Intership Last Presentation

Wollega University Internship Report
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
1.1 Brief History of Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom

The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894. Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications operator in Africa.
The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia, which became theEthiopian
Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in charge of both theoperation and
regulation of telecommunication services in the way of the marketreforms.In 1996, the
Government established a separate regulatory body, the EthiopianTelecommunication Agency
(ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during the same year, by regulation 10/1996, the Council
of Ministers set up the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC).Under the supervision
of the ETA, the principal duty of ETC is maintaining andexpanding telecommunication services
in the country and providing domestic andinternational telephone, telex, and other communicat
on services. In this respect,currently ETC is the only operator of any telecommunication related
service which operated ten regional telecoms.ETC was reformed as Ethio Telecom on December
2,2010G.C after France telecom take over. Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom is one of the
regions of this company which is found in Nekemte town. It is located in the western part of
Ethiopia, at a distance of 335 km from the capital city of Addis Ababa, and Western Asosa
Region Ethio Telecom also located in the center of Nekemte city. It established in 1905 E.C
during the first Ethiopia social service (ESS) conference on Ethiopian telecommunication. In
2005, it connected to other regional telecoms and to the zonal office by optical fiber while ETC
installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4 000 kilometers radiating out in six major
directions from the capital (to Dire Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie-Mekele, Bahir Dar-Nekemte, Jimma
and Awassa), laying a foundation for delivering current and future services including digital
radio, TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to increase the service capacity,
reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, it shared its own responsibility that the ETC
transferred from narrowband to broadband service in January 2005. It controls, manages, and
configures the communication network in the western part of the Ethiopian country. Western
Asosa Region Ethio Telecom uses Huawei, Nokia and ZTE (Zhengozian telecommunication
equipments) which are Chinas company tools. Its costumers also increase from time to time like
Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 1

that of the whole others regional Ethio Telecom.Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom is also
one of the Ethio Telecom Network operation center(NOC) which is a place from which
administrators supervise, monitor and maintain a telecommunication network. NOC is room
containing network that are monitored, workstations and necessary software manage the
networks. Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom NOC system also contains different software
for maintaining and controlling of network. These are UAC, SOC, E-guard and TTS.
UAC (unified authentication center): is software that provides unified application registration,
account maintenance and account audit function.
SOC (security operation center): is industrial security product which integrates variety of
security system and devices.
TTS (trouble ticket system): it can provide close loop management, achieving of troubles and
alarms from different sources
E-guard: is special monitoring and management system for power equipment
Products and Customers of the Organization
Fixed Telephone Subscription & Traffic: The total number of fixed telephonesubscribers has
reached 484,368. These subscribers had generated 225.14 million urban metered calls and 10.7
million outgoing minutes.It defines communications devices. The primary purpose of which is
the transmitting and receiving of spoken messages via a cabled or wired public electronic
communication service. Its hardware parts are telephone and cables.
Internet Services: The telecom renders Domain name, webdesigning and web hosting service ,
Wireless internet, ADSL andGPRS services are planned to be provisioned.
Mobile service: The Western Asosa region ethio telecom mobile service includes prepaid & post
paid services, mobile phone services, International mobile roaming services,short message
services and Voice mail services. Call diverting, call barring and callwaiting services are also
obtainable from Ethio mobile.Its Hardwar also Telephone and SIM card.

International Links:
For its international traffic services, Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station at Sulultawhich
transmits and receives to and from both the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans
satellites. The Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom also gets its earth staion from Sululta by
Optical link installed for the ten regional offices of Ethio Telecom. To make the job easy and
more flexible there are many work departments in the region.
WESTERN &ASOSA REGION

ETHIO TELECOM
Switch and Transmissio RAN Performanc Power IT/IP

n Section Section e Section Section Section
Core section
Fig.1.1 Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom departments

The main function of each section listed above diagram is as explained below.
1.2. Exchange (Switching) Section
In the first month of our internship period we have worked in exchange room. In this section we
have mainly seen that fixed line telephone switches and the management system to give good
quality information exchange for the costumers. We have seen two types of switches which have
different capacity of subscriber lines and produced in different countries. These switches are
C&C08 Switch &DMS10.
C & C 08 Switch
C&C08 is one type of switch that has maximum capacity of subscriber lines relative to the other
switches.C&C08 switch is used for the transmission of information that is sent from different
remote or local areas for the exchange of fixed line telephone information effectively without
any problem. Any information that is sent from different places is transmitted through this
switch.C & C08 provide a variety of remote module and transmission equipment, depending on

the type of user capacity and interface to achieve multilevel module networking. C & C08 excha
nge system uses a distributed structure system, and may further expand to 800,000 users line or
180, 000 trunks. As shown below with a single rack on the right part.
Profile of C& C 08
Fig 1.2.1 C&C08 over all structure Rack
Rack Length: 2100mm, width: 800mm & depth: 550mm
Maximal Capacity: 800,000 subscriber lines

Local, International Exchanges
This part is divided into shelves, frames, boards and slots. Each shelf, frame and board contains
different cards which have their own specific functions. The main parts of these cards are:
BAM (Back Administration Module): This is in charge of the following functions.
Communication Bridge between Operation, Maintenance and exchange.
It deals with the user request and then returns the result to the client.
It acts as server in client/server mode.

Fig.1.2.2 Product Back administration module card

BAM (back administration module) card transfers the maintenance and operation command sent
from the terminal to AM/CM .It fulfills the functions such as store and forward of charging
information, alarm information and traffic statistics data. All the database and program required
by the system operation are stored on BAM. Multi works stations are attached through network
cards to implement multipoint remote maintenance and when fault occurs, the system can
automatically reset and restart in a pre-set time. A C& C 08 switching system is composed of a
central module and multiple switching modules. The central module is composed of the
administration module/communication module (AM/CM), service processing module (SPM) and
shared resource module (SRM). The switching system with versatile functions and various
interfaces and composed as needed of various modules (AM/CM, SPM, SRM, and SM) each of
which is capable of same specialized functions.

