M ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

College

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM OF ELECTRICAL POWER

INTERNSHIP REPORT
DURATION OF INTERNSHIP OCT 15 – JAN 25/2010E.C

PREPARED BY: BELAYNEH TADESSE

ID NO.: RET0233/06

Advisor: Ins. Tesfay G.

Submission date 02/ 06/ 2010E.C

Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia

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DECLARATION

I declare that this report is an original work of us and which is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the internship program in placement of practices during four months. This report has not been
submitted earlier either to these university or any other institute.

Student Name Signature Date

Belayneh Tadesse _________________ ____________

Name of advisor Signature Date

Tesfay G. __________________ _____________

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Acknowledgement
First I would like to express my deepest gratitude to instructor Tesfay.G for his outstanding ,
follow up, guidance, suggestion and worthy feed back for the accomplishment of this paper and
then I would like to be thankful to Mr. Shimeles north western wire business tire office head.
Lastly I would like to extend my thanks Mr. Giwon.D, Mr.Fekade, Mr.Srawdink and the whole
members of Dangla distribution substation.

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List Of Figures

Figure 1. 1 : The Over All Organizational Structure of EEP ........................................................................... 5

Figure 1. 2 : Block diagram of engineering structural organization .............................................................. 6
Figure 2.1 : Pin type insulator ..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.2 : Suspension type insulator ........................................................................................................ 12
Figure 2.3 : Lightning arrester ..................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.4 : Silica Gel ................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.5 : Current transformer................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 2.6 : Potential transformer (or voltage transformer) ...................................................................... 21
Figure 2.7 : Power transformer one 15kv ................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.8 : power transformer three 33kv ................................................................................................ 22
Figure 2.9 : Transformer Tap changer......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.10 : Disconnector .......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 2.11 : Oil circuit breaker ................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.14 : Control Room ......................................................................................................................... 29

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 : Total numbers of customers ...................................................................................................... 4

Table 1.2: Transmission network distance (km) divide by voltage level. ..................................................... 7
Table 1. 3 : Distribution substations divided by voltage level ...................................................................... 8

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... iii
List Of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v
List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... viii
Executive Summery ..................................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter One Background of EEP ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 History of EEP .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Vision, Mission, and purposes of EEP .................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Vision ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 The purposes of EEP......................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Interconnection ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Organizational structure of EEP ......................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Work Flow in EEP .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.7.1 Generation Stations and Current Energy Situation ...................................................................... 6
Supply system: .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Inter Connected System (ICS): ................................................................................................................. 7
Self-Contained System (SCS): .................................................................................................................. 7
1.7.2 Transmission and Substation ....................................................................................................... 7
1.7.3 Distribution .................................................................................................................................. 8
Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................................. 9
Overall Internship Experience ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Objectives of the Internship ............................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. General Objective ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.2. Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. How Do I Get in To the Company? ................................................................................................... 9
2.3. Work Section that I have been working ........................................................................................... 10
2.4. Overall System Components and Operation .................................................................................... 11
2.4.1. Transmission Line Design Considerations.................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Types of Substations .................................................................................................................. 12

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 2.4.3 Major Components of Transmission Subs ................................................................................. 13
2. 5 Control and Protection Room .......................................................................................................... 28
2.7 Challenges we have been facing ....................................................................................................... 30
Chapter Three.............................................................................................................................................. 31
Benefits gained from the internship ............................................................................................................ 31
3.2. Improving our theoretical Knowledge ............................................................................................. 32
3.3 Improving our team playing skill ...................................................................................................... 32
3.5 Understanding about work ethics ...................................................................................................... 33
3.6 Entrepreneurship skill ....................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter Four Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................................ 34
4.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 34
4.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.1 Recommendations for EEP ........................................................................................................ 34
4.2.2 Recommendations for the Department....................................................................................... 35
4.2.3 Recommendation for the Industrial Linkage.............................................................................. 35
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 36

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List of Acronyms
EEPCO ............................................................................Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

EEP……………………………………………………………………………… Ethiopian Electric Power GC Gregorian Calendar

GHz………………………………………………………………………………Giga Watt Hertz

KV……………………………………………………………………………….. Kilo Volt

HVAC………………………………………………………………… …………High Voltage Alternating Current

HVDC…………………………………………………………………………… High Voltage Direct Current

PMO…………………………………………………………………………….. Portfolio Management Office

Al ……………………………………………………………………………….….Aluminum

AAC………………………………………………………………………………. All Aluminum Conductor

AAAC ……………………………………………………………………………..All Aluminum Alloy Conductor

ACAR ………………………………………………………………………………Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced

ACSR……………………………………………………………… ………………Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

MVA……………………………………………………………………………… Mega Volt Ampere

AC…………………………………………………………………. ………………Alternating Current

CT………………………………………………………………………………….. Current Transformer

VT……………………………………………………………………….. ………..Voltage Transformer

SF6 ………………………………………………………………………………….Sulfur Hexafluoride

I ………………………………………………………………………………………Current

E.C ………………………………………………………………………………….Ethiopian Calendar

OC …………………………………………………………………………………Operating Coil

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Executive Summery
Internship program is a very essential tool for higher college students to learn and develop
professional skills, and to get more knowledge in practical way on what they knew theoretically
at their colleges. With this regard, I have been working in Ethiopian Electric Power, under North
Western region office, Transmission Engineering Department Supervision and Design sub
department, which is responsible for supervising and monitoring of substations, transmission
lines technical performance and provide feasibility study report, in Dangila from October 18 to
January 25/05/2018 G.C. As I have been four months’ period of internship program in this
company, we have gained a lot of knowledge and professional skills. In addition to this, I did
various activities. Our main concern on this internship period was to select a problem and
provide a feasibility study report on over loaded substations and give recommendations to solve
the problems occurred on selected substations. In this report, I tried to complete all requirements
requested and expected from us. Generally, our internship period on EEP was great and was
useful and it helped us to get experiences that will be very important to our professions, develop
technical and inter personal skills, and strengthen our social and professional links. Mainly this
internship period lets our reasoning, solving and recommending skills to a higher level.

