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Web Development HTML, CSS, JS

The document provides an introduction to HTML and basic HTML elements. It explains what HTML is, how to write simple HTML code using a text editor, and defines common elements like headings, paragraphs, links and images.

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preciousteyim
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© © All Rights Reserved
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7 views

Web Development HTML, CSS, JS

The document provides an introduction to HTML and basic HTML elements. It explains what HTML is, how to write simple HTML code using a text editor, and defines common elements like headings, paragraphs, links and images.

Uploaded by

preciousteyim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML Basics
HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages.

Good News: With HTML you can create your own website.

HTML is easy to learn - You will enjoy it!

What is HTML?
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
• HTML describes the structure of a Web page
• HTML consists of a series of elements
• HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
• HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is
a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

A Simple HTML Document


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5


document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page

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• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown
in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for
all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?


An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These
elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

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HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit


Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.

However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad
(for Windows Operating system) or TextEdit (for Mac OS).

We believe in that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.

Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)


Windows 8 or later:

Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen).
Type Notepad.

Windows 7 or earlier:

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)


Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files


correctly. In Preferences > Format > choose "Plain Text"

Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Display HTML files as
HTML code instead of formatted text".

Then open a new document to place the code.

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Step 2: Write Some HTML


Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page


Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the
preferred encoding for HTML files).

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Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it
is up to you.

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your


Browser
Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or
right-click - and choose "Open with").

The result will look much like this:

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE
html>.

The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.

The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

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Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration


The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers
to display web pages correctly.

It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading:

Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

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HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="https://www.cameroonhnd.com">This is a link</a>

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as
attributes:

Example
<img src="cameroonhnd.jpg" alt="Cameroonhnd.com" width="104" height="142">

How to View HTML Source?


Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

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View HTML Source Code:


Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or
"View Source" (in Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a window
containing the HTML source code of the page.

Inspect an HTML Element:


Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or "Inspect
Element" to see what elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and
the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or
Styles panel that opens.

HTML Elements
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>


Examples of some HTML elements:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These
elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Nested HTML Elements


HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other
elements).

All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

The following example contains four HTML elements


(<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):

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Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML
document.

It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.

Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

The <body> element defines the document's body.

It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.

Then, inside the <body> element there are two other elements: <h1> and <p>:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>

The <h1> element defines a heading.

It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The <p> element defines a paragraph.

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It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Never Skip the End Tag


Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<html>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

</body>
</html>

However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur if
you forget the end tag!

Empty HTML Elements


HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.

The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing
tag:

Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>

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HTML is Not Case Sensitive


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.

The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but demands lowercase
for stricter document types like XHTML.

HTML Attributes
• HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements. All
HTML elements can have attributes
• Attributes provide additional information about elements
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag
• Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The href Attribute


The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page
the link goes to:

Example
<a href="https://www.cameroonhnd.com">Visit Cameroon HND Platform</a>

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