oil inside the main
tank will expands to conservator then after the oil is cooled, it will
back to the main tank.

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.
Figure 2.15: conservator
G .radiator

The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of

transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in increasing loading capacity
of a transformer. This is the basic functionof radiator of an electrical
power transformer. Oil immersed power transformer is generally
provided with detachable pressed sheet radiator with isolating valves.
But in case of small size distributing transformer, the radiators are
generally integrated parts of transformer body and projected from the
main tank. The working principle of radiator is very simple. It just
increases the surface area for dissipating heat of the oil. In case of
electrical power transformer, due to the transport limitation, these
units are sent separately and assembled at site with transformer main
body.

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Figure 2.16: radiator

H.Oil level indicator

It is used to show the oil level in the transformer inside the conservator.

Figure 2.17: oil level indicator

I. Winding temperature indicator

The temperature of winding is measured and determined indirectly.

The temperature difference between the winding and coolant is the
actual current in the winding. The transformer secondary current is
proportional to the current transformer winding. The secondary
current feeds a heating resistor in thermometer and so produces a
display reading of transformer load. Generally, when the loss is
happened on the winding, the

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heat has been developed; transformer becomes heated up and because

of thermostat starts rotating for cooling the transformer.

Figure 2.18: winding temperature indicators

J.Oil temperature indicator

It is temperature indicating device which is used to indicate the

temperature of the transformer oil, it is also shows the heating up of
transformer and it’s fitted to the sideof the tank.

Figure 2.19: oil temperature indicator

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K. Drain valve

This valve is used for taking damaged oil from the oil tank for the
proper oil collection; this valve is situated under the oil tank.

L. Buchholz Relay

It is installed between the main tank& the conservator of the

transformer, it is a gas actuated relay installed in oil immersed
transformer for protection against all kinds of faults, which detects
the incipient fault at these stage much earlier than is possible with
other forms of protection.
Buchholz Relay is also known as a guard protection for the
transformer because it hastwo stages with two mercury switches.
The first stage is when the transformer oil heat up it will expand from
the tank to the conservator at this time the pressurized oil will close
the switch then the relay sends a command to start the fan. At second
stage when the winding temperature raises continuously the relay will
send a trip command to the circuit breaker to stop its function.

M. Transformer cooling system

We have observed the transformer cooling system in Dangla

substation is that ONAN (two 15kv,66/33/15kv transformers) and
ONAF (66/33/15 three winding transformer)cooling system.
ONAN cooling system: This is the simplest transformer cooling
system. The full form of ONAN is "Oil Natural Air Natural". Here
natural convectional flow of hot oil is utilized for cooling. In
convectional circulation of oil, the hot oil flows to the upper portion
of the transformer tank and the vacant Place is occupied by cold oil.
This hot oil which comes to upper side will dissipate heat in the
Atmosphere by natural conduction, convection & radiation in air and
will become cold. In this Way the oil in the transformer tank
continually circulates when the transformer put into load. As the rate
of dissipation of heat in air depends upon dissipating surface of the
oil tank, it is essential to increase the effective surface area of the
tank.
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ONAF cooling system: Heat dissipation can obviously be increased,

if dissipating surface is increased but it can be make further faster by
applying forced air flow on that dissipating surface. Fans blowing air
on cooling surface is employed. Forced air takes away the heat from
the surface of radiator and provides better cooling than natural air.
The full form of ONAF is "Oil Natural Air Forced". As the heat
dissipation rate is faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling
method than ONAN cooling system, electrical power transformer can
be put into more load without crossing the permissible temperature
limits.
N. Bushing