Fig.1.2.3 C and C 08 Switch capacity integrated network integration system
FAM (Front Administration Module):-it is used for management of inter switching module
call connection in the switching system. It provides open management system to terminal system
and functions for routine management task like: Call ticket recording, traffic statistics. FAM is
considered as the host system and it is composed of different cards which have their own
specified functions. Among these let as see some of very essential cards.
SPM (service process module): It is capable of handling 128 E1 interfaces .It is connected with
BAM by IP network interface and it works on the interfaces of E1or SDH.
CPC (central processor cell board): It is loaded with different software program and it handles
different kinds of protocols.
SRM (shared resource module): This card provides the resources required by service
processing module (SPM) and these resources include the following.
 Signal tone
 DTMF (dual tone multi frequency) device
 Conference telephone device
 CID (caller ID display) device

LIM (line interface module): It is used for multiplexing and de multiplexing the service
&signaling data, and provides transmission driving interfaces. It is also used to supports ET16
boards which are equipped with 16 standard E1 interfaces.ET16 board is mainly in charge of
receiving, switching, and transmitting of E1 signals. ASL (Analog subscriber Line): is used for
analog to digital /digital to analog conversion for the exchange of information.
DSL (digital subscriber line): it is used for data service by using modem. Modem is used for
modulation/demodulation process.
SM (switching module): is used for database management, call processing, maintenance
operation and it supports intra-call processing by itself because it is directly present within FAM
but RSM cannot perform intra call processing by itself because it is located in remote areas
which is far from FAM. SM is the core of C& C 08 switch system providing a diversity of
service interfaces. Local switching module is connected with AM/CM via 40Mbit optical fiber.
RSM (remote switching module): it is connected with AM/CM via pair of 40Mbps optical fiber
or
AM (administration module): it is in charge of management of inter –module call connection,
and of interconnecting the exchange host system and computer network based on its open control
module and it is composed of BAM and FAM.
DMS 10 (digital multiplexing system)
Digital Multiplex System (DMS) is the name shared among several different telephony product
lines for wire line and wireless operators. It is the other type of switch which has a carrying
capacity of 1500 subscriber lines. DMS switches run a proprietary multitasking operating system
known as SOS. Each level or overlay performs different functions. For example, the alarm
overlay (invoked by typing OVLY ALO on a terminal connected to a DMS-10) allows the
operator to enter commands to display and clear alarms. Similarly, OVLY LIT permits running
metallic Line Isolation Testing on cable pairs to determine line resistance, voltage, capacitance,
etc.

CENTERAL OFFICE
Fig.1.2.4 Digital multiplexing system

Like C&C08, in DMS10 switch we have the following main parts:
 Control part(CM)
 Input/output part
 Network part
 Interface part
Control part is connected with other devices through switching module and also connected with
network parts through network cards. Input/output module in DMS10 has the same function like
BAM in C&C08 switch. In DMS10, control module acts as CPU in computer system and
generally in DMS10 we have the following path to exchange information from one place to the
other.

Control Switching Input/output

part module part
Network
part
Phone
Line card Interface
part
Fig 1.2.5 Overall System Components and Operations of DMS10

Exchange only does not transmit full information; it should be connected with MDF (main
distribution front) through E1 interface.MDF distributes lines for customers through cables to
their home location.
1.3.3 Work flow in exchange section
In this section different tasks are performed by workers which are assigned to work in the
section are maintenance, blocking of fixed line telephone when the customers are not responsible
to pay their payment ,rectification of blocked phones when the customers pay their payment
&punishment to the company and developing new configurations.
When we need to add the capacity of the customer in the predefined station; new services and
stations are created, configuration is done for that station. This is done by adding E1channel to
that station& creating a new configuration to that additional channel. There is also network
management software in the work stations that are connected with the equipments which are
used for fixed line telephone communication. By using this software we can control the overall
network of the region; identify faults that are occurred in each site under Western & Asosa
Region Ethio Telecom report to the responsible person. There is also operator who always calls
to each station where fixed line telephone equipment is found to check the service status. When
faults are created the responsible identify the fault and tries to solve the fault unless if it is
beyond his/her scope.

1.3. Transmission Section

Transmission may be defined as the electrical transfer of a signal, message or other form of
intelligence from one location to another. Traditionally, transmission has been one of the two
major disciplines of telecommunication. Switching is the other principal specialty. Switching
establishes a connection from user X to some distant user Y. simply we can say that transmission
is responsible for the transport of the signal from user X to user Y.
Among departments which are found in the company CDMA (RAN), IP, Mobile, core and
switching departments are called service provider sections. They are directly interconnected to
the customers by E1 cable. Transmission equipment receives the signals from service provider
sections and then transports to the desired stations by using different transmitting methods
through antenna which are located in the top of towers. . These methods may be microwave,
fiber optic or satellite links. Transmission of signals from one station to the other station is the
backbone of telecommunication network due to that it makes two stations join together. Western
& Asosa Region Ethio Telecom employs two types of signal transmission links:
 Microwave transmission link
 Fiber optic cable transmission link
1.3.1 Microwave transmission link
In microwave transmission link electromagnetic signals are transmitted from one station to
another station by antennas that align themselves face to face.
Fig1.3 long distance connection among different stations