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 Chapter One
Background of EEP
1.1 History of EEP
Electric power was introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19th century, during the regime of Minilik.
The first generator was given to Atse Minilik around the 1898 to give light to the palace. In
addition to the use of generator, Atse Minilik constructed the first Hydro Power Plant on Akaki
River in the year 1912 generation 6MW in order to supply power to small factories that had been
established in Addis Ababa. Consequently, the power supply that had been limited to small
factories, the palace and it was extended to the public places and major roads in the vicinity of
the palace. During this temporary occupation, the Italian company called Coneil overtook the
generation and distribution of electric power. The company installed generators at different
places and extended the power supply to the major towns. After the Italian were driven out from
Ethiopia in the year 1941, an organization called Enemy Property Administration was
established and took over along with other activities the generation and distribution of power to
the public. In the year1948, an organization that had been vested with the enemy property was
evolved to an organization called Shewa Electric Power. This also with limited capacity,
managed to increase the power supply not only in Shewa but also other administrative regions. In
light of its function, its name was changed “Ethiopian Electric Light and Power” in the 1955.
Soon after its establishment, the supervision and management of the organization was vested in
the Board of Directors appointed by the government. After eight months of its establishment the
Ethiopia Electric light and power was transformed to the “Ethiopian Electric Light and power
Authority”. The authority was engaged in the business of producing, transmitting, distributing
and selling of electric energy to the people of Ethiopia and carry on any other lawful business
incidentals or appropriate which is calculated directly or indirectly to promote the interest of the
authority or to enhance the value of its properties. At that time the annual electricity production
capacity of the authority was 35 GHz while the number of customer was 12,500. One of the
major changes in the economic sector was the transformation of centralized command economy
to the free market driven economy in the 1987.In order to accommodate the new changes in the
environment, the Ethiopia Electric light and Power Authority was transformed to the Ethiopian
Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) in 1997 as public enterprise was established for indefinite

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duration by regulation No.18/1997, and conferred with the power Authority. The purpose of the
corporation is to engage in the business of producing, transmitting, distributing and selling
electric energy in accordance with economic and social development policies and priorities of
the government and to carry on any other related activities that would enable it achieve its
purpose. Currently the annual electricity production capacity of the corporation is about 3112
GWH and number of customer 1.1 million. The corporation has been increasing the number of
customers by more than 15% annually, but this does not mean that the corporation has met
demand for electric power. EEPCo is required to think and work strategically to meet the power
supply need of the socio-economy development of country. The corporation has two electric
power supplying systems: The Interconnected System (ICS) and Self Contained System (SCS).
The main energy source of ICS is hydropower plant, and for the SCS mini-hydro and a number
of isolated diesels power generators allocated in various areas of the country are the energy
sources. EEPCo is a government owned corporation and it has two organizations one of this,
EEP which is responsible for the generation, transmission service of electric energy throughout
Ethiopia. The second organization is Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) which is responsible for
distributing and selling power to customers. However, Dangila substation is installed in 1976
E.C, which is found in North West region of Amahara.
1.2 Vision, Mission, and purposes of EEP

1.2.1 Vision
To be a first class providing quality universal electrification of the country and regionally
Connected as a competitive export industry.
1.2.2 Mission
To provide adequate and quality electricity generation, transmission through continuous
improvement of management practice responsive to the socio-economic development and
environmental protection need of the public.

1.2.3 The purposes of EEP

To undertake feasibility studies, design and survey of electricity generation, transmission and
substation; to contract out such activities to consultants as required;
to undertake electricity generation, transmission and substation construction and upgrading;

➢ To contract out such works to contractors as required;

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 ➢ To handle electricity generation and transmission operational and maintenance activities.
➢ To lease electricity transmission lines as required;
➢ To sell bulk electric power;
➢ To undertake universal electric access works;

In line with directives and policy guidelines issued by the Ministry of Finance and Economic
Development, to sell and pledge bonds and to negotiate and sign loan agreements with local and
international financial sources;

➢ To undertake any other related activities necessary for the attainment of its purposes.

1.3 Main Products and Services of EEP

EEP produces electric power from hydropower, diesel, geothermal, wind, solar, natural gas,
biomass and coal plants that provides the service of selling the electric power to its customers
mainly the Ethiopian people for house hold uses, factories, and the nearby countries like Kenya,
Sudan, and Djibouti.

1.4 Main Customers of EEP

Numbers of customers are those who are connected to the electric energy produced from
generation station. The total number of connected customers at present is 1,900,000. Note: All
our data about EEP’s products, customers, and overall energy situations are up to 2012 GC.

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 Table 1.1 : Total numbers of customers

Tariff group 2007\08 2008\09 2009\10 2010\11 2011\12

Domestic 144,304 144,304 1,649,062 1,652,310 1652,062
Commercial 207,986 207,986 222,308 222,746 222,746
Street light 3,060 3,260 2,690 2,695 2,695
Industrial 22,908 22,908 20,199 20,199 20,199
LV
Industrial 242 242 149 149 149
HV
Own 1834 1834 1900 1,900 1,900
consumption

1.5 Interconnection
Ethiopia is focusing on the development of the huge hydro potential it possesses in the Eastern
African Region. To get the required economy of scale to develop the big hydropower sites in
Ethiopia, it is compulsory to seek foreign demands for export purposes, especially, neighboring
countries of Sudan, Egypt, Djibouti, Yemen, Kenya, Eritrea, and Somalia. There are current and
potential interconnections. Ethiopia-Sudan (Current Interconnections) Currently, Ethiopia is
supplying 100MW of power to Sudan A link of double circuit 230 KV with transfer capacity of
about 400 MW is Constructed. The link starts from BahirDar substation passing through Gondar
and Shehedi substations in Ethiopia and ends at Gedaref substation in Sudan with a total length
of 296 km(from Shehedi to gedarif) . Ethiopia-Djibouti (Current Interconnections) Currently,
Ethiopia is supplying 60MW of power to Djibouti a link of Double circuit 230 KV with transfer
capacity of about 400 MW is Construct .The link starts from Dire Dawa substation in Ethiopia
and ends at PK-12 substation in Djibouti with a total length of 283 km. Ethiopia-Kenya
(Potential Interconnections) the export will, possibly, be based on firm energy. The link may
start from Gilgel Gibe-III power plant and passes through Mega substation in Ethiopia and ends
at the towns of Nairobi or Eldorate in Kenya. The link from Gilgel Gibe-III to Mega will be
double circuit 400 KV HVAC. HVDC link of at least 500 KV with transfer capacity of about 600
MW is anticipated from Mega substation to Kenya (Nairobi or Eldorate)

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1.6 Organizational structure of EEP

Management
Board
Corporate Ethic and
Internal Audit
Anti-Corruption

Chief Executive Officer

Corporate legal affair

Corporate planning

Corporate communication

Generation Generation
Distribution system UEAP
Design and
Construction Operation
Construction Case
team Corporate
Finance and
supply team
Transmission and
Transmission
Substation
operation
Construction Corporate
and sales

Marketing and Servic

sales e

Figure 1. 1 : The Over All Organizational Structure of EEP

Under Engineering division there are four subdivisions which are redefined after the
establishment of EEP enterprise.