it is used to insulate the incoming or outgoing conductor; the

bushings connect the windings of the transformer to the supply
line and insulate the feed via conductor from the transformer main
tank
O.Relay
It protects the power system component against abnormal conditions
such as faults. The relay is sensing device which senses the fault,
then determines its location and finaly,it sends tripping commands to
the circuit. The circuit breaker after getting the commands from the
relay disconnects the faulted element. Relays protect the equipment
from damage and hence subsequent hazards like fire, the risk to the
life are reduced by removing the particularly faulted section. The type
of relay that have in Dangla substation are listed below;
Over current relay: The CT secondary I’ is the input to the over
current relay operating coil. Instantaneous over current relays
respond to the magnitude of their input current. If the current
magnitude I=/I’/ exceeds a specified adjustable current magnitude Ip,
called the pickup current, then the relay contacts close “
instantaneously ” to energize the circuit breaker trip coil. Time delay
over current relay also responds to the magnitude of their input
current, but with an intentional time delay. The time delay depends
on the magnitude of the relay input current. If I’ is a large multiple of

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the pickup current Ip, then the relay operates (or trips) after a small-
time delay.
Differential Relay: Is a current operated relay that responds to the
difference betweentwo or more current above a set value. Differential
relays are commonly used for protecting generators, buses, and
transformers [4].
Lighting strike counter

The lighting counter is advice designed to detect lighting strikes up

on any external lightning protection system(lightning rods, faraday
cages,etc).it consists of a 6 digit display. Each stroke of lighting is
recorded during its passage by incrementing a unit (right most
digit).lightning counter detects the electrical energy that derived to
the ground trough a conductor when a lightning impact occurs. The
device registers each impact incrementing the counter in one unit
each time .the counter must be installed in the down conductor that
connects the lighting rod to the grounding system .it does not use any
type of power supply because it uses the electric energy of lightning.

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Figure 2.20: lighting strike counter

2.6.Control Room and Protection System
The Purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and
supply electrical energy to the consumers. But during this time the
safety should be concerned. This safety concerning is known as
protection. The purpose of Protection is to minimize the adverse
effects of faults on a power system. Protection does this by
detecting faults and causing appropriate power switch devices
isolate the faulted system elements from the healthy system as
quickly as possible. The detection of a fault and disconnection of a
faulty section or apparatus can be achieved by using fuses or relays
in conjunction with circuit breakers.
A fuse performs both detection and interruption functions
automatically but its use is limited for protection of low-voltage
circuit only. For high voltage circuits relays and circuit breakers are
employed to serve the desired function of automatic protection. The
relays detect the fault and supply information to the circuit breaker
that performs the function of circuit interruption with the minimum
desirable time [5].
A. Fault announcing system: When a fault occurs signaling
relay is actuated and a flag pops out at the same time buzzer
sounds an alarm.
B. Control system: It is located at many control panels in the
control room. Thecontrol room in Dangla substation is relay
based. The substation control room provides the following
functions

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 Metering and instrumentation

 Switching function
 Protection of transformers, bus bars and auxiliaries
 Voice communication with other substations
 Voltage control (tap changer control)

Figure 2.21: control room and protection system

D.Rectifiers and Batteries

The rectifier is a device that can converts AC into DC current at the time of power
available. Battery are essential components in a substation. They provide DC
current by which protective relays can trip high-voltage circuit breakers in the
event of a fault. The electric power is required for the auxiliaries such as lighting
circuit, indoor and outdoor light, battery charging sets, and emergency lighting.
There are 19 batteries each battery has 3 cells. One cell generates 2.2 V, this is
almost similar to voltaic law. The auxiliary battery of rated voltage is 125 (DC)
and AC voltage is 380V. When the power is available, the batteries are charged
and they used to supply to the substation compound during power supply off
or when sudden power shut down is occurred. Generally, all control systems in
the substation uses a DC powersupply

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2.7.Major Duties of the Internship

3. Figure 2.22: batteries

During our internship program, our duties were listening, asking
and not touchingany active equipment of the substation without
permission.