In microwave transmission link Media of transmission is air interface. In this type of

transmission the essential elements are:
 A transmitter for modulating a high frequency carrier wave within an information
baseband.
 A transmitting antenna that will radiate the maximum amount of signal energy of the
modulated carrier in the desired direction.
 A receiving antenna that will intercept the maximum amount of radiated energy after its
transmission through space.
 A receiver that uses to select the desired carrier wave, amplify the signal, detect it, or
separate a signal from the carrier.
In telecommunication microwave link there are some processes to be done on the signal before it
will be transmitted. These are multiplexing, modulating and frequency converting. In the reverse
when the signal is received frequency conversion, demodulation and de multiplexing are done on
the signal. The signals are processed at SDH level to E1 level. E1 level is a standard electrical
signal containing 32 channels, (30 voice channels, 1 channel for signaling and 1 for
synchronization). SDH level contains 63 E1 multiplexed in a time division multiplexing. The
main equipments that are found in microwave transmission link are the following.
Wave guide: is a cable used to transmit and receive the signal in between the branching circuit
and the antenna dish.
Branching circuit: is used to separate different radio frequency signals received from the
antenna and to combine different radio frequency signals coming from each radio unit.
Radio unit: it performs frequency conversion, (from RF to IF when receiving and from IF to RF
when transmitting), modulating the transmitted signal and demodulating the received signal. The
type of modulation method used here is the combination of PSK and ASK called Quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM), this combination permits more bits per Hz than the methods that
are capable of transmitting separately.
Multiplexer unit: multiplexes the transmitted signal and de multiplex the incoming signal.
In microwave transmission system the maximum distance that the signal can be transmitted
without losing its original information is very limited. This distance depends on different factors
i.e. output power, antenna type, climate and frequency of transmission. Due to this repeater
stations are required to send the signal long distance. Repeater stations are used for regeneration

and amplification. This means the distorted information signal are read and interpreted, and
recreated and amplified to their original appearance before they are forwarded. Noise and other
disturbances completely disappear.
1.3.2 Fiber optic transmission link
In fiber optic transmission link the media of transmission is fiber optic cable. Electrical signal is
changed in to light pulses and transmitted through the fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cable is the
favored transmission medium for very wideband terrestrial links, including undersea
applications. The bandwidth of a fiber optic strand can be measured in terahertz (THz). In fact,
the whole usable radio frequency spectrum can be accommodated on such one strand. Such a
strand is about a diameter of a human hair. It can carry one serial bit stream at 10 Gbps
transmission rate or by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) methods, an aggregate of 100
Gbps or more. The advantage of optical fiber systems can be summarized in the following
points:
 Very high capacity
 Long repeater spacing
 Small cable dimension
 Low weight
 Small bundling radius
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference
An optical cable consists of a number of thin glass fibers. The glass is so pure that, where you
able to look in to a fiber, you could be able to see tens of miles through it. In practice, invisible
infrared light is sent through the fiber. Plastic fiber is an alternative to glass fiber for short
transmission distances, approximately 100m. The glass fiber has a glass core with a surrounding
glass cladding. The core consists of doped glass with a somewhat higher refractive index than the
cladding, which is made of pure quartz glass. Normally the diameter of the cladding is 125
micrometer.

Fig 1.4 Fiber optic structure

Core
It is found at the centre of the structure.
It carries much of the light in it.
It has height refractive index than the clad.
Clad
It encircles the core.
It has lower refractive index than the core.
Coating
A protective coating is applied to the glass fiber as the final step in the Manufacturing process.
This coating encircles the cladding and protects the glass from dust and Scratches that can affect
fiber operation. The fiber has a primary coating to provide protection against moisture and
chemicals, and an outer- fixed or loose- secondary coating. The optical cable is provided with a
strength member made of steel or plastic that gives the cable strength necessary to withstand
tensile stress and bending. The cable cladding is made of plastic, as a rule polyethylene.

Losses in fiber optics transmission link

In communication systems losses are major problems. Any system towards loss reduction is
encouraged. The main losses in fiber optic transmission lines are:
Fabrication loss: These are the losses of the fiber optic cable when they are fabricated. These
losses are negligible compared to other losses.
Connector loss: One fiber optic cable is about 2 KM when it is fabricated. So there is a
connector at every 2 KM. These connectors contribute losses to the system.
Splice loss: When fiber cut occurs splicing is done. When splicing fiber optic cables great care is
needed not to make the loss greater than the allowed value.
Station (reflection) loss: These are resulted by the equipment in amplifier stations.
Bending loss: This loss is created when there is bending of fiber optic transmission lines during
installation. To have good communication the addition of the above losses hasn’t distort the
original signal. If distortion occurs their needs an amplifier station in between
When the aggregate of these losses reaches the magnitude that distorts the signal to UN
detectable stage, optical line amplifier equipment is installed in between the transmission line.
1.3.3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology
Basic Information: Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a method of combining
multiple signals on laser beams at various infrared (IR) wavelengths for transmission along fiber
optic media. Each laser is modulated by an independent set of signals. WDM is similar to
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). But instead of taking place at radio frequencies (RF),
WDM is done in the IR portion of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Each IR channel carries
several RF signals combined by means of FDM or time-division multiplexing (TDM). Each
multiplexed IR channel is separated, or de multiplexed, into the original signals at the
destination. Using FDM or TDM in each IR channel in combination with WDM of several IR
channels, data in different formats and at different speeds can be transmitted simultaneously on a
single fiber. In early WDM systems, there were two IR channels per fiber. The use of WDM can
multiply the effective bandwidth of a fiber optic communications system by a large factor. But
its cost must be weighed against the alternative of using multiple fibers bundled into a cable. A
fiber optic repeater device called the erbium amplifier promises to make WDM a cost effective
long-term solution to the bandwidth exhaustion problem.

Fig1.5 Wavelength division multiplexing
1.3.4. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique. It
involves the process of multiplexing many different wavelength signals onto a single fiber.
DWDM is a very crucial component of optical networks that will allow the transmission of data:
voice, video-IP, SDH over the optical layer. DWDM has large transparent transmission capacity
that greatly saves fiber resources. From both technical and economic aspects, DWDM is the most
cost effective capacity expansion technology today. DWDM multiplexes several optical signals
with different wavelength and transmits them in the same fiber. Each optical path carries SDH or
other signals. DWDM device includes OMU and ODU parts.OMU (optical multiplex unit)
multiplexes optical signals with rated wavelength from different channels into a single light
wave and sending it to the fiber for transmission purpose. ODU (optical de multiplex unit) de
multiplex the optical wave from the fiber into optical path signals with the former rated
wavelength and inputting them into different optical path receiver.