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 POM

ENGINEERING

GENERATION ENGINEERING
TS ENGINEERING SUPERVIISSION
ENGINEERING SUPPORT

Figure 1. 2 : Block diagram of engineering structural organization

1.7 Work Flow in EEP

EEP is responsible for generating, transmitting, distributing and selling of electric energy
throughout the country. To fulfill this company, use a wide and interconnected work flow
therefore by using different mechanism power will be generated and this will be transmitted and
will be distributed for customers. We must consider this all system is interconnected by a system
which is called load dispatch center (LDC).

1.7.1 Generation Stations and Current Energy Situation

Ethiopia is a country endowed with abundant, natural recourses such as Hydro power;
Geothermal, natural gas, solar and wind energy etc. that could generate surplus electricity.
Among these only Hydro powers potential of the country is estimated to be up to 45,000 MW.
Since almost all the listed resources not yet tapped the prevailing energy source that constitutes
about 94.1 is biomass. The rest are petroleum 5.2% and electricity 0.8%.

Supply system: -The Ethiopian electric power corporation (EEP) is a sole electricity power
supplier in the country. The corporation has two electric energy supply system. These are the
interconnected system (ICS) and the self-contained system (SCS). The main energy source of
ICS is hydro and also the SCS are mini hydrous and diesel power generators allocated in various
areas of the country. For the record, most diesel power Generators are becoming out of service
because they are too much costly with little amount of power.

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Inter Connected System (ICS): -The ICS consists of 12 hydro, 11 diesel standbys, one
geothermal and two wind from power plants with installed capacity of 1939.6MW, 112.3MW,
7.30MW and 81MW respectively which brought a total of 2140.2MW.
Self-Contained System (SCS): -The SCS consists of three small hydro and several diesel
power plants. Generation in this System is mainly by diesel power plants having an aggregate
capacity of 26.80MW.The contribution from the small hydro power plants is only 6.15MW.

1.7.2 Transmission and Substation

The electric energy generated from the main hydro power plants is transported through high
Voltage transmission lines rated 45, 66,132,230,400KV.The total length of the existing
Transmission lines is about 11,796.32 Km. the existing transmission lines status by voltage level
is categorized. Supply of the distribution network is provided by step down substation connected
to the respective transmission and sub-transmission voltages. Totally there are 143 substations of
which 127 are supplying the distribution system the rest 16 are located by the power house areas
(switch yard).The existing substation located in different areas of the country based on their
voltage level are categorized as:

Table 1.2: Transmission network distance (km) divide by voltage level.

Year 400kV 230KV 132KV 66KV 45KV Total

2007/08 - 2,175.00 3,983.25 2,234.60 475.93 8,868.78

2008/09 - 2,175.00 3,983.25 2,234.60 475.93 8,868.78

2009/10 211.38 2,235.02 4,170.69 2,234.60 30.15 9,281.8

2010/11 686.701 3,550.90 4,033.21 2,234.60 475.93 10,981.34

2011/12 686.701 4,222.976 4,658.417 1,973.136 1,973.136 11,796.32

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 Table 1. 3 : Distribution substations divided by voltage level

Year 400kV 230KV 132KV 66KV 45KV Total

2007/08 - 12 55 30 23 120
2008/09 - 12 55 30 23 120
2009/10 - 12 55 30 23 120
2010/11 2 14 56 30 23 123
2011/12 5 17 57 30 30 127

1.7.3 Distribution
Power distribution is both ICS and SCS is effected at primary voltage of 33, and
15KV.Consisting entirely of 3-phases, 3-wire feeders and is stepped down to a utilization voltage
of 380\220 (3-phase, 4-wire) using 3-phase transformers to customer’s level.

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 Chapter Two
Overall Internship Experience
2.1. Objectives of the Internship
An internship program has its own general and specific objectives. Both objectives are very
essential to get enough educated and skilled man power in all aspects of Engineering.

2.1.1. General Objective

Adigrat university Institute of Technology targeted this internship program can enable
Engineering students at their faculty to relate their theoretical knowledge gained from their
department to practical knowledge, and develop their profession skills.

2.1.2. Specific Objectives

➢ Intern students during internship program are aimed on.
➢ Improving their theoretical, practical, professional, industrial problem solving capability,
➢ Developing interpersonal communication skills, team playing and leadership.
➢ Also, knowing, understanding, practicing work ethics.
➢ Adapting and developing work environment conditions are also parts of specific.
➢ Objectives of internship.

2.2. How Do I Get in To the Company?

After we have taken the request paper of internship paper from the Industrial linkage of Adigrat
University Institute of technology at the end of June 2010 E.C, we distribute the request paper to
many companies related to our department. From those companies, Ethiopian Electric Power
Corporation, were the first company which accepted our requesting internship paper for four
months starting from October 15 to January 25 of 2010 E.C. and they announced us by calling
cell phone to Adigrat University Institute of technology industrial linkage. After we got the
phone number of the company from the EEP, and they told us that EEP is divided in to two main
organizations, Ethiopian Electric Utility and Ethiopian Electric Power then informed us that ours
name list is on Ethiopian Electric Power. And we submitted it to the wire business office, and
then we met Mr.Shimels, manager of wire business office at Adigrat and he welcomed us
tenderly and explains what their office performs and looks like. And he informed us that we are
going to stay the internship period at Super vision and design sub department and he gave us
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paper that have been submitted to the supervision office with best wishes. Finally we met
Mr.Giwon, manager of the supervision office at Dangila substation, he welcomed us with full of
kindness and explained what we will work on the internship period and informed us that we will
be with his office for the next four months and introduces us to Mr. Fekadie, Mr. Serawdink and
other stuff members and we start our intern with eager on October 15. But to get this placement
in the company it was tedious we were spending a lot of times come and backs.