We perform different tasks in the substation, safety and

inspection section. Thesemajor duties, in the substation, were:

 We arrived on time at the station and made a

marvelous relation with the technicians and then we
interview the technicians about each device working
principle, type, its uses and coordination with other
devices, draw backs and limitations of the devices.
 We record the fault, identify and define the fault, and
reclose the CBs, opened due to the fault, after
checking the removal of the fault.
 We read any related document in the substation for the
specific devices. We also study the overall operation
system of the substation.

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3.3.Challenges we have been facing

We faced challenges during our internship program which negatively

affect ourcourage and training such as:
 Practical participation would give more experience but it
was not allowed forinternship student for safety purpose.
 Our technicians show us some of the equipment with
practical knowledge but did notrelate it with the theoretical
concept, most of the time.
 The summer season at the substation and switch yard area
was difficult to workproperly specially after mid-day.
 The most challenging problem we have faced was not being
able to get well combineddata about the company.
 The last challenge we have been facing was delaying of our
monthly fee.

3.3.1. Measures we have taken

The measures we have taken to solve the challenges include: -

 We tried to relate by studying some references and asking any other coordinator
which has better experience and knowledge.

 We tried to work at the morning so as to protect our self from rain.

 We tried to communicate all public relation officers but they couldn’t give us well
organized data. And delaying our monthly fee was unsolved.

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CHAPTER THREE

4. BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP

The benefit of this intern ship program is to develop theoretical
knowledge to practical skills. Due to special care and security is
considered in order not to cause power interruption, our practical
exercise was limited. Internship provides real world experience to
those looking to explore or gain the relevant knowledge and skills
required to enter a particular career field.

There were lots of benefits that we gained from the internship.

Some of them are improving:-
 Practical skills

 Theoretical knowledge

 Interpersonal communication skills

 Team playing skills

 Leadership skills

 Work ethics related issues

 Entrepreneurship

3.1.Improving our practical skill

The followings are some of practical skills and experiences that we

have gained andimproved due to the internship program.

 Able to know the functions of electrical equipment’s in

substation

 Substation drawing reading

 Arrangement of equipment in the substation

 General design consideration; for instance, to select type of

CB, for low voltage we can select oil type CB, while for high
voltages we can select SF6 CB.

 Arrangement of equipment in the substation, i.e. the

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incoming and outgoing transmission line of the substation

equipment arrangements are different.

 Develop the habit of safe working; during the maintenance

time, the CBmust be opened before the isolator to be
opened. After accomplished the maintenance, first close
isolator and then CB.

 How to read the incoming voltage at the voltage transformer

and current at the Current transformer. For instance in Dangla
substation that receives 66kv

 from Bahirdar substation, the voltage transformer reads

these voltages to 100v and the current transformer should
read 5A, because 100V is set by 5A. But if it is greater or
less than the given voltage there is a problem either at the
transmission line or the generation station.

 How to control all substation equipment manually

3.2.Upgrading our theoretical knowledge

4. In addition to the practical skill this program helps we to strengthen our

theoretical knowledge. All the Courses taken except some of them, focused on
theoretical part. Since the practice depends first on Theory, it is easy to work
for the one having good theoretical base. In addition to that when we were
practicing we relate the theory with the practical, so at this time it helps to our
in upgrading our theoretical knowledge. Generally speaking, our theoretical
knowledge got strengthen more by those practical techniques invested on this
company.

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4.1.Improving our interpersonal communication skills

Communication is the first step that will be conducted in different

works. In order to work or to be made accomplished some tasks, the
employee and the employer should communicate first of all things.
Therefore good communication ability has great effect in influencing
works positively. All workers are expected to be more sociable and
communicable with individuals and groups. This is because of that
communication is the first weapon that uses in any work.
4.2.Improving our team playing skill

Team work is becoming more commonly used and widely accepted

as way to increase productivity in the work place. This has helped us
to improve our skill to explain and solve problems, to handle failures,
to be opening minded and to have thoughts. We usually come
together to handle an issue that’s difficult for people to do on their
own and when we work together, creativity levels were higher, as we
tap into one another’s strengths. This often leads to increase our
creativity and an inspiring sense of collaboration and cooperation. .
During our stay in the company in the internship program we have
gained skills in terms of tem playing skill. These are;

 Integrating with the team member

 Initiating the team member and making work tasks faster.
 Being cooperative and helping each other.
 Being active participant in team works.