Fig.1.6 Dense wavelength division multiplexing

DWDM has the following key technologies: light source, multiplexing/de multiplexing, optical
amplification, optical add/drop multiplexing and optical path monitoring. Electric regeneration
distance of WDM system is up to 640 Km and that of SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy)
system is only 50-60 Km. DWDM contains 40 channels in our country, Ethio telecom. Using
DWDM up to 80 separate channels wave length or channels of data can be multiplexed in a
single optical fiber. Each channel carries a time division multiplexed signals. DWDM is a
technology that puts data from different sources together on one fiber with each signal carried at
the same time on its own separate light wave length. In this room in addition to telephone
stations other stations, like TV station, radio station and power stations are connected. For TV
application we use 34 MHZ frequencies and for radio application we use 2 MHz frequencies.
The principle of transmitting information is similar with microwave transmission but the
difference is the media that they use to transmit information. At the transmitting end, it combines
(multiplexes) optical signals of different wavelengths before transmitting them; at the receiving
end, it separates (de multiplex) the combined optical signals in the combined optical signal in the
optical fiber and then sending them to different communicational terminals. Briefly the DWDM
is used to provide multiple virtual optical channels over the same physical optical fiber so that it
greatly saves optical fiber resources.
Characteristics of DWDM
 Super large capacity transmission.
 Saving the fiber resources.
 Transparent transmission of each path and smooth scaling and expansion.
 Super long distance transmission based on EDFA technology.
 No special requirement on fiber chromatic dispersion.

 Basis of future optical network.

1.3.5 The work flow of transmission section
In transmission section different tasks are performed by workers which are assigned to work in
the transmission section are maintenance, network management and developing new
configurations. When we need to add the capacity of the network in the predefined station; new
services and stations are created, configuration is done for that station. This means a specific
channel, port number are assigned to that transmission line. This is done by one of the workers in
the room as per the order of the technical manager. There is also network management software
in the work stations that are connected with the equipments which are used for transmission
purpose. By using this software we can control the overall network of the region; identify faults
that are occurred in stations and report to the responsible person. There is also operator who
always calls to each station where microwave link is found to check the network status. The
other work in transmission section is maintenance. When failure occurs in the transmission
network, the transmission department is responsible to solve this problem. Most of the faults are
fiber cut, damaging of cards (blocks) in the equipment and power problems.
1.3.6 Network Analyzer
Analyzer is communication equipment used to determine where the fault is created along the
transmission line. Its major function is, when activated, sending a signal then analyzes the signal
sent to it as a response and give different alarms upon the received signal. Look at the following
figure as an example. Network analyzer can supplement antivirus programmed. Network
analyzer is used to identify the network problem by connecting the Rx and Tx line of the
analyzer with E1 line channel.

DDF at Biftu
DDF at Dalo Nekemte
Transmission Transmission
Room
Room
Biftu
Analyzer Nekemte
switching
network
Fig 1.7: Block diagram about how analyzer is working

To receive response signal make the transmission circuit short at Biftu transmission room. If the
analyzer receives a signal that it sends, it gives no Alarm. But if the analyzer receives no signal,
it indicates Alarm indicating signal (AIS). If there is a problem in Dalo DDF and no signal is
transmitted to Biftu, the analyzer gives loss of signal. The last option is when there is no short
circuit at Biftu transmission room. In this case the signal sent by the analyzer reaches to Biftu
exchange room. The Biftu exchange can’t understand the analyzer signal so it sends a new signal
to the analyzer. The analyzer receives the new signal and displays no pattern. In the above four
cases no pattern and no alarm indicates a problem in the transmission line. DDF (Digital
Distribution Frame) is the first stage for transmission, also microwave terminate at this stage.
1.4 Performance Section
Performance section was started from 2 December 2010G.C it included under Ethio telecom
section. The major duty of this section is to perform all section and manages Ethio telecom
resources. It also inters all section and observes whether the equipment is in good manner or

there is problem such as: whether existed device work by quality or not or whether the problem
is occurred based on capacity and faulting. After problem happened it gives a solution by
confirming and fulfills services. In this section we have done so much through reporting faults in
order to solve by a responsible person by observing the alarms
1.5 Power Section
This is one section of Nekemte telecommunication, which manages Generator, Rectifier, Air
conditioner, water sensor, and temperature sensor and telecommunication battery. Generator has
different types. Nekemte telecommunication has model of GSW154 and voltage capacity of
415v which can set by auto (it can set by itself) and by man. Rectifier is electrical device
converts AC to DC which flow only in one direction. Air conditioner is home appliance
mechanism. Water sensor used to prevent a catastrophic damage to the system and the data.
This sensor warms about leakages in a system room. Temperature sensor is ideal for controlling
of the computer room temperature and detecting of an error in air conditioning system, sudden
temperature changes and rack overheating. Tele communication battery is operated on DC power
typically 48 volts in a central office-main telephone switching center or remote office. In the
event of a utility failure, the load is supported from the battery until an emergency power source
can be applied, such as a generator. The typical design of a battery in the telecommunication to
provide DC power to the equipment for a minimum of four hours if a generator is also installed
at the site, if the generator is not installed at the site and the typical design of a battery system is
to support equipment for eight hours.
1.6 Vision, Mission and Objective of the Company
1.6.1 Company Objectives
In line with its ambitious mission, Western region Ethio telecom has ambitious goals:
 Being a customer centric company
 Offering the best quality of services
 Meeting world-class standards
 Building a financially sound company
To reach these goals, all our divisions will focus on:
 Developing and enhancing network and information system

 Ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population

 Creating a strong brand
 Developing human resources management
 Implementing control standard processes
 Improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes
1.6.2 Company Mission, Values and Strategies
As a continuation of the last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on education,
health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the improvement of
telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the development of Ethiopia.
Ethio-Telecom is born from this ambition of supporting the steady growth of our country. We
wish to implement state-of-the-art processes, to develop reliable network infrastructures and to
provide the best quality of services to our Customers. This is our mission; this is what drives all
our actions. To ensure that Ethio Telecom runs parallel with top telecom operators, the Ethiopian
government has reached an agreement with France Telecom, one of the world’s leader
telecommunication companies. This agreement will help Ethio-Telecom to improve its
management capability through the transfer of world-renowned know-how and skills. While
meeting international standards, we remain faithful to our values:
 We commit to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunications needs and
expectations of our country at large and of customers in particular.
 We respect our customers and recognize that their revenues allow Ethio Telecom to
operate.
 We recognize that the company employees are the most valuable asset and want to create
an efficient corporate management environment that allows them to develop and grow.
 We will commit to high-level job performance, customer service quality, organizational
excellence and continuous improvement in all areas
 We will stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges that we will face
 We will make every effort to achieve a superior financial return
 We uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments
 We will hold ourselves accountable to all our stakeholders