2.3. Work Section that I have been working

Dangila substation receives power from one incoming line. This incoming line is Gordema
substation (main supply from beles), so receives 66KV. The incoming 66KV stepped down into
66/33kv, 66/15kv (feeders). Gordema substation (No: 2 substation in Bahir Dar) receives power
mainly from two generations, Tis -sat and TanaBeles 132kv and 400kv respectively. In addition
to this the substation can be received or send through Alamata and Mota lines. Hence, Gordema
substation can be considered as ring system. Ring system is a system that can be received and
sent. In substation 400kv from beles step down into national grid (230kv) and then distributes
into the outgoing lines, these are Gonder-1,Gonder-2,Alamata,Mota and 400kv into markos,66kv
into Bahir Dar No:1 substation and Dangla as well as 33kv into Adet. Since Ethiopian Electric
Power Corporation, EEP is associated with generation, transmission and distribution system. In
fact that after the power is generated; it has to be distributed to the customers through high
voltage transmission lines. But it is impossible to provide the generated power from generation
station directly to the customer due to different reasons. The first and main reason is voltage
drop, because the voltage drop will be high when the transmission line becomes longer and
longer. So that substations have a great role to solve the occurrence of this problem. Since most
of distributions’ fault are occurred due to over loading and due to lacking of ability of
transmission lines to carry the required power when they are designed and constructed. So, we
selected this work section to solve such problems. As a result, customers such as residents,
companies, real estates, factories and interconnected countries can get enough and suitable
power.

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2.4. Overall System Components and Operation
2.4.1. Transmission Line Design Considerations
An overhead transmission lines consists of conductors, insulators, support structures, and in most
cases, shield wires.
a) Conductors
Aluminum is the most common conductor metal for overhead transmission than copper, due to
its lower cost and lighter in weight properties, and its abundant whereas copper is limited. Most
common Al conductors are
• All-Aluminum Conductor, AAC.
• All-Aluminum Alloy Conductor, AAAC.
• Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced, ACAR.
• Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, ACSR.
From those Al conductors, Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, ACSR, is the most common
conductor type, which consists of layers of Al strands surrounding a central core of steel strands.
Stranded conductors are easier to manufacture, since larger conductor size can be obtained by
simply adding successive layers of strands. Stranded conductors are also easier to handle and
more flexible than solid conductors, especially in large size. The use of steel strands gives ACSR
conductors a high strength to weight ratio, and for the purpose of heat dissipation, overhead lines
are bare (no insulator cover).EHV lines often have more than one conductor per phase, these
conductors are called a bundle. Bundle conductors have a lower electric field strength of the
conductor surfaces, thereby controlling corona. They also have a smaller series reactance.
b) Insulators
Insulators provide electrical insulation between live conductors and earthed structures under
operating and over voltage conditions. Insulators are mainly made of either glazed, porcelain, or
toughened glass.
Most Commonly used Types of Insulators are;
• Pin type
• Suspension type
etc.
Pin Type Insulators

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Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to
33 KV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and hence
uneconomical.

Figure 2.1 : Pin type insulator

Suspension Type Insulators

For high voltages (greater than 33 KV), it is mostly used suspension type insulators shown in
figure below, which consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in
the form of a string.

Figure 2.2 : Suspension type insulator

2.4.2 Types of Substations

Substations may be categorized as distribution substation, transmission substation, switching
Substation or any combination of them.

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Distribution Substations
Distribution substation is a combination of switching, controlling, and voltage step- down
equipment arranged to reduce transmission voltage to primary distribution voltage for residential,
farm, commercial, and industrial loads. Typical distribution substation capacities vary.
Substation generally include one 1.5 MVA to three 5 MVA transformers. These substations may
be supplied radially, tapped from a sub transmission line, or may have two source of supply.
Switching Substations
A switching substation is a combination of switching and controlling equipment arranged to
Provide circuit protection and system switching flexibility. Switching stations are becoming
Common on cooperatives transmission systems. Flexible switching arrangements in a
transmission network can be aided in maintaining reliable service under certain abnormal or
Maintenance conditions.
Transmission Substations
A transmission substation is a combination of switching, controlling, and voltage step-down
Equipment arranged to reduce transmission voltage to sub transmission voltage for distribution
of electrical energy to distribution substations. Transmission substations frequently have two or
more large transformers. Transmission substations function as bulk power distribution centers,
and their importance in the system often justifies bus and switching arrangements that are much
more elaborative than distribution substations.

2.4.3 Major Components of Transmission Subs

Surge arrester
A surge arrester is a product installed near the end of any conductor which is long enough before
the conductor lands on its intended electrical component. The purpose is to divert damaging
lighting-induced transients safely to ground through property changes to its arrestor in parallel
arrangement to the conductor inside the unit. Also, called a surge protection device (SPD) or
transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), they are only designed to protect against electrical
transients resulting from the lightning flash, not a direct lightning termination to the conductors.
Surge arrestors or other surge protective equipment are located at the line entrances and exits. In
these instances, it is best to locate the arrestor or other protective equipment on the line side of
the substation equipment to be protected to limit the lightning and switching surges to acceptable

13
levels. As they enter the substations locating the arrestors on the line side of the circuit breaker
will also protect the gap in the breakers when in the open position.
Lightning arrester
A lightning arrester, also known as lightning conductor, is a device used on electrical power
Systems and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high –voltage
terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very
similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through
the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Figure 2.3 : Lightning arrester

If protection fails or is absent lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of
kilo volts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to
Transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage

14
Spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances.
Transformer
Transformer is generally a four-terminal device that can transform an AC input voltage into a
relatively higher or lower AC output voltage. A transformer usually consists of two closely
coupled coils that are designed to transfer energy between its winding circuits. A typical
transformer has two or more coils that share a common laminated iron core. One of the coils is
referred to as the primary (containing NP turns), while the other coil is called secondary
(containing NS turns). Primary coils are defined as those coils whose current is driven by an
external alternating-current source, whereas secondary coils are defined as those coils whose
voltage is induced by the varying magnetic field produced by the primary coil.
Transformer Cooling System and Methods
The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or loss and core loss.
Although there are other factors contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis & eddy current
losses but contribution of loss dominates them. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the
temperature of the transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in paper
insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer. So, it is essential to control the
temperature with in permissible limit to ensure the long life of transformer by reducing thermal
degradation of its insulation system. In electrical power transformer, we use external transformer
cooling system to accelerate the dissipation rate of heat of transformer. There are different
transformers cooling methods available for transformer.