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4.3.In terms of improving our leadership skills

Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. The

internship helps us to improve our Leadership talents to future
employers, our ability to work well with different types of people.
For the time being we didn’t practice leadership from the higher level.

However we meet with the substation supervisor and we grasp a lot

of knowledge concerning different issues such as how to treat
different persons and how to control the overall activity on the station.
Generally regarding leadership skill we have got a good experience.
Also to be an effective leadership we understood that personal values
like: -

 Confidence
 Effective communication
 The ability to lead the workers
 Punctuality and effective time management
 Accountability to a given task

4.4.In terms of understanding work ethics related

issues

Internship helps us to know the values of the work ethics, so that we

try to practice and
Understand work ethics related issues during our intern ship. In our
internship program we have gained much skills related to personal
and professional ethics.
Personal ethics: These principles of personal ethics are values which
are expected to be possessed by all individuals in their life, and
contribute a lot for a smooth interaction among individuals and
peaceful coexistence of a society. The followings are some of the
skills we have developed.

 Caring for others

 Being honest

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 Doing good things

Professional ethics: Professional ethics refers to the standards or a

set of moral principles for regulating behaviors of a certain defined
profession. In order to consider that an activity to be a profession, it
should be carried out by one who has advanced education, knowledge,
and skills. Thus, for developing healthy working environment and
increase productivity, ethical work conducts are important. Over the
internship period we have developed the following ethics.

 Punctuality
 Discipline
 Reliability
 Honest
 Cooperation

3.1.Entrepreneurship skills
Entrepreneurship is the ability and capability of someone to create
new or modified works or technologies that can add new thing for the
present. Entrepreneurship is a basis for improving the social and
economic capability of the country. Among them some are over the
internship semester we have gained the following skills under this
circumstance.

a. Initiated out to be creativity.

b. High need for achievement.
c. Make our self-free from the limit of standardized pay for
standardized work(profit).
d. Willingness to take risks
e. Increasing efficiency of work
f. Creative mind in solving the problem of company

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTION
4.1.Design of Underground Cable Fault Location Detector Using
Microcontroller

4.1.1. Introduction

The core purpose of the electric transmission system is to move electric power from
the generating unit to different load centers. Now a day it becomes a common
method to use underground cables system instead of overhead lines especially in
urban areas, because underground cables are not affected by any adverse weather
condition such as storm, snow, heavy rainfall as well as pollution. But when the fault
occurs in underground cable it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for
the process of repairing that particular cable, because the entire cable should be taken
out from the ground to check and fix faults
This project uses the simple concept of Ohm’s law. When any fault like short circuit
occurs, voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable, since the
current varies. In case of fault, the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly,
which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital data to a programmed
microcontroller that further displays fault location in distance. The fault occurring at
what distance is shown on LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller that is
used to make the necessary calculations.
In the underground cables basically two types of faults arise, first is open circuit
fault. These types of faults occur due to the breaking of conductor, cracks or disjoints
of conductor completely. In open circuit fault there is no current because there no
conducting complete loop for current flowing that is I=0. In this fault supply voltage
is equal to the output voltage. Short circuit fault is of two types one is symmetrical
fault and other is unsymmetrical fault. The symmetrical fault occurs due to the short
circuit of all three phase together whereas unsymmetrical fault occurs due to the short
circuit of any one phase or two phases together out of three phases.