1.6.3 Strategy
Ethio Telecom will achieve its goal of both providing a reliable network and of improving
Customer Services through a range of different levers that are part of its development strategy.
ET will develop and enhance the information system. This will help to decrease the delay for
provision, sales and activation as well as to provide more reliable information to Customers. It
will develop a world-class human resources management. This will help to improve employees’
ability to meet the needs and expectations of Customers. ET will implement control standard
processes. This will help to increase reactivity and to faster Customer access to services. It will
also develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will help to faster delivery and repair
and will offer more transparency to Customers.
1.6.4 Product development
Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom began providing ‘General Packet Radio Service’
(GPRS) that enables subscribers to receive as well as send text, visual, and audio-video massages
from the Internet using GPRS Enabled Mobile Apparatus. The new technology enables
subscribers to obtain e-mail service through their GPRS enabled mobile apparatus; however,
access to GPRS is limited to post-paid mobile subscribers for the time being.
1.6.6 Key stake holders of the company
1.6.6 Products and Services
Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom provides fixed line telephone: It defines
communications devices via a cabled or wired public electronic communications services. Its
hardware parts are telephone and cables mobile telephone: spoken messages via wireless or a
public electronic communications service. Its Hardwar Telephone and SIM card .Internet and
multimedia services. It provides different types of Internet services including dial up, leased line
and `shared DSL Internet services to government organizations, private and commercial
companies, international institutions and individuals. The broadband Internet services uses
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADLS) and fixed wireless access (FWA) technologies. It
provides multiple channels of data over a single communication medium. Its Hardwar also
Telephone and SIM card.

1.6.7 Customers of the company
Since Ethio Telecom is the sole telecommunication operator in the country, every telecom
service is provided by the company. After the company is reborn as Ethio Telecom the number
of customers are dramatically increasing due to the services provided become more enhanced
both in coverage and quality. The main customers of the company includes:-Individuals, Private,
governmental and nongovernmental organizations, International embassies, Private and
governmental business & Commercial sectors, Public educational, health, agricultural and other
indigenous sectors. The growth of customers’ number with perspective years is shown below in
the table.
Table1.1 Customers of the company:
Service 2008 2010 Current Status (February 2014)

Mobile 1,816,946 10 million 17 million
Internet & Data subscribers 31,400 150,00 190,00

CHAPTER 2: OVERALL INTERSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Objective of the Internship

2.1.1 General Objective
The general objective of this internship program is to enable us under the College to reflect and
upgrade our theoretical knowledge practically in the real world.
2.1.2 Specific Objective
The specific objective during the internship is aimed to improve the student’s practical,
theoretical, interpersonal communication skill, team playing skill and understanding about work
ethics related issues.
2.2 RAN Section in Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom
A radio access network (RAN) apart of mobile communication system which is the air interface
and base station technology in a cellular network. In addition to the radio access network (RAN),
the entire cellular system includes the core network, which provides the backbones and services,
as well as the cell phones. It implements a radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides
between a devices such as a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and
provides connection with its core network (CN). Depending on the standard, mobile phones and
other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal
equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. See the following diagram
Fig.2.1 RAN Diagram

RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as
well as the user equipment. It is the most significant part of any mobile network and the RNC
(radio network control) cellular generation.RNC is the air interface that is responsible for large
part of the management of radio resource. RAN is designed from different cards that make it the
back bone of the cellular generation today. Among them we have seen Advanced Mezzanine
Card. This card is a single width and its mid size is based on free scale p4080 processor. It
combines 8 power architecture. It operates at a frequency up to 1.5 GHZ with high performance
data path acceleration logic. It also provides 8KHZ and 19.44MHZ telecommunication clock
synchronization support.
Free scale P40808 cores e500-mc PowerPC, up to 1.5 GHz.
Max power consumption 40W, typically lessthan32W.clock sync support 8KHZ and 19.44MHZ
Fig 2.1.1 Advanced Mezzanine card
2.2.1 Core Network
A core network, or network core, is the central part of a telecommunication network that
provides various services to customers who are connected by the access network. One of the
main functions is to route telephone calls across the PSTN. The public switched telephone
network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that is
operated by national, regional, or local telephone operators, providing infrastructure and services
for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic
cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea

telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing any telephone in the
world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone
systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and
other networks, as well as fixed telephones. The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the
standards created by the ITU-T. Core/backbone network provides paths for the exchange of
information between different sub-networks. Core networks typically providing the following
functionality:
Call Control/Switching: call control or switching functionality decides the future course of call
based on the call signaling processing.
Charging: This functionality handles the collation and processing of charging data generated by
various network nodes. Two common types of charging mechanisms found in present day
networks are prepaid charging and postpaid charging. Operations & Maintenance centre
or Operations Support Systems to configure and provision the core network nodes. RAN
includes GSMA (global system for mobile access) And CDMA (code division multiplexing
access)
2.2.2 GSM radio access network
GSM is second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivering
using digital modulation. In Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom branch there is only two
BSC (base station control) and 240 BTS (base transceiver station) for GSM. It includes service
include telecommunication service, data and supplementary service. Its network is composed of
mobile station, base station subsystem, network sub system. MS consists of mobile equipment
and smart card called SIM. BSS controls the radio link with the mobile station. It contains BTS
and BSC. Network subsystem includes the MSC, VLR, and HLR. The GSM network
architecture as defined it can be grouped into four main areas:
Mobile station (phone + SIM card).
Base-Station Subsystem (BTS+BSC).
Network and Switching Subsystem [MSC (AUC, VLR, HLR, EIR)].
Operation and Support Subsystem (BSS, NSS).