Transformers immersed in the following transformer cooling methods.

❖ Air natural (AN) cooling
❖ Air Natural Air Natural (ANAN)
❖ Air Blast or Air Forced (AB or AF)
❖ Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
❖ Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
❖ Oil Forced Air Natural (OFAN)
❖ VII. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF
But in Dangila substation the cooling system is oil natural air natural (ONAN) or oil natural air
forced (ONAF). The transformer has an oil level indicator and winding temperature indicator.

15
Oil level indicator: - For indicating a change of oil in the conservator, any change in the oil
level is detected by a float converted in to rotary motion by gear and transmitted to the external
pointer through magnet. If the indicator tilted downward then the oil should change. Oil
temperature indicator is also shows the heating up of transformer.
Winding temperature indictor: -
The temperature of winding is measured and determined indirectly. The temperature difference
between the winding and coolant is the actual current in the winding. The transformer secondary
current is proportional to the current transformer winding. The secondary current feeds a heating
resistor in thermometer and so produces a display reading of transformer load. Generally, when
the loss is happened on the winding, the heat has been developed; transformer becomes heated
up and because of thermostat starts rotating for cooling the transformer.
ONAN Cooling of Transformer
This is the simplest transformer cooling system. The full form of ONAN is "Oil Natural Air
Natural". Here natural convectional flow of hot oil is utilized for cooling. In convectional
circulation of oil, the hot oil flows to the upper portion of the transformer tank and the vacant
Place is occupied by cold oil. This hot oil which comes to upper side will dissipate heat in the
Atmosphere by natural conduction, convection & radiation in air and will become cold. In this
Ways the oil in the transformer tank continually circulate when the transformer put into load. As
the rate of dissipation of heat in air depends upon dissipating surface of the oil tank, it is essential
to increase the effective surface area of the tank. So, additional dissipating surface in the form of
tubes or radiators connected to the transformer tank. This is known as radiator of transformer or
radiator.

ONAF Cooling of Transformer

Heat dissipation can obviously be increased, if dissipating surface is increased but it can be make
further faster by applying forced air flow on that dissipating surface. Fans blowing air on cooling
surface is employed. Forced air takes away the heat from the surface of radiator and provides
better cooling than natural air. The full form of ONAF is "Oil Natural Air Forced". As the heat
dissipation rate is faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling method than ONAN cooling
system, electrical power transformer can be put into more load without crossing the permissible
temperature limits.

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Radiator
The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role
in increasing loading capacity of a transformer. This is basic function of radiator of an electrical
power transformer. Oil immersed power transformer is generally provided with detachable
pressed sheet radiator with isolating valves. But in case of small size distributing transformer, the
radiators are generally integrated parts of transformer body and projected from the main tank.
The working principle of radiator is very simple. It just increases the surface area for dissipating
heat of the oil. In case of electrical power transformer, due to the transport limitation, these units
are sent separately and assembled at site with transformer main body. At the time of dispatching,
the flings of radiator are blanketed by gasket and blanketing plates. The radiator valves on the
main tank are also blanketed by gasket and blanketing plates.
Operation of Transformer Radiator
Under loaded condition, warm oil increases in volume and comes to the upper portion of the
main tank. Then this oil enters in the radiator through top valve and cools down by dissipating
heat through the thin radiator wall. This cold oil comes back to the main tank through the bottom
radiator valve. This cycle is repeated continuously till the load is connected to the transformer.
Dissipation of heat in the transformer radiator; can be accelerated further by force air provided
by means of fans. These fans are fitted either on the radiator bank itself or fitted nearby the bank
but all the fans must be faced towards the radiator. Sometime, the cooling rate of convectional
circulation of oil is not sufficient. That time an oil pump may be used for speeding up oil
circulation.

Conservator
Conservator tank, where fitted should be assembled with its pipe work, etc. making sure that
Skated joints are oil tight and the pipe work is clean and free from moisture. The mechanism of
the float type oil gauge inside the conservator is locked to prevent damage during transit. After
placing the conservator in position, it should be released by turning the locking bolt in the
direction indicated on the plate. While feeling the conservator with transformer oil, it should be
ensured that the oil filled up to the level indicated by the oil gauge on the conservator. On the oil
gauge’s dial, there is an indication of temperature, this tells the prescribed level of oil in the
conservator at that temperature. For example, if temperature is 30°C. But during actual oil filling
in conservator tank, we should commensurate with the oil temperature at that time.

17
The function of conservator tank is giving the space to the oil expanded during the ambient
temperature rises. When transformer is loaded and ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to this
expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
Silica Gel
Silica gel breather always comes as loose item. The plastic plug sealing on the top of the breather
should be removed and fitted to the associated pipe work. The oil cup at the bottom of the
breather should be removed, filled with transformer oil to the level indicated on it and then re
fitted to the position. Thus, the silica gel is prevented from absorbing moisture from atmosphere.
When the oil becomes depreciate the silica gel color becomes change from pink to the blue this
indicates the oil should be changed and silica gel itself changed into new.

Figure 2.4 : Silica Gel

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Buchholz relay
Buchholz which is part of transformer that connected across the pipe work between conservator
tank and main tank of the transformer. It is considered as buchholz relay. There is generally a
Stop Valve between Buchholz relay and conservator tank. The Buchholz relay should be
mounted on the pipe work only after the oil level inside the transformer is above the tank cover.
The Buchholz relay is provided with an arrow marked on its housing and this arrow should
always point towards the conservator. If the gas release pipe is provided, it must be fitted to the
top pocket of the Buchholz relay. In this case, the top pockets of Buchholz relay should be
opened and gas release pipes should be full of oil during normal operation of transformer. When
the gas is to be collected through the gas release pipe, oil will flow out initially followed by the
gas. But when gas release pipe is not provided with Buchholz relay, the top pockets are generally
screwed tightly. During fittings of Buchholz relay in the pipe work, the relay should be
mechanically locked with the locking screw provided in the relay.