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4.2. Objective of the Project

4.2.1. General Objective
The main purpose of the project is to determine the distance (location) of the fault
created onUnderground cable.
4.2.2. Specific Objective
 To develop fault location detector circuit diagram
 To maintain the fault in short period of time
 Reduce labor cost and time
 To achieve customers satisfaction
 To contribute in nations development
4.2.3. Scope of the project
This is the proposal of underground cable fault locator for now. This work will get
simulated by using microcontroller. When completed its importance ranges to all
underground distribution cables suffer from different faults, in general.
3.1.1. Significance of the Project
Underground cable fault location detector finds wide application in modern world.
During earlier times, if fault is created in an underground cable it needs to check it out
manually, which is time and resources consuming. When this project is completed, this
project plays a vital role in electric power distribution center by locating the fault
created in underground cable.
4.2.4. Problem Statement
Underground cables have been widely used with the development of power system
grid. Underground cables are exposed to a wide variety of faults due to underground
conditions like wear and tear, rodents. During this time, it is difficult to do the repair
process associated with that particular cable as the exact location where a fault is
located is not known otherwise the entire line is to be dug in order to check fault at
cable line. But digging out the cable is a time and resource consuming and labor-
intensive, so it needs to have a simple fault detection system whichcan solve the above
problem, and that is why I have done this project proposal.

4.2.5. Literature Review

4.2.6. Early time fault location process
The process of locating fault locations at early time is very tedious, since it needs
direct human involvement to check it out when any fault occurred. Because of
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this many problems are in counted including the damage of underground cable,
allocating extra budgets and outage ofpower for a long time.
4.2.7. Necessary Materials
1. Transformer: A transformer is static device which transfer electrical energy from
one circuit to other circuit with change in voltage or current without change in
frequency. In this project step-down transformer is used. Usually, DC voltages are
required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages cannot be
obtained directly. Thus, the AC input at the mains supply is need to be stepped-down
to the required voltage level, and this task is accomplished by a step- down
transformer.
2. Switches: To induce faults manually in the kit, fault switches are used. About 12
fault switches are used which are arranged in three rows with each row having 4
switches. The 3 rows represent the 3 phases namely R, Y and B. The fault switches
have 2 positions-No fault position (NF) and fault position (F).
3. ADC (Analog to digital convertor): which receives input from the current
sensing circuit, converts this voltage into digital signal and feeds the microcontroller
with the signal.
4. Microcontroller: the microcontroller is the flash type reprogrammable
microcontroller in which we can program it with our objectives. It forms part of the
controlling unit and makes necessary calculations regarding the distance of the fault.
5. Relays: which is sensing device which senses the fault &send a trip signal to
circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section. A relay is automatic device by means of
which an electrical circuit is indirectly controlled & is governed by change in the
same or another electrical circuit.

6. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen: is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller which
shows the status of the cable of each phase and the distance of the cable at the
particular phase, in case of any fault. A 16x2 LCD display (it can display 16
characters per line and there are 2 such lines) is used in this project.

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4.3.Methodology
This project is proposed with four parts: DC power supply part, cable part, controlling
part, display part. DC power supply part consist of ac supply is step-down transformer,
bridge - rectifier converts ac signal to dc & regulator is used to produce constant dc
voltage. The cable part is denoted by set of resistors along with switches. Current
sensing part of cable representedas set of resistors &switches are used as fault creators
to indicate the fault at each location. This part senses the change in current by sensing
the voltage drop. Next is controlling part which consist of analog to digital convertor
which receives input from the current sensing circuit, converts this voltage into digital
signal and feeds the microcontroller with the signal. The microcontroller also forms
part of the controlling unit and makes necessary calculations regarding the distance of
the fault. The display part consists of the LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller
which shows the status of the cable of each phase and the distance of the cable at the
particular phase, in case of any fault. So, in this project I pass through many
procedures as listed below in order to develop and comprise varies component for
whole design completion of this task.
Step 1: Firstly, necessary data, such as the environments in which this type of fault
normally occurred, duration of the fault, effect of the fault on different sectors and the
loss of the company
, needs to be collected and have a deep study about
the project.Step 2: Select appropriate components
Step 3: Then make a model which shows the application of
the circuit.Step 4: After that assemble all the components to
make a circuit.
Step 4: Develop and simulate code program
Step 5: finally, Conclude about the project based on the result of the test