Figure 2.2 Architecture of GSM network

Mobile station: Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely
known, cell or mobile phones are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and
operates. There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the two main elements are
the main hardware and the SIM (subscriber identity module).The hardware itself contains the
main elements of the mobile phone including the display, case, battery, and the electronics used
to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. It also contains a
number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is installed in the
phone at manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed by the network during registration
to check whether the equipment has been reported as stolen. The SIM or Subscriber Identity
Module contains the information that provides the identity of the user to the network. It contains

are variety of information including a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI).
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): It is fundamentally associated with communicating with the
mobiles on the network. It consists of two elements:
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio
transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive to directly
communicate with the mobiles. The BTS is the defining element for each cell. The BTS
communicates with the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um (radio)
interface with its associated protocols.
Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It
controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group. It manages
the radio resources and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates
channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS): The GSM system architecture contains a variety of
different elements, and is often termed the core network. It provides the main control and
interfacing for the whole mobile network. The major elements within the core network include:
Mobile Switching services Centre (MSC): The main element within the core network area of
the overall GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The MSC
acts like a normal switching node within a PSTN (public switching telephone network) or ISDN,
but also provides additional functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to be
supported. These include registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers and call
routing to a mobile subscriber. It also provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls can be
routed from the mobile network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other MSCs are
provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.

MS
Fig 2.3 Call processing from mobile to fixed phone

To communicate between MSC of one station to MSC of another station the first step is to go
HLR which is found in Addis Ababa. Service process board is connected with MSC to control
the overall function of the board in the system. In between MSC and BSC there is a signaling
link where as in between BSC and BTS there is DDF (data distribution front) which is used to
terminate E1 cables that have Tx and Rx part to trace the problem of each E1 by using lead.
Home Location Register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative information
about each subscriber along with their last known location. In this way, the GSM network is able
to route calls to the relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their phone, the
phone registers with the network and from this it is possible to determine which BTS it
communicates with so that incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the phone is
not active (but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network (HLR) is aware
of its latest position. There is one HLR per network, although it may be distributed across
various sub-centers to for operational reasons.
Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information from the HLR that
enables the selected services for the individual subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be
implemented as a separate entity, but it is commonly realized as an integral part of the MSC,
rather than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and more convenient.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether given
mobile equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile equipment has a number
known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is
installed in the equipment and is checked by the network during registration. Dependent upon the
information held in the EIR, the mobile may be allocated one of three states - allowed onto the
network, barred access, or monitored in case its problems.
Authentication Centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret key
also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for ciphering on the radio
channel.
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): The GMSC is the point to which a ME
terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is
thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR based
on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and routing the
call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term GMSC is misleading, since the
gateway operation does not require any linking to an MSC.
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS): The OSS or operation support subsystem is an
element within the overall GSM network architecture that is connected to components of the
NSS and the BSC. It is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and it is also used
to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with
the scaling of the subscriber population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the
BTS, allowing savings in the cost of ownership of the system. In Western & Asosa Region Ethio
Telecom the different BTS are connected to two BSC and go to MSC which is found in Jimma
through optical link.

Fig 2.9 Connection between BSC, BTS and MSC

2.4 CDMA radio access network
Code division multiplexing access network is forming multiplexing which allows numerous
signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth.
Different user uses the same frequency at the same time but with different spreading code. It has
two parts. These are access network and core network. Access network contains: MS, BTS and
BSC. Core network contains: components such as MSC, HLR, VLR, AuC, and OAM. Ethio
Telecom uses a type of CDMA technology frequency of 450 and 800 MHz for remote and short
distances respectively. Advantage of CDMA includes:

 Frequency re use is one.

 Network design and expanding became much easier
 Good voice quality
 High spectrum capacity at least 4 up to 6 times than GSMA
 Large coverage almost 2 times than GSMA, saved money for operator, for example for
cover area of 1000 sqr.km GSMA needs 200 BTS while CDMA needs only 50 bits.
Comparison between GSM and CDMA
Call quality: factors such as echoes, call dropping, or voice distortion are not exists in CDMA,
where as in GSM, there is a high probability of errors.
Carrier: GSM cell phones are directly linked to the carrier.
Network: coverage is no more an issue with both the technologies reaching virtually all corners
of the world.
Worldwide: there is a special number that every GSM compatible device in the world can call
in case of an emergency but not CDMA.
Battery life: GSM uses less amount of cell phone battery than CDMA.
PSDN (packet switching data network): Is a data communication network i.e. based on the
principles of packet switching as opposed to circuit switch i.e. used in public telephone
networks.
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network is a set of digital transmission protocols defined by
the ITU-T.ISDN complements the traditional telephone system so that a single pair of telephone
wires is capable of carrying voice and data simultaneously. It is a fully digital network. Due to
this it has the following wide application in telecommunication. It can handle many devices and
many telephone numbers on the same line up to eight separate telephones, fax machines or
computers can be linked to a single Basic Rate ISDN connections and have different phone
numbers assigned to them.