Auxiliary Transformer
Auxiliary transformer is types of transformer which gives service only the compound of the
Substations. Auxiliary transformer is used to supply low voltage for AC power system inside
substation such as lighting, air conditioners and other AC supply system and DC power system
such as protection relays, batteries.
Earthing Transformer
Earthing transformer is used stabilize an external earth fault on the delta side of star -delta power
transformer. In cases where the neutral point of three phase system is not accessible like the
system connected to the delta connected side of an electrical power transformer, an artificial
neutral point may be created with help of a zigzag connected earthing transformer. In normal
condition of the system, the voltage across the winding of the earthing transformer is 1/√3 times
of rated per phase voltage of the system. But when single line to ground fault occurs on any
phase of the system, zero sequence component of the earth fault current flows in the earth and
returns to the electrical power system by way of earth star point of the earthing transformer
Generally, the time interval, for which transformer designed to carry the maximum fault current
through it safely, is taken as 30 second.
Instrument transformers
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform

19
voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate
instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
Control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the
secondary circuit. The two types of instrument transformers are discussed below.
Current transformer
A current transformer works on the same principle as that of a simple transformer however it
Steps down the high current into a low level so that the range can be measured. In some current
transformers, extra cores are provided. This is done to prevent the faulty currents i.e. the over
currents, earth faults, differential protections. The extra cores of a C.T. gets saturated as soon as
the faulty currents starts flowing and thereby does not harm the main core of the transformer and
the ammeter connected. The C.T. is always connected in the line carrying current. It first steps
down the current to measurable form and further gives this current to the ammeter.

Figure 2.5 : Current transformer

Potential transformer (voltage transformer)

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A potential transformer (or voltage transformer) is used to reduce high-voltages to values that
Can be remotely monitored with ordinary voltmeters or to provide inputs to protective relays. It
also electrically-isolates meters/relays from the high-voltage systems. They are mutual
transformers which work on the same principle as any other step-down transformer i.e. a voltage
applied to the primary winding results in a lower voltage induced into its secondary.

Figure 2.6 : Potential transformer (or voltage transformer)

Power transformer
Power transformer is a device that is used to convert inbound electricity or voltage to a higher or
lower value in order to accommodate the current flow needed for specific purposes. Power
transformers are a normal component in the power grids of many nations, making it possible to
regulate the transfer of power to residences and commercial building without overloading the
circuit in those structures. From this perspective, the transformer can also be viewed as a safety
feature that reduces some of the risk associated with utilizing electrical current in those settings.
The two main functions of a power transformer are to transfer electrical current from a source to
a destination, and to regulate the voltage of that current before it reaches the intended
destination. In Dangila substation there three power transformers.
1. Power transformer one 15kv
2. power transformer two 15kv
3. Power transformer three 33kv

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Figure 2.7 : Power transformer one 15kv

Figure 2.8 : power transformer three 33kv

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Tap changer
A tap changer is a device fitted to power transformers for regulation of the output voltage to
required levels. This is normally achieved by changing the ratios of the transformers on the
system by altering the number of turns in one winding of the appropriate transformer/s. Supply
authorities are under obligation to their customers to maintain the supply voltage between certain
limits. Tap changers can be on load or off load. On load tap changers generally consist of a
diverter switch and a selector switch operating as a unit to effect transfer current from one
voltage tap to the next. On load tap changers were introduced to power transformers as a means
of on load voltage control.

Figure 2.9 : Transformer Tap changer

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Isolator (Disconnector)
A switching device which can be opened or closed only under no current condition it provides
isolation of a circuit for maintenance. A disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is
used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance.
High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus
such as circuit breakers, transformers and transmission lines, for
maintenance.
The most important functions that disconnect switches must perform are: -
a. To open and close reliably when called upon to do so,
b. To carry current continuously without overheating
Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as
1) Bus side isolator: - the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2) Line side isolator: - the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder

Figure 2.10 : Disconnector

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Circuit breaker
Electrical Circuit Breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. It is a device
capable of making, breaking and electric circuit under normal and abnormal conditions such as
short circuits. The circuit breaker can protect the circuit from a high current short circuit and
through its thermal trip it can protect the circuit from overload condition. Working Principle of
Circuit Breaker,the circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In
normal "on" condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each
other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is an arrangement stored
potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker which is realized if switching
signal given to the breaker.
Types of Circuit Breaker
According different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker. According to their arc
quenching media, the circuit breaker can be divided as;
a, Oil circuit breaker
b, Air blast circuit breaker
c, SF6 circuit breaker
d, Vacuum circuit breaker

In Dangila substation oil and type circuit breakers are used.

Oil Type Circuit Breaker
The switch contacts are immersed in oil to quench (to minimize) any spark that might occur
when the current is interrupted. The oil used as dielectric materials insulating the current
conducting parts.
•Low-oil content circuit breakers: - which operate with minimum amount of oil used
only for arc extinction.
•Bulk oil breakers: - these types of breaker use a large quantity of oil used for arc
extinguishing and insulating the current conducting part.

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 Figure 2.11 : Oil circuit breaker

SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride) Type Circuit Breaker

In most substations SF6 circuit breakers work through arc interruption. The main function of SF6
circuit breakers is to interrupt power during faults, which work through arc interruption. When
electrical current exceeds a certain level (called a rating), the breaker will trip and contacts
within the circuit breaker will open to interrupt the circuit. When the current is interrupted, an
electrical arc is created. An arc contains heat and voltage, so it must be contained and
extinguished. The SF6 circuit breaker uses compressed sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool
the arc and absorb free conducting electrons

Bus bar
Bus bars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits. It is made
of copper bar, Aluminum tube etc. In Dangila substation bus bar is energized from Gordema

26
substation (Bahir Dar), Incoming 66kv by using transmission line. Bus bars may be used to carry
phase voltage in which case they must be suitably insulated. Such insulation may either surround
the bus bar, or alternatively the bus bar itself may be un insulated but physically mounted using
an insulating material to keep it electrically separate from its support.
Relays
The function of relays is to discriminate between normal operation and fault conditions. The OC
relay has an operating coil, which is connected to the CT secondary winding, and a set of
contacts. When / I’/ exceeds a specified “pick up” value, the operating coil causes the normally
open contacts to close. When the relay contacts close, the trip coil of the circuit breaker is
energized, which then causes the circuit breaker to open. Note that the circuit breaker doesn’t
open until its operating coil is energized, either manually or by relay operation. Based on
information from instrument transformers, a decision is made and “relayed” to the trip coil of the
breaker, which opens the power circuit-hence the name relay.