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4.4.Block diagram and Flow chart

4.4.1. Block diagram

Figure 4.1: Proposed block diagram of Underground Cable Fault locator

4.4.2. Block diagram description

Figure 4.1 shows the block diagram of fault detection system of underground cables.
The basic goal of proposed model is to locate the fault in the underground cable using
microcontroller. Mainly it comprises of a step-down transformer, a dc supply unit,
rectifying unit, controlling unit, regulating unit switches and displaying unit. For the
operation of proposed system, first power from the main supply is supplied to the step-
down transformer which step down high voltage into low voltage. Further, the low
voltage is given to the rectifying unit, wherein the rectifying unit is a bridge rectifier.
The rectifying unit convert low ac voltage into dc voltage. The DC voltage is then
converted into fixed dc by the regulating unit. When fault is induced by operating

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any of the switches, they impose conditions like line to ground, line to line and line to
line to line fault as per the switch operation. As a result of the fault, there is a change
in voltage value. This voltage value measured across the resistance is fed to the ADC.
The converting unit is a microcontroller that include analog to digital converter for
converting analog signal of sensing unit and converting it into digital form for
operating of microcontroller. The microcontroller does the processing for estimating
the exact point at which fault occurs. It also operates rely for protecting the system
from the effects of fault and provide protection to each phase. In the end, the
displaying unit associated with microcontroller is used for determining the distance of
fault in the underground cable and also the type of fault by

Algorithm

Figure 4.2: Algorithm of Fault location system

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1.Conclusion
The internship program has been a helpful experience in exposing us
to the real engineering work. Internship provides many benefits not
only for interns, but also for hosting companies. Since the interns
could be parts of the employment, they could be an additional man
power. It can also be an exciting event to put theoretical knowledge
into practice. It had ups and downs but at the end it left us with
knowledge. And also the role of the internship in introducing students
with practical work experience and other personal and professional
skills provided that it is perceived and run in the right way both by
the university and the hosting company. In our internship at EEP that
we spent four months, we have got so many practical experiences and
knowledge’s as well as we meet a good person.

On our internship period, we knew what real world looks like

and how we could relate and practice our theoretical knowledge to
the profession. In the last four months of our internship period in
EEP company, we have gained a hint about substations, transmission,
and each equipment of substations and how it be constructed and
how it operates. . Generally, Internship is also necessary to improve
theoretical knowledge, practical skill and interpersonal
communication skills.
5.2.Recommendations for the Company
Following these we suggest that the company has not computerized
operation but they use manual operation to operate any fault such like
tap changer to increase or to decrease voltage, to open and close CB
in maintenance for different feeder.

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There is no capacitor bank in the company, those capacitor banks are

a series parallel combination of capacitors required to improve power
factors of the system and reduces the amount of reactive power, and
thus total power(KVA) or the demand. Hence, we recommend that
the company should installed the capacitor bank.

The company has no reference book which gives the full information
about the background of substation (company).

The company still has limitation on skilled man power; especially

concerning maintenance, for example there is no lightening
arrestor which protects two transformers (66/15kv).and still knows
there is no study on the reliability of power system.

the company the earthing transformers that gards (protects) the two
power transformers (66/15kv) is not functional, hence we
recommend the company should maintain or installed new earthing
transformer In.

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REFERENCE
[1] Dangla substation manual how to operate and the working
principles ofequipment’s.
[2] http://www.eepco.gov.et.com
[3] Walter A. Elmore. Protective Relaying Theory& Applications.
[4] Theraja “A Text Book of Electrical Technology “, volume1, 2, 3.
[5] Guile, A; Paterson (1977). Electrical power systems, volume I. Pergamon
p.331

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