Generally, a soon as we entered the company on October 17 we communication engineering

stream are assigned to work in RAN (radio access network). But also we have been observing
the rest section of western region Ethio Telecom by at the last month. In each section there are
three employees for the work flow of the section. Those are supervisor, technician and technical
operator.
Supervisor: coordinate the technician to perform their tasks.
Technician I : repair and install the connection of problem.
Technical operator II: observe and record the problem when and where occurred.
Supervisor
Technician
operator I
RAN Staff
Technician II
Fig.2.10 Work flow in RAN section
The Work task we have been taken during our practice time is that we have been execute
different work task such as fault reporting, observing the alarms and while fault is occurred in
Nekemte city we went with technician of company and correct the faults at the BTS. The
procedures we have been using while performing this work task and procedures we have been
used for fault report and observing alarms on the computer is almost similar .But the observer in
telecom tells to the technicians what types of fault when called since he is performing by the aid
of computer. These procedures include:

Step 1: turn on the computer
step2: opening Ethio Telecom portal NOC software.
Step3: from different part of portal NNOC clicking on either SMS or TTS.
Step 4: inserting username and password.
Step 5: window which contains table is displayed.
Step 6: entering module number of the country of Nekemte host.
Step 7: then observing fault and alarm.
In this way we observed from RAN section with two types of alarms, CDMA client alarm and
GSM client alarm.
CDMA client alarm: it is the alarm that monitors the different faults.
This alarm consists of different colors such as: red, blue, yellow, orange and gray.
Red Color: Stands for critical alarm; the reason for faulting is the connection between
network/antenna and the alarm description is BTS down site. This alarm shows that site is totally
stop working and needs emergency solution.
Blue Color: For major alarm, the reason for faulting is the connection between network/antenna
and the alarm description is E1/T1 unavailable.
Yellow Color: For minor, the reason for faulting is the connection between N/A and the alarm
description is BSC door alarm, FAN failure, and BSC rack temperature and low power alarm.
Orange Color: For warning, the reason for faulting is the connection between antenna and the
alarm description is loss of trunk (line) signal and feeder VSWR.
Gray Color: which shows the sum of different faults of colors (red, blue, yellow and
orange).One day we take some part of BSC30 alarm information for a certain time while we
observe faults our observation looks like the following.

Fig 2.11 Alarm displayed on computer
As shown on the above the left side indicates the resource views and the right hand part shows
the filtered critical alarms those need emergency solution. By clicking on one of the critical
alarm we can understand the types of problem happened and to be solved at the BTS. From the
above by clicking on the first critical alarm we observed the following information which needed
emergency solution.

Fig2.12 Alarm information by selecting one site

Major activities to be done in RAN section
 Maintenance of critical alarm that affect the communication

 Expansion of the network
 Optimizing of the network
 Checking and clearing current alarms in the BSC.
2.2 4 Challenges
There were some challenges we have been facing in the internship period. Most of these
challenges were from the company itself some of them had great influence on the effectiveness
of the internship and were very difficult to overcome. We try to illustrate some challenges in the
following way. The great problem in the internship was Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom
had no any awareness about the university internship program. The internship program states that
the intern has to be given his/her own task and he/she has to be evaluated accordingly. But they
let us to observe the works and know about that work but not to do that work. This is due to the
reason that we don’t take most basic communication courses and they think that we are not
capable of doing that work. In addition Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom is very secure
and there mustn’t be any failure in the equipments and, software. What they afraid is if they let
us to do and if we made some mistake, they will be responsible by the government on that
mistake. Generally they think not to give us a chance to work some task by our self. The other
challenge that we have been facing is to work in the Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom as
normal worker, there needs some education. First you have to complete your university
education. Then after joining Ethio-Telecom you have to take 6 months basic level training in
Telecommunication College, found in Addis Ababa and owned by Ethio-Telecom, regarding
some systems and common works in the Ethio-Telecom. But we didn’t take sufficient courses
i.e. mobile communication, Antenna, fiber optical communication, IP and other courses. In
addition telecommunication language is full of abbreviations. There was some challenge in
adapting those abbreviations. Most of the works in telecommunication is network maintenance
or fault management. When faults are created we can know the source of the fault or where the
problem is created. But to maintain it is necessary to go to the place where the fault is created.
For instance fiber splicing, equipment replacement and similar works are done locally access in
the damaging part. But most of the places that fault occur are outside Nekemte. Every person

gets in to the room by taking of his shoes. There were no also sufficient chairs in the room.
Sometimes we work standing and it was very exhausting.
2.2.5 Measures taken to overcome the challenges

Most of the challenges we mentioned above were very difficult to overcome. This was because
the sources of the problems were from the company. Even though this was the fact we tried to
take some measures by our self to reduce the effect of the challenge on our effectiveness in the
internship. In terms of some courses that we hadn’t taken we tried to read some specific topics
related to our work. We use internet as a source of reading materials, although finding very
useful books is very exhaustive. We have also obtained so many documents from the worker in
each section. In addition regarding the works done outside Nekemte, we try to ask to give us
clear and stepwise illustration about what they done in that site. Almost we know what is done
and how it is done even though we didn’t do. We ask questions individually about the systems,
equipment. We also try to improve our knowledge by reading more manuals. Regarding the
environmental atmosphere of the sections that we have stayed in and the guards, they weren’t
major and influential problems. Being patience is enough to overcome these problems.
By taking the above mentioned measures we tried to gain a good outcome from the internship
program. Sometimes challenges made you very strong. You develop your effectiveness ability
when you struggle with different types of challenges.

CHAPTER 3: OVERALL INTERSHIP BENEFITS
3.1 Theoretical knowledge

All the theoretical knowledge we have gained in Last 4 years stay of University have been
realized in the company. As sample we can list out some of the courses that we can visualized
very nicely includes digital signal processing, communication 1, totally the time we spent in the
company help us to analyze the situation by direct observation and to upgrades our theoretical
knowledge.
3.2 Practical skills
During our stay in the company we gained more benefits in terms of improving our practical skill
by doing the entire practical works in our section like having a driving test and checking the
network performance for each sites in the region
3.3 Interpersonal communication and team playing skills
As passing time with someone is the base for developing ones interpersonal communication skill
since we have been working in many section switches the workers, this indirectly helps us to
improve our communication skill in a way of their sociability, so friendly and helping people.
Much of the society we have seen on our internship are very friendly, they even had games they
played at their tea brake time which improves the interaction between them. They are much of
foot ball funs that they support their own team and debate how their player’s have done in every
game. This shows their sociability and closeness they have got in the factory. And we support the
concept of being sociability.
3.4 Leadership skill
In our stay in the company we have got the administrative group as a matured and aged people.
Due to that we have attained not only their practical learning but also their managerial
experienced skills. Their way of leadership helps us to cope-up with both the theory and
experience we had and what they gave us. Their leadership skills helps employees of the factory
to be hard workers and able to do their works perfectly which have much influence on our
leadership skill too. Generally the leader skill we have attained would be very helpful in our
future career.