Different types of relay

Over Current Relay
The CT secondary I’ is the input to the over current relay operating coil. Instantaneous over
currentrelays respond to the magnitude of their input current. If the current magnitude I=/I’/
exceeds a specified adjustable current magnitude Ip, called the pickup current, then the relay
contacts close “ instantaneously ” to energize the circuit breaker trip coil. If I’ is less than the
pickup current Ip, then the relay contacts remain open, blocking the trip coil. Time-delay over
current relay also respond to the magnitude of their input current, but with an intentional time
delay. The time delay depends on the magnitude of the relay input current. If I’ is a large
multiple of the pickup current Ip, then the relay operates (or trips) after a small-time delay.
Differential Relay Is a current operated relay that responds to the difference between two or
more current above a set value. Differential relays are commonly used for protecting generators,
buses, and transformers. And there are many relays used in a transmission substation. Such as: -
• Over voltage relay
• Under voltage relay
• Power relay
• Directional relay

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 • Thermal relay
• Auxiliary relay… etc.

2. 5 Control and Protection Room

The Purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to
consumers. But during this time the safety should be concerned. This safety concerning is known
as protection. The purpose of Protection is to minimize the adverse effects of faults on a power
system. Protection does this by detecting faults and causing appropriate power switch devices to
isolate the faulted system elements from the healthy system as quickly as possible. The detection
of a fault and disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can be achieved by using relays in
conjunction with circuit breakers.Common terms used in protections

➢ Protection system: - All those devices and components needed to detect and isolate a faulted
system element including instrument transformers.
➢ Protection Relay: - Thus an electronic or electro-mechanical device that decides if there is a
fault and then initiate’s action to clear that fault.
➢ Protection Zone: -That portion of the power system of system elements protected by a
protection system as defined by the location of the sensing devices, usually CTs.
➢ Power System Zone: - A System element or group of elements protected by a particular
Protection system as defined by the location of the isolating device, usually circuit breakers.
➢ Differential Protection: -This is a way of protection based on the principle that under
normal conditions and neglecting internal losses, the power entering a protection zone must
be equal to the power leaving that protected zone. Any difference in these quantities indicates
a fault within the protected zone. Because of its simplicity and selectivity, differential
protection is the most common form of equipment protection. Over current Protection:- his is
a protection which mainly used as a back-up protection for transmission lines and
transformers and main protection for distribution lines. It mainly analyzes the current on the
system and act when the current is above the setting value. In substations, there are various
panels such as protective panels, measuring panels, SCADA system, Central unit panel, AC
panel and DC panels as well as batteries. But SCADA system is not available in Dangila
substation because of its establishment time (it is not modern). Substations control room has
following functions.

28
1. Protection
2. Metering
3. Communication with the neighbor substation and generation
4. Controlling 5. Monitoring and operating 6. Tap-Changer control
7. Control of shunt reactor for voltage control in control panel Generally, protection, Control,
monitoring and operation are performed in the control room automatically or manual. The
control panels, Protection panels etc. are housed in the control room building of the
substation. The protection functions are performed automatically by protective relaying
system and the circuit breakers.

Figure 2.12 : Control Room

Rectifiers and Batteries

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 In substation, the electric power is required for the auxiliaries such as lighting circuit such
that Indoor and outdoor light, battery charging sets, and emergency lighting. The auxiliary
battery of rated voltage is 125V (DC) and AC voltage is 380V. If there is no AC voltage,
battery works in floating system. When the power is available the batteries are charged and
they used to supply to the substation compound during power supply off or when sudden
power shut down is occurred. The rectifier is a device that can converts AC into DC current
at the time of power available. DC Auxiliary system Low voltage DC sources is essential in a
substation for the following purpose for control, communication, Protection, Remote
indication, operation of CB Signaling and emergency lighting.
2.6 Major Duties of the Internship
During our internship period, we have been performing different tasks in transmission and
distribution substations from being punctual, loyal, and attended every day to our office. The
other duties we have been performed is knowing how the working flow seems and discovering
all the equipment used in each substation we went with our supervisor. When we have been
working on Dangila substation, we read a primary design, and discovering the arrangement of
each equipment on the substation while the control room and how it is work out. In general, we
have been working on what we must know on all aspects, and that was very useful and helpingto
our profession even for the future.

2.7 Challenges we have been facing

The first challenge we have been facing on our first sight working was sunset and thorn. The
second challenge was missing our supervisor. Since he was too busy, we couldn’t meet him. The
third and the most challenging problem we have faced was not being able to get well combined
data about the EEP’s current customer number, transmission line distance, number of
substations. The last challenge we have been facing was delaying of our monthly fee.
2.8 Measures we have taken
The first measurement we took to solve our first problem was using helmet and eye glasses. For
solving the problem of missing our supervisor, we met him and discussed about it and finally we
reach on decision by setting time. But for our third problem we tried to communicate all public
relation officers but they couldn’t give us well organized data. And delaying our monthly fee was
unsolved.

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 Chapter Three
Benefits gained from the internship
Internship provides real world experience to those looking to explore or gain the relevant
knowledge and skills required to enter a particular career field. Internships are relatively
short term in nature with the primary focus on getting some on the job training and taking
what’s learned in the classroom and applying it to the real world. An experience should
enhance a student’s academic career and personal development.
3.1 Improving our practical skill
Since from elementary our mind loaded with theoretical concepts even in campus. Having a
good practical skill is not that much available due to lack of materials but, in this internship
program we have got lots of practical skills and experiences. Also, it can assist students to
bridge the gap between the academic learning process and the Practical world. There are
many benefits that we get from our internship program. These includes: -
❖ Site selection.
❖ General design consideration.
❖ Substation drawing reading.
❖ Arrangement of equipment in the substation.
❖ How to use working materials.
❖ the habit of safe working.We have improved our practical skills on:
❖ How to select which major equipment are available for the given substation.
❖ How to read the incoming voltage at the voltage transformer and current at the
Current transformer. If 400KV is generated from the generation station the voltage
transformer should read 66KV and the current transformer should read 5A, because
66KV is set by5A. But if it is greater or station.
❖ How to control all substation equipment automatically in control room.
❖ How to control all substation equipment manually and
❖ Substation rehabilitation.

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3.2. Improving our theoretical Knowledge
The internship program is also beneficial to improve our theoretical skill. We upgrade lots of our
theoretical knowledges about voltage drop, short circuit, faults in circuits with their solutions,
types and uses of major equipments that we have never seen, and mainly the concepts of the
courses that we have learnt in class especially power system, installation, electrical machine,
energy conversion and rural electrification and modern control. We have been thought so many
things beyond the course we have taken during our four-year program. Among these theoretical
skills: -

✓ Understand how the formulas do work and when to use them.

✓ We understand how transformers do work.
✓ Understand transformer loses like eddy current loose and core loose.
✓ Realize transformer cooling mechanisms.
✓ How the corona effects occur.
✓ How to solve problems.
✓ How to do feasibility study.

3.3 Improving our team playing skill

In addition to specialized skills of our field, transferable skills are generally required at any job.
This can be called inter personal communication or team work. As a result, our internship
Improves team playing, work ethics, respect for each other and working with the engineers for
the common goal. We learn our strengths and weaknesses by creating learning objectives and
receiving feedback from our supervisor. Ask question, observe, take ideas and experiences from
others and take risks. This often leads to increase our creativity, and an inspiring sense of
collaboration and cooperation.
3.4 Improving our leadership skills
Leading a team or an organization holds the most basic and key place of profession, hence
requires well trained person. We have learned a good leading skill from our supervisor and all be
responsible and trusted. The engineers that we work together, some of the leader ship skills that
we have performed are: -

o To share our problems openly and get the team involved in solutions whenever there is a
setback.

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 o As a leader to be clear, active by working, to have goals, mission and vision in our
ability.
o During our working time, always ready to show smiley face for the workers and
supervisor.
o Respecting differences of all team members.
o Listening and accepting the ideas of our supervisor.
o To recognize, tell and solve mistakes and problems.

3.5 Understanding about work ethics

Work ethic is a value based on hard work and diligence. During our internship period, we have
learnt about work ethics. Through the last few months we hardly able to know the following
things: -

✓ Possess a positive attitude at our working place.

✓ Responsibility and able to respond appropriately to any given situation without having to be
constantly monitored.
✓ Putting on work clothes, safety shoes and helmet before entering in to the construction site or
the substation.
✓ We try to adapt hard things at construction sites, like sun and dust.
✓ Self-motivation to solve problems and to create new ideas.
✓ Strong self-confidence.
✓ Willingness to do what our profession asks to do without complain.

3.6 Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneur means undertake the risk of new enterprises. This creation called entrepreneurship. Being an
intern student built an individual’s knowledgeable in Selection of the effective way of doing work and
develops entrepreneurship skills. Some of these includes: -

➢ Risk taking ability.

➢ Increasing efficiency of work.
➢ Able to invent new ideas.
➢ Creative mind in solving the problem of company.
➢ Work discipline.
➢ Invent short methods.

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 Chapter Four
Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
Internship provides many benefits not only for interns, but also for hosting companies. Since the
interns could be parts of the employment, they could be an additional man power. And accepting
interns for internship could able to the company to get short-term support from interns on many
tasks. On our internship period, I knew what real world looks like and how we could relate and
practice our theoretical knowledge to the profession. Furthermore, it helped us to improve our
different skills such as leadership skills, inter communication skills, industrial problem solving
capability, and it was very helping even for the future. In the last four months of our internship
period in EEP company, we have been working on transmission engineering department under
supervision and design sub department, we have gained a hint about substations, transmission,
and each equipment of substations and how it be constructed and how it operates. And this was
very mandatory and helpful to relate our theoretical knowledge with practical. In our stay of
internship, I could have met many professions and workers, engineers and this was very
important and helping to get more knowledge and to improve our practical skills and to
understand work ethics. Generally, our internship period was very interesting and we are
satisfied in the program.And it was successful on achieving its goal.

4.2 Recommendations
The rapid socio-economic growth and development of the Ethiopian economy needs sufficient
supply of Electrical Energy. Which means the EEP plays very great role on the development of
the country.

4.2.1 Recommendations for EEP

As I have clearly put the problems I observed on this internship period, we strongly Recommend
the EEP to:

❖ Upgrade substations based on their schedule.

❖ Upgrade substations based on feasibility studies.
❖ Rehabilitate aged substations, for instance. Dangila substation
❖ Maintain the safety of aged substations.
❖ Build substations based on the IEEE regulations. For example, the fences of the
substations have to be as the regulation states, the grounding cables should be
underground and the like.

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 ❖ Implement safety rules. For instance, supply of safety shoes and clothes for substation
Operators and guards.
❖ Make the profile of the office with full data available.
❖ Make a contract deal with Ethiopian contractors for the construction of substations so
That it helps the country on many aspects.
❖ Upgrade the Ethiopian contractor’s capacity on building substations, transmission lines,
substations and the like on which first degree electrical engineering contractors can
perform.
❖ Punctuality should be accounted for all stuff of the office.
❖ Delaying of payment for intern students should be solved.

4.2.2 Recommendations for the Department

I would like to strongly recommend the faculty to:
➢ Announce the intern students, who their mentor is before the intern period starts, so that
the students can have a smooth relation with their mentor and the mentor can give slight
ideas what the intern’s working place looks like and on which area the student should
focus for project. As a result, students can be effective.
➢ The Collage should strengthen the relation with companies on which students are being
assigned on their internship period.

4.2.3 Recommendation for the Industrial Linkage

I would like to strongly recommend the industrial linkage :
✓ Find the interns working industry around their home town.
✓ Pay the intern students money on time.

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Reference
[1].Smith,AnthonyM., Reliability Centered Maintenance, New York:McGraw-Hill,1993.ISBN
0-07-059046-X.” [2]. Company manuals how to operate and the working principles of
equipments. [3]. B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja; “A textbook of electrical technology volume 2”
[4].IEEE std. C57.106,”Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of insulating oil in
Equipment.”[5]. V.K Mehta, R. Mehta; “principle of power system 2” [6].IEEE
std.P1266,”Trial-Use Guide for Evaluation and Development of Substation Life
Extension Programs.”

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