3.5 Work ethics related issues

Employees of the factory have a good work ethics; As it is one of the big companies; Western &
Asosa Region Ethio Telecom has the collective agreement which leads the workers to have a
well built ethics in terms of performing their work, knowing their right and duties. In general
some of the benefits we have got concerning work ethics related issues help us to have a good
deal around the factory on how to treat problems and give solutions, how to handle customers
and what is expected from someone acting as an employee.
3.6 Entrepreneurship skills
Previously there were people employed in the company which had much connection with
entrepreneurship and creating new things usable by the society and profitable for the company.
Currently there is nothing seen which can be appreciated as an entrepreneurship

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
In the last sixteen weeks long internship program, we have really transformed from the
theoretical world to the practical and touchable world. This program actually created a great deal
of opportunity to check our selves about how good we are in accepting and handling our
responsibilities and generally helped us to recognize who really we are regarding the way that we
handle problems and design solutions, communicate with colleagues, develop entrepreneurship
skills and so on. The RAN department where we have spent most of our internship time is a
section which the accessing network of the outcomes of every departments are seriously
followed up and analyses are made. Therefore customer complaints and questions are handled
and got solutions in this department. This in turn greatly helped us in developing skills as to how
we can manage these complains and questions and treat our customers. Specially, the
optimization process which is the base for improving the network performance with the existing
resources is very exciting and helped us to explore and investigate the whole customer related
conditions. Because, its critical target is to increase the utilization of the network resources, solve
the existing and potential problems on the network and identify the probable solutions for future
network planning which is directly related to customer demands. Generally, what we have
gained from the internship program can be shortly listed as follows.
 Practical and theoretical realization of the telecommunication world.
 Customer treatment and complain handling.
 Cooperation and team working skills with colleagues.
 Familiarization of optimization process in telecommunication areas.
 Troubleshooting skills whenever fault occurs.
 Responsibility handling.

4.2 Recommendation
At the first part, we would like to recommend that most of the high security activities and great
works in should be controlled and managed by the Ethiopians by providing them with sufficient
trainings and courses. Because the fact that it is controlled by the Chinese professionals may
harm some technological demands of the customers and the jobs may be done with miss
responsible conditions and carelessness. We would also strongly recommend that Western &
Aso-san Region Ethio Telecom should provide some bonus and appreciation for the interns so
that the interns would be initiated and moralized to accomplish many important and problem
solving ideas. It is also very nice to recommend that the university college and university inter
linkage office have to closely follow up the interns and help to generate very nice ideas. And at
last it is highly recommended that the employees must not wait for everything from the Chinese
workers like the fact that they only use and follow the soft ware and databases of the Chinese
company is not recommendable. They have to get their own databases instead of working with
misarranged data. We would also like to recommend that Western & Asosa Region Ethio
Telecom obtained awareness about internship program and give some special tasks for the
interns to upgrade their knowledge regarding their profession.

References
1) Studio.NET: GSM/GPRS Evaluation and optimization tools
2) Wray Castle: Training the telecom world, Introduction to GSM optimization
3) www.wraycastle.com
4) Perak J.: Hierarchical communication network topology optimization. KRE FEI STU
Bratislava 1998, PhD. theses, p. 107
5) Ericson: Ericson Mini-Link System Planning, Sweden, Mendel: Ericson Microwave
System AB, 2002
6) Klima J. Klimeš J.: Výpo_etintenzityelektromagnetickéhopo_a v pásmach VKV a
UKV, Nasas Praha, 1988, p.144
7) Horváth M.: Radio communication network topology optimization. KRE FEI STU
Bratislava 2003, Graduation theses, p. 81

Appendices
E1- we use it to show electrical interface which is technically known as Abis interface link
CID- caller ID display
OVLY ALO- Alarm overlay on a terminal connected DMS10
OVLY LIT- The overlay alarm that permits running metallic line isolation testing
I/O- Input output
GSW154- Standard western & Asosa region generator model
UM- Radio interface
AuC- Authentication center of the protected database
AOM- operation and maintenance
N/A-Network or antenna representation

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Wollega University Internship Report

1.1 Brief History of Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 1

E-guard: is special monitoring and management system for power equipment

Products and Customers of the Organization

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 2

WESTERN &ASOSA REGION

Switch and Transmissio RAN Performanc Power IT/IP

Fig.1.1 Western & Asosa Region Ethio Telecom departments

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 3

Fig 1.2.1 C&C08 over all structure Rack

Rack Length: 2100mm, width: 800mm & depth: 550mm

Maximal Capacity: 800,000 subscriber lines

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 4

Fig.1.2.2 Product Back administration module card

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 5

Fig.1.2.3 C and C 08 Switch capacity integrated network integration system

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 6

DMS 10 (digital multiplexing system)

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 7

Fig.1.2.4 Digital multiplexing system

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 8

Control Switching Input/output

Fig 1.2.5 Overall System Components and Operations of DMS10

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 9

1.3. Transmission Section

Fig1.3 long distance connection among different stations

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 10

In microwave transmission link Media of transmission is air interface. In this type of

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 11

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 12

Fig 1.4 Fiber optic structure

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 13

Losses in fiber optics transmission link

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 14

Fig1.5 Wavelength division multiplexing

1.3.4. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 15

Fig.1.6 Dense wavelength division multiplexing

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 16

 Basis of future optical network.

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 17

Fig 1.7: Block diagram about how analyzer is working

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 18

1.5 Power Section

1.6 Vision, Mission and Objective of the Company

1.6.1 Company Objectives

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 19

 Ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 20

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 21

1.6.7 Customers of the company

Table1.1 Customers of the company:

Service 2008 2010 Current Status (February 2014)

Western and Asosa Region Ethio Telecom Page 22

CHAPTER 2: OVERALL INTERSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Objective of the Internship

Fig.2.1 RAN Diagram